The document provides instructions for a writing assignment on domestic violence for a class. It asks students to write a 2-4 page paper discussing how certain aspects of being in domestic violence situations can further impact lives. It provides the due date as March 27th, 2020 and asks students to submit their papers by email.
This document discusses compensation differentials across industries. It notes that software, financial institutions, and consultancies pay the highest, while manufacturing, consumer durables, and pharmaceuticals pay lower. Industry characteristics like scarce skills or fixed costs impact pay. Larger organizations tend to pay higher wages to attract talent. Low-paying employers adjust pay based on labor demand, narrowing differentials in upswings. Compensating differentials provide incentives for undesirable jobs through higher pay. Government regulation can benefit workers by reducing risks, though costs must be weighed. Employee and employer preferences also impact compensation packages.
Job insecurity is growing and poses a major threat to worker well-being globally. International research shows employees prioritize job security above other job factors like pay and opportunities. While perceptions of insecurity sometimes exceed reality, trends like rising temporary work mean insecurity is increasing and negatively impacting well-being. Younger, less skilled workers are most vulnerable but long-term all workers will suffer from the psychological costs of unstable employment. Governments and companies should implement policies to balance labor market flexibility with stronger social supports to mitigate these costs to individuals and productivity.
The consequences of sharing economy on OSHPauli Forma
The document discusses the challenges sharing economy platforms present for occupational safety and health. It notes that platforms are not considered employers and do not have the same responsibilities as traditional employers to guarantee workers' security and safety. Workers on platforms are often classified as independent contractors, weakening their rights. Specific new risks for platform workers include stress from job insecurity, difficulties controlling work hours, lack of occupational health services, and health impacts of income inequality. Potential solutions discussed include challenging independent contractor classifications, creating new employment categories with associated rights, and developing new social safety nets for platform workers.
This document discusses various components of compensation including direct financial compensation like wages and salaries, indirect financial compensation like benefits, and non-financial compensation like job satisfaction. It provides examples of different types of compensation and outlines several theories about how wages should be determined, such as subsistence theory and wage fund theory. Compensation is important both for individuals' well-being and organizations' performance.
The document discusses compensating wage differentials, which arise when wages are higher for jobs with less desirable characteristics, such as dangerous working conditions, in order to compensate workers. It provides examples of how firms that offer riskier jobs must pay higher wages to attract workers. This ensures there are incentives for workers to take on dangerous jobs and penalties for firms that offer poor working conditions. Workers and firms tend to match based on their preferences - firms offering safer jobs attract workers who highly value safety, while riskier firms attract workers more focused on wages.
The document discusses the different languages used by workplace safety professionals and business managers. Safety professionals discuss metrics like incident rates, while managers focus on financial impacts. It argues safety professionals need to justify safety spending to managers in financial terms, showing how safety can increase efficiency and reduce costs. However, the primary purpose of safety should not be saving money but protecting workers. The document concludes safety professionals should be seen as part of the leadership team, helping make decisions that strengthen the organization and protect workers, enhancing their value to managers.
The document discusses wages, salaries, incentive schemes, and theories of wages determination. It provides definitions of wages and salary, comparing their key differences. Six major theories of wage determination are outlined: subsistence theory, standard of living theory, wage fund theory, residual claimant theory, marginal productivity theory, and discounted marginal productivity theory. The importance of wages is discussed in relation to worker income, retention, spending power, and tax revenue. Examples of incentive schemes for teachers are also listed.
This document provides an overview of different theories of wages. It discusses subsistence theory, which states that wages will tend toward the minimum needed to keep workers alive. Wages fund theory argues wages are paid from a predetermined fund. Surplus value theory says workers are paid less than the value they create, with the surplus going to expenses. Residual claimant theory views labor as the residual claimant to the value created after other factors are paid. Marginal productivity theory holds that wages are determined by how much value workers add at the margin.
This document discusses compensation differentials across industries. It notes that software, financial institutions, and consultancies pay the highest, while manufacturing, consumer durables, and pharmaceuticals pay lower. Industry characteristics like scarce skills or fixed costs impact pay. Larger organizations tend to pay higher wages to attract talent. Low-paying employers adjust pay based on labor demand, narrowing differentials in upswings. Compensating differentials provide incentives for undesirable jobs through higher pay. Government regulation can benefit workers by reducing risks, though costs must be weighed. Employee and employer preferences also impact compensation packages.
Job insecurity is growing and poses a major threat to worker well-being globally. International research shows employees prioritize job security above other job factors like pay and opportunities. While perceptions of insecurity sometimes exceed reality, trends like rising temporary work mean insecurity is increasing and negatively impacting well-being. Younger, less skilled workers are most vulnerable but long-term all workers will suffer from the psychological costs of unstable employment. Governments and companies should implement policies to balance labor market flexibility with stronger social supports to mitigate these costs to individuals and productivity.
The consequences of sharing economy on OSHPauli Forma
The document discusses the challenges sharing economy platforms present for occupational safety and health. It notes that platforms are not considered employers and do not have the same responsibilities as traditional employers to guarantee workers' security and safety. Workers on platforms are often classified as independent contractors, weakening their rights. Specific new risks for platform workers include stress from job insecurity, difficulties controlling work hours, lack of occupational health services, and health impacts of income inequality. Potential solutions discussed include challenging independent contractor classifications, creating new employment categories with associated rights, and developing new social safety nets for platform workers.
This document discusses various components of compensation including direct financial compensation like wages and salaries, indirect financial compensation like benefits, and non-financial compensation like job satisfaction. It provides examples of different types of compensation and outlines several theories about how wages should be determined, such as subsistence theory and wage fund theory. Compensation is important both for individuals' well-being and organizations' performance.
The document discusses compensating wage differentials, which arise when wages are higher for jobs with less desirable characteristics, such as dangerous working conditions, in order to compensate workers. It provides examples of how firms that offer riskier jobs must pay higher wages to attract workers. This ensures there are incentives for workers to take on dangerous jobs and penalties for firms that offer poor working conditions. Workers and firms tend to match based on their preferences - firms offering safer jobs attract workers who highly value safety, while riskier firms attract workers more focused on wages.
The document discusses the different languages used by workplace safety professionals and business managers. Safety professionals discuss metrics like incident rates, while managers focus on financial impacts. It argues safety professionals need to justify safety spending to managers in financial terms, showing how safety can increase efficiency and reduce costs. However, the primary purpose of safety should not be saving money but protecting workers. The document concludes safety professionals should be seen as part of the leadership team, helping make decisions that strengthen the organization and protect workers, enhancing their value to managers.
The document discusses wages, salaries, incentive schemes, and theories of wages determination. It provides definitions of wages and salary, comparing their key differences. Six major theories of wage determination are outlined: subsistence theory, standard of living theory, wage fund theory, residual claimant theory, marginal productivity theory, and discounted marginal productivity theory. The importance of wages is discussed in relation to worker income, retention, spending power, and tax revenue. Examples of incentive schemes for teachers are also listed.
This document provides an overview of different theories of wages. It discusses subsistence theory, which states that wages will tend toward the minimum needed to keep workers alive. Wages fund theory argues wages are paid from a predetermined fund. Surplus value theory says workers are paid less than the value they create, with the surplus going to expenses. Residual claimant theory views labor as the residual claimant to the value created after other factors are paid. Marginal productivity theory holds that wages are determined by how much value workers add at the margin.
The document discusses compensation management and wage payment systems. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms like wage, compensation, and fair wages. It describes the importance of wage payment to workers, employers, and the government. It outlines different components of employee remuneration including basic wages/salaries, incentives, fringe benefits, and perquisites. The document also describes the time rate and piece rate systems of wage payment, providing advantages and disadvantages of each.
This document discusses compensation management and wage theories. It covers the different elements that make up total compensation, including base pay, incentives, and benefits. It also discusses objectives of wage policies, wage legislation like the Payment of Wages Act and Minimum Wages Act, compensation issues, wage determination methods, and various theories of wages like subsistence theory, wage fund theory, and marginal productivity theory. Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory are also summarized.
The document outlines a strategic safety program for a company. It discusses implementing an initial safety training for new employees that covers potential hazards, safety requirements, and reporting procedures. Refresher training will also be provided to prevent complacency. The program aims to promote a safety culture where employees feel engaged and empowered to report issues. Integrating safety practices throughout all levels of the organization will help ensure the program's sustainability over time.
A global pharmaceutical company was losing executives in their mid-thirties to competitors. An investigation found this was due to compensation issues, as the company focused on long-term incentives and post-retirement benefits rather than current pay. It was recommended that the compensation package be redesigned to increase take-home pay for younger employees by reducing deferred benefits. The document then provides an overview of compensation management principles, theories, and practices.
1. The relationship between wages and productivity is complex, depending on factors like time horizon, market structure, and wage-setting mechanisms. In the short-run, standard theory suggests wages correspond to marginal productivity, but efficiency wage models reject this.
2. In the medium-run, bargained wages may differ from warranted wages due to changes in other factor prices, potentially leading to unemployment. Real and nominal wage rigidities also affect realignment of wages and productivity.
3. In the long-run, endogenous growth theory suggests moderate wage increases may not necessarily increase employment if technological change depends on capital investment influenced by wages.
This document discusses how education contributes to economic growth. It explains that investing in education improves a country's human capital by creating a more productive workforce. Workers with more skills and training can produce more goods and services, leading to increased GDP and standards of living. Education is viewed as an investment that yields long term benefits for both workers in the form of higher wages and employers through greater productivity. Overall, a well-educated labor force is a major factor in determining a country's economic strength and competitiveness.
Worker safety trainings are the most essential foundation block for building a safety culture in any organisation. Worker skill training and capacity building is unique and to be designed, developed and delivered with proper competence & focus.
The #KnowledgeReport on Worker Safety Skill Training –foundation for a sustainable safe workplace is here!
Launched at ICC Industrial Safety and Surveillance Conclave 2018
Download the full knowledge report!
https://www.consultivo.in/news-events/knowledge-partner-icc-safety-conclave/
#Consultivo #KnowledgeIsPower #KnowledgeReport #WorkerSafetySkillTraining #SafetyCulture
Higher levels of education are associated with greater success for self-employed individuals and their firms. During economic downturns, highly educated self-employed individuals are less likely to close their firms compared to those with lower levels of education. However, during economic upturns, highly educated individuals have higher outside options for wage work, so they are more likely to close their firms. Regardless of the economic conditions, firms led by highly educated self-employed individuals tend to experience higher growth.
Process Safety is a Leadership Issue -Sonya Lee Sept 2012Sonya Lee
1. The document discusses process safety and how it is an industry leadership issue. It notes that process safety is difficult to understand, measure, and manage due to a lack of consensus on what it constitutes.
2. Several major accidents in the marine and offshore drilling industries are reviewed that were caused by process safety failures and were preventable. The document argues companies focus too much on personnel safety over process safety.
3. It provides lessons learned that companies are measuring the wrong things, using the wrong tools focused on lagging indicators, and looking in the wrong direction not focused on prevention. Process safety requires a disciplined framework applying good design, engineering, operations, and maintenance practices.
Probability theory in business managementMohit Rijal
1. Probability theory is relevant for business management and decision making under uncertainty. It allows managers to assess risks and make informed decisions.
2. Probability can be used to analyze scenarios, forecast sales, evaluate risks, conduct statistical analysis and research. For example, probability distributions help create scenario analyses considering best, worst and most likely outcomes.
3. Managers can use probability distributions and scenario analysis to inform product launches, investments, and strategic decisions by weighing factors like market demand, costs, and potential returns under different conditions. This helps select optimal courses of action.
The document discusses various economic and behavioral theories of wages, including:
1) Early wage theories included the wage fund theory (1870-1914) and marginal productivity theory (1914-present), which involve wages being determined by demand and supply of labor.
2) Behavioral theories of motivation include equity theory, expectancy theory, and agency theory, which examine how motivation and wages can align employer and employee goals.
3) Wage differentials refer to differences in pay based on skills, industries, occupations, sectors, regions, and personal characteristics, and aim to incentivize workers.
This document discusses how a PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technological) analysis can be used as an effective model for security managers to audit security procedures. It provides an overview of what each factor in PEST analysis entails - political (government policies), economic (economic conditions), social (cultural trends), technological (technological changes). The document then explains how considering these PEST factors through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis can help identify potential threats to security from changes in the external environment. This would allow security managers to plan adequate responses and updates to procedures in advance to mitigate threats.
Allison Rogers
Professor Koenig
COMM 3313
October 12th, 2018
How My Race Has Impacted My Life
I. Introduction
a. How being white has affected my life in many ways
i. Positive factors from experience
ii. Negative factors from experience
iii. How this has impacted my communication
iv. Are my communication skills stronger or weaker from these experiences?
II. Positive factors from experience
a. Job market is more available to me
a. Opportunities come in simpler form to me
III. Negative factors from experience
a. Assumptions of me being white thinking my life is a breeze from others
b. The unfairness I see every day makes me feel guilty for being white
IV. How this has impacted my very own communication
a. I see things from a general point of view
b. I try my best to be personal when communicating.
c. I remember that we are all human beings who deserve equality.
