Alley cropping is an agroforestry practice that involves planting rows of trees with crops grown between the rows. It provides benefits like improved crop diversity and economic returns, increased carbon storage in soil and vegetation, improved nutrient recycling, and enhanced wildlife habitat. Key considerations for alley cropping include matching the light and root requirements of the crops to the tree species, which could include walnut, pecan, pine, or poplar trees. Potential alley crops are row crops, forage crops, and specialty crops.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
Introduction to Agroforestry, Objectives of Agroforestry, Features of Agroforestry, Characteristics of Good Agroforestry systems, 4I system, Importance of Agroforestry etc
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
Introduction to Agroforestry, Objectives of Agroforestry, Features of Agroforestry, Characteristics of Good Agroforestry systems, 4I system, Importance of Agroforestry etc
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
Awareness lecture series conducted in Anuradhapura (31.01.2019) and Trincomalee (05.02.2019) organized by Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project - UNDP
Sustainable Land Management in Practice 23.01.2023.pdfDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Sustainable Land Management is defined as the use of land resources, including soils, water, animals, and plants, for the production of goods to meet changing human needs, while simultaneously ensuring the long-term productive potential of these resources and the maintenance of their environmental functions.
India grows the largest number of vegetables in the world. Varied agro climatic conditions in India make it feasible to grow several vegetables round the year. Being short duration crops, vegetables are more susceptible to extremities in environment. And vegetable production is also not consistent due to weather extremities and diminishing natural resources. In countries like India it is a serious problem in view of large population depending on agriculture, excessive pressure on natural resources and poor cropping mechanisms. Vegetables play an important role in achieving the nutritional security as they encounter the malnutrition problems in India and also serve as a source of income for the small and marginal farmers. The major objectives of reducing malnutrition and alleviating poverty in developing countries through improved and consumption of safe vegetables that involves adaptation of current vegetable cropping systems like, multiple cropping, mixed farming, intercropping, and relay cropping systems. Integration of crop production, different farming systems with suitable soil and water conservation measures lead to sustainable production increase in income levels and towards better livelihoods. Major emphasis should be given on development of diverse technologies for optimization of farm resources, increased economic return and improved sustainability.
Moreover, increasing temperatures, reduced irrigation water availability, flooding, and salinity will be major limiting factors in sustaining and increasing vegetable productivity. Extreme climatic conditions will also negatively impact soil fertility and increase soil erosion. Measures to adapt to these climate change induced stresses are critical for sustainable tropical vegetable production. Adoption of suitable cropping system is one such measure which ensures maximum utilisation of natural resources and inputs. Farmers may get benefitted by following different cropping systems even under adverse climatic conditions. Success in mitigating climate change depends on how well agricultural crops and systems adapt to the changes and concomitant environmental stresses of those changes on the current systems. Thus, adoption of suitable cropping patterns/systems will be needed to maintain vegetable productivity.
Vegetable Gardens - Kitchen Garden or Nutrition Garden; Gardening Guidebook for India ~ Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
3. Presentation Objectives
3
Define alley cropping
Describe the benefits
Explain the basic design
considerations
Identify potential crops
and species
Alley Cropping
4. What is Agroforestry?
4
…the intentional combining of
agriculture and working trees to
create sustainable farming systems.
Forest farming
Alley cropping
Alley Cropping
5. What is Alley Cropping?
5
… the planting of trees in
two or more sets of single
or multiple rows with
agronomic, horticultural,
or forage crops cultivated
in the alleys between the
rows of woody plants.
Poplar and wheat
Alley Cropping
7. Why use Alley Cropping?
7
Improves crop diversity, and economic returns
Increases net carbon storage in the soil and
vegetation
Improves utilization and recycling of soil nutrients
Provides or enhances wildlife habitat
Alley Cropping
8. Benefits
8
Improve Crop Diversity, and Economic Returns
• Allows production of annual crops for needed cash flow while at
the same time growing longer term woody investments.
