This document summarizes key developments related to sustainable agriculture, land use, and desertification since the 1992 Earth Summit. It notes that while food production has increased globally, hunger and poverty remain problems. New technologies have helped increase yields, but have also created new concerns. Governance reforms have emphasized decentralization and greater participation of civil society and local communities. Going forward, further action is needed to address the challenges small farmers and the rural poor face.
Rural development report of the Secretary-GeneralDr Lendy Spires
Rural development programmes have had varying degrees of success in reducing rural poverty. A large number of rural people in developing countries still lack access to basic services like health, education, water, and sanitation. Overcoming these challenges requires focusing on improving agriculture productivity and tapping non-farm sectors, enhancing natural resource management, improving rural infrastructure, and providing access to rural finance, markets, technology, and education. Some countries have seen success through integrated approaches addressing rural infrastructure, resource conservation, empowering women, and off-farm job opportunities.
Sustainable Agriculturemand Rural Development: Report of Sec-General Urbaniza...Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses the impacts of urbanization on sustainable agriculture. It notes that most population growth in developing countries will be in cities, increasing demand for food. It examines urban agriculture, agriculture in peri-urban zones, rural-urban linkages, and priorities to support sustainable urban and peri-urban agriculture. Key issues include managing land use to balance agriculture and development, minimizing pollution from urban agriculture, protecting food safety, and supporting the transition to more intensive and sustainable production near cities to meet urban demand. Rural-urban migration and changing consumption patterns also impact commodity shifts and rural labor supply with implications for agricultural sustainability.
Climate change poses serious threats to the Philippines that will disproportionately impact the poor and vulnerable. The document discusses observed changes like rising temperatures and sea levels. While some responses have emerged, the Philippine government shares responsibility for environmental degradation through policies prioritizing private profits over people. Genuine solutions must recognize climate change's social and economic roots, and place the welfare of people and the environment above all other concerns.
Position paper of dominican republic of carebbieanManoj Shrestha
The Committee is discussing sustainable capacity building in the agricultural sector of the Dominican Republic. Agriculture makes up only 5% of the Dominican economy but uses over 50% of the country's land. Poverty affects over 40% of the population, including high rates of childhood anemia and malnutrition. Small farmers face challenges including lack of access to markets, mechanization, and modern farming techniques due to poverty. Climate change has exacerbated issues through repeated natural disasters. The Dominican Republic has implemented various policies and programs to support sustainable agriculture and reduce poverty, including strategic plans, subsidies, and trade agreements. However, more work is needed in areas like food security, soil conservation, access to technology and infrastructure for small farmers.
This document summarizes the key events and documents related to the development of international environmental governance:
- The Stockholm Declaration (1972) was the first international document to recognize the human right to a healthy environment and call on countries to cooperate to address environmental issues for the survival of humanity.
- The Brundtland Commission (1980s) linked economic growth and environmental preservation, recognizing the need to generate growth without harming the environment.
- The Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992) brought together world leaders to reconcile economic development with environmental protection and resulted in agreements like Agenda 21.
This resolution recognizes the need for a Green New Deal to address climate change and economic inequality. It calls for a 10-year mobilization to transition the US to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions through investment in clean industry and infrastructure while creating high-paying jobs, promoting social and economic justice, and ensuring all community access to clean air, water, food and nature. The resolution expresses the sense of the House that such a mobilization must be developed through consultation with vulnerable communities and workers.
Review of sectoral clusters second phase land desertificatiom forests and bio...Dr Lendy Spires
This document provides an overview and assessment of progress made in implementing the sustainable agriculture and rural development (SARD) goals outlined in Chapter 14 of Agenda 21. It finds that while understanding of SARD concepts has improved, tensions remain between different stakeholder perspectives. Overall progress has been made in many SARD program areas, including agricultural policy reform, participation, farm production systems, and conservation of genetic resources. However, fully integrated national SARD policies remain limited and challenges persist in reconciling environmental, economic and social objectives of SARD.
Sustainable agriculture and Rural DevelopmentDr Lendy Spires
This document is a report from the Secretary-General to the United Nations Economic and Social Council on sustainable agriculture and rural development. It provides an overview of trends in global agricultural production and food security, discusses the impact of macroeconomic policy reforms and trade liberalization on agriculture, and examines linkages between agriculture, economic development, social development, and the environment. Key points include stagnating global agricultural output in 1998, an estimated 790 million undernourished people worldwide, uneven progress in reducing hunger across regions, and the need for significant policy changes to achieve the goal of halving hunger by 2015 set by the World Food Summit.
Rural development report of the Secretary-GeneralDr Lendy Spires
Rural development programmes have had varying degrees of success in reducing rural poverty. A large number of rural people in developing countries still lack access to basic services like health, education, water, and sanitation. Overcoming these challenges requires focusing on improving agriculture productivity and tapping non-farm sectors, enhancing natural resource management, improving rural infrastructure, and providing access to rural finance, markets, technology, and education. Some countries have seen success through integrated approaches addressing rural infrastructure, resource conservation, empowering women, and off-farm job opportunities.
Sustainable Agriculturemand Rural Development: Report of Sec-General Urbaniza...Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses the impacts of urbanization on sustainable agriculture. It notes that most population growth in developing countries will be in cities, increasing demand for food. It examines urban agriculture, agriculture in peri-urban zones, rural-urban linkages, and priorities to support sustainable urban and peri-urban agriculture. Key issues include managing land use to balance agriculture and development, minimizing pollution from urban agriculture, protecting food safety, and supporting the transition to more intensive and sustainable production near cities to meet urban demand. Rural-urban migration and changing consumption patterns also impact commodity shifts and rural labor supply with implications for agricultural sustainability.
Climate change poses serious threats to the Philippines that will disproportionately impact the poor and vulnerable. The document discusses observed changes like rising temperatures and sea levels. While some responses have emerged, the Philippine government shares responsibility for environmental degradation through policies prioritizing private profits over people. Genuine solutions must recognize climate change's social and economic roots, and place the welfare of people and the environment above all other concerns.
Position paper of dominican republic of carebbieanManoj Shrestha
The Committee is discussing sustainable capacity building in the agricultural sector of the Dominican Republic. Agriculture makes up only 5% of the Dominican economy but uses over 50% of the country's land. Poverty affects over 40% of the population, including high rates of childhood anemia and malnutrition. Small farmers face challenges including lack of access to markets, mechanization, and modern farming techniques due to poverty. Climate change has exacerbated issues through repeated natural disasters. The Dominican Republic has implemented various policies and programs to support sustainable agriculture and reduce poverty, including strategic plans, subsidies, and trade agreements. However, more work is needed in areas like food security, soil conservation, access to technology and infrastructure for small farmers.
This document summarizes the key events and documents related to the development of international environmental governance:
- The Stockholm Declaration (1972) was the first international document to recognize the human right to a healthy environment and call on countries to cooperate to address environmental issues for the survival of humanity.
- The Brundtland Commission (1980s) linked economic growth and environmental preservation, recognizing the need to generate growth without harming the environment.
- The Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992) brought together world leaders to reconcile economic development with environmental protection and resulted in agreements like Agenda 21.