V. Are my communication skills stronger or weaker?
a. Stronger – My experiences growing up have helped me communicate with everyone equally.
VI. Conclusion
a. The boundaries my race sets me in
b. The opportunities I have because of my race.
Works Cited
Orbe, M. P., & Harris, T. M. (2015). Interracial communication theory into practice. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/listen/201803/being-white-in-age-color
https://www.tolerance.org/magazine/fall-2018/what-is-white-privilege-really
https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/13/media/whiteness-project/index.html
https://everydayfeminism.com/2015/11/lessons-white-privilege-poc/
https://www.bustle.com/articles/146867-how-white-privilege-affects-8-people-of-color-on-a-day-to-day-basis
Allison Rogers
Professor Koenig
COMM 3325
October 20th, 2018
Research Paper Conceptual Document:
“The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro” by Frederick Douglas
1. What is the event or rhetorical moment I will be analyzing and why. Give a brief summary.
· I will be analyzing a speech by Fredrick Douglas that he gave on July 5th in 1852 called, “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro”. I chose this speech because I first read this speech this past spring semester in my gender studies class and it was so well written and worded that it literally just brought me to tears with so much emotion behind it. I want to analyze how Douglas put this together and his rhetorical process that he used in order to touch so many people with his words.
2. What methods of evaluation will I be looking for?
· The methods of evaluation I will be looking for in this speech are the following:
(I) The speech objective
(II) The audience and context of the speech
(III) The speeches context and structure
(IV) The delivery skills and techniques he used
(V) Intangibles
3. 8 sources:
· https://www.artofmanliness.com/the-meaning-of-july-fourth-for-the-negro-by-frederick-douglas/
· http://masshumanities.org/files/programs/douglass/speech_abridged_med.pdf
· http://redandgreen.org/speech.htm
· https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2927.html
· https://liber.
Allen 1Kiah AllenProfessor HirschENG1018 Feb. 2018Defo.docxsimonlbentley59018
Allen 1
Kiah Allen
Professor Hirsch
ENG101
8 Feb. 2018
Deforestation
The Amazon forest alone creates 20% of the worlds oxygen. It has decreased by 17% in the past 50 years because of deforestation (conserve-energy-future.com). Forest’s in general only cover 30% of the world (conserve-energy-future.com ). Deforestation is killing the trees that produce oxygen, without it humans can’t survive. Deforestation should be prohibited because large plants such as trees recycle air.
If deforestation is such a problem, why does it happen? Deforestation extracts the forest of its resources. It turns the forests into farms, ranches, or urban areas. The wood from trees are used for building or could be sold as fuel. Another big cause of deforestation is quarry’s. Quarry’s take up a lot of land, and once the quarry is abandoned is almost impossible to fix. Hydropower requires dams to be built. Dams create an enormous amount of flooding, which kills thousands of trees. The increase of population is also a cause of deforestation. The more people that are on earth the more land and resources we demand.
If deforestation continues it will have a huge negative impact on our air supply. Everyday a piece of the forests is being destroyed. The more trees that are being destroyed the less oxygen can be produced. Trees use photosynthesis to covert carbon dioxide into oxygen. Photosynthesis is the main producer of oxygen, and respiration and decay remove it. Urban areas have less oxygen then rural areas, because they don’t have many plants. Throughout history oxygen levels have been steadily decreasing. Once the oxygen levels hit 7% the air is too low to support human life (thenaturalhealthplace.com). Finding ways to apply reforestation would help increase oxygen.
There are many ways to apply reforestation to reverse the harm that’s been don’t to the world. One way is to plant trees. There are some cities who have made vertical forests. They plant trees and plants that surround the building. Going paperless would help as well. Since technology has advanced, paper isn’t really needed as often. Recycling and buying recycled products will help as well. The more that people recycle there will be less demand for natural resources and trees. Reforestation will help to reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air.
Deforestation does have a huge negative impact on our world, but there are quite of bit of positive too. The positive effects of deforestation are that it does gives humans space to grow. With growth comes civilizations which means more jobs and revenue. Deforestations also gives us more food and resources to satisfy our needs. It means a more comfortable life for humans. The consequences of deforestation is not worth the temporary comfort that humans get from it.
Deforestation is a serious problem to maintain life on this planet. The decrease in oxygen could eventually mean the end to human kind. If we don’t do anything abo.
All workings, when appropriate, must be shown to substantiate your.docxsimonlbentley59018
All workings, when appropriate, must be shown to substantiate your answers.
Question 1 [14 marks]
Financial statement disclosures
You are the financial accountant for Superstore Ltd, and are in the process of preparing its financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2018. Whilst preparing the financial statements, you become aware of the following situations:
1. On 1 July 2017, the directors made a decision, using information obtained over the last couple of years, to revise the useful life of an item of manufacturing equipment. The equipment was acquired on 1 July 2015 for $800,000, and has been depreciated on a straight-line basis, based on an estimated useful life of 10 years and residual value of nil. Superstore Ltd uses the cost model for manufacturing equipment. The directors estimate that as at 1 July 2017, the equipment has a remaining useful life of 6 years and a residual value of nil. No depreciation has been recorded as yet for the year ended 30 June 2018 as the directors were unsure how to account for the change in the 2018 financial statements, and unsure whether the 2016 and 2017 financial statements will need to be revised as a result of the change.
2. In June 2018, the accounts payable officer discovered that an invoice for repairs to equipment, with an amount due of $20,000, incurred in June 2017, had not been paid or provided for in the 2017 financial statements. The invoice was paid on 12 July 2018. The repairs are deductible for tax purposes. The accountant responsible for preparing the company’s income tax returns will amend the 2017 tax return, and the company will receive a tax refund of $6,000 as a result (30% x $20,000). No journal entries have been done as yet in the accounting records of Superstore Ltd, as the directors are unsure how to account for this situation, and what period adjustments need to be made in.
3. Superstore Ltd holds shares in a listed public company, ABC Ltd, which are valued in the draft financial statements on 30 June 2018 at their market value on that date - $600,000. A major fall in the stock market occurred on 10 July 2018, and the value of Superstore’s shares in ABC Ltd declined to $250,000.
4. On 21 July 2018, you discovered a cheque dated 20 April 2018 of $32,000 authorised by the company’s previous accountant, Max. The payment was for the purchase of a swimming pool at Max’s house. The payment had been recorded in the accounting system as an advertising expense. You advise the directors of this fraudulent activity, and they will investigate.
Assume that each event is material.
Required:
i) State the appropriate accounting treatment for each situation. Provide explanations and references to relevant paragraphs in the accounting standards to support your answers. Where adjustments to Superstore Ltd’s financial statements are required, explain which financial statements need to be adjusted (ie. 2016, 2017, 2018 or 2019).
ii) Prepare any note disclosures and adjusting j.
All yellow highlight is missing answer, please answer all of t.docxsimonlbentley59018
1) The play Anna in the Tropics explores the impact of literature on a family of Cuban cigar rollers in 1920s Florida. As their new lector reads Tolstoy's Anna Karenina aloud each day, the characters find their lives profoundly changed as themes like tradition vs modernity, gender roles, infidelity, and jealousy are awakened.
2) The play illustrates the machismo of Cuban culture, where men's affairs are accepted but women are punished for the same behavior. This double standard leads to tensions and tragedy as the characters emulate the scandals in the novel.
3) Ultimately, the lector's reading of Anna Karenina arouses passions that cannot be contained, as jealousies
All models are wrong. Some models are useful.—George E. P. B.docxsimonlbentley59018
All models are wrong. Some models are useful.
—George E. P. Box (1919–2013)
Statistician
Describing and explaining social phenomena is a complex task. Box’s quote speaks to the point that it is a near impossible undertaking to fully explain such systems—physical or social—using a set of models. Yet even though these models contain some error, the models nevertheless assist with illuminating how the world works and advancing social change.
The competent quantitative researcher understands the balance between making statements related to theoretical understanding of relationships and recognizing that our social systems are of such complexity that we will always have some error. The key, for the rigorous researcher, is recognizing and mitigating the error as much as possible.
As a graduate student and consumer of research, you must recognize the error that might be present within your research and the research of others.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Use the Walden Library Course Guide and Assignment Help found in this week’s Learning Resources to search for and select a quantitative article that interests you and that has social change implications.
As you read the article, reflect on George Box’s quote in the introduction for this Discussion.
For additional support, review the
Skill Builder: Independent and Dependent Variables
, which you can find by navigating back to your Blackboard Course Home Page. From there, locate the Skill Builder link in the left navigation pane.
By Day 3
Post a very brief description (1–3 sentences) of the article you found and address the following:
1. Describe how you think the research in the article is useful (e.g., what population is it helping? What problem is it solving?).
2. Using Y=
f
(X) +E notation, identify the independent and dependent variables.
3. How might the research models presented be wrong? What types of error might be present in the reported research?
Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Leon-Guerrero, A. (2018).
Social statistics for a diverse society
(8th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
· Chapter 1, “The What and the Why of Statistics” (pp. 1–21)
Wagner, W. E. (2016).
Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics
(6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
· Chapter 1, “Overview”
Dietz, T., & Kalof, L. (2009).
Introduction to social statistics: The logic of statistical reasoning
. West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
Introduction to Social Statistics: The Logic of Statistical Reasoning, 1st Edition by Dietz, T.; Kalof, L. Copyright 2009 by John Wiley & Sons - Books. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons - Books via the Copyright Clearance Center.
·
Chapter 1, “An Introduction to Quantitative Analysis” (pp. 1–31)
Dietz, T., & Kalof, L. (2009).
Introduction to social statistics: The logic of statistical reasoning
. West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
Introdu.
allclasses-frame.htmlAll ClassesAIBoardPlacementRandomModeRotationShapeShapeStreamTetris5044
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extends Application
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ALL WORK MUST BE ORIGINAL, CITED, IN APA FORMAT & WILL BE SUBMITTED .docxsimonlbentley59018
ALL WORK MUST BE ORIGINAL, CITED, IN APA FORMAT & WILL BE SUBMITTED TO TURN-IT-IN. THIS IS A DISCUSSION POST. DUE DATE IS SUNDAY, 06/21/22 @ 2PM EASTERN STANDARD TIME.
Discussion Question #2:
If you had the authority, what steps would you take to secure America's digital infrastructure?
.
ALL WORK MUST BE ORIGINAL, CITED IN APA FORMAT AND WILL BE SUBMITTED.docxsimonlbentley59018
ALL WORK MUST BE ORIGINAL, CITED IN APA FORMAT AND WILL BE SUBMITTED TO TURN IT IN. MINIMUM WORD COUNT IS 1500 NOT INCLUDING THE TITLE PAGE. DUE DATE IS MONDAY 06/22/20 @ 12 NOON EASTERN STANDARD TIME.
Assignment:
1. The first sentence of Chapter 2 reads, “The saying that ‘people receive the kind of policing they deserve” ignores the role power plays in the kind, quality, and distribution of police service.” Discuss what this sentence means in the context of contemporary policing in the United States.
2. Beginning in 1929, August Vollmer, as head of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, established 10 principles vital in reforming the police. Discuss the importance of the principles in providing the underpinnings for modern policing.
3. Explain how technology has affected communities of interest in the United States.
4. Explain the contributions of the Chicago School in studies of the community.
.
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The document discusses compensation management and wage payment systems. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms like wage, compensation, and fair wages. It describes the importance of wage payment to workers, employers, and the government. It outlines different components of employee remuneration including basic wages/salaries, incentives, fringe benefits, and perquisites. The document also describes the time rate and piece rate systems of wage payment, providing advantages and disadvantages of each.
This document discusses compensation management and wage theories. It covers the different elements that make up total compensation, including base pay, incentives, and benefits. It also discusses objectives of wage policies, wage legislation like the Payment of Wages Act and Minimum Wages Act, compensation issues, wage determination methods, and various theories of wages like subsistence theory, wage fund theory, and marginal productivity theory. Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory are also summarized.
The document outlines a strategic safety program for a company. It discusses implementing an initial safety training for new employees that covers potential hazards, safety requirements, and reporting procedures. Refresher training will also be provided to prevent complacency. The program aims to promote a safety culture where employees feel engaged and empowered to report issues. Integrating safety practices throughout all levels of the organization will help ensure the program's sustainability over time.
A global pharmaceutical company was losing executives in their mid-thirties to competitors. An investigation found this was due to compensation issues, as the company focused on long-term incentives and post-retirement benefits rather than current pay. It was recommended that the compensation package be redesigned to increase take-home pay for younger employees by reducing deferred benefits. The document then provides an overview of compensation management principles, theories, and practices.
1. The relationship between wages and productivity is complex, depending on factors like time horizon, market structure, and wage-setting mechanisms. In the short-run, standard theory suggests wages correspond to marginal productivity, but efficiency wage models reject this.
