The document provides an overview of the history of the University of Bologna from its origins as a Studium in the 11th century. It notes that in 1088, a man named Pepo began giving law lessons in Bologna, marking the beginning of the Studium. Over time, the Studium grew in prominence due to distinguished law professors, with students flocking from across Europe to study. This led to the development of the first university system and the growth of Bologna as a center of learning. The exhibition highlighted in the document illustrates this evolution from the early Studium to the modern University of Bologna.
The document provides information about the University of Urbino in Italy. It discusses the history of the university and city of Urbino. Some key points:
- The University of Urbino was founded in 1506 and is located in the historic walled city of Urbino, which became a center of Renaissance culture under the Montefeltro dukes.
- Today the university has around 15,000 students across 8 departments and 17 schools, offering degrees from bachelor's to master's level. Courses are taught in Italian with some individual courses in English.
- The document provides details on enrollment requirements for EU, non-EU, and exchange students, as well as information on housing, dining
The document provides context and concepts related to the Baroque age. It discusses the key events and figures of the Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation including the Council of Trent and the Index and Inquisition. It also summarizes the major religious wars in Europe during this period and the rise of skepticism. Scientifically, it outlines the works of thinkers like Francis Bacon, Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes who helped establish the scientific revolution. Philosophically, it discusses concepts like academicism, scientific rationalism, and social contract theory proposed by thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke. Politically, it describes the rise of absolutism across Europe. In art, it highlights painters of the Baroque era such as Caravaggio
The document summarizes key aspects of late medieval scholasticism, the Crusades, Gothic architecture, and French Gothic architecture. Scholasticism emphasized rigorous dialectical methods and conceptual analysis. Major scholastic thinkers included Anselm, Abelard, Aquinas. The Crusades were a series of wars launched by European Christians against Muslims to control holy sites like Jerusalem. Gothic architecture featured pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, emphasizing verticality and light. French Gothic styles progressed from Early Gothic to Rayonnant and Flamboyant styles over centuries of cathedral construction.
The story of Frédéric Ozanam on the French Catholic radio station “Radio Notr...ssvp-formation
Frédéric Ozanam was born in 1813 in Milan but grew up in Lyon, where he attended the Collège Royal. There, the philosophy professor Abbé Noirot had a significant influence on Ozanam and encouraged independent thinking. Ozanam studied both law and literature, obtaining doctorates in both subjects. He was deeply interested in the social issues of his time as well as literature, especially the works of Dante. Ozanam admired writers like Lamennais and Chateaubriand and was impressed by their Catholic faith combined with intellectual pursuits. This first broadcast provided background on Ozanam's education and early influences as he embarked on his brief but intellectually rich life
Attraverso TEST ED ESERCITAZIONI il workshop esplora
le RISORSE INTERNE ED ESTERNE (PERSONALI ED AMBIENTALI)
per mettere a fuoco alcuni aspetti che sono legati
alla SVILUPPO DELLE POTENZIALITÀ DELLA PERSONA
come ad esempio:
Conosci le tue POTENZIALITÀ?
Su quali RISORSE puoi contare?
Sai procurarti ciò che ti SERVE?
Sei una persona PROATTIVA o REATTIVA?
Sei una persona EMPATICA?
I desideri ci accendono, ci fanno “sognare”
I bisogni ci frenano, ci tengono “i piedi per terra”
Quanto lasciarsi andare al BISOGNO o quanto al DESIDERIO?
Sono proprio due energie contrarie? O segui l’una o l’altra?
Non è possibile trovare un “compromesso”?
The document provides information about the University of Urbino in Italy. It discusses the history of the university and city of Urbino. Some key points:
- The University of Urbino was founded in 1506 and is located in the historic walled city of Urbino, which became a center of Renaissance culture under the Montefeltro dukes.
- Today the university has around 15,000 students across 8 departments and 17 schools, offering degrees from bachelor's to master's level. Courses are taught in Italian with some individual courses in English.
- The document provides details on enrollment requirements for EU, non-EU, and exchange students, as well as information on housing, dining
The document provides context and concepts related to the Baroque age. It discusses the key events and figures of the Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation including the Council of Trent and the Index and Inquisition. It also summarizes the major religious wars in Europe during this period and the rise of skepticism. Scientifically, it outlines the works of thinkers like Francis Bacon, Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes who helped establish the scientific revolution. Philosophically, it discusses concepts like academicism, scientific rationalism, and social contract theory proposed by thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke. Politically, it describes the rise of absolutism across Europe. In art, it highlights painters of the Baroque era such as Caravaggio
The document summarizes key aspects of late medieval scholasticism, the Crusades, Gothic architecture, and French Gothic architecture. Scholasticism emphasized rigorous dialectical methods and conceptual analysis. Major scholastic thinkers included Anselm, Abelard, Aquinas. The Crusades were a series of wars launched by European Christians against Muslims to control holy sites like Jerusalem. Gothic architecture featured pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, emphasizing verticality and light. French Gothic styles progressed from Early Gothic to Rayonnant and Flamboyant styles over centuries of cathedral construction.
The story of Frédéric Ozanam on the French Catholic radio station “Radio Notr...ssvp-formation
Frédéric Ozanam was born in 1813 in Milan but grew up in Lyon, where he attended the Collège Royal. There, the philosophy professor Abbé Noirot had a significant influence on Ozanam and encouraged independent thinking. Ozanam studied both law and literature, obtaining doctorates in both subjects. He was deeply interested in the social issues of his time as well as literature, especially the works of Dante. Ozanam admired writers like Lamennais and Chateaubriand and was impressed by their Catholic faith combined with intellectual pursuits. This first broadcast provided background on Ozanam's education and early influences as he embarked on his brief but intellectually rich life
Attraverso TEST ED ESERCITAZIONI il workshop esplora
le RISORSE INTERNE ED ESTERNE (PERSONALI ED AMBIENTALI)
per mettere a fuoco alcuni aspetti che sono legati
alla SVILUPPO DELLE POTENZIALITÀ DELLA PERSONA
come ad esempio:
Conosci le tue POTENZIALITÀ?
Su quali RISORSE puoi contare?
Sai procurarti ciò che ti SERVE?
Sei una persona PROATTIVA o REATTIVA?
Sei una persona EMPATICA?
I desideri ci accendono, ci fanno “sognare”
I bisogni ci frenano, ci tengono “i piedi per terra”
Quanto lasciarsi andare al BISOGNO o quanto al DESIDERIO?
Sono proprio due energie contrarie? O segui l’una o l’altra?
Non è possibile trovare un “compromesso”?
The University of Bologna claims to be the oldest continuously operating university in the world, beginning in the late 11th century. By the end of the 13th century, over 10,000 students were enrolled from across Italy and Europe. Notable alumni include Dante Alighieri, Copernicus, and Petrarch. Students were organized into nations based on their homelands and hired professors to teach ordinary courses, while also having the option to take extraordinary courses. As the oldest university, Bologna has many traditions dating back centuries and was one of the first institutions granted independent research status. It had close historical ties to the Catholic Church and Vatican as one of the original universities offering law and canon degrees.