• Allows two annual crops to be grown on the same acreage such as
a forage or row crop and nut or fruit crops
• Allows crop diversity which reduces risk
Alley Cropping
9. Benefits
9
Increases net carbon storage in the soil and
vegetation
• Roots, crop
residue, leaves and
forage add to soil
carbon
• Tree component adds to
total potential carbon
stored on site through
long term sequestration
in the above ground and
below ground biomass
Alley Cropping
10. Benefits
10
Improves utilization and recycling of soil nutrients
• Tree roots are generally
deeper than crop roots
• Nutrients and chemicals
that pass through crop root
zone are intercepted by trees
• Nutrients are utilized by the
trees and recycled back to
the soil surface by leaf drop
Alley Cropping
11. Benefits
11
Stops Soil Erosion
Trees stop soil erosion
Control the speed of water
Control wind erosion
Alley Cropping
12. Benefits
12
Provides or enhances wildlife habitat
• Provides food and cover
through a diversity of
plants
• Creates vertical habitat
structure
• Improves pollinator
foraging and nesting
habitat
• Builds travel corridors for
wildlife movement to
connect to other food,
cover, or water resources
Alley Cropping
13. Design Considerations
13
Light requirement for the crop or forage to be grown
in the alley way
Root Competition between crops
Type and size of the equipment being used
Tree
Species
Shade
Produced
Root
Competition
Black walnut
Low
Low
Pecan
Medium
Medium
Popular
Medium
High
Pine
High
Medium-high
Alley Cropping
14. Tree Criteria for Alley Cropping
14
Marketable
Yields annual or periodic commercial product
(wood, nuts or fruit)
Appropriate shade for the alley crop
Minimal roots at soil surface
Adapted to site and soils
Foliage residue does not interfere with alley crop
Growth requirements complement alley crop
Alley Cropping
15. Potential Trees
15
Walnut
Pecan
Pine
Pine
Poplar
Tropical:
Coffee
Coconut Palm
Papaya
Coffee
Walnut
Alley Cropping
16. Potential Alley Way Crops
16
Row/cereal crops (corn,
soybeans, milo, wheat)
Forage crops (legumes,
grasses)
Specialty crops (vegetables,
flowers)
Pecans and hay
Alley Cropping
17. For Additional Information
17
Where is there more information on alley cropping?
A number of web sites are available to provide more detailed
information on alley cropping systems. Here are a few :
USDA National Agroforestry Center
http://www.unl.edu/nac/alleycropping.htm
The Center for Agroforestry
http://www.centerforagroforestry.org/practices/ac.php
Association for Temperate Agroforestry
http://www.aftaweb.org/alley_cropping.php
The Overstory
http://agroforestry.net/overstory/osprev.html
Alley Cropping
Welcome. This presentation will cover one of the five recognized agroforestry practices currently being adopted and used in the US and its territories – alley cropping.
This presentation will define alley cropping, describe some of its major benefits, explain basic design considerations, and identify selected potential crops and plants that are or can be used in an alley cropping system.
Alley cropping is an agroforestry practice. But what is agroforestry? Although there are many definitions on agroforestry one of the simplest definitions is the intentional combining of agriculture and working trees to create sustainable farming systems. In agroforestry systems, trees or shrubs and their products are intentionally used within agricultural systems, livestock, or forests and are cultured with woody plants (e.g. trees and shrubs). Knowledge, careful selection of species, and good management of trees and crops are needed to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and to minimize negative competitive effects. Agroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural and forest production methods through increased productivity, improved economic benefits and social outcomes and the enhancedecological goods and services provided. This system is used world-wide today.
What is alley cropping? Again there are many definitions for this term in use today but basically alley cropping is the planting of trees or shrubs in two or more sets of single or multiple rows with agronomic, horticultural, or forage crops cultivated in the alleys between the rows of woody plants. This approach is sometimes also referred to as intercropping. The foundation for alley cropping dates back to 17th century (perhaps earlier) Europe and Asia. Even earlier use of this concept occurred with many Native American groups. This concept was brought to North America where most of the earlyemphasis and research focused on pecan and black walnut alley cropping or intercropping applications. Today research is expanding into other systems. There are many other numerous potential tree, shrub, and crop combinations. Alley cropping can be used on any lands where crops or forages are grown and adapted trees or shrubs are available to provide either economic and/or environmental benefits to the field. In many instances, alley cropping can be used to convert marginal cropland to a permanent land use cover that incorporates Working Trees. In other cases alley cropping can be designed for both long term crop or forage production with tree production.
Alley cropping is not just crops and trees randomly growing in a field – it is more that, it’s a system that is intentional, integrated, and interactive.