2. In the medium-run, bargained wages may differ from warranted wages due to changes in other factor prices, potentially leading to unemployment. Real and nominal wage rigidities also affect realignment of wages and productivity.
3. In the long-run, endogenous growth theory suggests moderate wage increases may not necessarily increase employment if technological change depends on capital investment influenced by wages.
This document discusses how education contributes to economic growth. It explains that investing in education improves a country's human capital by creating a more productive workforce. Workers with more skills and training can produce more goods and services, leading to increased GDP and standards of living. Education is viewed as an investment that yields long term benefits for both workers in the form of higher wages and employers through greater productivity. Overall, a well-educated labor force is a major factor in determining a country's economic strength and competitiveness.
Worker safety trainings are the most essential foundation block for building a safety culture in any organisation. Worker skill training and capacity building is unique and to be designed, developed and delivered with proper competence & focus.
The #KnowledgeReport on Worker Safety Skill Training –foundation for a sustainable safe workplace is here!
Launched at ICC Industrial Safety and Surveillance Conclave 2018
Download the full knowledge report!
https://www.consultivo.in/news-events/knowledge-partner-icc-safety-conclave/
#Consultivo #KnowledgeIsPower #KnowledgeReport #WorkerSafetySkillTraining #SafetyCulture
Higher levels of education are associated with greater success for self-employed individuals and their firms. During economic downturns, highly educated self-employed individuals are less likely to close their firms compared to those with lower levels of education. However, during economic upturns, highly educated individuals have higher outside options for wage work, so they are more likely to close their firms. Regardless of the economic conditions, firms led by highly educated self-employed individuals tend to experience higher growth.
Process Safety is a Leadership Issue -Sonya Lee Sept 2012Sonya Lee
1. The document discusses process safety and how it is an industry leadership issue. It notes that process safety is difficult to understand, measure, and manage due to a lack of consensus on what it constitutes.
2. Several major accidents in the marine and offshore drilling industries are reviewed that were caused by process safety failures and were preventable. The document argues companies focus too much on personnel safety over process safety.
3. It provides lessons learned that companies are measuring the wrong things, using the wrong tools focused on lagging indicators, and looking in the wrong direction not focused on prevention. Process safety requires a disciplined framework applying good design, engineering, operations, and maintenance practices.
Probability theory in business managementMohit Rijal
1. Probability theory is relevant for business management and decision making under uncertainty. It allows managers to assess risks and make informed decisions.
2. Probability can be used to analyze scenarios, forecast sales, evaluate risks, conduct statistical analysis and research. For example, probability distributions help create scenario analyses considering best, worst and most likely outcomes.
3. Managers can use probability distributions and scenario analysis to inform product launches, investments, and strategic decisions by weighing factors like market demand, costs, and potential returns under different conditions. This helps select optimal courses of action.
The document discusses various economic and behavioral theories of wages, including:
1) Early wage theories included the wage fund theory (1870-1914) and marginal productivity theory (1914-present), which involve wages being determined by demand and supply of labor.
2) Behavioral theories of motivation include equity theory, expectancy theory, and agency theory, which examine how motivation and wages can align employer and employee goals.
3) Wage differentials refer to differences in pay based on skills, industries, occupations, sectors, regions, and personal characteristics, and aim to incentivize workers.
This document discusses how a PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technological) analysis can be used as an effective model for security managers to audit security procedures. It provides an overview of what each factor in PEST analysis entails - political (government policies), economic (economic conditions), social (cultural trends), technological (technological changes). The document then explains how considering these PEST factors through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis can help identify potential threats to security from changes in the external environment. This would allow security managers to plan adequate responses and updates to procedures in advance to mitigate threats.
Similar to AJ 499 O1 spring 2020Writing assignment 3. Chapter 12.docx (14)
Allison Rogers
Professor Koenig
COMM 3313
October 12th, 2018
How My Race Has Impacted My Life
I. Introduction
a. How being white has affected my life in many ways
i. Positive factors from experience
ii. Negative factors from experience
iii. How this has impacted my communication
iv. Are my communication skills stronger or weaker from these experiences?
II. Positive factors from experience
a. Job market is more available to me
a. Opportunities come in simpler form to me
III. Negative factors from experience
a. Assumptions of me being white thinking my life is a breeze from others
b. The unfairness I see every day makes me feel guilty for being white
IV. How this has impacted my very own communication
a. I see things from a general point of view
b. I try my best to be personal when communicating.
c. I remember that we are all human beings who deserve equality.
V. Are my communication skills stronger or weaker?
a. Stronger – My experiences growing up have helped me communicate with everyone equally.
VI. Conclusion
a. The boundaries my race sets me in
b. The opportunities I have because of my race.
Works Cited
Orbe, M. P., & Harris, T. M. (2015). Interracial communication theory into practice. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/listen/201803/being-white-in-age-color
https://www.tolerance.org/magazine/fall-2018/what-is-white-privilege-really
https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/13/media/whiteness-project/index.html
https://everydayfeminism.com/2015/11/lessons-white-privilege-poc/
https://www.bustle.com/articles/146867-how-white-privilege-affects-8-people-of-color-on-a-day-to-day-basis
Allison Rogers
Professor Koenig
COMM 3325
October 20th, 2018
Research Paper Conceptual Document:
“The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro” by Frederick Douglas
1. What is the event or rhetorical moment I will be analyzing and why. Give a brief summary.
· I will be analyzing a speech by Fredrick Douglas that he gave on July 5th in 1852 called, “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro”. I chose this speech because I first read this speech this past spring semester in my gender studies class and it was so well written and worded that it literally just brought me to tears with so much emotion behind it. I want to analyze how Douglas put this together and his rhetorical process that he used in order to touch so many people with his words.
2. What methods of evaluation will I be looking for?
· The methods of evaluation I will be looking for in this speech are the following:
(I) The speech objective
(II) The audience and context of the speech
(III) The speeches context and structure
(IV) The delivery skills and techniques he used
(V) Intangibles
3. 8 sources:
· https://www.artofmanliness.com/the-meaning-of-july-fourth-for-the-negro-by-frederick-douglas/
· http://masshumanities.org/files/programs/douglass/speech_abridged_med.pdf
· http://redandgreen.org/speech.htm
· https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2927.html
· https://liber.
Allen 1Kiah AllenProfessor HirschENG1018 Feb. 2018Defo.docxsimonlbentley59018
Allen 1
Kiah Allen
Professor Hirsch
ENG101
8 Feb. 2018
Deforestation
The Amazon forest alone creates 20% of the worlds oxygen. It has decreased by 17% in the past 50 years because of deforestation (conserve-energy-future.com). Forest’s in general only cover 30% of the world (conserve-energy-future.com ). Deforestation is killing the trees that produce oxygen, without it humans can’t survive. Deforestation should be prohibited because large plants such as trees recycle air.
If deforestation is such a problem, why does it happen? Deforestation extracts the forest of its resources. It turns the forests into farms, ranches, or urban areas. The wood from trees are used for building or could be sold as fuel. Another big cause of deforestation is quarry’s. Quarry’s take up a lot of land, and once the quarry is abandoned is almost impossible to fix. Hydropower requires dams to be built. Dams create an enormous amount of flooding, which kills thousands of trees. The increase of population is also a cause of deforestation. The more people that are on earth the more land and resources we demand.
If deforestation continues it will have a huge negative impact on our air supply. Everyday a piece of the forests is being destroyed. The more trees that are being destroyed the less oxygen can be produced. Trees use photosynthesis to covert carbon dioxide into oxygen. Photosynthesis is the main producer of oxygen, and respiration and decay remove it. Urban areas have less oxygen then rural areas, because they don’t have many plants. Throughout history oxygen levels have been steadily decreasing. Once the oxygen levels hit 7% the air is too low to support human life (thenaturalhealthplace.com). Finding ways to apply reforestation would help increase oxygen.
There are many ways to apply reforestation to reverse the harm that’s been don’t to the world. One way is to plant trees. There are some cities who have made vertical forests. They plant trees and plants that surround the building. Going paperless would help as well. Since technology has advanced, paper isn’t really needed as often. Recycling and buying recycled products will help as well. The more that people recycle there will be less demand for natural resources and trees. Reforestation will help to reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air.
Deforestation does have a huge negative impact on our world, but there are quite of bit of positive too. The positive effects of deforestation are that it does gives humans space to grow. With growth comes civilizations which means more jobs and revenue. Deforestations also gives us more food and resources to satisfy our needs. It means a more comfortable life for humans. The consequences of deforestation is not worth the temporary comfort that humans get from it.
Deforestation is a serious problem to maintain life on this planet. The decrease in oxygen could eventually mean the end to human kind. If we don’t do anything abo.
All workings, when appropriate, must be shown to substantiate your.docxsimonlbentley59018
All workings, when appropriate, must be shown to substantiate your answers.
Question 1 [14 marks]
Financial statement disclosures
You are the financial accountant for Superstore Ltd, and are in the process of preparing its financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2018. Whilst preparing the financial statements, you become aware of the following situations:
1. On 1 July 2017, the directors made a decision, using information obtained over the last couple of years, to revise the useful life of an item of manufacturing equipment. The equipment was acquired on 1 July 2015 for $800,000, and has been depreciated on a straight-line basis, based on an estimated useful life of 10 years and residual value of nil. Superstore Ltd uses the cost model for manufacturing equipment. The directors estimate that as at 1 July 2017, the equipment has a remaining useful life of 6 years and a residual value of nil. No depreciation has been recorded as yet for the year ended 30 June 2018 as the directors were unsure how to account for the change in the 2018 financial statements, and unsure whether the 2016 and 2017 financial statements will need to be revised as a result of the change.
2. In June 2018, the accounts payable officer discovered that an invoice for repairs to equipment, with an amount due of $20,000, incurred in June 2017, had not been paid or provided for in the 2017 financial statements. The invoice was paid on 12 July 2018. The repairs are deductible for tax purposes. The accountant responsible for preparing the company’s income tax returns will amend the 2017 tax return, and the company will receive a tax refund of $6,000 as a result (30% x $20,000). No journal entries have been done as yet in the accounting records of Superstore Ltd, as the directors are unsure how to account for this situation, and what period adjustments need to be made in.
3. Superstore Ltd holds shares in a listed public company, ABC Ltd, which are valued in the draft financial statements on 30 June 2018 at their market value on that date - $600,000. A major fall in the stock market occurred on 10 July 2018, and the value of Superstore’s shares in ABC Ltd declined to $250,000.
4. On 21 July 2018, you discovered a cheque dated 20 April 2018 of $32,000 authorised by the company’s previous accountant, Max. The payment was for the purchase of a swimming pool at Max’s house. The payment had been recorded in the accounting system as an advertising expense. You advise the directors of this fraudulent activity, and they will investigate.
Assume that each event is material.
Required:
i) State the appropriate accounting treatment for each situation. Provide explanations and references to relevant paragraphs in the accounting standards to support your answers. Where adjustments to Superstore Ltd’s financial statements are required, explain which financial statements need to be adjusted (ie. 2016, 2017, 2018 or 2019).
ii) Prepare any note disclosures and adjusting j.
All yellow highlight is missing answer, please answer all of t.docxsimonlbentley59018
1) The play Anna in the Tropics explores the impact of literature on a family of Cuban cigar rollers in 1920s Florida. As their new lector reads Tolstoy's Anna Karenina aloud each day, the characters find their lives profoundly changed as themes like tradition vs modernity, gender roles, infidelity, and jealousy are awakened.
2) The play illustrates the machismo of Cuban culture, where men's affairs are accepted but women are punished for the same behavior. This double standard leads to tensions and tragedy as the characters emulate the scandals in the novel.
3) Ultimately, the lector's reading of Anna Karenina arouses passions that cannot be contained, as jealousies
All models are wrong. Some models are useful.—George E. P. B.docxsimonlbentley59018
All models are wrong. Some models are useful.
—George E. P. Box (1919–2013)
Statistician
Describing and explaining social phenomena is a complex task. Box’s quote speaks to the point that it is a near impossible undertaking to fully explain such systems—physical or social—using a set of models. Yet even though these models contain some error, the models nevertheless assist with illuminating how the world works and advancing social change.
The competent quantitative researcher understands the balance between making statements related to theoretical understanding of relationships and recognizing that our social systems are of such complexity that we will always have some error. The key, for the rigorous researcher, is recognizing and mitigating the error as much as possible.
As a graduate student and consumer of research, you must recognize the error that might be present within your research and the research of others.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Use the Walden Library Course Guide and Assignment Help found in this week’s Learning Resources to search for and select a quantitative article that interests you and that has social change implications.
As you read the article, reflect on George Box’s quote in the introduction for this Discussion.
For additional support, review the
Skill Builder: Independent and Dependent Variables
, which you can find by navigating back to your Blackboard Course Home Page. From there, locate the Skill Builder link in the left navigation pane.
By Day 3
Post a very brief description (1–3 sentences) of the article you found and address the following:
1. Describe how you think the research in the article is useful (e.g., what population is it helping? What problem is it solving?).