The document summarizes Fulbright opportunities for US students and English teaching assistants in Italy for the 2009-2010 academic year. It introduces 23 US graduate students who will be studying and conducting research at various Italian universities for a full academic year. It also mentions 7 English teaching assistants who will be assisting in Italian high schools from October 2009 to June 2010. The newsletter provides details on the host institutions and areas of study for the US graduate students and announces an orientation event for the students and assistants in October.
During this period from 1000-1500 AD:
- A reform movement arose in the Church and there was a revival of monastic life as Church leaders sought to assert independence from secular societies.
- Towns and cities grew as cathedral schools and some of the first universities were established to meet educational needs.
- Great Gothic cathedrals were constructed using advances in architecture and engineering.
- New religious orders like the Dominicans and Franciscans were founded in the 13th century to spread the gospel in growing cities.
- The Black Death plague struck Europe repeatedly in the 14th century, killing many clergy and laity.
Thorndike elementary and secondary education in the middle agesEmma Grice
This document discusses elementary and secondary education in medieval Europe based on historical evidence. It argues that:
1) Even in the early Middle Ages, there is scattered evidence that some elementary schools existed to teach basic literacy to children.
2) By the high Middle Ages, several sources indicate that elementary education was widespread, with laws requiring schools in every parish and records of thousands of children enrolled in schools in cities like Florence.
3) Secondary education in grammar, logic, and arithmetic also existed in the high Middle Ages, especially in cities, with hundreds of students enrolled in these schools.
The first modern university in Romania was established in Iasi in 1860. Originally starting with three faculties, the University of Alexandru Ioan Cuza has since expanded to 15 faculties and educates over 38,000 students annually. The university aims to disseminate knowledge and cultivate values in future generations. It is located in a historic building from the late 19th century that features architectural elements blending classical and baroque styles.
It Discuss about Marcello Malpighi life history - early life, career, discovery, work, contributions, successfully described the structure of capillaries which connected the arteries and
capillaries, discovery wherein he isolated the red blood cells for the first time, cellular level organization in various specimens of flora and fauna etc.,
Many argue that the ideas characterizing the Renaissance had their origin in late 13th-century Florence, in particular with the writings of Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and Petrarch (1304–1374), as well as the paintings of Giotto di Bondone (1267–1337).The renaissance was a time of renewal.
Features of renaissance:
Humanism
Humanism and Libraries
Art
Religion
Science
Causes of Renaissance:
A Hunger for Discovery
Reintroduction of Classical Works
The Printing Press
Humanism Emerges
Art and Politics
Death and Life
War and Peace
Decline of Feudalism
Crusades
Emergence of new Cities
Results of Renaissance:
Literature
Art
Architecture
Sculpture
Fine Arts
Painting
Improvement in the condition of Women
Manners and Etiquette
Decline in Morality
Development of Trade and Commerce
Colonialism
Encouragement to Virtue Less Politics
Conclusion: In the last saying about Renaissance that it mean rebirth or renewal.
The document summarizes information about several famous works of art and their creators:
- The Sistine Chapel's interior walls and ceiling were decorated by Michelangelo and feature famous frescoes, most notably the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
- Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa portrait is one of the most famous works of art in the world. He painted it between 1503-1506.
- Michelangelo's Pieta sculpture depicts the Virgin Mary mourning over the body of Jesus. It is considered one of his masterpieces.
MEN in Modern Education_16th to 17th centuriesjeanvispo
This document summarizes the contributions of 8 significant men in education from the 16th-17th centuries. It discusses John Amos Comenius, considered the "Father of Modern Education" who advocated using visual aids and play in teaching. It also outlines the works and educational philosophies of John Locke, Francis Bacon, Richard Mulcaster, Francois Fenelon, Wolfgang Ratke, Martin Luther, and St. John Baptist de La Salle, highlighting their impacts on areas like curriculum, teaching methods, and accessibility of education.
This document provides information about important historical figures, periods, and concepts related to the development of education from the 16th century to present day. It includes details about influential philosophers, scientists, educators, and their contributions to fields like pedagogy, andragogy, distance learning, and early childhood education. Key periods and movements discussed include the Age of Reason, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment.
The document announces a congress being held from August 10-14, 2011 in Avila, Spain on the identity and mission of Catholic universities. The congress will bring together Catholic universities from around the world to reflect on the role and contributions of Catholic higher education. It will include keynote speeches, panel discussions, academic papers, and a parallel festival and convention for students. Participants are invited to register and submit paper proposals by the listed deadlines. Contact information is provided for those interested in attending or participating.
Katalin KÉRI: The education of subnormal children in Spain in the nineteenth ...Ambrus Attila József
Normalität, Abnormalität und Devianz.
Gesellschaftliche Konstruktionsprozesse und ihre Umwalzungen in der Moderne
Internationales Symposion
Oktober 9-11. 2009.
Katolisches Priesterseminar, Eger
A conference entitled Long Way Towards Inclusive Education was held in Pamplona June 2009. I was the only
Hungarian participant and I had the possibility to gain insight into the colourful and successful history of the
education of subnormal children in Spain. This paper intends to present and outline the history of specialised
education in Spain, focusing mainly on the 19th century relying partly on lectures delivered on the above
conference, primary sources and literature on the topic. As background information I would like to mention the
enormous and invaluable help with which the Miguel Cervantes Virtual Library1 contributed to my being able to
expand my research with its millions of freely available digital volumes and books of utmost importance
concerning the history of the education of subnormal children in Spain from the medieval times to the present,
unabridged in the original pictured versions in Spanish and/or Catalan.
First of all, I would like to briefly discuss the initial steps of therapeutic education in Spain from the Middle
Ages up to modern times. Then I am going to mention the special schools and basic books used in the 19th century
and finally I intend to present the way the Spanish (in some places Catalan) terminology reflected the changes in
the treatment and acceptance of people (children) with aptitudes and abilities different from the ‘normal’ from the
Middle Ages up to the present.
Let me also call attention to the limitations of this study: although I have pursued smaller and larger research
in the past two decades touching upon the history of education in Spain, as a researcher I have not dealt with the
history of the education of subnormal children so far. Therefore, in some places I had difficulties understanding
the special terminology fully and rendering it properly into English and Hungarian.
The University of Paris, also known as La Sorbonne, was founded in the 13th century by Robert de Sorbon and served as one of the earliest institutions of higher education. Students studied for six years to earn a bachelor's degree focusing on subjects like logic, rhetoric, and astronomy. The university was under direct control of the church, with teachers paid by churches and students subject to church courts. Around 1215, age and study requirements were established for professors with theology considered the most prestigious subject area.
This document provides an overview of the historical foundations of education from ancient times through the modern era. It discusses influential philosophers like Plato and their ideals of idealism and realism. It describes the evolution of educational systems in Europe and the influence of colonists in North America, including the establishment of common schools and colleges. Key developments in curriculum, philosophy, and school structure are summarized for each time period.
The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is the oldest university in the western world. It was granted a charter in 1158 allowing faculty to develop research independently. Originally focused on law, the curriculum later expanded to include liberal arts, mathematics, sciences, theology, and classical languages over subsequent centuries as it was influenced by scholars like Aristotle and the Renaissance. Governance was initially student-run before coming under Catholic church control in the 1600s.