This resolution recognizes the need for a Green New Deal to address climate change and economic inequality. It calls for a 10-year mobilization to transition the US to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions through investment in clean industry and infrastructure while creating high-paying jobs, promoting social and economic justice, and ensuring all community access to clean air, water, food and nature. The resolution expresses the sense of the House that such a mobilization must be developed through consultation with vulnerable communities and workers.
Review of sectoral clusters second phase land desertificatiom forests and bio...Dr Lendy Spires
This document provides an overview and assessment of progress made in implementing the sustainable agriculture and rural development (SARD) goals outlined in Chapter 14 of Agenda 21. It finds that while understanding of SARD concepts has improved, tensions remain between different stakeholder perspectives. Overall progress has been made in many SARD program areas, including agricultural policy reform, participation, farm production systems, and conservation of genetic resources. However, fully integrated national SARD policies remain limited and challenges persist in reconciling environmental, economic and social objectives of SARD.
Sustainable agriculture and Rural DevelopmentDr Lendy Spires
This document is a report from the Secretary-General to the United Nations Economic and Social Council on sustainable agriculture and rural development. It provides an overview of trends in global agricultural production and food security, discusses the impact of macroeconomic policy reforms and trade liberalization on agriculture, and examines linkages between agriculture, economic development, social development, and the environment. Key points include stagnating global agricultural output in 1998, an estimated 790 million undernourished people worldwide, uneven progress in reducing hunger across regions, and the need for significant policy changes to achieve the goal of halving hunger by 2015 set by the World Food Summit.
The Green New Deal aims to transition the US to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions through a fair and just transition, create millions of good jobs, invest in infrastructure and industry, and secure clean air, water, climate resilience, healthy food access to nature, and a sustainable environment for all Americans. It would do this through a 10-year national mobilization that sets goals such as transitioning the power, transportation, and building sectors to renewable energy; making investments to remove pollution from manufacturing, agriculture, and other industries; ensuring good union jobs are created; and guaranteeing economic and social rights for all Americans.
04/02/20 Utica INTERNATIONAL Embassy's PRESS RELEASEVogelDenise
The document discusses a "STATE OF THE WORLD ADDRESS" by Interim Prime Minister Vogel Denise Newsome of the Utica International Embassy on March 26, 2020. It summarizes responses to media reports and outlines evidence of an international plot by the US and UN involving population control, depopulation, and the targeting of people of color through acts like biochemical warfare and pandemics. This agenda is described as being outlined in plans like the UN's Agenda 21 and the alleged "King Alfred Plan" to preserve white supremacy and eliminate nations and people of color.
This chapter discusses the topic of sustainable development from various perspectives. It provides an overview of UN conferences on sustainability and introduces the concepts of sustainable development and environmental accounting. It then examines the growing environmental impact of human activities since the Industrial Revolution, including unsustainable practices in both developed and developing states that have led to issues like global deforestation, soil erosion, and pollution. The chapter also explores ideas for achieving more sustainable systems, such as reforming agriculture and energy use, and considers important geographic factors that must be addressed for successful sustainable development.
This document summarizes a newsletter that discusses opportunities in climate and development agendas. It includes several articles on expanding African trade in the face of climate change, investing in climate and development action, and evaluating sustainable development and the environment in trade agreements. One article discusses how Africa could use ecosystem-based adaptation to generate ecosystem goods and services to make production and trade more climate resilient. Specific adaptation strategies and smart trade policies could help African economies ensure climate-proof development.
The document is Agenda 21, which was agreed upon at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro. It contains 40 chapters that outline programs of action related to sustainable development.
Chapter 2 discusses international cooperation to accelerate sustainable development in developing countries. It calls for promoting sustainable development through trade, improving market access for developing country exports, and achieving sound and consistent commodity policies at national and international levels. The chapter's objectives are to promote an open and equitable multilateral trading system, improve access to developing country markets, improve commodity market functioning, and make economic growth and environmental protection mutually supportive.
Natural hazard trends and early warning draft 16_decARMEN MEHRABYAN
1. Moldova has experienced increasing natural hazards like droughts and floods that have severely impacted rural livelihoods dependent on agriculture. The 2007 drought caused estimated losses of $1.2 billion and devastated small independent farmers.
2. A new early warning system is needed to help rural communities adapt to climate change through policies supporting improved irrigation, crop varieties, and diversification of rural economies.
3. Soaring food prices following the drought and 2008 financial crisis have heightened food insecurity, especially for the over 70% of the poor living in rural areas dependent on subsistence agriculture. Financial uncertainty continues from declining cereal prices and rising costs of food and commodities.
This document discusses several issues related to sustainability, including:
1) Current economic growth and development are exceeding the Earth's biocapacity, with the global ecological footprint equaling 1.3 planets.
2) Mainstream environmentalism has been unable to address problems like climate change that are exacerbated by policies focused on profits and growth.
3) Both the development of bioproducts and increasing global population will put significant pressure on limited land and resources unless more sustainable approaches are adopted.
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification: A Case Study of its ...Justine Braby
This document provides an overview of Namibia's National Programme to Combat Desertification (NAPCOD). It begins with background on the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and its objectives. Namibia initiated NAPCOD in 1994, prior to ratifying the UNCCD, to address land degradation and drought. NAPCOD was a collaborative effort between government ministries and other organizations. It had three phases from 1994-2003 focused on consultation, planning, and implementing structures to assess policies related to land degradation and propose solutions. The document examines how Namibia has applied the UNCCD through NAPCOD at a national level to combat desertification.
Presentation shared by Colorado DHSEM Strategic Communications Director Micki Trost on impact of recent Colorado Floods including lessons learned from Public Information Officer presprective.
This document discusses sustainable development and its key principles. Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It involves balancing human needs with environmental protection so that needs can be met now and indefinitely in the future. Some key aspects of meeting present needs discussed are adequate livelihoods, economic security, gender equity, political participation, and access to resources.
The UN Secretary-General will host a Climate Summit on September 23rd in New York City to bring together heads of state, business leaders, and civil society to announce new commitments to address climate change. At the one-day Summit, leaders will seek to put the world on a path to limit global warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius through new initiatives and actions. In addition to government announcements, the private sector will announce significant commitments. The Summit will include sessions on climate science, resilience, and the economic benefits of climate action.
Over the last few years, a new phenomenon has attracted global attention: international investments in land.
The purchase or long-term lease of agricultural land by state-owned and private investors has the potential
to inject much-needed investment into agriculture and rural areas in poor developing countries, but it also
raises concerns about the impacts on poor local people, who risk losing access to and control over land on
which they depend.
The document discusses the green growth opportunity for Wales. It outlines what green growth and a green economy entail, including definitions from various international organizations. Examples of green growth initiatives from around the world are provided across different sectors like energy, cities, natural resources and more. The document then discusses approaches to green growth planning, emphasizing economic performance while managing environmental and social factors. Finally, implications for Wales are considered, like opportunities in various industry value chains and the emerging green economy in Wales and the UK.
