Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently.
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: IS YOUR POOR MEMORY A WARNING BELL?Meds Engage
Alzheimer’s disease—one of the causative agents of Dementia in the elderly folks is currently the sixth most prominent cause of deaths in America. Dementia results in memory loss, and also affects remembrance, thinking, behavior and cognitive functioning—ultimately hampering the daily routine of the affected person and endangering his or her life.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia.
Dementia is not a single disease in itself, but a collective term used to describe different symptoms such as lack of memory, communication and thinking problems. There are chances of dementia increasing with age but it is not a common part of ageing. Due to normal ageing, light cognitive impairments such as poorer short-term memory can develop, known as age-related cognitive decline. This does not cause major problems like dementia. There are two or more types of dementia symptoms that can severely affect a person’s daily activities.
Dementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-saSwapna Kishore
Dementia awareness presentation intended for general public/ patients/ potential and existing caregivers/ volunteers interested in spreading dementia awareness.
Visit my site for more information: http://dementiacarenotes.in
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: IS YOUR POOR MEMORY A WARNING BELL?Meds Engage
Alzheimer’s disease—one of the causative agents of Dementia in the elderly folks is currently the sixth most prominent cause of deaths in America. Dementia results in memory loss, and also affects remembrance, thinking, behavior and cognitive functioning—ultimately hampering the daily routine of the affected person and endangering his or her life.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia.
Dementia is not a single disease in itself, but a collective term used to describe different symptoms such as lack of memory, communication and thinking problems. There are chances of dementia increasing with age but it is not a common part of ageing. Due to normal ageing, light cognitive impairments such as poorer short-term memory can develop, known as age-related cognitive decline. This does not cause major problems like dementia. There are two or more types of dementia symptoms that can severely affect a person’s daily activities.
Dementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-saSwapna Kishore
Dementia awareness presentation intended for general public/ patients/ potential and existing caregivers/ volunteers interested in spreading dementia awareness.
Visit my site for more information: http://dementiacarenotes.in
Most often, AD is diagnosed in people over the age of 65, but early-onset Alzheimer’s can occur much earlier. There are four stages of Alzheimer’s Disease.
Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. Symptoms usually develop slowly and get worse over time, becoming severe enough to interfere with daily tasks.
Dementia can be defined as a group of mental and social symptoms that affect and hamper the daily functioning and routine patients. Let’s take a look at some of the natural and highly effective ways or approaches that can help you in your fight against dementia.
Alzheimer's disease is an age-related, irreversible brain disorder that destroys memory and other important mental functions. It is the most common cause of dementia in older people.
Most often, AD is diagnosed in people over the age of 65, but early-onset Alzheimer’s can occur much earlier. There are four stages of Alzheimer’s Disease.
Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. Symptoms usually develop slowly and get worse over time, becoming severe enough to interfere with daily tasks.
Dementia can be defined as a group of mental and social symptoms that affect and hamper the daily functioning and routine patients. Let’s take a look at some of the natural and highly effective ways or approaches that can help you in your fight against dementia.
Alzheimer's disease is an age-related, irreversible brain disorder that destroys memory and other important mental functions. It is the most common cause of dementia in older people.
As we age, our bodies and minds may weaken and slow down Occasionally, we may misplace our car keys or stumble around for a name or a simple word, only to
Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative neurological disorder that typically affects older adults. It is characterized by memory loss, confusion, and changes in mood and behavior. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of all cases.
Recognizing Alzheimer’s in the United StatesKevin Prior
Alzheimer’s disease impacts more than six million Americans across all age groups, though nearly 75 percent of individuals living with Alzheimer’s are at least 75 years of age.
Cancer, also called malignancy, is an abnormal growth of cells. There are more than 100 types of cancer, including breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and lymphoma. Symptoms vary depending on the type. Cancer treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery.
Cancer, also called malignancy, is an abnormal growth of cells. There are more than 100 types of cancer, including breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and lymphoma. Symptoms vary depending on the type. Cancer treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery.
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.
There are 5 main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E. These 5 types are of greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death they cause and the potential for outbreaks and epidemic spread. In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and, together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer.
A potentially serious infectious bacterial disease that mainly affects the lungs.
The bacteria that cause TB are spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Most people infected with the bacteria that cause tuberculosis don't have symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they usually include a cough (sometimes blood-tinged), weight loss, night sweats and fever.
