1. PATH-LOSS PREDICTION OF GSM SIGNAL IN WARRI
BY
OKUMA ONOME MAXWELL
FNG/10/11/181821
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY,
OLEH CAMPUS
IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG)
OCTOBER 2015
1

2. CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project submitted in partial fulfilment of the award of
Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical and Electronics engineering of the Delta
state university was carried out by Okuma Onome Maxwell under the supervision of
Mr Gabriel Anamonye.
ENGR G.I EFENEDO DATE
SUPERVISOR
MR GABRIEL ANAMONYE DATE
CO - SUPERVISOR
ENGR GABRIEL I. EFENEDO DATE
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
DATE
EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR
2

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude towards those that have helped us
accomplish this task in one way or the other.
Firstly, I would like to express my thanks towards my supervisor, Mr Gabriel
Anamonye for his encouragement, corrections and the fact that he made me give my
best in doing this project.
Secondly, I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents, Mr and
Mrs Okuma for their support both mentally, emotionally, financially and spiritually
during my five years in school and most especially during the period this research
was carried out.
Thirdly, I would like to express my gratitude towards Olodu Akaolise with
whom this research was carried out with. His intelligence and proactiveness really
impacted the outcome of this research greatly.
Fourthly, I would like to expressly say thank you to Chiogor lucky, Uduemor
Orevaoghene, Benjamin Bright-Davies, Emeka Ogorchukwu, Isioma Egboh, Othuke
Akukuata, Daniel Opuoro, Ebuka Nwabufor, The Redeemed Christian Fellowship
and to all those whose company I always kept for being my family here in school
during my stay. Life was meaningful, to say the least, because of all of you. Thank
you once again.
Lastly and most importantly, I would like to give gratitude to God almighty for
his goodness and mercies.
3

4. ABSTRACT
This work is a report on the research carried out aimed at comparing the signal path-
loss as predicted by the Free-space model and the Okumura-Hata model with that
obtained through practical measurements in the City of Warri and its environs.
Transmitting antennas mounted on Base stations located at Refinery road, Enerhen
junction and Okuokorkor belonging to Mtn Nigeria were used as the transmitters and
a Lenovo A859 with a received signal strength monitoring software called
Netmonitor was used to Measure the Recieved signal strength every 100 meters up to
a maximum distance of 1500 meters. The results obtained from this research shows
that the Okumura-Hata model performed well in predicting the signal Path-loss but
the Free-space model performed rather poorly by a very wide margin. It also provides
substantial information on the practical values of signal path-loss regarding the City
of Warri and its environs.
4

5. TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE - - - - - - - i
CERTIFICATION - - - - - - - ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - - - - - - - iii
ABSTRACT - - - - - - - iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - - - - - v
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND OF STUDY - - - - - 1
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM - - - - - 3
1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY - - - - - 4
1.3 AIM OF STUDY - - - - - 4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION - - - - - 5
2.1 CELLULAR PRINCIPLE - - - - - 5
2.2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW - - - - - 9
2.2.1 THE BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM - - - 9
2.2.2 THE NETWORK AND SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM - 9
2.2.3 THE OPERATING SUPPORT SUBSYSTEM - 11
2.3 GSM STANDARDS - - - - 12
5

6. 2.3.1 FIRST GENERATION ANALOG SYSTEMS - - 12
2.3.2 SECOND GENERATION SYSTEMS - - 13
2.3.3 THIRD GENERATION SYSTEMS - - 17
2.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE AND ITS EFFECTS - - 19
2.4.1 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION - - 19
2.4.2 DIFFRACTION - - 22
2.4.3 SCATTERING - - 22
2.5 PROPAGATION MODELS - - 23
2.5.1 COST 231–WALFISH-IKEGAMI MODEL - - 23
2.5.2 THE ITU-R MODEL - - 24
2.5.3 THE ITU-ADVANCE CHANNEL MODEL - - 25
2.5.4 THE OKUMURA-HATA MODEL - - 26
2.5.5 THE FREE SPACE MODEL - - 28
2.6 REVIEW OF OTHER RELATED RESEARCH - - 28
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND METHODS
3.0 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA - - - - - 31
3.1 TOOLS AND SOFTWARES EMPLOYED - - - - 36
3.1.1 NETMONITOR - - - - 36
3.1.2 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM DEVICE - - 39
3.2 METHODOLOGY - - - 40
3.3 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS - - - 40
6

7. 3.4 CALCULATIONS - - - - - - - - 55
3.4.1 PATH-LOSS USING FREESPACE MODEL - - - - 57
3.4.2 PATH-LOSS USING OKUMURA-HATA MODEL - - - 58
CHAPTER FOUR
DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS
4.0 INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - 60
4.1 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS - - - - - - - 60
4.2 FINDINGS - - - - - - - 68
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 CONCLUSION - - - - - - 70
5.1 RECOMMENDATION - - - - - - 70
References - - - - - - 72
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG 2.0 - - - - - - - 6
FIG 2.1 - - - - - - - 7
FIG 2.2 - - - - - - - 11
FIG 3.0 - - - - - - - 31
FIG 3.1 - - - - - - - 33
FIG 3.2 - - - - - - - 33
FIG 3.3 - - - - - - - 34
7

8. FIG 3.4 - - - - - - - 35
FIG 3.5 - - - - - - - 36
FIG 3.6 - - - - - - - 38
FIG 3.7 - - - - - - - 39
FIG 4.0 - - - - - - - 68
FIG 4.1 - - - - - - - 69
FIG 4.2 - - - - - - - 70
FIG 4.3 - - - - - - - 71
FIG 4.4 - - - - - - - 72
FIG 4.5 - - - - - - - 72
FIG 4.6 - - - - - - - 73
FIG 4.7 - - - - - - - 74
FIG 4.8 - - - - - - - 75
FIG 4.9 - - - - - - - 76
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.0 - - - - - - - 13
TABLE 2.1 - - - - - - - 16
TABLE 2.2 - - - - - - - 19
TABLE 2.3 - - - - - - - 26
TABLE 3.0 - - - - - - - 41
TABLE 3.1 - - - - - - - 42
8

9. TABLE 3.2 - - - - - - - 43
TAbLE 3.3 - - - - - - - 44
TABLE 3.4 - - - - - - - 45
TABLE 3.5 - - - - - - - 46
TABLE 3.6 - - - - - - - 47
TABLE 3.7 - - - - - - - 48
TABLE 3.8 - - - - - - - 49
TABLE 3.9 - - - - - - - 50
TABLE 3.10 - - - - - - - 51
TABLE 3.11 - - - - - - - 52
TABLE 3.12 - - - - - - - 53
TABLE 3.13 - - - - - - - 54
TABLE 3.14 - - - - - - - 55
TABLE 3.15 - - - - - - - 57
TABLE 4.0 - - - - - - - 60
TABLE 4.1 - - - - - - - 62
TABLE 4.2 - - - - - - - 63
TABLE 4.3 - - - - - - - 64
TABLE 4.4 - - - - - - - 65
TABLE 4.5 - - - - - - - 66
TABLE 4.6 - - - - - - - 67
9

10. 10