The origins of the university are closely linked to theological education in Europe. By 1200, some places of Christian catechesis became universities. The University of Bologna, established in the late 11th century, is considered the "mother of universities." Universities were originally under the auspices of the papacy and clergy, with theology considered the "Queen of Sciences." The modern university model emerged between 1800-1900, establishing a focus on university research and education. This model spread through Europe and to the United States. Today's universities face challenges in balancing market demands with providing students a humanistic and comprehensive education.
This document provides a history of internationalization in higher education from ancient times to the present. It discusses:
- Early examples of internationalization dating back to universities in ancient Greece, India, the Middle East in the 7th-9th centuries that attracted students from across Asia and Europe.
- The spread of knowledge through translation of texts into Arabic and Latin, and the influence of ancient Greek and Eastern texts on the development of science in Europe.
- The role of learned societies and universities in establishing norms of scholarly cooperation and institutionalizing scientific communication through academic journals from the 17th century onward.
- The intertwining of science and imperialism/colonialism from the 18th century,
Art and Culture - Module 07 - Renaissance (Early)Randy Connolly
Seventh module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers the beginnings of the cultural movement known as the Renaissance. It focuses on the three key figures of the early Renaissance: Brunelleschi, Donatello, and Masaccio.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Sirit: the fascist internment system in Tuscany during World War II (1940-44)...Toscana Open Research
The research project focused on the Fascist internment system in Tuscany between 1940, when Italy joined the Second World War, and 1944, when the region was liberated by the Allied Army. During the war, the Fascist government and the Italian Social Republic adopted a series of measures restricting individual freedom. This led to the isolation, imprisonment, marginalization and control of anyone deemed dangerous for public security, even only on the basis of mere suspicion. These provisions resulted in a widespread and articulated network of internment devices that affected different categories of persons.
Education has evolved greatly over thousands of years, from early informal teachings passed through oral tradition to today's widespread systems of formal education. Some key developments include ancient Egyptian temples schools in 3000 BC, the first schools in China in 2000 BC, and schools established by Plato and Aristotle in Greece in 387 and 355 BC. The printing press in 1450 and the internet in the late 1990s dramatically increased access to information and learning resources. While most nations now aim to provide education for all, many parts of the world still struggle to make even basic education universally available.
The document provides information about Camplus College for the 2018-2019 academic year. It summarizes that Camplus College hosted over 1,000 students in six Italian cities and has expanded with new locations in Milan and Pamplona. It describes the various student populations across locations, subjects of study, and activities and services offered to students, including workshops, tutorials, company visits, language courses, clubs, and career counseling.
The University of Bologna claims to be the oldest continuously operating university in the world, beginning in the late 11th century. By the end of the 13th century, over 10,000 students were enrolled from across Italy and Europe. Notable alumni include Dante Alighieri, Copernicus, and Petrarch. Students were organized into nations based on their homelands and hired professors to teach ordinary courses, while also having the option to take extraordinary courses. As the oldest university, Bologna has many traditions dating back centuries and was one of the first institutions granted independent research status. It had close historical ties to the Catholic Church and Vatican as one of the original universities offering law and canon degrees.
The document summarizes Fulbright opportunities for US students and English teaching assistants in Italy for the 2009-2010 academic year. It introduces 23 US graduate students who will be studying and conducting research at various Italian universities for a full academic year. It also mentions 7 English teaching assistants who will be assisting in Italian high schools from October 2009 to June 2010. The newsletter provides details on the host institutions and areas of study for the US graduate students and announces an orientation event for the students and assistants in October.
During this period from 1000-1500 AD:
- A reform movement arose in the Church and there was a revival of monastic life as Church leaders sought to assert independence from secular societies.
- Towns and cities grew as cathedral schools and some of the first universities were established to meet educational needs.
- Great Gothic cathedrals were constructed using advances in architecture and engineering.
- New religious orders like the Dominicans and Franciscans were founded in the 13th century to spread the gospel in growing cities.
- The Black Death plague struck Europe repeatedly in the 14th century, killing many clergy and laity.
Thorndike elementary and secondary education in the middle agesEmma Grice
This document discusses elementary and secondary education in medieval Europe based on historical evidence. It argues that:
1) Even in the early Middle Ages, there is scattered evidence that some elementary schools existed to teach basic literacy to children.
2) By the high Middle Ages, several sources indicate that elementary education was widespread, with laws requiring schools in every parish and records of thousands of children enrolled in schools in cities like Florence.
3) Secondary education in grammar, logic, and arithmetic also existed in the high Middle Ages, especially in cities, with hundreds of students enrolled in these schools.
The first modern university in Romania was established in Iasi in 1860. Originally starting with three faculties, the University of Alexandru Ioan Cuza has since expanded to 15 faculties and educates over 38,000 students annually. The university aims to disseminate knowledge and cultivate values in future generations. It is located in a historic building from the late 19th century that features architectural elements blending classical and baroque styles.
It Discuss about Marcello Malpighi life history - early life, career, discovery, work, contributions, successfully described the structure of capillaries which connected the arteries and
capillaries, discovery wherein he isolated the red blood cells for the first time, cellular level organization in various specimens of flora and fauna etc.,
Many argue that the ideas characterizing the Renaissance had their origin in late 13th-century Florence, in particular with the writings of Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and Petrarch (1304–1374), as well as the paintings of Giotto di Bondone (1267–1337).The renaissance was a time of renewal.
Features of renaissance:
Humanism
Humanism and Libraries
Art
Religion
Science
Causes of Renaissance:
A Hunger for Discovery
Reintroduction of Classical Works
The Printing Press
Humanism Emerges
Art and Politics
Death and Life
War and Peace
Decline of Feudalism
Crusades
Emergence of new Cities
Results of Renaissance:
Literature
Art
Architecture
Sculpture
Fine Arts
Painting
Improvement in the condition of Women
Manners and Etiquette
Decline in Morality
Development of Trade and Commerce
Colonialism
Encouragement to Virtue Less Politics
Conclusion: In the last saying about Renaissance that it mean rebirth or renewal.
The document summarizes information about several famous works of art and their creators:
- The Sistine Chapel's interior walls and ceiling were decorated by Michelangelo and feature famous frescoes, most notably the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
- Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa portrait is one of the most famous works of art in the world. He painted it between 1503-1506.
- Michelangelo's Pieta sculpture depicts the Virgin Mary mourning over the body of Jesus. It is considered one of his masterpieces.
MEN in Modern Education_16th to 17th centuriesjeanvispo
This document summarizes the contributions of 8 significant men in education from the 16th-17th centuries. It discusses John Amos Comenius, considered the "Father of Modern Education" who advocated using visual aids and play in teaching. It also outlines the works and educational philosophies of John Locke, Francis Bacon, Richard Mulcaster, Francois Fenelon, Wolfgang Ratke, Martin Luther, and St. John Baptist de La Salle, highlighting their impacts on areas like curriculum, teaching methods, and accessibility of education.
This document provides information about important historical figures, periods, and concepts related to the development of education from the 16th century to present day. It includes details about influential philosophers, scientists, educators, and their contributions to fields like pedagogy, andragogy, distance learning, and early childhood education. Key periods and movements discussed include the Age of Reason, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment.
The document announces a congress being held from August 10-14, 2011 in Avila, Spain on the identity and mission of Catholic universities. The congress will bring together Catholic universities from around the world to reflect on the role and contributions of Catholic higher education. It will include keynote speeches, panel discussions, academic papers, and a parallel festival and convention for students. Participants are invited to register and submit paper proposals by the listed deadlines. Contact information is provided for those interested in attending or participating.