2. Using Y=
f
(X) +E notation, identify the independent and dependent variables.
3. How might the research models presented be wrong? What types of error might be present in the reported research?
Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Leon-Guerrero, A. (2018).
Social statistics for a diverse society
(8th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
· Chapter 1, “The What and the Why of Statistics” (pp. 1–21)
Wagner, W. E. (2016).
Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics
(6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
· Chapter 1, “Overview”
Dietz, T., & Kalof, L. (2009).
Introduction to social statistics: The logic of statistical reasoning
. West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
Introduction to Social Statistics: The Logic of Statistical Reasoning, 1st Edition by Dietz, T.; Kalof, L. Copyright 2009 by John Wiley & Sons - Books. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons - Books via the Copyright Clearance Center.
·
Chapter 1, “An Introduction to Quantitative Analysis” (pp. 1–31)
Dietz, T., & Kalof, L. (2009).
Introduction to social statistics: The logic of statistical reasoning
. West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
Introdu.
allclasses-frame.htmlAll ClassesAIBoardPlacementRandomModeRotationShapeShapeStreamTetris5044
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Class Tetris5044ObjectApplicationTetris5044public class Tetris5044
extends Application
The main application class; for internal use only.
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Enum RandomMode.
ALL WORK MUST BE ORIGINAL, CITED, IN APA FORMAT & WILL BE SUBMITTED .docxsimonlbentley59018
ALL WORK MUST BE ORIGINAL, CITED, IN APA FORMAT & WILL BE SUBMITTED TO TURN-IT-IN. THIS IS A DISCUSSION POST. DUE DATE IS SUNDAY, 06/21/22 @ 2PM EASTERN STANDARD TIME.
Discussion Question #2:
If you had the authority, what steps would you take to secure America's digital infrastructure?
.
ALL WORK MUST BE ORIGINAL, CITED IN APA FORMAT AND WILL BE SUBMITTED.docxsimonlbentley59018
ALL WORK MUST BE ORIGINAL, CITED IN APA FORMAT AND WILL BE SUBMITTED TO TURN IT IN. MINIMUM WORD COUNT IS 1500 NOT INCLUDING THE TITLE PAGE. DUE DATE IS MONDAY 06/22/20 @ 12 NOON EASTERN STANDARD TIME.
Assignment:
1. The first sentence of Chapter 2 reads, “The saying that ‘people receive the kind of policing they deserve” ignores the role power plays in the kind, quality, and distribution of police service.” Discuss what this sentence means in the context of contemporary policing in the United States.
2. Beginning in 1929, August Vollmer, as head of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, established 10 principles vital in reforming the police. Discuss the importance of the principles in providing the underpinnings for modern policing.
3. Explain how technology has affected communities of interest in the United States.
4. Explain the contributions of the Chicago School in studies of the community.
.
All views expressed in this paper are those of the authors a.docxsimonlbentley59018
This document summarizes a paper about the political and economic crisis in Greece. It discusses how Greece's political system has been dominated by two major parties, New Democracy and PASOK, which used patronage networks and expanded the public sector for political gain. This led to a bloated bureaucracy, weak reforms, and increasing debt. The economic crisis made Greece's long-term problems with its political system and public finances come to a head. The document examines the causes and management of the crisis as well as its political impacts.
All Wet! Legacy of Juniper Utility has residents stewingBy Eri.docxsimonlbentley59018
All Wet!
Legacy of Juniper Utility has residents stewing
By Erin Foote Marlowe
·
·
Last Friday, a collection of men and women sat in Marion Palmateer's plush Southeast Bend living room and told a story of frustration, talking over one another and becoming increasingly angry about their understanding of the legacy of Juniper Utility and what it means to them.
These folks who gathered on Palmateer's soft white couch and chairs consider themselves the modern-day victims in the more- than-a-decade-old saga of Juniper Utility Co., a water service provider formerly owned by housing developer Jan Ward in Southeast Bend. In 2002, it was condemned by Bend for what the city said was risk of catastrophic failure.
Money and "authority" are at the core of the story now for this group, as opposed to the low water pressures of a decade ago—a problem that became so egregious that, by 2001, it became a challenge to take a shower or fill a washing machine. Water lines routinely broke down.
The people in Palmateer's living room, "a loose collection of individuals," as they call themselves, are residents of neighborhoods formerly served by Juniper Utility, including Timber Ridge, Mountain High, Tillicum Village and Nottingham Square. They are frustrated with a history they felt they had no control over but is now costing them in water bills they believe will cost them thousands more per year than they ever expected.
In 2004, homeowners association representatives from their neighborhoods signed an agreement with the city that said the owners of the roughly 700 homes of the neighborhoods would pay 100 percent of the costs associated with providing water to the neighborhoods, including making improvements to the system.
But this group of residents feels the agreement wasn't in their best interest and they had no say in the decision. An HOA board member at the time said a ballot was not sent out to homeowners for approval and, because there was no vote of homeowners, these frustrated residents believe this 2004 agreement could be illegal. Further underscoring the issue, it appears the agreement was never recorded with the county clerk's office. So, when these new people bought houses in these neighborhoods, the tab for paying to upgrade the water system didn't show up in their title searches.
"Think of the banks that lent against it," said Dan Kehoe, a resident of Mountain High who has taken a lead role in challenging the agreements between the HOAs and the city. "That's called bank fraud and people go to jail for it."
But although frustrations over this agreement are evidently fresh for these residents, it would appear that the issue should be moot because in 2011 the HOAs and the city reached a new agreement—one that should reduce costs for residents.
"We moved them from a bad agreement to a good agreement," said city of Bend Finance Director Sonia Andrews. "From something that would cost them a lot to something that would be more reasonable."
Each homeowne.
All three of the Aristotle, Hobbes, and Douglass readings discussed .docxsimonlbentley59018
All three of the Aristotle, Hobbes, and Douglass readings discussed power in different ways. How is power related to justice? How should it be shifted in order to better serve all citizens? Please reflect on this idea of power and refer to at least two of the three philosophers listed.
Note: You should write enough to make your point, but can aim form 6-8 sentences or so (but there is no minimum or limit).
.
All rights reserved. No part of this report, including t.docxsimonlbentley59018
All rights reserved. No part of this report, including
the trends presented in this report, may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means whatsoever (including presentations, short
summaries, blog posts, printed magazines, use
of images in social media posts) without express
written permission from the author, except in the
case of brief quotations (50 words maximum and
for a maximum of 2 quotations) embodied in critical
articles and reviews, and with clear reference to
the original source, including a link to the original
source at http://eventmb.com/Event-Trends-2018.
Please refer all pertinent questions to the publisher.
COPYRIGHT
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
:: 2 COPYRIGHT
5 INTRODUCTION
7 MACRO TRENDS AFFECTING THE EVENT INDUSTRY. A FORECAST.
8 10 Trends in EVENTTECH
Julius Solaris
23 10 Trends in VENUES
Pádraic Gilligan
35 10 Trends in EVENT MARKETING AND SOCIAL MEDIA
Becki Cross
54 10 Trends in DESTINATIONS
Julius Solaris and Pádraic Gilligan
65 10 Trends in EVENT EXPERIENCE
Roger Haskett
80 10 Trends in EVENT DECOR AND STYLING
Kate Patay, CPCE
91 10 Trends in DESTINATION MANAGEMENT COMPANIES (DMCS)
Cindy Y. Lo, DMCP
102 ABOUT THE AUTHORS
105 CMP CREDITS
105 CREDITS AND THANKS
105 DISCLAIMER
AD
http://eventmb.com/2A6WKga
The event industry is navigating through the strongest wave of change of
the past 10 years. Never before has this industry experienced this level
of transformation in so many aspects of the event planning process.
Attendees, suppliers and event planners have to deal with ‘new’ and
‘different’ on many levels.
As a segue from last year’s report, we are again looking at the five major
areas impacted by this change:
G TECHNOLOGY
G EVENT MARKETING
G VENUES
G DESTINATIONS
G EVENT DESIGN
We are also looking at two new categories of trends:
G EVENT STYLING
G DESTINATION MANAGEMENT COMPANIES
(DMCS)
The spend for these items represent a massive input for the industry and we
feel times are mature enough to analyze developments on a yearly basis.
:: INTRODUCTION
10 EVENT
TRENDS FOR
2018
Julius Solaris
10 Event Trends for 2018
:: 5
AD
http://eventmb.com/2iVmZfW
MACRO TRENDS AFFECTING THE
EVENT INDUSTRY. A FORECAST.
There are common themes you will find in the following categories of
trends. We refer to these as macro trends. They are inherent to the
economic, political, social and technological developments happening
around us. Here are the most significant affecting the event industry:
G Sexual Harassment. With the explosion worldwide of the #metoo
movement and the very public charges against many celebrities,
politicians and people of influence, it seems it is finally time for the event
industry to reflect on sexual harassment. Many reports have popped up
of events being at the ideal stage for harassment or violence to happen.
As a result there is increased pressure to step up the measures to protect
attendees against perpetrators. A mo.
All PrinciplesEvidence on Persuasion Principles This provides som.docxsimonlbentley59018
All PrinciplesEvidence on Persuasion Principles: This provides some guidance how much confidence you can place on the principles Analyzed by J. Scott Armstrong on December 8, 2010; re-analyzed by Elliot Tusk on May 26, 2011Common senseReceived wisdomNo evidenceExpert opinionNon-experimental evidenceSingle experimentSome experimental evidenceMuch experimental evidenceCommentsSUMNumberPrinciple1INFORMATION1.1Benefits1.1.1Describe specific, meaningful benefits111.1.2Communicate a Unique Selling Principle (USP)1111.2News1.2.1Provide news, but only if it is real111.2.2If real news is complex, use still media11.3Product or service1.3.1Provide product information that customers need11.3.2Provide choices11.3.3When there are many substantive, multi-dimensional options, organize them and provide guidance11.3.4Make the recommended choice the default choice11.3.5Inform committed customers that they can delete features, rather than add them11.3.6To reduce customer risk, use a product-satisfaction guarantee11.4Price1.4.1State prices in terms that are meaningful and easy to understand111.4.2Use round prices111.4.3Show the price to be a good value against a reference price11.4.4If quality is not a key selling point, consider advertising price reductions11.4.5Consider partitioned prices when the add-on prices seem fair and small relative to the base price11.4.6To retain customers, consider linking payments to consumption11.4.7Consider separating payments from benefits- if the payments are completed before the benefits end11.4.8State that the price can be prepaid if it might reduce uncertainty for consumers111.4.9Use high costs to justify high prices11.4.10When quality is high, do not emphasize price11.4.11Use high prices to connote high quality111.4.12For inexpensive products, state price discounts as percentage saved; for expensive products, state price discounts as dollars saved- or present both11.4.13Minimize price information for new products11.4.14Consider bundling prices of features or complementary products or services if they are desirable for nearly all customers11.4.15Advertise multi-unit purchases for frequently purchased low-involvement products if it is also in the consumers' interest11.5Distribution1.5.1Include information on when, where and how to buy the product111.5.2Feature a sales channel when it is impressive11.5.3Use the package to enhance the product11.5.4If a product is desirable, specify delivery dates rather than waiting times11.5.5Tell customers they can achieve benefits over a long time period if you want to reduce the use of an offer- and vice versa12INFLUENCE2.1Reasons2.1.1Provide a reason12.1.2For high-involvement products, the reasons should be strong12.2Social Proof2.2.1Show that the product is widely used12.2.2Focus on individuals similar to the target market112.3Scarcity2.3.1State that an attractive product is scarce when it is true12.3.2Restrict sales of the product112.4Attribution2.4.1Attribute favorable behavior and traits.
All papers may be subject to submission for textual similarity revie.docxsimonlbentley59018
All papers may be subject to submission for textual similarity review to Turnitin.com for the detection of plagiarism
those are the two quistions
What are the disadvantages of Henrietta in particular and her colleagues, pursuing careers in astronomy during this time period? Choose one scene and describe how character relationships and the outcome of the play would change if the central characters were male instead of female.
--
I don't have the book , i need someone who can have it and answer the two questions
silent sky by lauren gunderson
answer 2 questions in 4 pages double space
.
All of us live near some major industry. Describe the history of an .docxsimonlbentley59018
The document asks about an industry in the city where one lives or a nearby city, asking how it has changed over the last 50 years and what cultural changes drove those changes, and what the future of the industry may be.
All of Us Research Program—Protocol v1.12 IRB Approval Dat.docxsimonlbentley59018
All of Us Research Program—Protocol v1.12
IRB Approval Date: 23 October 2019
Protocol Title All of Us Research Program 1
Principal Investigator(s) Joshua Denny, M.D., M.S.