Crimes against citizens, Federal, United Nations,Robert Powell
This document provides a summary of "Agenda 21" and "Sustainable Development". It states that these programs are being implemented gradually to reshape communities without citizens' awareness or consent. It warns that the goals of these programs as envisioned by their creators will negatively impact people's lives and freedoms. It encourages readers to research these issues themselves in order to understand and oppose these policies.
Pellet Mexico is nowadays developing the scarcely explored biomass and bioenergy market in Mexico. Utilizing residues from the forestry food and agriculture industries we are going to produce solid biofuel that can substitute fossil fuel consumption both in the industrial, tourism and domestic sectors. By covering the whole value chain of producing the biofuel, commercializing it and adapting the industry and domestic sectors for biofuel consumption, Pellet Mexico will contribute to develop a green economy by efficiently managing residues form the forestry, food and agricultural industries, transfer a competitive advantage to the industry by reducing approximately by 40% the thermic based energy consumption costs and minimize CO2 emissions, thereby contributing to a low carbon economy, to the diversification of renewable energies in our country and support the global commitment to combat climate change.
Destruction is integral part of the construction. However, increased incidences of disasters have made cities/planet earth unsafe . Causing colossal destruction/ damages to cities, built environment, economy, infrastructure, human life, social and economic fabric of a society/ area, disasters have emerged as an area of major concern and focus of international, national, state governments and community . Disasters shatter economy, destroy families/social fabric, shatter development programs/resources earmarked for development. Known to have no political boundaries and social/economic considerations, disasters are known to have local / global implications because extent of losses and needs of reconstruction and rehabilitation sometimes exceed the capacity of the impacted country. Considering physical, social, economic, infrastructural, developmental and environmental implications of natural hazards and enormous losses caused to men and materials , United Nation General Assembly decided to name the decade (1990-2000) as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, for focusing on the global efforts on evolving strategies/solutions/ making efforts for disaster mitigation/minimizing damages. Disaster mitigation and management can’t be the exclusive domain of state, parastatal agencies; it needs to be addressed jointly by all stake holders. Role and importance of architectural planning institutions and education remain critical in making cities/buildings/ environment safe and sustainable. Disaster mitigation/ prevention and accordingly should be made integral part of professional academic/ practice. Architectural/Planning Institutions should be recognized as important coparceners in the process of disaster preparedness and mitigation by creating an effective/efficient institutional network for creating a pool of manpower for planning and designing / making cities safe. These Institutions need empowerment by providing adequate resources/ manpower to play their critical role in developing capacity to create safe, disaster resistant and sustainable cities/ built environment. This will help not only in meeting the agenda defined in SDG11 but would minimize the suffering of the lower strata of economic pyramid.
The impact of climate change on the achievement of the post-2015 Sustainable...CDKN
This year, governments will agree Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the period to 2030, and a new global climate agreement, to take effect from 2020. Together, these could set the course for environmental sustainability and human well-being this century. The agreements together offer a once-in-a generation opportunity to end extreme poverty, create climate resilience and avoid dangerous levels of climate change by committing to zero net carbon emissions.
This powerpoint shares the key messages from CDKN, Metroeconomica and HR Wallingford on the relationship between climate change and the sustainable development goals.
Interfacing architectural education & disaster managementJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper is an attempt to look into the context of manmade dissasters and the role of architectural education in mitigating the losses caused to the built environment
1. The National Disaster Operation Centre (NDOC) was established in 1998 to coordinate disaster management in Kenya in response to adverse weather events and terrorist attacks.
2. NDOC monitors disasters 24/7, coordinates response efforts between government ministries and other stakeholders, and works to build national disaster preparedness and response capacity.
3. Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of disasters in Kenya through impacts like increased flooding, droughts, disease outbreaks, and damage to agriculture and biodiversity. NDOC plays a key role in national climate change adaptation efforts through its coordination of mitigation and response activities.
This document analyzes how reducing tropical deforestation through climate policy could financially benefit U.S. agriculture and timber industries. It estimates that ending deforestation by 2030 could boost U.S. agricultural revenue by $190-270 billion from 2012-2030. This includes $141-221 billion from increased production of commodities like soybeans and beef due to reduced overseas competition. It also includes $49 billion in lower compliance costs for climate regulations due to cheaper offsets from forest conservation. The report models the impacts of deforestation reductions on markets for these commodities and the benefits for U.S. producers in global trade.
Policy option and actions for expediting progress in implementing rural devel...Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses policy options for expediting progress in rural development. It finds that over 1 billion people live in rural poverty, so reducing rural poverty is an important challenge. Successful rural development policies require investments that benefit entire rural communities, not just farmers. They also work best when implemented with traditional community knowledge. Joint actions by governments, international groups, and NGOs to provide infrastructure, education, skills training, and natural resource management have reduced rural poverty. Continued investments in rural education, infrastructure, non-farm jobs, and enhancing human and social capital are needed to sustain progress in reducing rural poverty.
The document introduces International Civil Society Week, which will take place in November 2014 in Johannesburg, South Africa. It will involve a global partnership convening civil society organizations, governments, donors, businesses and others to discuss pressing challenges and citizen action. The flagship event will be the two-day CIVICUS World Assembly, which aims to connect civil society groups, citizens, and other sectors to advance solutions through collaboration and idea sharing. The week will provide opportunities for conferences, workshops, trainings and cultural events organized by CIVICUS and partner organizations to empower citizen participation and celebrate innovation for social change.
The Green New Deal aims to transition the US to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions through a fair and just transition, create millions of good jobs, invest in infrastructure and industry, and secure clean air, water, climate resilience, healthy food access to nature, and a sustainable environment for all Americans. It would do this through a 10-year national mobilization that sets goals such as transitioning the power, transportation, and building sectors to renewable energy; making investments to remove pollution from manufacturing, agriculture, and other industries; ensuring good union jobs are created; and guaranteeing economic and social rights for all Americans.
04/02/20 Utica INTERNATIONAL Embassy's PRESS RELEASEVogelDenise
The document discusses a "STATE OF THE WORLD ADDRESS" by Interim Prime Minister Vogel Denise Newsome of the Utica International Embassy on March 26, 2020. It summarizes responses to media reports and outlines evidence of an international plot by the US and UN involving population control, depopulation, and the targeting of people of color through acts like biochemical warfare and pandemics. This agenda is described as being outlined in plans like the UN's Agenda 21 and the alleged "King Alfred Plan" to preserve white supremacy and eliminate nations and people of color.
This chapter discusses the topic of sustainable development from various perspectives. It provides an overview of UN conferences on sustainability and introduces the concepts of sustainable development and environmental accounting. It then examines the growing environmental impact of human activities since the Industrial Revolution, including unsustainable practices in both developed and developing states that have led to issues like global deforestation, soil erosion, and pollution. The chapter also explores ideas for achieving more sustainable systems, such as reforming agriculture and energy use, and considers important geographic factors that must be addressed for successful sustainable development.
This document summarizes a newsletter that discusses opportunities in climate and development agendas. It includes several articles on expanding African trade in the face of climate change, investing in climate and development action, and evaluating sustainable development and the environment in trade agreements. One article discusses how Africa could use ecosystem-based adaptation to generate ecosystem goods and services to make production and trade more climate resilient. Specific adaptation strategies and smart trade policies could help African economies ensure climate-proof development.