Katalin KÉRI: The education of subnormal children in Spain in the nineteenth ...Ambrus Attila József
Normalität, Abnormalität und Devianz.
Gesellschaftliche Konstruktionsprozesse und ihre Umwalzungen in der Moderne
Internationales Symposion
Oktober 9-11. 2009.
Katolisches Priesterseminar, Eger
A conference entitled Long Way Towards Inclusive Education was held in Pamplona June 2009. I was the only
Hungarian participant and I had the possibility to gain insight into the colourful and successful history of the
education of subnormal children in Spain. This paper intends to present and outline the history of specialised
education in Spain, focusing mainly on the 19th century relying partly on lectures delivered on the above
conference, primary sources and literature on the topic. As background information I would like to mention the
enormous and invaluable help with which the Miguel Cervantes Virtual Library1 contributed to my being able to
expand my research with its millions of freely available digital volumes and books of utmost importance
concerning the history of the education of subnormal children in Spain from the medieval times to the present,
unabridged in the original pictured versions in Spanish and/or Catalan.
First of all, I would like to briefly discuss the initial steps of therapeutic education in Spain from the Middle
Ages up to modern times. Then I am going to mention the special schools and basic books used in the 19th century
and finally I intend to present the way the Spanish (in some places Catalan) terminology reflected the changes in
the treatment and acceptance of people (children) with aptitudes and abilities different from the ‘normal’ from the
Middle Ages up to the present.
Let me also call attention to the limitations of this study: although I have pursued smaller and larger research
in the past two decades touching upon the history of education in Spain, as a researcher I have not dealt with the
history of the education of subnormal children so far. Therefore, in some places I had difficulties understanding
the special terminology fully and rendering it properly into English and Hungarian.
The University of Paris, also known as La Sorbonne, was founded in the 13th century by Robert de Sorbon and served as one of the earliest institutions of higher education. Students studied for six years to earn a bachelor's degree focusing on subjects like logic, rhetoric, and astronomy. The university was under direct control of the church, with teachers paid by churches and students subject to church courts. Around 1215, age and study requirements were established for professors with theology considered the most prestigious subject area.
This document provides an overview of the historical foundations of education from ancient times through the modern era. It discusses influential philosophers like Plato and their ideals of idealism and realism. It describes the evolution of educational systems in Europe and the influence of colonists in North America, including the establishment of common schools and colleges. Key developments in curriculum, philosophy, and school structure are summarized for each time period.
The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is the oldest university in the western world. It was granted a charter in 1158 allowing faculty to develop research independently. Originally focused on law, the curriculum later expanded to include liberal arts, mathematics, sciences, theology, and classical languages over subsequent centuries as it was influenced by scholars like Aristotle and the Renaissance. Governance was initially student-run before coming under Catholic church control in the 1600s.
The origins of the university are closely linked to theological education in Europe. By 1200, some places of Christian catechesis became universities. The University of Bologna, established in the late 11th century, is considered the "mother of universities." Universities were originally under the auspices of the papacy and clergy, with theology considered the "Queen of Sciences." The modern university model emerged between 1800-1900, establishing a focus on university research and education. This model spread through Europe and to the United States. Today's universities face challenges in balancing market demands with providing students a humanistic and comprehensive education.
This document provides a history of internationalization in higher education from ancient times to the present. It discusses:
- Early examples of internationalization dating back to universities in ancient Greece, India, the Middle East in the 7th-9th centuries that attracted students from across Asia and Europe.
- The spread of knowledge through translation of texts into Arabic and Latin, and the influence of ancient Greek and Eastern texts on the development of science in Europe.
- The role of learned societies and universities in establishing norms of scholarly cooperation and institutionalizing scientific communication through academic journals from the 17th century onward.
- The intertwining of science and imperialism/colonialism from the 18th century,
Art and Culture - Module 07 - Renaissance (Early)Randy Connolly
Seventh module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers the beginnings of the cultural movement known as the Renaissance. It focuses on the three key figures of the early Renaissance: Brunelleschi, Donatello, and Masaccio.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Sirit: the fascist internment system in Tuscany during World War II (1940-44)...Toscana Open Research
The research project focused on the Fascist internment system in Tuscany between 1940, when Italy joined the Second World War, and 1944, when the region was liberated by the Allied Army. During the war, the Fascist government and the Italian Social Republic adopted a series of measures restricting individual freedom. This led to the isolation, imprisonment, marginalization and control of anyone deemed dangerous for public security, even only on the basis of mere suspicion. These provisions resulted in a widespread and articulated network of internment devices that affected different categories of persons.
Education has evolved greatly over thousands of years, from early informal teachings passed through oral tradition to today's widespread systems of formal education. Some key developments include ancient Egyptian temples schools in 3000 BC, the first schools in China in 2000 BC, and schools established by Plato and Aristotle in Greece in 387 and 355 BC. The printing press in 1450 and the internet in the late 1990s dramatically increased access to information and learning resources. While most nations now aim to provide education for all, many parts of the world still struggle to make even basic education universally available.
Similar to Alma mater studiorum from the studium to the university (20)
The document provides information about Camplus College for the 2018-2019 academic year. It summarizes that Camplus College hosted over 1,000 students in six Italian cities and has expanded with new locations in Milan and Pamplona. It describes the various student populations across locations, subjects of study, and activities and services offered to students, including workshops, tutorials, company visits, language courses, clubs, and career counseling.
Workshop Self Empowerment Step 4 su Risorse e Potenzialità 07-03-17Riccardo Guidetti
Conosci le tue POTENZIALITÀ?
Su quali RISORSE puoi contare?
Sai procurarti ciò che ti SERVE?
Sei una persona PROATTIVA o REATTIVA?
Quanto sei RESILIENTE?
Sei una persona EMPATICA?
Workshop Self Empowerment su Immaginazione e Vision 24-11-16Riccardo Guidetti
Nel Workshop “IMMAGINAZIONE E VISION”, si continuerà a lavorare sui desideri e bisogni introducendo il tema molto importante della Vision e il suo rapporto con le Risorse:
Sono le RISORSE mancanti che impediscono ai nostri OBIETTIVI di realizzarsi?
Quanto è importante sviluppare una VISIONE positiva dei nostri DESIDERI e BISOGNI?
Workshop Self Empowerment Step 2 su Desideri, Bisogni e Killer 09-11-16Riccardo Guidetti
I desideri ci accendono, ci fanno “sognare”
I bisogni ci frenano, ci tengono “i piedi per terra”
Quanto lasciarsi andare al BISOGNO o quanto al DESIDERIO?
Sono proprio due energie contrarie? O segui l’una o l’altra?
Non è possibile trovare un “compromesso”?
Workshop Self Empowerment Step 1 su Talento, Passione e Successo 26-10-16Riccardo Guidetti
Un incontro per poter comprendere meglio i contenuti e le modalità dei Workshop Self Empowerment Camplus iniziando ad entrare nel merito di tematiche molto importanti per chi si avvicina al mondo del lavoro ed iniziando a rispondere a domande come queste:
QUALI SONO I TUOI TALENTI?
COSA TI APPASSIONA?
COSA DETERMINA IL SUCCESSO?