Treatment isn't always required for those without symptoms. Patients with active symptoms will require a long course of treatment involving multiple antibiotics
A bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact that starts as a painless sore.
Syphilis develops in stages and symptoms vary with each stage.
The first stage involves a painless sore on the genitals, rectum or mouth. After the initial sore heals, the second stage is characterised by a rash. Then, there are no symptoms until the final stage which may occur years later. This final stage can result in damage to the brain, nerves, eyes or heart.
Syphilis is treated with penicillin. Sexual partners should also be treated.
A group of disorders that cause red blood cells to become misshapen and break down.
With sickle cell disease, an inherited group of disorders, red blood cells contort into a sickle shape. The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anaemia) and can block blood flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis).
Infections, pain and fatigue are symptoms of sickle cell disease.
Treatments include medication, blood transfusions and rarely a bone-marrow transplant
A mental health disorder characterised by persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life.
Possible causes include a combination of biological, psychological and social sources of distress. Increasingly, research suggests that these factors may cause changes in brain function, including altered activity of certain neural circuits in the brain.
The persistent feeling of sadness or loss of interest that characterises major depression can lead to a range of behavioural and physical symptoms. These may include changes in sleep, appetite, energy level, concentration, daily behaviour or self-esteem. Depression can also be associated with thoughts of suicide
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Following initial infection a person may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness.
Industry visits play an important role in the MITSOM College education programme. Students are taken for industry visits in and around Pune where they interact with the company people and have a first-hand experience of how a corporate entity actually works. The crucial purpose behind this programme is to accustom students to the industrial practices and the workings of the corporate world. Students are exposed to practical situations and events in companies thereby honing their corporate skills and industry understanding.
Industry visits play an important role in the MITSOM College education programme. Students are taken for industry visits in and around Pune where they interact with the company people and have a first-hand experience of how a corporate entity actually works. The crucial purpose behind this programme is to accustom students to the industrial practices and the workings of the corporate world. Students are exposed to practical situations and events in companies thereby honing their corporate skills and industry understanding.
a detailed project on standard oprating procedure (SOP) in the elective subject of GMP
A standard operating procedure (SOP) is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out complex routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations.
a detailed project on standard oprating procedure (SOP) in the elective subject of GMP
A standard operating procedure (SOP) is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out complex routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations.
A pharmacist is the person of drugs or the expert on drugs. He is the only expert on drugs, for expertise regarding drugs requires knowledge in depth in all the facts of pharmacy. It is her professional responsibility to know all about the drugs. No educational program other than that in pharmacy provides the background to understand completely all about drugs.
Among the professions of pharmacists like community pharmacy, institutional pharmacy, whole sale pharmacy, industrial pharmacy, government service, pharmaceutical education, organizational management, in my country industrial pharmacy offers great opportunity to the pharmacists.
Industrial pharmacy is a profession of unique hybrid of business and profession.
So an industrial pharmacist should have proper knowledge about drugs and also about medical progress, commence marketing and technology. To be a self-sufficient pharmacist beside academic knowledge, practical knowledge is essential.
This is why after appearing the Bachelor of Pharmacy examination in-plant training was arranged by the department in renowned pharmaceuticals industries. This training has sharpened my academic knowledge what I learnt in the last four years .I have completed my training in Popular Pharmaceuticals Limited a fast growing pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh.
A pharmacist is the person of drugs or the expert on drugs. He is the only expert on drugs, for expertise regarding drugs requires knowledge in depth in all the facts of pharmacy. It is her professional responsibility to know all about the drugs. No educational program other than that in pharmacy provides the background to understand completely all about drugs.
Among the professions of pharmacists like community pharmacy, institutional pharmacy, whole sale pharmacy, industrial pharmacy, government service, pharmaceutical education, organizational management, in my country industrial pharmacy offers great opportunity to the pharmacists.
Industrial pharmacy is a profession of unique hybrid of business and profession.
So an industrial pharmacist should have proper knowledge about drugs and also about medical progress, commence marketing and technology. To be a self-sufficient pharmacist beside academic knowledge, practical knowledge is essential.
This is why after appearing the Bachelor of Pharmacy examination in-plant training was arranged by the department in renowned pharmaceuticals industries. This training has sharpened my academic knowledge what I learnt in the last four years .I have completed my training in Popular Pharmaceuticals Limited a fast growing pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. What is Alzheimer’s disease?