The document is Agenda 21, which was agreed upon at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro. It contains 40 chapters that outline programs of action related to sustainable development.
Chapter 2 discusses international cooperation to accelerate sustainable development in developing countries. It calls for promoting sustainable development through trade, improving market access for developing country exports, and achieving sound and consistent commodity policies at national and international levels. The chapter's objectives are to promote an open and equitable multilateral trading system, improve access to developing country markets, improve commodity market functioning, and make economic growth and environmental protection mutually supportive.
Natural hazard trends and early warning draft 16_decARMEN MEHRABYAN
1. Moldova has experienced increasing natural hazards like droughts and floods that have severely impacted rural livelihoods dependent on agriculture. The 2007 drought caused estimated losses of $1.2 billion and devastated small independent farmers.
2. A new early warning system is needed to help rural communities adapt to climate change through policies supporting improved irrigation, crop varieties, and diversification of rural economies.
3. Soaring food prices following the drought and 2008 financial crisis have heightened food insecurity, especially for the over 70% of the poor living in rural areas dependent on subsistence agriculture. Financial uncertainty continues from declining cereal prices and rising costs of food and commodities.
This document discusses several issues related to sustainability, including:
1) Current economic growth and development are exceeding the Earth's biocapacity, with the global ecological footprint equaling 1.3 planets.
2) Mainstream environmentalism has been unable to address problems like climate change that are exacerbated by policies focused on profits and growth.
3) Both the development of bioproducts and increasing global population will put significant pressure on limited land and resources unless more sustainable approaches are adopted.
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification: A Case Study of its ...Justine Braby
This document provides an overview of Namibia's National Programme to Combat Desertification (NAPCOD). It begins with background on the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and its objectives. Namibia initiated NAPCOD in 1994, prior to ratifying the UNCCD, to address land degradation and drought. NAPCOD was a collaborative effort between government ministries and other organizations. It had three phases from 1994-2003 focused on consultation, planning, and implementing structures to assess policies related to land degradation and propose solutions. The document examines how Namibia has applied the UNCCD through NAPCOD at a national level to combat desertification.
Presentation shared by Colorado DHSEM Strategic Communications Director Micki Trost on impact of recent Colorado Floods including lessons learned from Public Information Officer presprective.
This document discusses sustainable development and its key principles. Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It involves balancing human needs with environmental protection so that needs can be met now and indefinitely in the future. Some key aspects of meeting present needs discussed are adequate livelihoods, economic security, gender equity, political participation, and access to resources.
The UN Secretary-General will host a Climate Summit on September 23rd in New York City to bring together heads of state, business leaders, and civil society to announce new commitments to address climate change. At the one-day Summit, leaders will seek to put the world on a path to limit global warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius through new initiatives and actions. In addition to government announcements, the private sector will announce significant commitments. The Summit will include sessions on climate science, resilience, and the economic benefits of climate action.
Over the last few years, a new phenomenon has attracted global attention: international investments in land.
The purchase or long-term lease of agricultural land by state-owned and private investors has the potential
to inject much-needed investment into agriculture and rural areas in poor developing countries, but it also
raises concerns about the impacts on poor local people, who risk losing access to and control over land on
which they depend.
The document discusses the green growth opportunity for Wales. It outlines what green growth and a green economy entail, including definitions from various international organizations. Examples of green growth initiatives from around the world are provided across different sectors like energy, cities, natural resources and more. The document then discusses approaches to green growth planning, emphasizing economic performance while managing environmental and social factors. Finally, implications for Wales are considered, like opportunities in various industry value chains and the emerging green economy in Wales and the UK.
Crimes against citizens, Federal, United Nations,Robert Powell
This document provides a summary of "Agenda 21" and "Sustainable Development". It states that these programs are being implemented gradually to reshape communities without citizens' awareness or consent. It warns that the goals of these programs as envisioned by their creators will negatively impact people's lives and freedoms. It encourages readers to research these issues themselves in order to understand and oppose these policies.
Pellet Mexico is nowadays developing the scarcely explored biomass and bioenergy market in Mexico. Utilizing residues from the forestry food and agriculture industries we are going to produce solid biofuel that can substitute fossil fuel consumption both in the industrial, tourism and domestic sectors. By covering the whole value chain of producing the biofuel, commercializing it and adapting the industry and domestic sectors for biofuel consumption, Pellet Mexico will contribute to develop a green economy by efficiently managing residues form the forestry, food and agricultural industries, transfer a competitive advantage to the industry by reducing approximately by 40% the thermic based energy consumption costs and minimize CO2 emissions, thereby contributing to a low carbon economy, to the diversification of renewable energies in our country and support the global commitment to combat climate change.
Destruction is integral part of the construction. However, increased incidences of disasters have made cities/planet earth unsafe . Causing colossal destruction/ damages to cities, built environment, economy, infrastructure, human life, social and economic fabric of a society/ area, disasters have emerged as an area of major concern and focus of international, national, state governments and community . Disasters shatter economy, destroy families/social fabric, shatter development programs/resources earmarked for development. Known to have no political boundaries and social/economic considerations, disasters are known to have local / global implications because extent of losses and needs of reconstruction and rehabilitation sometimes exceed the capacity of the impacted country. Considering physical, social, economic, infrastructural, developmental and environmental implications of natural hazards and enormous losses caused to men and materials , United Nation General Assembly decided to name the decade (1990-2000) as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, for focusing on the global efforts on evolving strategies/solutions/ making efforts for disaster mitigation/minimizing damages. Disaster mitigation and management can’t be the exclusive domain of state, parastatal agencies; it needs to be addressed jointly by all stake holders. Role and importance of architectural planning institutions and education remain critical in making cities/buildings/ environment safe and sustainable. Disaster mitigation/ prevention and accordingly should be made integral part of professional academic/ practice. Architectural/Planning Institutions should be recognized as important coparceners in the process of disaster preparedness and mitigation by creating an effective/efficient institutional network for creating a pool of manpower for planning and designing / making cities safe. These Institutions need empowerment by providing adequate resources/ manpower to play their critical role in developing capacity to create safe, disaster resistant and sustainable cities/ built environment. This will help not only in meeting the agenda defined in SDG11 but would minimize the suffering of the lower strata of economic pyramid.
The impact of climate change on the achievement of the post-2015 Sustainable...CDKN
This year, governments will agree Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the period to 2030, and a new global climate agreement, to take effect from 2020. Together, these could set the course for environmental sustainability and human well-being this century. The agreements together offer a once-in-a generation opportunity to end extreme poverty, create climate resilience and avoid dangerous levels of climate change by committing to zero net carbon emissions.
This powerpoint shares the key messages from CDKN, Metroeconomica and HR Wallingford on the relationship between climate change and the sustainable development goals.
Interfacing architectural education & disaster managementJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper is an attempt to look into the context of manmade dissasters and the role of architectural education in mitigating the losses caused to the built environment
1. The National Disaster Operation Centre (NDOC) was established in 1998 to coordinate disaster management in Kenya in response to adverse weather events and terrorist attacks.