SAI COME SCOPRIRLO?
Workshop Self Empowerment su Scelta, Talento e Passione 10-12-16Riccardo Guidetti
Una workshop per riflettere insieme e lasciarsi provocare
su temi fondamentali per chi è all'inizio dell’Università:
COSA HA DETERMINATO LA TUA SCELTA?
QUALI SONO I TUOI TALENTI?
COSA TI APPASSIONA?
SAI COME SCOPRIRLO?
Hai spirito d’INIZIATIVA?
Sai passare all’AZIONE?
Sai come metterti alla PROVA?
Riesci ad attuare COMPORTAMENTI non abituali?
Sai progettare PICCOLI PASSI per arrivare ad una GRANDE META?
Riesci a prenderti dei RISCHI?
Nel Workshop “IMMAGINAZIONE E VISION”, si continuerà a lavorare sui desideri e bisogni introducendo il tema molto importante della Vision e il suo rapporto con le Risorse:
Sono le RISORSE mancanti che impediscono ai nostri OBIETTIVI di realizzarsi?
Quanto è importante sviluppare una VISIONE positiva dei nostri DESIDERI e BISOGNI?
Una workshop per riflettere insieme e lasciarsi provocare
su temi fondamentali per chi è all'inizio dell’Università:
COSA HA DETERMINATO LA TUA SCELTA?
QUALI SONO I TUOI TALENTI?
COSA TI APPASSIONA?
SAI COME SCOPRIRLO?
2015-10-27 Slide Workshop "Talento Passione e Successo"Riccardo Guidetti
Un incontro per poter comprendere meglio i contenuti e le modalità dei Workshop Self Empowerment Camplus iniziando ad entrare nel merito di tematiche molto importanti per chi si avvicina al mondo del lavoro ed iniziando a rispondere a domande come queste:
QUALI SONO I TUOI TALENTI?
COSA TI APPASSIONA?
COSA DETERMINA IL SUCCESSO?
SAI COME SCOPRIRLO?
Un anno di vita del Camplus Bologna raccontato con le locandine delle varie attività svolte durante l'anno presso il Camplus Alma Mater, il Camplus Bononia e il Camplus San Felice.
Attraverso TEST ED ESERCITAZIONI il workshop esplora
le RISORSE INTERNE ED ESTERNE (PERSONALI ED AMBIENTALI)
per mettere a fuoco alcuni aspetti che sono legati
alla SVILUPPO DELLE POTENZIALITÀ DELLA PERSONA
come ad esempio:
SU QUALI RISORSE POSSIAMO CONTARE?
SIAMO PROATTIVI O REATTIVI?
CI SENTIAMO EFFICACI?
SIAMO EMPATICI?
SAPPIAMO ASCOLTARE VERAMENTE?
COME PRENDIAMO LE DECISIONI?
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Alma mater studiorum from the studium to the university
1. Alma Mater Studiorum:
from the Studium to
the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
edited by:
With the sponsorship of:
Comune di Bologna
in collaboration with
University of Bologna
2. Alma Mater Studiorum:
from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
In the 11th century Europe was characterized by
a great fervor of renewal in every field, and in
Bologna during the last quarter of the century, an
extraordinary novelty is given: a certain Pepone
gives lessons to some who pay him for that.
The topic Pepone gives lesson about is the
Giustiano’s code of laws: Corpus Iuris Civilis.
The history of Bologna University begins from
this. The aim of this exhibition is to illustrate the
development from the Studium to the Modern
University, today’s Alma Mater.
The exhibition shows the importance of the
teaching of law given by distinguished professors,
whose fame was spread throughout European
Christianity. For this reason Pope Onorio III can
write in a bull; “The chiefs who rule the Christian
people (Europe) come out (from Bologna).
The influx of people from all sides of Europe
affected the city economy, bringing many
advantages, and it also gave rise to the peculiar
feature of the city thanks to the invention of the
sporto (wooden protrudes) and of the stilata
(wooden beams): porticoes.
Later on, in the 16th century, the hunger for
a centre worthy of such a reputation was the
reason of the building of the Archiginnasio, the
first university centre of the world.
In the XVII century the Bolognese Studium will
allow for the first female professors according to
the authoritarian share of the cardinal Prospero
Lambertini, then Benedict XIV, who, enhancing
the Science Academy and Palazzo Poggi, laid
the foundations of the modern university, whose
centre was established in 1803.
Prominent female professors such as Laura Bassi
Veratti, Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Anna Morandi
Manzolini, Clotilde Tambroni and Maria Dalle
Donne, are the glory not only of the university,
but also of the whole city.
This topic and much more are dealt with in this
exhibition, made by five Alma Mater students of
different faculties, whose both documental and
iconographic research has been coordinated by
Fernando Lanzi of the Centro Studi per la Cultura
Popolare.
Fernando Lanzi,an engineer, after a teaching experience, thirty-five years ago he steered his interests round to study and
research, both in the field and filing work, about all features of popular culture.
With this aim, together with his wife Gioia Lanzi Arzenton, he is the founder of Centro Studi per la Cultura Popolare, an
association that gathers academics of several specializations and that uses a multidisciplinary method of working.
He taught at DAPT (Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning) of the University of Bologna, he is the
director of the museum of the Blessed Virgin of St. Luke and he is a member of the Commission on Sacred Art, Liturgy
and Tourism, and Pilgrimages of the Archdiocese of Bologna.
Together with his wife he made more than twenty photo-documentary exhibitions and more than fifty publications, some
of whom translated in France Spain, German, Poland, USA, Slovakia, and Lithuania. Moreover, he has an agreement of
scientific cooperation with the Department of Histories and Methods for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage of Alma
Mater Studiorum.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
3. The birth of the “Studium”
“Quidam dominus Pepo cepit auctoritate sua
legere in legibus”.
These are the first words of a document of 1088, which made
Giosué Carducci decide that in that year the birth of Bolognese
Studium, the most ancient of the world, could take place.
Today, a alike document could allow us to backdate the birth
of the Studium of Bologna to 1076.
In both the documents it is supposed that a certain Pepo was
used to give lessons to some who paid for that.
The topic was the “Corpus Iuris Iustinianeum”, whom Pepo
could access in a way we do not know.
Although a little is acknowledged about Pepo, much more
is known about his pupil Irnerio (Vernerius, Guarneriu,
Warnerius), whose signature appears on the Privilegio of 1116,
granted by the Emperor Enrico V to the “concives bolognesi”
in order to be able to keep leading the public affairs, the
res publica. This is considered the beginning of the Civic
Commune.
Copy of the fifteenth-century Privilegio Teodosiano, which would
backdate the dawn of the Studium to the mid-fifteenth century.
Giustiniano issues laws in a miniature of 1406 by Andrea da Bologna.
Giustiniano I got his official Tribonario collect all the Roman law and
the legal habits within 528 and 565 respectively, in the Codex and in
the Digesto, that all together set up the Corpus Iuris Civilis.
Irnerio has been so important for Bolognese Studium that in a document of the
thirteen century it’s said about him:“Or, seniori, debetis scire quod dominus
Yrnerius fuit apud nos lucerna iuris”.
Here we see him in his chair in a Luigi Serra’s fresco of 1886.