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
+1 615 936-5033
Sponsor National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Primary Contact John Wilbanks
Sage Bionetworks
+1 617 838-6333
Protocol Version Core Protocol v.1.12 pre02
Date 16 October 2019
IRB reference AoU IRB Protocol # 2017-05
IRB Approval date v1.5: May 20, 2017
v1.6: Feb 13, 2018
v1.7: Mar 28, 2018
v1.8: Jul 11, 2018
v1.9 Oct 19, 2018
v1.10 Mar 05, 2019
v1.11 Aug 12, 2019
v1.12 Oct 23, 2019
1 Precision Medicine Initiative, PMI, All of Us, the All of Us logo, and “The Future of Health Begins
with You” are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
All of Us Research Program—Protocol v1.11 pre02
IRB Approval Date
2
Program Leadership and Governance
Leadership
The All of Us Research Program (AoURP) is a large collaborative initiative sponsored by the
National Institutes of Health (NIH). The research program functions as a consortium of awardees
from multiple institutions. Its governance involves representation from each awardee and
participant representatives. The consortium also includes the program director and project
scientists/specialists from NIH. Each awardee has responsibilities commensurate with expertise. See
Table 0–1: Program Unit Awardees for a list of NIH-funded awardees and contact Principal
Investigators (PIs).
Dr. Joshua Denny of Vanderbilt University Medical Center serves as the Principal Investigator on
behalf of the consortium.
Governance
The Steering Committee (SC) is the primary governing body of AoURP. The SC recommends
strategic directions for the program and oversees planning, coordination, and implementation of the
program’s overall operations. Its 50 voting members include PIs from each awardee as designated
in the notice of award; representation from NIH, comprising of the deputy director and chief
officers of AoURP; representation from community partners and participants (see section 3.1); and
additional representation as needed to ensure balanced representation of stakeholders. The
governance also includes an Executive Committee (EC) which is a small governing body composed
of 17 members, that ensures the program is effectively meeting its objectives and mission. The EC
proposes solutions to challenges and provides the Director with strategies, options, and information
to aid in programmatic decisions. The Director has discretion to delegate specific decisions to the
EC. Membership of the EC is determined by the Director and reflects the awardees within the
consortium with balanced interests to ensure effective deliberation.
The Steering Committee may appr.
All participants must read the following article ATTACHED Agwu.docxsimonlbentley59018
The document outlines a study examining the strategic management of benefits and challenges of HR outsourcing. It discusses how outsourcing has become a dominant strategy for organizations to focus on core competencies and reduce costs. While outsourcing can provide benefits like cost savings, it also presents challenges such as loss of expertise and low employee morale. The study analyzes these opportunities and difficulties of outsourcing HR processes from the perspective of driving enterprise goals and organizational culture.
ALL of the requirements are contained in the attached document. T.docxsimonlbentley59018
ALL
of the requirements are contained in the attached document. The Veronica case study is attached also.
To prepare:
Review "Working With Survivors of Human Trafficking: The Case of Veronica." Think about how one might become an ally to victims of human trafficking . Then go to a website that addresses human trafficking either internationally or domestically.
Post
a brief description of the website you visited (Websites contained below). Explain how you might support Veronica and other human trafficking victims incorporating the information you have found. Explain how you can begin to increase your awareness of this issue and teach others about human trafficking victims. Describe opportunities to get involved and become an ally to those who have been trafficked. Identify steps you can take to begin to support this group.
.
All five honorees cared greatly about the success of Capella lea.docxsimonlbentley59018
All five honorees cared greatly about the success of Capella learners and most were heavily involved in bettering their communities and others. Dr. Ford in particular fulfilled this desire by helping others to help themselves. Describe how you plan to use your education to better your community or help others to help themselves, and how receiving this scholarship will help you in doing so? 250-750 word essay
All of our honorees brought great personal and professional successes to their work environment. What would you consider one of your greatest professional successes? How did your success benefit your organization and its people? 250- 750 word essay
Respond to Tawnya and Noeme post
Creating the ideal marketing plan requires many steps and gathering data. “Knowing the needs of the customer and having a clearly articulated mission will help to target the message to an audience who will be most interested in the service that is being provided” (Sciarra, Lynch, Adams, & Dorsey (2016) p. 340). To find these needs, a needs assessment can be done. After gathering the results, a plan can start to form. Creating a Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats chart (SWOT) will give you a broader view on how to target your population.
“The first step in conducting SWOT analysis is to identify your stakeholders and data that has already been collected” (Sciarra, (2016) p. 340). Your stakeholders will guide you into the right direction for a plan of action. Looking at the type of population including the children, families, and staff members will give you the data to create your SWOT. Moving forward with the data, now to breakdown your SWOT data analysis and create a marketing plan. Strengths; reviewing this section will give you an objective overview of any changes needing to be made. Strengths can consist of staff, location, cliental, and possibly opportunities. If there are areas of weakness this gives us the ability to make changes. Moving forward with those changes leads us to Weakness, do we see a pattern of areas? What can we do to upgrade or change these areas we have identified? Moving on next to Opportunities, what options do we have beyond what we have now? Is there room for growth both financially and structurally? Finally, Threats to evaluate. Are we looking at opening a facility next door to two other highly rated centers that may cause us competition and difficulty building a successful business? Is there a possibility that the area is losing population and economic strength? Gathering the data and taking a step back and reviewing all the pro’s and con’s will give us a bigger picture when deciding which way to market our audience.
Taking a look at the strengths from all the gathered data will give you a good direction to follow for reaching protentional public relations opportunities. For an example, location, your childcare facility has a prime location in your town and your coming up on your grand opening soon. Planning an.
All of the instructions will be given to you in a document. One docu.docxsimonlbentley59018
The document provides instructions for creating a summary, noting that guidelines are in one document and a sample is in another to help guide the process and make it easier. It recommends placing the section titled "Significant assessment findings during days of care" in a table, as well as any medications, and notes an attached NANDA Nursing Diagnosis can help with identifying "Risk for" conditions.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
AJ 499 O1 spring 2020Writing assignment 3. Chapter 12.docx
1. AJ 499: O1 spring 2020
Writing assignment 3.
Chapter 12 can be very useful to complete this assignment.
Please submit to my email [email protected] on or before March
27th 2020.
Write a short paper (2-4 pages) about domestic violence and
how certain aspects of being in those situations can further
impact lives.
ECON 370 - Chapter 9 - Labour
Economics
Maggie Jones
Why do people obtain education?
Why do people obtain education?
I Our discussion of labour supply has focused on the quantity
aspect
2. I extensive margin: do individuals provide labour at all?
I intensive margin: how much labour to provide?
I So far we have ignored the quality dimension
I quality encompasses education, training, labour market
information, mobility, and health
Why do people obtain education?
I Two prevailing theories:
I Becker (1964): Human Capital Model
I investments are made in human resources to improve
productivity and hence earnings
I Spence (1974): Signalling Model
I education is used to signal or “sort” workers of di↵ ering
abilities
Human Capital Model
Human Capital Model
I Education enhances productivity
I Costs are incurred now because of the expectation of future
benefits
3. I costs:
I benefits:
Human Capital Model
I Decision rule: go to school if the benefits exceed the costs
I Model is a simplification in that it only considers:
I investment components (ignores consumption components)
I private components (ignores social components)
Return to Schooling
Return to Schooling
Age-Earnings Profile by Education
I Environment consists of 3 levels of schooling
I Each level of education is associated with an age-earnings
profile
I None = < High School =) enter workforce at age 16 and
earn Ynone
I HS = High School Degree =) enter workforce at age 18 and
earn Yhs
4. I PS = Post-Secondary Degree =) enter workforce at age 22
and earn Yps
I Assume Ynone,t < Yhs,t < Yps,t 8t
I Education is costly: tuition, books, opportunity costs
Age-Earnings Profile by Education
Assumptions
I No psychic utility/costs from education
I hours of work are fixed
I expected income is known for each level of education
I individuals can borrow or lend at rate r
Age-Earnings Profiles by Education
E
ar
ni
ng
s
Age
5. Signaling Model
Signaling Model
I Education does not increase productivity
I Workers are still rewarded for productivity, but their
productivity varies according to their underlying ability
I Employers do not know underlying ability, so must use
“signals” to infer productivity
I In this sense, imperfect information is embedded in the
signaling model
I Individuals know their productivity and employers wages and
choose education to maximize their utility
6. ECON 370 - Chapter 8 - Labour
Economics
Maggie Jones
Compensating Wage Differentials
I Our discussion thus far has mostly assumed that workers are
homogenous
I One of the implications of this assumption is that wages will
be the same for these workers
I In reality the wages of di↵ erent members of the population
di↵ er substantially
I We’re going to shift focus to understand some of the ways in
which wage di↵ erentials can arise
Compensating Wage Differentials
I Workers may be equally productive but face di↵ erent working
environments for which they receive di↵ erent compensation
I Adam Smith outlined 5 principals that result in di↵ erential
compensation
7. I agreeableness or disagreeableness of employments themselves
I easiness and cheapness or di�culty and expense of learning
them
I constancy or inconstancy of employment in them
I small or great trust which must be reposed in those who
exercise them
I probability or improbability of success in them
The Firm
Single Firm’s Isoprofit Schedule
I We will begin by focussing on wage di↵ erentials that arise
due
to compensation for risk of injury or illness
I Trace out firm’s isoprofit schedule to obtain all the
combinations of wages and “safety” (or any job attribute) that
generate a given level of profits
I Both wages and providing a safe work environment are costly
and must be traded-o↵ accordingly
I firm can provide more safety and maintain the same level of
profits if it can reduce wages
I Firm exhibits a diminishing marginal rate of transformation
between wages and safety
8. w
ag
e
safety
Different Firms with Different
Safety Technologies
I Higher isoprofit schedules correspond to lower profits
I The shape of the isoprofit schedule is determined by the
underlying safety technology
I di↵ erent firms can have di↵ erent abilities to provide safety at
a given cost
w
ag
e
safety
Different Firms with Different
Safety Technologies
I The outer limits of the two isoprofit schedules are known as
9. the market envelope curve
I They display the maximum compensating wages that will be
o↵ ered in the market for various levels of safety
I Note that in a competitive equilibrium, firms earn 0 profits so
that I1 = I2 = 0
The Worker
Single Individual’s Preferences
I Define an individual’s preferences over wages and safety
I These preferences can be represented by an indi↵ erence curve
I ICs exhibit a diminishing marginal rate of of substitution
between wages and safety
I When safety is “scarce” the individual will give up a large
amount of wages for an incremental change in safety
I When safety is “plentiful” the individual is less inclined to
give
up wages
w
ag
e
safety
10. Differences in Risk Preferences
I Individuals may di↵ er across their “riskiness”
I e.g., risky individual does not need to be paid a much higher
wage to accept a lower level of safety
I less risky individual needs to be paid a higher wage in order to
accept a lower level of safety
w
ag
e
safety
Equilibrium with Single Firm, Single
Individual
Equilibrium with Single Firm, Single
Individual
11. w
ag
e
safety
Equilibrium with Many Firms and
Individuals
w
ag
e
safety
Equilibrium with Many Firms and
Individuals
I Risk averse individuals sort themselves into safer
firms/industries/occupations
I Risky individuals sort into less safe
firms/industries/occupations that pay high wages
I Set of tangencies between isoprofit and indi↵ erence schedules
outline the wage-safety locus
I slope of the wage-safety locus gives the change in the wage
premium that the market yields for di↵ erences in the risk of
12. the job
I given that compensating wages are required for reductions in
safety, the only restriction on the slope of the wage-safety
locus is that it is negative
Effects of Safety Regulations
Effects of Safety Regulations
w
ag
e
safety
Effects of Safety Regulations
w
ag
e
safety
Effects of Safety Regulations
w
13. ag
e
safety
Single Firm’s Isoprofit Schedule
I Referring to the previous graph, we see that the firm’s
isoprofit schedules exhibit a diminishing marginal rate of
transformation
I At s = 0 the firm provides no safety. It can therefore increase
safety relatively cheaply.