2. NDOC monitors disasters 24/7, coordinates response efforts between government ministries and other stakeholders, and works to build national disaster preparedness and response capacity.
3. Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of disasters in Kenya through impacts like increased flooding, droughts, disease outbreaks, and damage to agriculture and biodiversity. NDOC plays a key role in national climate change adaptation efforts through its coordination of mitigation and response activities.
This document analyzes how reducing tropical deforestation through climate policy could financially benefit U.S. agriculture and timber industries. It estimates that ending deforestation by 2030 could boost U.S. agricultural revenue by $190-270 billion from 2012-2030. This includes $141-221 billion from increased production of commodities like soybeans and beef due to reduced overseas competition. It also includes $49 billion in lower compliance costs for climate regulations due to cheaper offsets from forest conservation. The report models the impacts of deforestation reductions on markets for these commodities and the benefits for U.S. producers in global trade.
Policy option and actions for expediting progress in implementing rural devel...Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses policy options for expediting progress in rural development. It finds that over 1 billion people live in rural poverty, so reducing rural poverty is an important challenge. Successful rural development policies require investments that benefit entire rural communities, not just farmers. They also work best when implemented with traditional community knowledge. Joint actions by governments, international groups, and NGOs to provide infrastructure, education, skills training, and natural resource management have reduced rural poverty. Continued investments in rural education, infrastructure, non-farm jobs, and enhancing human and social capital are needed to sustain progress in reducing rural poverty.
The document introduces International Civil Society Week, which will take place in November 2014 in Johannesburg, South Africa. It will involve a global partnership convening civil society organizations, governments, donors, businesses and others to discuss pressing challenges and citizen action. The flagship event will be the two-day CIVICUS World Assembly, which aims to connect civil society groups, citizens, and other sectors to advance solutions through collaboration and idea sharing. The week will provide opportunities for conferences, workshops, trainings and cultural events organized by CIVICUS and partner organizations to empower citizen participation and celebrate innovation for social change.
Climate Change 2014 - Summary for PolicymakersDr Lendy Spires
The document summarizes key findings from the Working Group II contribution to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report. It finds that:
- Climate change is causing widespread impacts on natural and human systems on every continent and ocean.
- Many species have shifted their ranges in response to climate change, and glaciers are shrinking almost worldwide.
- Negative impacts on crop yields have been more common than positive impacts, though some regions have experienced benefits.
- Differences in vulnerability to climate change arise from uneven development and non-climatic factors that produce inequalities.
This document provides a summary of the 2nd Asia Pacific Feminist Forum held in Chiang Mai, Thailand from May 29th to June 1st, 2014. Almost 300 feminists from 30 countries in Asia and the Pacific region gathered to share strategies, strengthen solidarity, and imagine new approaches to social, political and economic structures. Participants included activists, lawyers, academics, and women's rights defenders working on issues like land rights, migration, indigenous rights, democracy, labor rights, and violence against women. The goal of the forum was to sharpen activism and strategies to address challenges faced by feminists in the region. The opening evening featured inspiring performances by participants showcasing the diversity of feminist expression and activism.
Interactive discussion ,agriculture and rural development interactive discuss...Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes achievements, trends, and challenges related to sustainable agriculture, rural development, drought, desertification, and land management in the UNECE region. It discusses progress made in areas like agricultural productivity and food quality, as well as ongoing issues regarding environmental degradation, capacity building, and policy implementation in some transitioning countries. The report also examines challenges such as adapting to climate change, reducing agriculture's environmental impact, and ensuring global food security while expanding bioenergy production.
An assessment of progress in promotinh sustainable rural development in the a...Dr Lendy Spires
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34th Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples Right (AC...Dr Lendy Spires
The document is the 34th Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, covering November 2012 to April 2013. It details the Commission's activities, including statutory meetings, resolutions adopted, state reporting, and communications considered. Specifically, it summarizes the Commission's 13th Extra-Ordinary Session in February 2013, where it adopted two resolutions and considered 23 communications. It also summarizes the 53rd Ordinary Session in April 2013, where it adopted four resolutions, considered promotion mission reports to Cameroon and Lesotho, and issued a statement on human rights in the Central African Republic.
The 19th Summit of the African Peer Review Mechanism was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Key outcomes included:
1) Electing Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia as the new Chairperson of the APR Forum.
2) Appointing Barrister Akere Tabeng Muna of Cameroon as the new Chairperson of the APR Panel of Eminent Persons.
3) Adopting on a provisional basis a new structure for the APRM Secretariat comprising 45 posts.
It is our pleasure to welcome readers and APRM Stakeholders to the 2011 Annual Report. 2011 was indeed a memorable year, in which the APRM recorded a number of sterling achievements in its mission to promote governance and socio-economic development in Africa.
Synthesis of the thematic reports on agriculture and land, rural development,...Dr Lendy Spires
This document provides a synthesis of thematic reports on agriculture, rural development, desertification, and drought in Asia and the Pacific. It finds that while the region has seen significant economic growth, challenges remain in ensuring sustainable and inclusive development. Key issues include land and water constraints, poverty and hunger, vulnerability to climate impacts like drought and desertification, and ensuring small farmers are not marginalized. The sustainable and efficient use of natural resources is critical to meeting needs while addressing these challenges under a changing climate.
Success and challenges in implementing comprehensive crime prevention and cri...Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses a United Nations congress on crime prevention and criminal justice. It summarizes the links between promoting the rule of law, sustainable development, and comprehensive approaches to crime prevention and criminal justice reforms. Key points highlighted include that well-functioning justice systems and rule of law are critical for development, and that United Nations instruments and policy documents have increasingly recognized the impact of crimes like corruption and organized crime on development outcomes.
APRM 10th Anniversary Call for Abstracts and Papers - May 2013Dr Lendy Spires
This document announces a colloquium to mark the 10th anniversary of the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM). The APRM was established in 2003 as a self-monitoring instrument for governance in Africa. Over the past decade, APRM membership has grown to 33 countries, 17 of which have completed reviews. The colloquium will assess APRM's role in governance in Africa, discuss lessons learned and challenges, and strategies for making APRM more effective and sustainable over the next 10 years. Authors are invited to submit abstracts on topics like the APRM's theoretical underpinnings, its impact on governance, and challenges in improving governance through APRM.
This document provides a summary of Nigeria's progress in implementing its National Programme of Action (NPoA) under the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM). It discusses reforms made in the areas of democracy and political governance, economic governance and management, corporate governance, and socio-economic development. Some achievements include increased civil society participation, anti-corruption efforts, banking sector reforms, and improved access to education. Challenges include fully integrating NPoA into budgets and development plans. The report evaluates implementation strategies and outlines next steps to further streamline processes and preparations for future reviews.
State of Crime and Criminal Justice WorldwideDr Lendy Spires
This report from the UN Secretary-General summarizes global trends in crime and criminal justice. It finds that countries with lower income levels generally have higher rates of threats to citizen security like homicide, gender-based killings, and corruption. Criminal justice systems also vary greatly between and within regions in terms of efficiency and fairness, which impacts citizen access to justice. The report provides evidence that UN sustainable development goals around public safety, rule of law, and access to justice can help monitor progress on crime and justice issues important for sustainable development for all citizens.