Relating to the great emperor Giustiniano was obviously an immense honour for Bolognese jurists, who commissioned in 1430 this
miniature that shows the emperor while legislating.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
4. Magistrates and jurists
This fifteen-century miniature, taken by “ Constitutions of the Committee of Doctors,
Magistrates and Lawyers” shows two main episodes throughout the history of the Studium:
the Privilege of Pope Paul II, who reaffirms the importance of Bolognese University and
the false Privilege of Tedodosio II to the Bishop Petronio, who allows him to establish the
Studium.
Bologna becomes a source of miniaturists, who illustrate law tests. The situation of a
court is well summarized in this picture of 1409, in which the judge, wearing a cap and a
ermine cape, dictates his verdict to a notary, while two lawyers in ermine are commenting
each other on it in the presence of the two parts in trial.
The reputation of some doctors was so great that in Rome, in order to illustrate a test
about Canonical Law for the Pope, in 1354 they chose to represent Giovanni d’Andrea,
still living, in the course of one of his crowded classes.
This Bolognese miniature of 1376 exemplifies the intense
scene of civil court: the judge in chair, the notaries who
are writing and the parts in trial during the address by the
counsel of a lawyer.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
5. Students and professors matricola and statues
The German dean of the University of Jurists is introduced to the Virgin
and to the infant Jesus by Saint Catherine from Alexandria, patron saint
of students and of theology faculty. The miniature is dated back to 12
May, 1476.
The 15th century statute of the university of jurists, that was
the most numerous and privileged students guild. The statues
contained the rules of the students university and how they
worked.
A roll of the artists of 1794 with the list of the courses and their respective
schedule and professors.
In that year, among others, they were included: Luigi Galvani, professor
of Surgery and Anatomy, Laura Bassi, professor of Universal Philosophy,
and Maria Gaetana Agnesi, professor of Analytic Geometry.
It is worth of mention that the classes, beforehand showed and beaten
with the canonical hours ( the third, the sixth and the ninth), starting from
the beginning of the 16th century were called morning and afternoon
“classes”, composed of sixty minutes hours.
This matricola of the College of Canon Law of 1502 contains the list f
the lecturers (doctores) of canon law, their offices within the college,
and the rules of its working.
The ermine cape was peculiar to their condition of professors.
The presence of the Saints Peter and Paul stands for the college loyalty
to the orthodoxy.
Peter and Paul symbolize the church together with Peter the shepherd
and Paul the missionary.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
6. Lecturers list, lessons timetable and importance
of the Bolognese Studium
The Studium at Bologna has got such a great importance that this
miniature of Jacopino da Bologna, made in order to show the episode
of the dispute of Jesus with his doctors, portrays Jesus seated in chair
and the law doctors as pupils.
The beginning of the fourth book of Justinian Code,
a manuscript of the 14th century, with its Accursius
glosses (notes) of 1230. Accursius was the most
famous professor of his time and he was well-know
throughout all Europe.
Roll of legists of 1514 with the list of the courses
and of the names of the respective professors in that
academic year.
Roll of the artists of 1625, with the list of the courses
and the names of the respective professors. The liberal
arts were: grammar, rhetoric, dialectic, arithmetic,
geometry, music and astronomy.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
7. Tombs at Saint Dominic
Saint Rolandino De Passeggeri
fourteenth-century tomb is the
latest built and it is also the most
important from the symbolical point
of view.
First of all it is oriented in such a way
the image of the deceased is placed
on the eastern side, peacefully
awaiting for the resurrection.
On the contrary, on the western side
he is represented during one of his
lessons.
The cross engraved on the southern side represents the
certainty of the resurrection in Christ, id.est the deceased
was destined for heaven for his merits in life.
The tomb of 1289 belonging to of the glossator Egidio
Foscherari does not show the image of the deceased,
and the several crosses symbolize the certainty of his
resurrection in Christ because of his merits.
Likely the tomb of Rolandino de Passengeri, it is
placed in the area of Saint Dominic convent, point of
reference for lawyers schools.
The courtyard of the dead of Saint Francesco convent was the place where
Studium’s scholars were buried, in particular the teachers of Liberal arts.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
8. Tombs in San Francesco
In the 18th century the Studium immensely honored
itself scholars by realizing burials of an symbolic-artistic
importance intentionally superior to those made built by
Federico II for himself and his mother Costanzia Altavilla.
Besides the tombs of Rolandino de Passegerei and Egidio
Foscherari, great examples are those, placed behind the
apse of san Francesco, made for Accursio father and son,
for Odofredo Denari and for Rolandino Romanzi.
Glossators’ tomb of 1250 belonging
to Accursio and Francesco
d’Accursio, made built by the son
for himself and for his father, who
taught for more than 40 years and
was known throughout all the
Christianitas for his Magna Glossa
to the Codex (more than 96000
notes) that is still reprinted. In
Germany nowadays it is asserted:
“Who does not know the Glossa,
does not know the law”.
Southern flank of the basilica
of Saint Francis, first example of gothic art in Bologna,
achieved between 1245 and
1263. The Schools of Artists
referred to the Franciscan
convent.
Slab placed on the southern side of the basement
of the tomb of Accursio’s family, in memory of
the restoration made from 1888 to 1893 on the
occasion of the celebration of the eighth Studium
Centenary.
Tomb of 1265 belonging to Odofredo Denari,
who was the best Accursio’s pupil and then
his bitter enemy. He taught in France and
at Federico Court; he later came back to
Bologna while continuously attempting to
surpass his master’s reputation
Tomb of Rolandino dei Romanzi made
in 1285: it is the latest to be built at san
Francesco convent. Elements worth noting
are the column-bearing lions at the four
corners in defense of the dead man and the
gothic architecture modernity for that time.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
9. Students at lesson
Giovanni da Legnano’s sarcophagus of 1386.
The crowd of the lesson puts in evidence the excellence
of deceased teaching: there are pupils of every age and
several social conditions, even if fairly well-to-do.
The standing characters are “uditores” and not proper
pupils.
In this detail of Giovanni da Legnano’s sarcophagus it
is important to note the elegance of the desks and the
richness of the scholars, pointed out by the great number of
bottoms, which were really expensive and as a consequence
a privilege for the wealthy classes.
The Peace Stone, achieved between 2nd of March and 30th of
April in 1322, reminds the existence in this place, nowadays via
D’Azeglio 57, of a chapel dedicated to Mary Queen of the Peace.
It was wanted by the scholars with the aim of sealing the abandon
of the Studium because of the capital punishment of their
colleagues the previous year.
The Deans of students, portrayed in position of pride with titles and
names, focus on the importance of the Studium for the city of Bologna,
from the economical point of view. The city economy felt the effects
of the lack of students so that during that year they had difficulty with
collecting taxes.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
10. Students, dispensations and licenses
To be admitted to the “Natio” of own homeland, it was necessary to obey the rules of
the statue, to be in possession of adequate requirements and in the end to pledge in
the presence of witnesses.
Around the year 1182 the combination of students of different “Nationes” had given
birth to the Universitas Scholarium, i.e. the organization of all the students, whose
representatives negotiated authoritatively with professors and civil authorities.
This miniature of the XV century shows the moment of the oath of German students in
Bologna
The duck flight towards the north reveals students homesickness for their own
homeland, from where they were far away a long period, and furthermore it dates the
event back to spring.