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive form of
dementia. Dementia is a broader term for conditions
caused by brain injuries or diseases that negatively
affect memory, thinking, and behavior. These
changes interfere with daily living.
According to the Alzheimer’s Association,
Alzheimer’s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of
dementia cases. Most people with the disease get a
diagnosis after age 65. If it’s diagnosed before then,
it’s generally referred to as early onset Alzheimer’s
disease.
3. Dementia vs. Alzheimer’s
The terms “dementia” and “Alzheimer’s” are sometimes used
interchangeably. However, these two conditions aren’t the
same. Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia.
Dementia is a broader term for conditions with symptoms
relating to memory loss such as forgetfulness and confusion.
Dementia includes more specific conditions, such as
Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain
injury, and others, which can cause these symptoms.
Causes, symptoms, and treatments can be different for these
diseases. Learn more about how dementia and Alzheimer’s
disease differ.
4. Alzheimer’s disease causes and risk factors
Experts haven’t determined a single cause of Alzheimer’s
disease but they have identified certain risk factors, including:
Age. Most people who develop Alzheimer’s disease are 65
years of age or older.
Family history. If you have an immediate family member who
has developed the condition, you’re more likely to get it.
Genetics. Certain genes have been linked to Alzheimer’s
disease.
Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean that
you’ll develop Alzheimer’s disease. It simply raises your risk
level.
5. Symptoms
Everyone has episodes of forgetfulness from time to time. But
people with Alzheimer’s disease display certain ongoing behaviors
and symptoms that worsen over time. These can include:
memory loss affecting daily activities, such as an ability to keep
appointments
trouble with familiar tasks, such as using a microwave
difficulties with problem-solving
trouble with speech or writing
becoming disoriented about times or places
decreased judgment
decreased personal hygiene
mood and personality changes
withdrawal from friends, family, and community
6. Alzheimer’s stages
Stage 1. There are no symptoms at this stage but there might be an early
diagnosis based on family history.
Stage 2. The earliest symptoms appear, such as forgetfulness.
Stage 3. Mild physical and mental impairments appear, such as reduced
memory and concentration. These may only be noticeable by someone
very close to the person.
Stage 4. Alzheimer’s is often diagnosed at this stage, but it’s still
considered mild. Memory loss and the inability to perform everyday tasks
is evident.
Stage 5. Moderate to severe symptoms require help from loved ones or
caregivers.
Stage 6. At this stage, a person with Alzheimer’s may need help with basic
tasks, such as eating and putting on clothes.
Stage 7. This is the most severe and final stage of Alzheimer’s. There may
be a loss of speech and facial expressions.
7. Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease
The only definitive way to diagnose someone with
Alzheimer’s disease is to examine their brain tissue after
death. But your doctor can use other examinations and tests to
assess your mental abilities, diagnose dementia, and rule out
other conditions.
They’ll likely start by taking a medical history. They may ask
about your:
symptoms
family medical history
other current or past health conditions
current or past medications
diet, alcohol intake, or other lifestyle habits
8. Alzheimer’s tests
There’s no definitive test for Alzheimer’s disease.
However, your doctor will likely do several tests to
determine your diagnosis. These can be mental, physical,
neurological, and imaging tests.
Your doctor may start with a mental status test. This can
help them assess your short-term memory, long-term
memory, and orientation to place and time. For example,
they may ask you:
what day it is
who the president is
to remember and recall a short list of words
9. Alzheimer’s medication
For early to moderate Alzheimer’s, your doctor may
prescribe medications such as donepezil (Aricept) or
rivastigmine (Exelon). These drugs can help maintain
high levels of acetylcholine in your brain. This is a type of
neurotransmitter that can help aid your memory.
To treat moderate to severe Alzheimer’s, your doctor may
prescribe donepezil (Aricept) or memantine (Namenda).
Memantine can help block the effects of excess glutamate.
Glutamate is a brain chemical that’s released in higher
amounts in Alzheimer’s disease and damages brain cells.
10. Preventing Alzheimer’s
The following measures may help:
Quit smoking.
Exercise regularly.
Try cognitive training exercises.
Eat a plant-based diet.
Consume more antioxidants.
Maintain an active social life.