Demand-Driven Data: How Partner Countries are Gathering Chinese Development C...Dr Lendy Spires
The document summarizes a report on how partner countries are gathering information on Chinese development cooperation. It finds that partner countries have an increasing demand for comprehensive and timely data on development funding from China. While Chinese embassies have become more open in providing information when requested, partner countries still struggle to obtain complete data from China and integrate it into their own aid management systems. All countries expressed a desire for China to better align with their national procedures for reporting development cooperation.
Final Comminique of the 18th Extra Ordinary Session of the African Commission...Dr Lendy Spires
The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights held its 18th Extra-Ordinary Session in Nairobi, Kenya from July 29 to August 7, 2015. The Commission considered 53 communications on issues like seizure, admissibility, requests for relisting, and withdrawal. It also held two oral hearings, adopted various reports and resolutions, discussed policy papers, and deliberated on preparations for upcoming events and budgets. The Commission expressed gratitude to Kenya for its hospitality during the session.
Promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development chapter 14 of agenda 21Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes progress made in implementing chapter 14 of Agenda 21, which aims to promote sustainable agriculture and rural development. Key successes include increased commitment to reducing hunger and malnutrition, and recognizing the need to manage natural resources sustainably. There is growing awareness of integrating environmental concerns into agriculture policies. Participation of rural people, including women, in decision-making has improved. However, fully achieving the objectives of sustainable agriculture and rural development remains a work in progress.
This document discusses a proposal for a "Global Green New Deal" (GGND) in response to the current economic crisis and long-term sustainability challenges. The GGND would invest 1% of global GDP over 2 years to stimulate the economy and transition to a greener future. It proposes targeting fiscal stimulus at green infrastructure, reforming policies to reduce subsidies and incentivize sustainability, and coordinating internationally on trade, technology and carbon markets. The objectives are reviving economies, creating jobs, promoting sustainable growth, and reducing carbon dependency and environmental degradation.
This document discusses the linkages between agriculture, land, and water. It notes that about one third of the world's population lives in countries experiencing moderate to high water stress. By 2025, about two thirds of the world may live in areas of water stress. Both rain-fed and irrigated agriculture are important for food production but face challenges from issues like water scarcity, degradation of resources, and low investment. Management of land and water resources will be crucial for achieving global food security in a sustainable manner.
Agriculture and Climate Change: Science and Policy Contexts FAO
Authors: Francesco N. Tubiello, MAGHG Team
-The Science Context: Climate Change Dimensions
-International Climate Policy
-Critical Issues for Agriculture in the coming decade
-The Monitoring and Assessment of GHG Project
-Objectives of the workshop
Second FAO Workshop on Statistics for Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3-4 June 2013, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
MODULE 2.1 - GLOBAL ECONOMY 2.0 (The contemporary world)BenedictAMancilla
From Group 1, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:
- the concept of 'needs', in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
- the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs.
This document provides an overview of agriculture in Bangladesh, outlining its current position, challenges, prospects, and relevant policies. It discusses the importance of agriculture to Bangladesh's economy and livelihoods. Some key challenges facing Bangladeshi agriculture are land scarcity, climate change impacts like flooding and drought, and lack of mechanization. The document also outlines strategies and policies to promote food security and adaptation to climate change through stress-tolerant crops and practices.
Combating Land Degradation Future Directionsijtsrd
Following from the 1992 Earth Summit, where desertification was recognised as one of the biggest environmental challenges hindering sustainable development, the UN Convention to Combat Desertification UNCCD was established in 1994. UNCCD, now with 197 Parties, is a legally binding international agreement that aims to bring together environmental and developmental issues with sustainable land management solutions. Marking the day of its adoption, 17th June each year is Desertification and Drought Day.Desertification refers to the land degradation in drylands. These arid, semi arid and sub humid areas make up 40 of global land area and support the livelihoods of two billion people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Drylands are present in every continent and are mostly prevalent across Africa and Asia.The degradation of drylands is caused by climatic variations and other human activities such as deforestation and unsustainable land use amongst other factors. This has severe implications, for example resulting in the loss of 24 billion tons of fertile soil per year, putting peoples’ livelihoods and lives at risk. Bhanwar Lal Karela "Combating Land Degradation: Future Directions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50491.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/50491/combating-land-degradation-future-directions/bhanwar-lal-karela
This document discusses trends in sustainable development related to agriculture, rural development, land, desertification, and drought. It notes that while agricultural productivity has increased globally, significant gaps remain between regions. Cereal yields have increased substantially worldwide since the 1960s due to improved varieties and irrigation, except in Sub-Saharan Africa which relies more on expanding cultivated area. Irrigation is far more extensive in Asia than Africa. Only in Asia has public spending on agriculture risen steeply over the past decades.
This chapter discusses sustainability and the environment in the context of macroeconomics. It identifies several major environmental challenges, including population growth, resource depletion, pollution, and climate change. It examines the relationship between economic growth and the environment, discussing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Several policies for promoting sustainability are described, such as green taxes, eliminating subsidies, increasing recycling and renewable energy, and debt-for-nature swaps. The chapter also considers whether stabilization and sustainability may be in conflict and how macroeconomic policies could support both goals.
climate-change-and-its-challenges-for-agriculture-and-food-security---essc-pr...Anwaar Ahmed
The document summarizes a presentation on climate change challenges for agriculture and food security. It discusses how agriculture is both impacted by and contributes to climate change. While some deny the science, climate change is already harming Malawi where most depend on rain-fed agriculture. The international response includes UN climate conferences (COPs) and the 2015 Paris Agreement, which aimed to limit warming but did not explicitly mention agriculture. The implications for smallholders vary from hopeful to critical, depending on implementation of financing pledges. Overall, climate change threatens food production, and concerted global action is needed to support farmers' adaptation.
climate-change-and-its-challenges-for-agriculture-and-food-security---essc-pr...Anwaar Ahmed
This document summarizes a presentation on climate change challenges for agriculture and food security. It discusses how agriculture is both impacted by and contributes to climate change. While some deny the science, climate change is already affecting Malawi through shifting rainfall patterns and more extreme weather. The international response began with the UNFCCC and annual COP meetings. COP21 in Paris achieved the first universal climate agreement to limit warming to well below 2°C. However, the final agreement only indirectly referenced agriculture. The implications for smallholders vary from hopeful to critical, depending on implementation of financing for adaptation. In conclusion, climate change threatens food production and all should support mitigation and adaptation efforts to ensure sustainable and resilient agriculture.
Agroecology - How to Feed the World Without Destroying It Z3P
This document is a report submitted by the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food to the UN Human Rights Council. The report argues that agriculture needs to transition towards more environmentally sustainable and socially just modes of production in order to realize the right to food. It identifies agroecology as an approach that has shown success in increasing productivity and farmers' incomes while preserving ecosystems. The report examines how agroecology contributes to availability, accessibility, adequacy and sustainability of food. It concludes that states should implement policies to promote agroecology through prioritizing public goods, investing in knowledge, strengthening social organizations, empowering women, and organizing fair markets.