I Once safety increases substantially, it becomes more costly for
the firm to provide increased levels of safety
Different Firms with Different
Safety Technologies
I Firm 1: safety is costly to implement (e.g. dangerous
industries like mining or logging)
I Firm 2: safety is cheap to implement (e.g. o�ce job)
I Outer edge of isoprofit schedules represents the market
envelope curve (a.k.a. the employer’s o↵ er curve)
Equilibrium with Single Firm, Single
14. Individual
I In the previous graph we assume perfect competition
I Firm will operate on IP schedule such that profits are equal to
0 given the safety technology that the firm faces
I Consumer will try to reach maximum utility (indi↵ erence
curve) given that the firm is restricted to making 0 profits
Equilibrium with Many Firms, Many
Individuals
I We imagine 3 firms:
I A - least safe (costly to increase safety)
I B - middle ground
I C - most safe (cheap to increase safety)
I And 3 workers:
I i - riskiest (don’t have to pay much higher wages to accept
less
safety)
I ii - middle ground
I iii - risk averse (have to compensate them a lot for them to be
willing to accept lower safety)
I Equilibrium: risky workers will sort into less safe firms and
receive higher wages and risk averse workers will sort into
more safe firms and accept lower wages
15. Effects of Safety Regulations
I The previous graph represents a situation where safety
regulations don’t improve the well-being of the individual
I We assume the firm operates in perfect competition and let sR
represent the minimum level of safety mandated by the
government
Effects of Safety Regulations
I The previous graph represents a situation where utility doesn’t
decline in response to an increase in safety
I We assume the firm is not operating in perfect competition, so
that profits are greater than 0
I If the firm makes profits, then to pay for an increase in safety,
the firm can dip in to profits
I This is likely unrealistic in reality
ECON 370 - Chapter 7 - Labour
Economics
Maggie Jones
16. Wages and Employment in a Single
Labour Market
I Chapter 7 puts the supply and demand of labour together to
examine equilibrium wages and employment
I We will start by assuming output markets and labour markets
are perfectly competitive
I Workers sell labour on an individual basis
I We begin with the single firm’s decision problem, then move
to
the market–e.g. “occupation”, “industry”, “region”, etc.–the
level of aggregation that determines wages
I We then examine the implication of relaxing the perfect
competition assumption
The Competitive Firm’s Interaction
with the Market
W
ag
17. e
Employment
W
ag
e
Employment
W
ag
e
Employment
The Competitive Firm’s Interaction
with the Market
I One problem with the previous analysis is that it assumes that
the firm can actually get all the labour it needs at a given wage
I In the short run this may not always be the case (although in
the long run it is more realistic)
I E.g. the firm may have to raise wages in the short run to
attract workers
W
ag
e
18. Employment
W
ag
e
Employment
Implications of Competitive Markets
I Wages are equalized across homogeneous workers and
homogeneous firms
I No involuntary unemployment
I No queues to work
In reality, we may have imperfect competition, imperfect
information, risk and uncertainty, or a long-run relationship
between firms and workers
Imperfect Competition in the
Product Market
Imperfect Competition in the Product
19. Market
I If the industry is competitive in the product market, then the
industry demand for labour is obtained by aggregating all
labour demand curves
I If the firm is a monopolist in the product market, then their
labour demand curve IS the industry labour demand curve
I Under perfect competition, the firm sets MPN ⇥ P = w⇤,
where w⇤ is determined in the market (assumes MR = P)
I The monopolist sets MPN ⇥ MR = w⇤
I as monopolist expands output, MPN AND MR decline
W
ag
e
Employment
Imperfect Competition in the Product
Market
I Note that there is no reason that the monopolist should a↵ ect
the market wage
I As long as there is a large number of other firms (possibly in
other industries) drawing from the labour market, the
20. monopolist will not a↵ ect wages
I Thus, the monopolist will continue to act as a wage-taker, as
was the case under competitive markets
Imperfect Competition in the Product
Market
I However, it doesn’t always appear to be the case that
monopolists act as wage-takers
I monopolists may earn profits and workers may be part of a
union that collectively bargain for profits to be split among
employees
I monopolists may be larger firms where monitoring is costly,
and thus a “premium” is paid to workers to prevent shirking
Imperfect Competition in the
Labour Market
Imperfect Competition in the Labour
Market
I It may be the case that the firm is the only firm purchasing
labour in a given market
21. I In this case, the firm has market power in the labour market,
in a similar way that we think about market power in a
product market
I Monopsonists can be either perfectly discriminating or
non-discriminating
I perfectly discriminating = everyone paid reservation wage
I non-discriminating = if you increase the wage to attract more
workers, you have to increase the wage of existing workers, too
Imperfect Competition in the Labour
Market
I Both types of monopsony result in an upward sloping labour
supply schedule
I Perfectly discriminating:
I Average cost and marginal cost curves flatter
I Non-discriminating:
I Average cost and marginal cost curves steeper
Example: Discriminating vs
Non-Discriminating
N w TCd TCnd ACd ACnd MCd MCnd
1 5
22. 2 10
3 15
4 20
W
ag
e
Employment
Imperfect Competition in the Labour
Market
I Firm will max profits by hiring labour until MC = MRPN
I discriminating monopsonist: wage determined by intersection
of MC and MRPN
I non-discriminating monopsonist: wage determined by point on
AC curve that corresponds to N associated with intersection
of MC and MRPN
I di↵ erence between MRPN and w has been called measure of
monopolistic exploitation
23. Working with Supply and Demand
Working with Supply and Demand
I We can use our tools of labour supply and demand is to
“simulate” the e↵ ects of a policy change on equilibrium
employment and wages
I This requires a functional form for labour supply and demand
I NS = f(W ; X)
I ND = g(W ; X)
I W, NS, ND are endogenous variables (meaning they are
determined by the system)
I Z, X are exogenous variables (meaning they are determined
outside the system)
I Solving the system requires a market clearing condition,
NS = ND, from which we can derive w⇤ and N⇤
Working with Supply and Demand
24. ECON 370 - Chapter 5 - Labour
Economics
Maggie Jones
Demand for Labour in Competitive
Labour Markets
Demand for Labour in Competitive
Labour Markets
I The principles that determine the demand for any factor of
production can be applied to study the demand for labour
I We consider the short run as a period of time during which
one or more factors of production cannot be varied
I The long run is then the period during which the firm can
adjust all of its inputs
Demand for Labour in Competitive
Labour Markets
I The demand for labour refers to the firm’s decision of how
much labour to employ at each wage
I This decision will depend on the firm’s:
25. I objectives: to maximize profits
I constraints: demand in product markets, supply conditions in
factor markets, production function
I in the short run, this includes having at least one factor of
production whose quantities are fixed
I Our goal will be to derive the theoretical relationship between
labour demand and the market wage, holding all else constant
Demand for Labour and Market Types
I The amount of labour demanded will depend on the structure
of the product and labour markets
I Product markets (firms sell their output here):
I Perfect Competition*
I Monopolistic Competition
I Oligopoly
I Monopoly
I Labour markets (firms purchase one of their inputs here):
I Perfect Competition*
I Monopsonistic Competition
I Oligopsony
I Monopsony
Perfect Competition in Product and
Labour Markets
I Product markets:
26. I large number of sellers
I sellers produce a homogeneous product
I sellers and buyers have perfect information
I no barriers to entry
I Labour markets:
I large number of workers
I workers are homogeneous
I workers and employers have perfect information
I no barriers to entry
I Implication is both a horizontal demand in the product market
as well as a horizontal supply in labour market
Demand for Labour in the
Short-Run
Demand for Labour in the Short-Run
I We will consider a firm that produces output Q using inputs of
capital K and labour N
I The firm turns capital and labour into a product according to
the production function:
Q = F(K, N) (1)
I In the short run, capital is fixed at K0 (i.e. it can be treated
like a constant)
I Then the production is just a function of N
I firms can either adjust N by changing the number of people
27. employed or by changing the number of hours it requires
Demand for Labour in the Short-Run
I Demand in the short-run is derived from examining short-run
output and employment decisions
I Two decision rules follow from profit maximization
I firm will operate if it can cover variable costs (fixed costs
treated as sunk costs)
I if the firm operates, it should produce quantity Q⇤ that sets
marginal revenue (MR) equal to marginal costs (MC)
I If the firm is a price taker, the marginal revenue of another
unit sold is the prevailing market price (MR = P)
I Under perfect competition, the firm cannot influence the
market wage, and so the marginal cost of an additional unit of
labour as input is the prevailing wage (MC = W)
Marginal and Average Product of
Labour
Marginal and Average Product of
Labour vs Employment
Q
28. ua
nt
ity
Employment
Marginal Revenue Product and
Average Revenue Product
I Firms only care about quantity because it relates to revenue
I Marginal Revenue Product of Labour: additional
revenue due to additional worker
I Average Revenue Product of Labour: average revenue
per worker
MRPN and ARPN vs. Employment
$
Employment
Deriving Labour Demand
I Two key points arise from firms profit maximizing under
perfect competition
I Operate if total revenue exceed total variable costs
I If producing, produce quantity at which marginal revenue =
29. marginal cost
MRPN = MCN
Deriving Labour Demand
W
ag
e
Employment
Demand for Labour in the Long-Run
Demand for Labour in the Long-Run
I In the long-run, firms can vary all their inputs
I both K and N now choice variables
I Decisions are examined in two stages
30. I minimum-cost of K and N to produce any output
I given cost minimization, choose profit-maximizing level of
output Q
I Starting point
I isoquants: combinations of capital and labour required for a
given output
I iso-cost curve: combinations of capital and labour the firm
can purchase given their market price for a given expenditure
level
Isoquants
C
ap
ita
l
Labour
Isoquants
I As with utility functions, isoquants exhibit diminishing
marginal rates of technical substitution
I as one input becomes scarce it’s harder to substitute away
from it
31. I Di↵ erent technologies may have di↵ erent substitutability
across inputs
I 1 broom per employee cleaning sidewalks - adding 10 brooms
without any additional workers doesn’t increase output
I self-checkout machines are highly substitutable for cashiers
Isocost Lines
C
ap
ita
l
Labour
Isocost Lines
I The profit maximizing firm will choose the cheapest level of
K
and N that yields the output Q0
I i.e., choose the combination of K and N on isoquant Q0 that
lies on the isocost line closest to the origin
Cost Minimization
C
ap
32. ita
l
Labour
Cost Minimization
I Tangency point between isoquant and isocost lines yields the
point at which the marginal rate of technical substitution is
equal to the market rate of substitution:
I In the short run, the marginal product of labour is equal to
the wage
I In the long run, the relative marginal product of labour is
equal to the relative wage
Deriving Labour Demand in the
Long-Run
I Labour demand tells us how firms change the amount of
labour they employ in response to changes in the wage
I Deriving labour demand simply amounts to varying the wage
in our isoquant-isocost framework
Labour Demand in the Long-Run
C
33. ap
ita
l
Labour
Labour Demand in the Long-Run
I Implication is that in the long-run, demand for labour is
downward sloping
I As wages increase, demand for labour falls, output declines
I Why does the firm decide to lower output?
Profit Maximizing Output Levels
Pr
ic
e
Output
Pr
ic
e
Output
Costs, Capital, and the Wage Rate
34. I Total costs may increase or decrease as wages increase
I lower quantity produced decreases total costs
I higher wage increases total costs
I Capital may also increase or decrease as wages increase
I Labour will always decrease
I Costs and capital depend on:
I substitution e↵ ect: how much of the cheaper input does the
firm substitute for labour
I scale e↵ ect: how much does the firm reduce quantity
produced in response to cost increase
Substitution and Scale Effects
I Substitution e↵ ect:
I capital becomes cheaper (relative to labour)
I firm substitutes away from labour and towards capital
I N falls, K increases, C increases
I Scale e↵ ect:
I firm reduces scale of operation
I K falls, N falls, C falls
Scale and Substitution Effects
C
ap
ita
l
35. Labour
Short vs. Long-Run Demand for
Labour
Short vs. Long-Run Demand for
Labour
I Short-run
I capital is fixed
I =) no substitution between capital and labour
I =) no substitution e↵ ect
I Long-run
I firm can choose both inputs
I substitution and scale e↵ ects work to reduce labour demand
(in event of wage increase)
I Together, this means an increase in the wage will lead to a
larger e↵ ect on labour demand in the long-run compared to
the short-run
Elasticity of Labour Demand
Elasticity of Labour Demand
36. I Demand for labour is a negative function of the wage rate
I implication: factors that increase the wage will reduce demand
for labour
I e.g., union wage demand, wage parity scheme, minimum wage,
equal pay, fair-wage legislation, extension legislation
I In reality, the magnitude of the firm’s response to a wage
change depends on its elasticity of demand for labour
I Elasticity of demand is a↵ ected by the availability of
substitute inputs, the elasticity of supply of substitute inputs,
the elasticity of demand for output, and the ratio of labour
cost to total cost
Inelastic vs. Elastic Demand for
Labour
W
ag
e
Employment
W
ag
e
Employment
Availability of Substitute Inputs
37. I Labour demand will be inelastic when (e.g.) capital is not
easily substituted for labour
W
ag
e
Employment
I More substitutable inputs mean there is a large substitution
e↵ ect and a larger change in labour demand
Availability of Substitute Inputs
A↵ ected by:
I Underlying technology: can only use labour for a given
process
I Institutions: union does not allow for non-union workers,
di�culty borrowing from lending institution, etc.