Whatare the benefits of an alley cropping system? Working Trees in an alley cropping system cycle nutrients from deeper in the soil profile by shedding organic matter on the surface as leafy and woody litter or 'green manure'. Litter rebuilds a soil's structure making it less erodible and more able to absorb and hold water. Alley cropping can also yield other products such as vegetables,bioenergy feedstock, and fodder. They create a more favorable growing conditions for the alley (intercrops)crops by shielding them from drying winds and enhancing microclimates. Alley cropping systems planted on slopes, anchor the soil, trap chemicals, and form terraces, preventing the loss of precious topsoil by heavy rains and the overland flow of water. In addition alley cropping creates diversity in habitat structure for wildlife including birds, mammals, and beneficial insects.
Because alley cropping is a layered system that uses vertical as well as horizontal spaces, land owners can integrate a variety of different crops which increases crop diversity and improves economic returns compared to stand alone systems. This allows production of annual crops for needed cash flow while at the same time growing longer-term, woody plant derived investments. In addition, because of the vertical, layered system structure, the system can allow two or more annual crops to be grown on the same acreage such as a forage or row crop and nut or fruit crops. Finally multiple crops create economic diversity and this helps reduce financial risk.
US forestlands currently fix about 250 million metric tons of atmospheric carbon each year. With terrestrial ecosystems, the soil stores the greatest amount of soil carbon and due to past agriculture activities much of this carbon has been lost. Restoring soil organic carbon on depleted soils is the fastest way to sequester carbon. Adding a tree component to the management of the land increases the potential of carbon storage. US cropland can sequester about 75-200 million metric tons of atmospheric carbon per year by using current best management practices. US grazing land can sequester 30-90 million metric tons of atmospheric carbon annually by controlled grazing, fire management, and by use of fertilizers and improved cultivars. Alley Cropping adds the woody dimension to accumulate long term above ground biomass (carbon) storage to cropland or grasslands in addition to adding soil organic matter(carbon).
The tree roots travel much deeper than the annual crops for their moisture and nutrients. In fact, a mathematical model developed for the Victoria Road site in Oregon has predicted that nitrate leaving the rooting zone is reduced by 50% when compared to a barley crop without trees. In addition, tree roots can intercept crop nutrients not utilized by the annual crop, that would otherwise leach down into the ground water.
Alley cropping improves wildlife habitat by providing food and cover through a diversity of plants; creating vertical habitat structure; improving pollinator habitat; and building travel corridors for wildlife movement to connect to other food, cover, or water resources. To maximize wildlife benefits: Utilize native species that mirror those you would find in the natural ecosystem when possible. Select species that provide cover and food. Utilizea mixture of trees and shrubs to help provide vertical structure to the habitat. For most wildlife, wider is generally better. Also connect the woody rows to areas of other important habitat if possible.
Alley cropping can be used on any lands where crops or forages are grown and adapted trees or shrubs are available to provide either economic and/or environmental benefits to the field. In some instances, alley cropping can be used to convert marginal cropland to a permanent forest cover. In other cases alley cropping can be designed for both long term crop or forage production with tree production. Competition for light, water and nutrients between the tree and the intercropped species not only affects the yields of the alley crop but also the growth of the trees. Three critical design considerations for any alley cropping system are the light requirements for the crop or forage to be grown in the alley way, the amount of root competition between crops and the type and size of the equipment that will be used. Consideration should be given to using multiples of the widest field equipment width as the guide for determining alley widths.
Trees and shrubs used in alley cropping systems are usually selected because they have a combination of one or more of the following traits: marketable, yields an annual or periodic commercial product (wood, nuts or fruit), appropriate shade for the alley crop, minimal roots at soil surface to interfere with alley crop, adapted to site and soils, foliage residue does not interfere with alley crop, and growth requirements complement the alley crop.
There are a numerous potential trees that can and are being used in alley cropping systems. The type of tree varies from geographic region and the available markets that are present.
As with plants in the woody sets, the alley way crops are open to almost any crop. Major crop groups that can be used include row or cereal crops, forage crops, specialty crops, and biomass crops.
Where is there more information on alley cropping? A number of web sites are available to provide more detailed information on alley cropping systems. Here are a few: USDA National Agroforestry Center, The Center for Agroforestry, Association for Temperate Agroforestry, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service.