Why agriculture is a major environmental polluterCSR-in-Action
Did you know that agriculture poses one of the biggest dangers to the planet with carbon dioxide emission – the main contributor to global warming? How can the growing global population be fed while reducing environmental footprints? In this article, we discuss the impact agriculture has on our environment while proffering solutions for sustainable agriculture.
Agriculture accounts for 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions, or 25% when including agriculture-driven deforestation. It is a major contributor to climate change on par with the energy sector. Agricultural practices can help mitigate climate change by increasing carbon storage in soils, reducing methane emissions from livestock, improving fertilizer management, and conserving forests and grasslands. However, significant policy reforms are needed to incentivize climate-friendly agriculture and overcome challenges related to measurement, the large number of players, and policies that currently favor other systems. Transitioning to low-emission agriculture will require leveraging multiple approaches through policy changes, financing, and stakeholder engagement.
Mitigating Global Warming through Agriculture: An Untapped Potentialx3G9
Agriculture accounts for 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions, or 25% when including agriculture-driven deforestation. It is a major contributor to climate change on par with the energy sector. Agricultural practices can help mitigate climate change by increasing carbon storage in soils, reducing methane emissions from livestock, improving fertilizer management, and conserving forests and grasslands. However, significant policy reforms are needed to incentivize climate-friendly agriculture and overcome challenges related to measurement, the large number of players, and policies that currently favor other systems. Transitioning to low-emission agriculture will require leveraging multiple approaches through policy changes, financing, and stakeholder engagement.
Biodiversity in finance. As ESG has become relevant. Therefore it’s become important for finance sector. Biodiversity in finance . It’s a report by Bloomberg . Biodiversity risk is important
The document discusses the creation of a Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) Fund, which will harness private sector investment to support global efforts towards land rehabilitation and sustainable land management. The fund will provide financing to initiatives that restore degraded land and promote practices to avoid further degradation. It aims to rehabilitate 12 million hectares of land annually to help achieve the UN goal of land degradation neutrality by 2030. The fund is presented as a public-private partnership that will generate environmental, social and financial returns through projects supporting agriculture, forestry, conservation and other sectors. An example project in Peru demonstrates how the fund could support large-scale land rehabilitation through agroforestry and reforestation initiatives.
Introduction
UNEP’s report, Towards a Green Economy, aims to debunk several myths and misconceptions about greening the global economy, and provides timely and practical guidance to policy makers on what reforms they need to unlock the productive and employment potential of a green economy
http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/1.0_Introduction.pdf
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New report offers sobering view of the energy transition
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Agriculture, Land and Desertification
1. United Nations E/CN.17/2001/PC/13
Economic and Social Council Distr.: General
29 March 2001
Original: English
01-31296 (E) 230401
*0131296*
Commission on Sustainable Development acting
as the preparatory committee for the World
Summit on Sustainable Development
Organizational session
30 April-2 May 2001
Agriculture, land and desertification*
Report of the Secretary-General
Contents
Paragraphs Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5 2
I. Global issues affecting agriculture and land use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–11 2
II. Selected achievements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–28 4
A. Sustainable management and use of land resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4
B. New agricultural technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–16 4
C. Governance, decentralization and the role of civil society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-19 4
D. Information and communication tools for improved decision-making 20-22 5
E. International agreements and mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23–28 5
III. Issues for further consideration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-32 6
* The present report was prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
as task manager for chapters 10 and 14, and the United Nations Environment Programme as task
manager for chapter 12, of Agenda 21, with contributions from other United Nations agencies and
international organizations and major groups. The report is a brief factual overview, which is
intended to inform the Commission on Sustainable Development on key developments in the
subject area.
2. 2
E/CN.17/2001/PC/13
Introduction
1. The present report highlights major trends and
emerging issues affecting the thematic cluster of
integrated planning and management of land resources,
desertification and drought, and sustainable agriculture
and rural development, dealt with in chapters 10, 12
and 14, respectively, of Agenda 21.1
It presents a brief
review of developments in these areas since the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development
and assesses the opportunities for further actions in
support of the goals contained in those chapters of
Agenda 21, as well as related agreements.
2. While there has been progress globally in
increasing food production and in understanding and
implementing better natural resources management
since the United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development, problems of food security, poverty
and land degradation still remain. The extraordinary
combination of greater world food supply and lower
prices that continued through the 1990s appeared to
allay the fears of previous decades of rising population
rates and imminent famine in Asia and elsewhere.
Nevertheless, it is estimated that, at the close of the
twenty-first century, more than 820 million people in
the world remain undernourished, including 790
million living in developing countries and a further 34
million living in industrialized countries and countries
with economies in transition.2
3. The problems of hunger and poverty are
inextricably linked and one cannot be solved without
tackling the other. While the total number of people
living in poverty, based on an international poverty line
of US$ 1 per day, is estimated to have fallen slightly in
the 1990s, the figure still amounts to about 1.2 billion
people.3
In recognition of the critical importance of
these issues, world leaders at the World Food Summit
in 1996 agreed to a minimum target of halving the
number of undernourished people in the world by
2015. This goal was reiterated by the Millennium
Summit of the United Nations in September 2000,
where Governments further committed themselves to
reducing by half the number of the poor, also by the
year 2015.4
4. The degradation of land resources is a global
phenomenon. It is estimated that worldwide soil
degradation affects over 2 billion hectares, putting at
risk the livelihoods of more than 1 billion people.
About two fifths of the land surface are drylands, with
limited freshwater supplies, and a large proportion of
this is considered degraded to some extent. About 65
per cent of all arable land may have already lost some
biological and physical functions. The United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) estimates that
desertification (which occurs in arid, semi-arid and dry
sub-humid areas) costs the world approximately US$
42 billion a year.5
It is in response to these problems
and their global impact that 174 countries have ratified
the United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious
Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa,6
which also addresses related land degradation issues in
an integrated manner.
5. About 75 per cent of the poor live in rural areas.
Despite increasing urban poverty, projections are that a
majority of the poor would continue to live in rural
areas well into the twenty-first century.7
Therefore
efforts to combat persistent hunger and poverty,
especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where nutrition and
income levels have actually declined over the last
decade, and in South and East Asia, where the largest
number of the poor live, must address the rural areas
and, in particular, agriculture and land issues. The
challenge is to alleviate poverty and achieve food
security while ensuring the sustainable use and
management of land and other natural resources. The
concept of sustainable agriculture and rural
development (SARD), which has as its major objective
to increase food security in an environmentally sound
way so as to contribute to sustainable natural resource
management, offers an approach to achieve this.8
I. Global issues affecting agriculture
and land use
6. Both the global production of cereals and global
cereal crop yields rose over the 10 years from 1986-
1988 to 1996-1998. The largest gains were in
developing countries. However, average per capita
cereal production for the world remained stagnant over
the period and actually fell in Africa and the Middle
East regions, where population growth was the
highest.9
The continued growth in the global
population until at least 2050 will require further
increases in agricultural production, without placing
soils, water and the environment in peril. According to
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO), the process of globalization, which
3. 3
E/CN.17/2001/PC/13
accelerated during the 1990s, has already had a
fundamental impact on agricultural production and use
of resources. In many countries, the development of
local and global competitive markets has stimulated
enterprise changes and innovation in agricultural and
land management practices, contributing to greater
world food supply, increased responsiveness to
changing patterns of consumer demand and lower real
prices; but other countries have not effectively adjusted
policies and programmes to benefit from new market
situations. Moreover, the reduction of global food
prices by about 10 per cent over the last decade, while
welcome in many urban markets, can undermine the
economies of small-scale agriculture in many
developed and developing countries.