I Time: in the long-run substitutes are more likely to become
available
Elasticity of Supply of Inputs
I Alternative inputs also a↵ ected by changes in the price of
input
W
ag
e
38. Employment
W
ag
e
Employment
I If wage ", firm will substitute towards capital, demand for
capital shifts out
I More inelastic supply of substitutes =) more inelastic
demand for labour
Elasticity of Supply of Inputs
A↵ ected by:
I Availability of resources - if resources of alternate input are
plentiful, they will more easily adjust
I Technological innovation - as innovations occur, technology
underlying production may change and a↵ ect elasticity
I Number of producers
Elasticity of Demand for Output
W
ag
e
39. Employment
W
ag
e
Employment
W
ag
e
Employment
W
ag
e
Employment
Elasticity of Demand for Output
I The size of the scale e↵ ect is determined by the elasticity of
demand for the product
I An inelastic demand for output leads to an inelastic demand
for labour
I Wage increase is e↵ ectively passed on to consumers in the
form
of higher prices
40. Elasticity of Demand for Output
I The size of the scale e↵ ect is determined by the elasticity of
demand for the product
I An inelastic demand for output leads to an inelastic demand
for labour
I Wage increase is e↵ ectively passed on to consumers in the
form
of higher prices
Elasticity of Demand for Output
A↵ ected by:
I Nature of the commodity - some commodities more or less
necessary (e.g. think of gasoline compared to something like a
fan)
I Availability of substitutes in output market (e.g. a firm
producing coca-cola may face an elastic demand for coca-cola
if, in response to a price change, individuals can substitute
towards pepsi)
I Income of consumers in the product market (high income
earners are generally less sensitive to price changes)
Share of Labour Costs in Total Costs
I Share of labour costs measures the extent to which labour is
an important component of total cost
41. I Demand for labour will be inelastic if labour is a small portion
of total cost
I firm won’t have to cut output by as much because the cost
from the wage increase will be small
I E.g., construction craftworkers, airline pilots, employed
professionals
Changing Demand Conditions,
Globalization, and Offshoring
Changing Demand Conditions,
Globalization, and Offshoring
I We can use our insights from labour demand theory to think
about how Canadian firms make employment decisions in an
increasingly globalized world
I outsourcing: delegation of specific elements of internal
production to external entity (e.g., a professor asking a
research assistant to do data entry)
I o↵ shoring: delegation of specific elements of internal
production to external foreign entity (e.g., a professor (or
lazy/clever domestic research assistant) sending data entry
work to a foreign country)
42. The Impact of Trade on a Single
Labour Market: Short-Run
I Scenario: Canadian firms compete with foreign firms for the
same product
I Product market conditions will a↵ ect output at Canadian
firms, which in turn a↵ ects labour demand
I In the short run, increased competition lowers the price of
goods =) MRPn #
I If the Canadian wage remains constant, then employment will
fall
The Impact of Trade on a Single
Labour Market: Short-Run
Pr
ic
e
Output
W
43. ag
e
Employment
Offsetting Factors: Short Run
I Wage could decrease
I Marginal productivity could increase
The Impact of Trade on a Single
Labour Market: Long-Run
I Scenario: Canadian firms compete with foreign firms for the
same product
I Product market conditions will a↵ ect output at Canadian
firms, which in turn a↵ ects labour demand
I However, in the long-run, we can think of Canadian labour as
being one labour input into a production technology that
draws on labour from other countries
I Just as firms can substitute capital for labour in the long-run,
they can also substitute foreign labour for domestic labour
The Impact of Trade on a Single
Labour Market: Long-Run
44. Fo
re
ig
n_
L
ab
ou
r
Domestic_Labour
The Impact of Trade on a Single
Labour Market: Long-Run
I Implications are that Canadian firms will substitute towards
cheaper foreign labour
I Not always the case:
I foreign labour has to be a substitute for domestic labour
I if foreign and domestic labour are close substitutes then the
substitution e↵ ect (# domestic labour) may o↵ set the scale
e↵ ect (" domestic labour)
I relative productivity of domestic versus foreign labour matters
I focusing on labour costs alone is unwise as no firm would hire
purely foreign workers if the productivity of foreign workers is
too low
45. Compensation Costs (% of Canada)
Compensation Costs (% of Canada)
� Productivity, Hourly Compensation,
Unit Labour Costs in Manufacturing
Trends in Labour Costs and
Productivity
Canada relative to USA (base year (1989)
ECON 370 - Minimum Wages and
Employment
Maggie Jones
Minimum Wages Across Canada
$13.85
$13.00
$13.46
47. ONTARIO
MANITOBA
SASKATCHEWAN
ALBERTA
BRITISH
COLUMBIA
MINIMUM HOURLY WAGE RATES AS OF OCTOBER 1ST,
2019
RETAIL COUNCIL OF CANADA
RetailCouncil.org
Minimum Wages and Employment
I In Canada:
I Set by provinces and territories
I Highest: Alberta $15.00/hr
I Lowest: Nova Scotia $11.55/hr
I Interprovincial/international industries are under federal
jurisdiction
I In the United States
I Set by local, state, and federal governments
I Employers generally have to pay the highest out of the three
minimum wages
48. Minimum Wages and Employment
I One of the largest debates in labour economics revolves
around
the employment e↵ ects of raising the minimum wage
I According to the theory of the firm, we expect wage increases
to be accompanied by a decline in employment
I Empirical evidence does not always suggest this is the case
Card and Krueger
I In April, 1992, New Jersey increased the minimum wage from
$4.25/hr to $5.05/hr
I Card and Krueger compare changes in employment in the fast
food industry in New Jersey to that in Pennsylvania over the
same time period
I No evidence of reduced employment
ECON 370 - Chapter 3 - Labour
Economics
49. Maggie Jones
Labour Supply and Public Policy
Public Policy
I Canada’s provincial and federal governments implement a
number of social programs designed to alleviate poverty
I transfer programs
I unemployment insurance
I welfare programs
I child care subsidies
I About 10% of GDP is spent on income maintenance schemes
Income Maintenance Programs
Public Policy
I Objective of these programs is to alleviate poverty
I universal: e.g., transfer everyone a fixed income (most
expensive type of program)
I targeted: e.g., transfer enough to low-income individuals so
that they make at least as much as the poverty line
50. I In any income maintenance program we are concerned about
the disincentive e↵ ects on labour supply
Types of Income Maintenance
I Transitory income shocks: temporary decline in income
I e.g. being laid o↵
I unemployment insurance
I e.g. workplace injury
I worker’s compensation
I Permanent income shocks: long-term decline in income
I e.g. permanent injury or disability
I disability benefits
I e.g. discouraged worker
I welfare programs after unemployment insurance is exhausted
I Returning to work: individual’s who have been out of the
labour force but plan to return
I e.g. having children
I child care subsidies
Types of Income Maintenance
I It turns out there are a number of di↵ erent types of income
maintenance programs that may have di↵ ering e↵ ects on a
51. worker’s labour supply choice
I demogrants, welfare, negative income taxes, wage subsidies,
earned income tax credits, employment insurance, disability
payments, worker’s compensation, child care subsidies
I We will focus on static partial equilibrium e↵ ects
I we will ignore dynamic (over time) e↵ ects and general
equilibrium (over the economic system) e↵ ects
Demogrants
Demogrants
I Income grants tied to specific demographic characteristics
(e.g., age, gender, etc.)
I Example: Universal Child Care Benefit (before it became the
Canada Child Benefit) paid $160/month for each child under 6
and $60 per month for each child between 6 and 18
Demogrants
In
co
m
e
Leisure
52. Welfare
Welfare
I Sometimes called “social assistance” or “income assistance”
I Financed in part by the federal government but administered
by provinces
I Payments to non-participants of the labour force; amounts
typically based on needs of the family (e.g. family size, city,
etc)
Welfare
Welfare
In
co
m
e
Leisure
Welfare
53. I Potential solutions to disincentive e↵ ects:
I Decrease payment amounts
I Increase market wage
I Reduce implicit tax
I Alter preferences
Negative Income Tax
Negative Income Tax
I Guaranteed income plan plus an implicit tax rate applied to
labour market earnings
Y = G + (1 � t) ⇥ W
Negative Income Tax
In
co
m
e
Leisure
54. Wage Subsidies and Refundable Tax
Credits
Wage Subsidies and Refundable Tax
Credits
I Alternative to taxing earnings, per-hour wage is supplemented
by government
I Essentially can be viewed as an increase in the wage rate,
which e↵ ectively induces an income and substitution e↵ ect.
Wage Subsidies and Refundable Tax
Credits
In
co
m
e
Leisure
Wage Subsidies and Refundable Tax
Credits
I Work incentives tend to be better under wage subsidy
55. compared to negative income tax because the income and
substitution e↵ ects work in opposite directions
I Disadvantage is that it is not helpful for people who
legitimately cannot work
I Often wage subsidies are targeted to low-income people
I In Canada we have a program called the Working Income
Tax Benefit
I received in the form of tax breaks after you fill out income tax
forms
Working Income Tax Benefit
I Implemented in three phases
I phase-in: wage subsidy proportional to earnings
I flat range: constant subsidy at max wage subsidy
I phase-out: negative income tax as earnings reach highest level
Working Income Tax Benefit
Working Income Tax Benefit
In
co
m
e
56. Leisure
Employment Insurance
Employment Insurance
I Changes budget constraint faced by individuals
I Incentive e↵ ects often di↵ er based on individual attachment
to
the labour market
I Assumption: if individuals want to increase (or decrease)
labour supply they can
I E.g. 60% of weekly pay for up to 20 weeks, requires a min. of
14 weeks
Employment Insurance
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
58. co
m
e
0 10 20 30 40 50
Weeks Leisure
Labour Income Benefits
Total Income
Disability Benefits and Worker’s
Compensation
Disability Benefits and Worker’s
Compensation
I Social assistance programs designed to compensate individuals
who legitimately cannot work
I Work incentives are less of a concern when designing
disability
benefit and worker’s compensation programs
I There are still instances when we might be concerned about
disincentive e↵ ects
I The type of program implemented will depend on the nature
of the disability or injury
59. I Depending on the type of disability/injury, the individual’s
budget constraint and preferences will be a↵ ected di↵ erently
Disability Benefits and Worker’s
Compensation
I Ways in which individual labour supply may be a↵ ected by
disabilities and injuries:
I partially disabling injury could a↵ ect time allocated to the
labour force, but may not a↵ ect performance
I other disabilities may a↵ ect productivity (wages) but not time
devoted to the labour force
I some disabilities may require expensive medical expenditures
I it is also possible for a disability to a↵ ect an individual’s
preferences over their labour-leisure allocations
Time Constraints
In
co
m
e
Leisure
Productivity
61. I Worker’s compensation*
I Disability pension entitlements
I Long-term disability insurance
I Court awards
Worker’s Compensation
Worker’s Compensation
I Designed to soften the negative e↵ ects of a temporary
disability/injury on wages
I Consider the case where an individual is compensated up to
two thirds of the loss of income
I Idea is that as the individual is forced to reduce their labour
supply, the negative impact on wages is not as severe
Worker’s Compensation
In
co
m
e
Leisure
Child Care Subsidy
62. Child Care Subsidy
I We often think of child care as a fixed cost incurred by the
household
I Several types of child care subsidies available (e.g. from
in-class discussion readings)
I Imagine a program designed to subsidize child care for those
who are employed
I cost incurred only if individual works
Child Care Subsidy
In
co
m
e
Leisure
Child Care Subsidy
In
co
m
e
Leisure
63. Child Care Subsidy
In
co
m
e
Leisure
ECON 370 - Chapter 2 - Labour
Economics
Maggie Jones
Labour Supply: Individual
Attachment to the Labour Market
Labour Supply
I Is supply upward sloping?
I Intuitively it makes sense that higher wages generate an
“incentive” e↵ ect, wherein people are incentivized to work
more when the wage increases
I This may not always be the case (we will see why/where)
I Concept that people will work more when wages are higher is
64. still at the heart of the study of labour supply
I We will study how this a↵ ects the decision to work (extensive
margin) and how much to work (intensive margin)
Extensive Margin: To Participate or
Not
Labour Force Participation
I labour force participation decision: to participate in paid
labour market activities or not
I as opposed to: unpaid work in the home, volunteer work,
education, retirement
I has implications for the size and composition of the labour
force
I a↵ ects unemployment, economic growth, occupation and
gender composition
I these, in turn, a↵ ect relative wages, unionization, daycare,
equal pay, etc.
The Labour Force
I potential labour force: everyone who is eligible who
participates in labour market activities
65. I eligible: civilian non-institutional population, �15 years old,
excluding the territories and Indian reserves
I labour force: those in the “potential labour force” who are
in the labour force
I employed: those in the labour force who did any work during
the survey period, or those in the labour force who were ill or
on strike, but otherwise would have been working, during the
survey period
I unemployed: those in the labour force who are not
employed, but are seeking work
Participation vs. Unemployment
I labour force participation rate: fraction of eligible
population who is in the labour force
I unemployment rate: fraction of those in the labour force
that are unemployed
How does the LFP change?
Labour Force Participation Rate Over
Time
66. Labour Force Participation Rate
Across Countries
Labour Force Participation Rate
Across Countries
LFPR vs.Per Capita Log GNI
Intensive Margin: How Much to
Participate
Hours Worked
I The “hours worked” decision encompasses more than just how
many hours to work
I hours per day, days per week, weeks per year
I In the short-run, hours of work are relatively fixed
I Occupation choice, flexible working hours, additional part-
time
jobs, allow hours worked to be more variable than we may
assume
67. Distribution of Hours Worked
Basic Income-Leisure Model
Labour Supply Model
I We want to represent an individual’s choice of hours worked,
given their market opportunities and the value they place on
non-market activities
I We will assume that individuals do the best they can
(optimize) with the time they have (constraints) given their
individual preferences
I Our model is grounded in the canonical consumer theory
model
Preferences
I Starting point is to provide a framework for modelling
individual preferences
I We will assume there are two goods
I Consumption goods: things you can buy in the market
I Leisure: time spent doing all non-labour market activities
68. (household work, education, etc.)