Degree of “Licentia in utroque iure” by Francesco Totila of 1531. The “Licentia” is pretty
much today’s degree and this one attests that the candidate brilliantly finished his
career of Civil Law and Canon Law.
The increasing request of texts promoted a new editorial
technique, the “pecia”, that was almost the current
pamphlet divided in parts which could be “rent” for
some days in order to be able to copy them or make
them copy.
The “pecia” has been copied by an amanuensis
authorized by the “exemplar” owned by the professor,
who guaranteed the accuracy. This is the front of a pecia
of the Justianesus Code of 14th century.
The richness of the degree (miniature, golden foil, the employment
of a good calligraphy) of Giulio Bonasoni’s “License” of 1583, is
evidence of the strict and rather expensive degree protocol.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
11. Tenured Professors
This slab of Matteo Gandoni ‘s sarcophagus of 1330, coming from the cloister of the Saint Dominic convent,
shows the lesson in compliance with the typology inaugurated in 1300 for Rolandino’s tomb.
It’s the most ancient representation of a janitor, whose first primary function was to bring to the class the heavy
volumes necessary for the lesson.
It is the most ancient representation of
a janitor, whose first primary function
was to bring to the class the heavy
volumes necessary for the lesson.
What leaps out at our eyes in this slab of Pietro Cerniti’s sarcophagus, of 1338, is the different position of the lecturer compared with
the students one. This placement states a powerful political message, and i.e. the centrality of the “Doctor”, who benefitted from a
remarkable social prestige.
Student’s myopia, put in evidence
by this detail of the slab of Bonifacio
Galluzzi’s sarcophagus of 1346,
reminds students of the risk of not
managing to finish their studies and
to decode the works.
Pietro Cerniti’s left hand holds a overturned sphere
which means that even the emperor is subject to the
law. The sphere actually symbolizes the mondio, legal
sign par excellence, and the jurist’s hand that keeps
it overturned, stands for “Lex id est rex”, i.e. the law is
king and not vice versa.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
12. Sporti and wooden stilata
The outstanding Studium reputation, so that Pope Onorio III could write in a bull of 1220
that “from Bologna the Christianity rulers come out”, made an increasing number of
students come from all over Europe to get a degree in Bologna. This affluence led to the
modification of the house shape in order to increase the capacity. Therefore, starting from
the first floor inside spaces, too big for only one room and too small to be divided into two
parts, were enlarged by expanding the exterior façade up to one metre and half thanks to
protrudes, called “sporti”, supported by prongs, like these ones in Vicolo Lauretta.
Another example of “sporti” in vicolo Sampieri (XII_XIII cent)
The bedrooms request increased in so much as they decided to expand the house with the largeness of a whole
bedroom. However, in this case the bulge was supported by poles, like these ones in via del Carro, of XIII century.
In this way the stilata lignea petroniana, direct preview of the portico, was reached.
Main elements of stilata lignea petroniana:
oak is the sturdy wood used for it.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
13. Wooden stilata in Bologna
Pen relief of 1593 of a section of via San Felice,
characterized by the front on the street entirely made of
wooden stilata.
The need of rooms became so necessary that soon all the city streets filled up with wooden
stilata, that will be then changed into out-and-out porticoes, the most noteworthy feature of
Bologna. The miniature of 1660 shows houses owned by the Hospital of Saint Mary of Life.
Even rich families of high census,
like Isolani, did not disdain
the income deriving from the
bedrooms of a stilata, as the
front of their palace in Strada
Maggiore puts in evidence.
Moreover, their stilata is the
highest in the city.
On the facade of Palazzo Grassi the wall was used to protect from
water and mud the pedants and the artisans who were working openair, shielded by the stilata protrusion.
The gravestone defends the wood from the risk of going rotten
because of the contact with rain, water and snow, as it’s shown
in this building of via Marsala.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
14. Artesans at the service of the Studium
The coat of arms of parchment manufacturers inside
Saint Stephan complex testifies the relevance achieved
by this Guild.
The great presence of students will largely make develop in Bologna the
trade of parchment manufacturers, who will join in societies. It is shown
above a page of their Statue and Matricula i.e. the list of the registered
members of 1379. It’s worth noticing the Guild’s coat of arms on the
two sides of the coat of arms of the well off part of the Commune.
Tombstone of a tailor in Saint Stephan
Complex. The dead person wanted his
tomb to be pointed by the coat of arms of
Art of which he was proud of being part.
Miniatures with the coat of arms of the
Society of arts and arms (XV cent).
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
15. From the School to the Archiginnasio
Around the half of the 13th century Bologna was the fifth city in Europe, and
inside it students presence had reached a precise location.
The Schools of Jurists, certainly the most ancient (they date at the end of the
11th century), were situated in southeastern area and they made reference
to the just finished Saint Dominic convent.
The Schools of Artists were placed in the northwestern area, converging
towards the convent of saint Salvatore and the Saint Francis one, just finished
too. Not by chance between the two mendicant orders of recent foundation, the
most civilized was the Dominican one, and the legists considered themselves
the most important of the Studium.
On 8 March, 1561 a “Brief” of Pope Pio IV ordained that Studium would must
have a sole seat, respectable and up to its name, and it started the construction
of the Archiginnasio Palace, inaugurated on 21 October, 1563.
The façade shows thirty arches, like the days of solar month, whereas the rooms
at the ground floor, used as trade employment and mostly connected with the
Studium, are twenty-eight, like the days of lunar month.
The courtyard of Archiginnasio Palace,
squared with two overlapping levels
of five arches for each side, in front of
the main portal, leads to the entrance
of the chapel Saint Mary of Bulgari (by
the name of the famous jurist Bulgaro
who died in 1166 and was used to live in
this area) open for all those who, both
students and lecturers, could wish to
gather for prayer.
The Archiginasio includes the most enormous heraldic complex of the world,
made up of not less than six thousand coats of arms among more than seven
thousand of the original ones. These are the coats of arms of the deans of scholars and of professors, from the foundation to 1797, the year when on 27 May the
Comitato Centrale della Reppublica Cispadana ordered the abolition of all the
noble coats of arms. We owe the action of Accademia Clementina if this coat of
arms heritage has been preserved.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
16. Pope Lambertini and the Institute of Sciences
During the XVIII century the Institute of Sciences, built in Poggi
Palace, since it gathered up scientific collections by several scientists
and Bolognese researchers, was the most advanced highpoint in
scientific-technical studies in Bologna and in Europe.
Moreover, it has been visited by the most eminent travelers
throughout their Gran Tour in Italy with aim of refining their studies.
For some of them, as occasion offered, scientific experiment were
ready-made, as this miniature proves.
Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658-1730) was scientist, curious traveler, cultivated
collector, and valiant man-at-arms. The set of the objects of scientific and
technical nature, gathered up by him during his long general career at the
service of Emperor Leopoldo I, represents the fundamental nucleus of the
patrimony of the Institute of Sciences. He is also author of important scientific
treatises, especially about waters.
Some anatomic wax models, that are placed in the Institute of Sciences.
The were made by Anna Morandi Manzolini with extreme precision and they
were absolutely essential for anatomy lessons.