I Preferences can be graphically represented by indi↵ erence
curves which depict all the potential combinations of
consumption and leisure that yield the same utility
C
on
su
m
pt
io
n
Leisure
C
on
su
m
pt
io
n
Leisure
C
on
su
m
69. pt
io
n
Leisure
Constraints
I We assume individuals want to reach the highest indi↵ erence
curve subject to the constraints they face
I Money
I Time (which e↵ ectively equals money in this framework)
I Let price of consumption good be P so that the value of
consumption is P ⇥ C
I Ignore savings =) income equals the value of consumption
I Allows us to transfer our consumption-leisure framework to an
income-leisure framework
I Understanding the constraints agents face helps us to
determine the set of feasible income-leisure combinations from
which the consumer can choose
In
co
m
e
71. e
Leisure
In
co
m
e
Leisure
I Let’s consider the individual’s decision to work when faced
with specific wage rates
I When MRS > wage the individual will not work
I When MRS < wage the individual will increase hours until
MRS = wage
I E.g. Suppose you value one hour of leisure at $10. Someone
o↵ er’s you $8 to complete a task that requires an hour of your
time. Would you complete this task?
In
co
m
e
Leisure
72. Reservation Wage
I This analysis illustrates the idea at the core of the
reservation wage
I The wage rate at which the individual is indi↵ erent between
working and not working (labour and leisure)
I It equals the slope of the individual’s indi↵ erence curve at 0
hours worked (T)
Comparative Statics
Comparative Statics
I We are now equipped with the basic framework required to
analyze how individual’s will respond to changes in the
underlying economic environment
I changing non-labour income
I changing the wage rate
I First we need to consider how the purchase of leisure will be
a↵ ected by changes in income if leisure is a:
I normal good: " income ! " demand for leisure
I inferior good: " income ! # demand for leisure
73. I Whether leisure is normal or inferior depends entirely on
preferences (most empirical evidence points to leisure being
normal)
Changing Non-Labour Income
In
co
m
e
Leisure
In
co
m
e
Leisure
Changing Wages
Increasing the wage rate has two opposing e↵ ects:
I income e↵ ect: for each hour of work the individual can buy
more goods including leisure. If leisure is a normal good this
means the “purchase” of more leisure and a decline in the
number of hours worked.
I substitution e↵ ect: return to work is greater so the
74. individual may choose to work more in response to a wage
hike. The opportunity cost of leisure has increased, i.e. we
have a shift in the relative price of leisure (it is more
expensive). The individual will increase the number of hours
worked.
The overall e↵ ect depends on whether the income or
substitution
e↵ ect dominates.
In
co
m
e
Leisure
Changing Wages
Note that increasing the wage can never cause people to not
participate in the labour force. That is, LFP will not decrease
because of increases in the wage rate. Individuals can always
reach
higher indi↵ erence curves, and will not choose the lower IC
75. that
will lead to no participation.
Increasing the wage could result in labour force participation
among people who otherwise would not participate.
In this sense, increases in the wage rate cannot decrease LFP,
but
could potentially increase it.
Wage Elasticities of Supply
I uncompensated elasticity:
%�hours
%�wage
I compensated elasticity:
%�hours attributed to substitution e↵ ect
%�wage
The Individual Labour Supply Curve
Individual Labour Supply
76. I Using our leisure-income model, we can examine how varying
the wage rate will a↵ ect individual’s optimal labour-leisure
choice in order to map out their labour supply.
I i.e., how much labour would the individual supply at each
value of the wage?
I 0 hours until the wage = reservation wage
I substitution e↵ ect dominates at low initial levels of the wage
I income e↵ ect dominates as individual becomes wealthier
I At low wages the individual has an abundance of needs that
higher wages can help address. As wages rise and these needs
are met, the individual does not need as much extra money
and can begin to reduce labour supply.
Individual Labour Supply Curve
In
co
m
e
Leisure
In
co
m
e
Leisure
77. Barriers in the Labour Market
I Assumption underlying our model is that individuals can
choose any labour-leisure combination given their budget
constraint and preferences.
I In practice this may not be realistic.
I e.g. suppose you wish to work 35 hours per week, but your
employer requires 40
I e.g. suppose you wish to work 12 hours per day, but your
store is only open for 8
I It turns out that we can incorporate these barriers into our
basic income-leisure model.
Moonlighting & Underemployment
In
co
m
e
Leisure
Overemployment
In
co
78. m
e
Leisure
ECON 370 - Chapter 4 - Labour
Economics
Maggie Jones
Labour Supply Over the Life Cycle
Labour Supply Over the Life Cycle
I So far we have assumed that individuals do not consider the
future when they are making current labour supply decisions
I can be an unrealistic way to think about decision making
I This chapter considers labour supply schedules when
individuals consider their entire life
I Are labour supply schedules of men and women the same over
time?
I What do we have to change in our labour supply framework
when considering the life cycle?
79. I How have labour-saving technologies affected the evolution of
female labour supply?
Male Labour Force Participation
Female Labour Force Participation
Labour Force Participation Over the
Life Cycle
I We will focus on understanding whether the observed labour
force patterns over the life cycle can be explained by changes
in the economic environment in a way predicted by theory
I We will consider three additional life cycle phenomena that
warrant individual attention
I women’s fertility decisions
I the decision to retire
I the school-work decision
A Dynamic Model of Labour Supply
A Dynamic Model of Labour Supply
80. I Individuals plan out their lifetime labour supply, given their
expected lifetime economic environment
I Starting point:
I individuals live and potentially work for N periods
I no uncertainty regarding future economic variables
I prefs are defined over consumption and leisure in every period
u = U(C1, C2, . . . , CN, l1, l2, . . . , lN )
I budget constraints defined over all periods
C1 + C2 + · · · + CN = W1 ×H1 + W2 ×H2 + · · · + WN ×HN
Income and Substitution in the
Dynamic Framework
I Income and substitution effects are more complicated in the
dynamic framework
I We will consider three types of changes in a simplified
framework:
I permanent unanticipated wage increase (A-B)
I evolutionary anticipated wage increase (B-C)
I transitory unanticipated wage increase (C-D)
Dynamics of Life Cycle Wage Changes
*Note: each wage change is supposed to represent the same
magnitude
81. Income and Substitution in the
Dynamic Framework
I permanent unanticipated wage increase (A-B): this type of
wage change leads to standard income and substitution effects.
I evolutionary anticipated wage increase (B-C): the anticipated
wage change is factored into the individual’s decision making
at the beginning of period 1. This means there will be no
immediate income effect, rather the income effect is spread
over the life cycle. The individual will still see a substitution
effect as their wage increases.
I transitory unanticipated wage increase (C-D): this will yield a
substitution effect at time t and a small income effect spread
over the life cycle.
Fertility and Childbearing
Fertility and Childbearing
I Clearly, from our previous diagram, fertility is an important
determinant of female labour supply
I But the arrival of children is not a random occurrence
I Many individuals make their decision of when to have children
based on economic considerations and do so in a forward
looking manner
82. I Starting point is the Becker/Mincer model:
I applies the principles of consumer theory to the decision to
have children
I children are a “good” that are “consumed”
Fertility and Childbearing
Several factors may affect a woman’s fertility decisions that we
can
consider in the context of our dynamic labour supply model
I Income
I Cost of children
I Price of related goods
I Tastes and preferences
I Technology
Income and Fertility
I Theoretically positive relationship between children and
income
I assumption: children are a normal good
I problem: income correlated with other things, like knowledge
of contraception, opportunity cost of having children
I often we see a negative relationship between income and
fertility
I Income effect: higher income =⇒ more children
83. I Substitution effect: higher income usually correlated with
higher wages =⇒ higher opportunity cost of having children
I Once potential earnings have been accounted for, empirical
evidence suggests that yes, children are like normal goods
Cost of Children
I Not surprisingly, if the price of having children increases, the
number of children should decrease
I Price includes many things:
I food, clothing, housework associated with raising a child
I forgone income
I As we saw previously, an increase in the potential earnings of
wives leads to both an income and substitution effect of having
children
Price of Related Goods
I Complementary goods: medical expenses, daycare, education,
etc.
I A rise in the price of any complementary good should decrease
the number of children
Tastes and Preferences
84. I Over time we have seen large changes in attitudes towards
women’s employment, religion, family planning, contraception,
etc.
I These can all be viewed as changing preferences for children -
in this case, they would lead to a reduction in family size
I Increased educational attainment may also change preferences
by changing the set of “alternative goods”, e.g. travel,
entertainment, etc.
Technology
I Decrease in family size: contraceptive devices, medical
advances (vasectomies, tubal ligation), reduction in infant
mortality
I Increase in family size: medical advances that decrease risks
of
pregnancy, processed food and diapers
The Decision to Retire
The Decision to Retire
I The decision (typically among older workers) not to
participate in the labour force
I can mean leaving the labour market, reducing hours worked,
moving to a less onerous job
85. I can be a gradual process or a discrete change in employment
I Micro level effects:
I financial status, psychological state
I Macro level effects:
I unemployment, labour force participation, private savings
Factors Affecting Decision to Retire
I Mandatory retirement age
I typically in North America, age 65; individuals are not
actually forced to leave the labour market
I variability across jobs, provinces, countries
I Wealth and earnings
I wealth: income effect
I earnings: income and substitution effect
I Health and the nature of work and the family:
I poor health can lead to early retirement
I shift from blue collar to white collar jobs may increase
lifetime
employment
I decline of extended family, rise in dual income families,
deinstitutionalization of health care
Social Support Programs
86. I In Canada there are 3 main types of pension programs:
I Universal Old Age Security
I Canada/Quebec Pension Plan (CPP/QPP)
I Employer sponsored occupational pension plans
I Individuals can also save on their own through RRSPs
Universal Old Age Security
I Financed by general tax revenue
I Demogrant paid to those 65+
I Max monthly benefit as of June 2016 for a single person:
$570.52
I benefits reduced for high earners (expected to save)
I May be supplemented by a Guaranteed Income Supplement
(up to $773.60)
Social Insurance Pension:
Canada/Quebec Pension Plan
I Financed by compulsory employer and employee contributions
through payroll tax
I Benefits related to contributions based on payroll tax applied
to past earnings, but funds come from payments from current
workforce
I Max monthly benefit in June 2016: $1093
I Virtually universal participation
87. Employer-Sponsored Occupational
Pension Plans
I Financed by employer, sometimes with employee contributions
I Benefits depend on type of plan
I Covered 32% of LF and 38% of paid workers in 2013
Labour Supply Over the Life CycleA Dynamic Model of Labour
SupplyFertility and ChildbearingThe Decision to Retire
ECON 370 - Chapter 1 - Labour
Economics
Maggie Jones
The Canadian Labour Market
At home exercise:
1 Go to Stats Canada Census Profile, 2016:
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/
dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&
Geo2=&Code2=&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&
SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0
88. 2 Examine how these ratios look for median income in 2016
Variation in Earnings
I Variation in earnings is due to both wages and hours worked
I These are two of the fundamental outcomes studied by labour
economists
I Hours worked are typically modelled as a choice by
individuals
regarding their optimal labour supply
I Our discussion of wages will be grounded in the competitive
labour markets model
The Competitive Labour Market
The Supply and Demand Model:
Workhorse of Labour Economics
I Fundamental outcomes: employment and wages
89. I We can use tools from previous economics classes to study
quantity and prices in the labour market
I Quantity = employment (how much to work)
I Prices = wages (what is the price of work)
I This comes together in the neoclassical supply and
demand model
I assumptions about how buyers and sellers respond to prices
and other factors
I assumptions about how buyers and sellers interact, and how
the market determines levels and terms of exchange
Wages & Employment in a Competitive
Labour Market
I Labour supply curve depicts the amount of labour individuals
would like to sell at each wage rate (workers’ side)
I Labour demand curve depicts the amount of labour firms
would like to hire at each wage rate (firms’ side)
I Equilibrium given by intersection of supply of and demand for
labour and generates a wage and level of employment
I In a competitive labour market we assume workers and firms
take wages as given and then make decisions based on their
supply and demand functions
90. Wages & Employment in a Competitive
Labour Market
W
ag
es
Employment
Implication 1:
Wages will equalize in markets with homogeneous workers &
jobs
W
ag
es
Employment
W
ag
es
Employment
Implication 2:
I Absence of involuntary unemployment (i.e., you would like to
work but can’t find work at the going wage)
91. I In equilibrium, no workers who are currently unemployed
would WANT to work at the going rate
Implication 3:
I No queues or rationing (all jobs are equally satisfactory)
Do Implications Align With Reality?