This tall ship, a perfect scale model, is part of the remarkable collection of
boat models of various types, patrimony of the Institute of Science.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
17. From the Institute of Sciences to the University
Palazzo Poggi, seat of the Institute of Sciences, with his important
astronomical observatory, portrayed in this incision of XIX century, from
1803 received teachers belonging to the Studium, since it had been
abolished after Napoleon’s decree, and consequently it became the first
seat of the Modern University.
This incision, designed by Palagio Pelagi, represents the gravestone
made in 1802 in order to acclaim Napoleon consul for life, member of
the National Institute for his Military, literary and political qualities.
Throne made on the project of Pelagio Pelagi for Napoleon, become in the
meanwhile Emperor of the French and king of Italy, on a visit to the royal
University on 25 June, 1805.
Chart of teachers, assistants and employees at the Royal
University of Bologna, under the presidency of Napoleon
“Restorer” of the Athenaeum, for the academic year 18051806 with Professor Filippo Re as magnificent Rector.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
18. Laura Bassi Veratti
Laura Maria Caterina Bassi (Bologna, 1711-1778), since her
childhood displayed extraordinary intellectual gifts, insomuch as
she was accepted, not yet graduated, as honorary member of the
Academy of Sciences.
After the graduation in 1732 in Natural Philosophy, she received
the professorship of physics at the Studium in 1733, thus becoming
the first Physics professor in Europe.
Although the Assunteria (members who were in charge of decisions)
of the Studium put on the timetable Bassi’s teaching, actually her
real practice found continuous obstacles, situation that forced
Laura Bassi to open a private school of Experimental Physics,
where eminent academics, such as L. Spallanzani and A. Volta,
rushed up.
The miniature shows her while she is teaching at Archiginnasio
(credit: Archivio di Stato).
Laura Bassi’s graduation, made possible also
by the intervention of Cardinal Prospero, who
took position against misogynist attitude of
the Committee of Doctors, aroused such a
great interest that this Insignia of Elders was
dedicated to her (credit: National Archive).
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
19. Maria Gaetana Agnesi
View of the “Luogo pio Trivulzo”, dearly called by Milan” Ca’ Granda”, place
where Agnesi spent her last 14 years of her life as manager, teacher and
nurse.
Maria Gaetana Agnesi (Milano, 1718-1799) was recognized as a child
prodigy very early; she was Professor of mathematics at Bologna
University and she was appointed by Pope Benedict XIV to the chair
earlier belonging to her father . After an initial acceptance, Agnesi
preferred to go back to Milan with the purpose of devoting herself to
serve the poor at Hospice Trivulzio.
Her notoriety as mathematician and well -educated woman- she
acquired Latin, Greek, German and Spanish, had been so popular
that a monument was dedicated to her.
Benedetto XIV, born as Prospero Lambertini (Bologna, 1675Roma 1758), has among his several qualities, the one of having
fought against professors’ misogyny at the Studium. Therefore
he supported studies and teaching of worthy women such
as Bassi and Agnesi, opening in this manner the way to the
admission of women in cultural and official life of Bologna. In
addition, promoting the scientific research, he reinforced the
role of Academy of Sciences and the relative institute, which
would later become the foundations of the modern citizen
University.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
20. Famous female teachers
Anna Morandi Manzolini (Bologna 1714-1774) was a celebrated sculptor of
models in wax, her name spread up to Russia, where the empress Catherine
II invited her to move, but Manzolini refused.
In 1755 she was included in the Academia Clementina and in the Academy
of Sciences, and she was awarded a chair in anatomy by the senate with
the chance of teaching at Studium and at her own home.
Since 1774 her anatomical models in wax have been conserved at the
Institute of Sciences.
Maria Dalle Donne (Roncastaldo, 1778 - Bologna, 1842),of humble origin, was
led to the studies by her priest uncle, who had foreseen her great potentialities.
Her academy defense in medicine was on 19 December, 1799 and she went
with her friend Clotilde Tambroni.
She got the license for teaching and joined the Benedict Academy the following
year. Then in 1804 she headed up the Obstetrics School. She taught continuously
for 40 years, until her death, suddenly occurred because of syncope on 9
January, 1842.
Clotilde Tambroni (Bologna 1758- 1817) showed a out of the common learning
ability, learning Greek only attending private lessons that the Grecist Emanuele
Aponte taught to his pupil. In 1793 her Greek reputation was so that she was
given the chair even if she was not graduated.
In 1798 it was taken out, because she had refused to pledge to the government
of the Cisalpine Republic. The teaching was given again thanks to Napoleon’s
will in 1779, who admired her enormous culture. Female presence in cultural
world was one of her favorite topic and she strove for it.
The great valorization of women in culture, powerfully started wit Prospero
Lambertini, then Pope Benedict, who found worthy examples in Bolognese
women, led to the posthumous valorization of women such as the painter
Elisabetta Sirani.
Her profile was put among the medallions of famous teachers at the Studium,
made in one of the cloister of Saint Giacomo Maggiore convent, dispossessed by
pro-Napoleon governments by the beginning of the 9th century.
Elisabetta Sirani (Bologna, 1638- 1665) died at the young age of 27, leaving more
than 300 works of high quality.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Comune di Bologna
21. Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
Historical and iconographic research edited by:
Fernando Lanzi
With the students from Camplus Bologna:
Raffaella Dicuonzo, History,
Alma Mater Studiorum
Anna Fairhurst, Medieval Languages,
Cambridge University
Roberta Gatto, Communication Sciences,
Alma Mater Studiorum
Maria Eugenia Leoni, Faculty of Classics,
Alma Mater Studiorum
Maria Grazia Meloni, International Relations,
Alma Mater Studiorum
Photography and illustration edited by students of
Camplus Bologna:
Gaël Truc, Photographer, Dams Cinema,
Alma Mater Studiorum
Gianluigi Fanelli, Illustrator,
Academy of Fine Arts of Bologna
In collaboration with:
Riccardo Guidetti, Camplus Director
Alma Mater and San Felice
Lorenza Agostinelli, Communication and Events
Organization, Camplus Bologna
Camplus is a network of university residences of excellence in Bologna, Milan, Catania, and Turin; more than
700 students from all around Italy and from abroad live
there.
Camplus is a cultural and educational project managed
by Fondazione C.E.U.R. (European Centre for University
and Research), which is legally recognized by the M.I.U.R.
(Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research),
member of the C.C.U. (Conference of Italian University
Colleges of Merit,) and of the EUCA (European University
College Association)
Camplus gives the students several opportunities in the
cultural field as well as in the academic the work ones;
these opportunities encourage the personality and the
talent of each one of them.
A wide range of didactic devices such as tutorship from
University with PhD students and researchers; a broad
choice of courses and workshops, important meetings
with experts, visits to companies and also time for fun,
such as sport, trips, parties: all these are some of the
possibilities which Camplus give its students and which
foster the creation of a positive and lively environment.
www.camplus.it
Graphic design and print: Immaginazione srl
Special thanks for cordial friendship to the Alma
Mater professors Rolando Dondarini and Beatrice
Borghi, Nova Atlantis, students association at Bologna
University, C.C.U. (Conference of Italian University
Colleges of Merit); European University
College Association (Euca).
in collaborazione con
l’Università di Bologna
Thanks to the Commune of Bologna and the
International History Feast for the patronage.
Alma Mater Studiorum: from the Studium to the University
Bologna excels in its doctores and scolares
Comune di Bologna