7. As trade barriers have been reduced, many
agricultural producers in Africa, Asia and Latin
America are facing increasing competition from
neighbouring countries and industrialized country
producers, while at the same time trying to cope with
declining support services and the loss of subsidies
owing to structural adjustment and liberalization
policies. However, improvements in transport and
marketing systems in many areas, in conjunction with
economic growth and urbanization, are increasing
market demand for products with added value through
transformation and processing. The rural poor and
small farmers have clearly benefited the least from
globalization, while changes and innovations resulting
from new policies and programmes have mostly
benefited larger enterprises, especially vertically
integrated firms with global reach.
8. Vertical integration in food systems from
producer to consumer has accelerated, the major impact
being on the livestock subsectors. In some areas,
farmers’ groups have responded effectively by creating
cooperatives and larger-scale business arrangements
for the production and marketing of agricultural goods
for the global marketplace. Another trend that has
intensified in the 1990s is the consolidation of large-
scale agribusiness. Although investment levels in
biotechnology industries appear to have declined in the
current period, businesses dealing in agricultural
inputs, grain trading, processing, machines and
technologies tend to be concentrated in a fewer number
of firms with a global spread. These large private
enterprises can have profound effects on agriculture
and land use. The initiatives of civil society, local
business and Governments can act as a necessary
balance to ensure that the interests of small-scale
agricultural users are protected.
9. Examples of successful natural resources
management include the use of sustainable agricultural
technologies, such as the adoption of reduced tillage on
nearly 60 million hectares in diverse countries and the
instruction of 670,000 farmers in Asia in integrated
pest management (IPM) techniques. The value of land
resources as a carbon sink is currently being
recognized in the context of the negotiations of the
Kyoto Protocol10
to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change,11
and the importance
of genetic resources in agriculture is given growing
attention in the implementation of the Convention on
Biological Diversity.12
10. Nevertheless, global trends in land degradation,
soil loss and desertification persist with particular
intensity and impact for many lower-income countries
and less advantaged groups. They have decreased the
livelihoods of smallholder farmers and induced
changes in land-use systems leading to a vicious circle
of further resource depletion. The stress on the
environment and land resources caused by natural
disasters and climate-related events, such as droughts,
floods, landslides, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions,
is an additional burden, especially for the most
vulnerable communities. Even more critically, man-
made problems, such as deforestation, overgrazing,
agricultural mismanagement, industrial contamination
and urban sprawl, are a major cause of land loss. And,
most tragically, civil strife and wars continue to cause
not only the degradation of agricultural lands but also
food shortages, malnutrition, famine, internal
displacement and refugee situations, and other threats
to human health.13
11. Increased resources, new solutions and vigorous
action in support of rural communities are urgently
needed to address the global challenges and overcome
the constraints on development faced by the poor,
marginalized and disadvantaged, in particular women,
indigenous peoples and small farmers. The new
relationships forged since the Rio Summit in 1992
among the many stakeholders from government,
international organizations, civil society and the private
sector constitute the basis for finding joint solutions to
these challenges.
4. 4
E/CN.17/2001/PC/13
II. Selected achievements
A. Sustainable management and use of
land resources
12. The focus of Agenda 21 on an integrated
approach to the planning and management of land
resources has been reflected in subsequent international
agreements and in national policy-making. A number
of countries have elaborated national policies and
procedures for integrated land-use planning and have
introduced changes in land administration and land
tenure leading to improvements in land resources
conservation, management practices and food security.
The preparation and implementation of national and
regional action programmes to combat desertification
have also been undertaken by many countries,
particularly developing countries.
B. New agricultural technologies
13. Globally, the adoption of improved production
technologies over recent decades has resulted in major
food production increases and has averted the mass
starvation that was once predicted. Since the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development,
total cereal yield increases have more than
compensated for the 2 per cent decrease in land under
cereals. Unfortunately, many countries, especially in
Africa, have not benefited equally in respect of
technology adoption and food increases. However,
recent improved cassava production in Nigeria and
Ghana and the rapid adoption of integrated pest
management in various countries, among other
successes, demonstrate that African farmers can
effectively take advantage of new technologies when
given appropriate opportunities. Innovative solutions
and tools can be effective for SARD only if they are
combined and adapted to specific situations. The
choices raise important ethical, social and cultural —
as well as technical and environmental — questions for
public decision-making.
14. Recent events illustrate the promise and peril of
some new agricultural technologies, signalling the
threshold of a new age in improving plants for human
uses. In 2000, the first complete genetic mapping of a
plant was accomplished. The sterile insect technique
(SIT) is proving very effective in controlling and even
eradicating some pests, inter alia, in more than 15
million hectares of hybrid rice plantings in six Asian
countries. On the other hand, each announcement of a
new case of “mad cow disease” (bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE)) or of cross-fertilization of
genetically modified crops with wild species or
landraces heightens public concern over the
implications of technological advances.
15. With increased consumer awareness largely
motivated by health concerns, markets for organically
grown crops and livestock and specialist products, such
as fruits, vegetables and flowers, have expanded
dramatically, offering new opportunities for many
farmers in developed countries and some developing
countries with good export links. The adoption of new
technologies for cereal crops, such as rice in Asia, has
often not brought poverty relief to smallholder farmers
because of falling commodity prices.
16. In summary, gains have been made, but the
technologies required to escape rural poverty are
generally not reaching the most needy. In an
increasingly competitive world, this means the
continued marginalization of the rural poor in many
developing countries. To address these problems,
initiatives have been launched such as the FAO Special
Programme for Food Security (SPFS), which is
currently active in two thirds of the low-income, food-
deficit countries. Globally, agencies and organizations,
including the United Nations University (UNU) and the
Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research (CGIAR) increasingly involve resource users
in decision-making and as integral research partners in
order to address the needs of developing countries and
fragile ecosystems more effectively.
C. Governance, decentralization and the
role of civil society
17. An emphasis on good governance and collective
action at the most appropriate level with all relevant
stakeholders has become commonly accepted since the
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development. For example, countries have
systematically developed National Action Programmes
(NAPs) for the implementation of the United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification through a
consultative process involving all stakeholders
including non-governmental organizations.14
Similarly,
regional and subregional action programmes have been
developed for implementation of cross-border issues.
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Administrative and financial problems have proved
major obstacles to agricultural production, natural
resource management and investment worldwide. In
extreme cases, the progressive collapse of ineffective
systems of governance has culminated in instability,
political crisis and conflict-based emergencies for
millions of people. Over the last 10 years, civil society
and private sector organizations have increasingly been
engaged directly in the conception, planning, execution
and evaluation of programmes affecting land use and
agriculture in collaboration with Governments.
18. Worldwide, more and more farmers’ associations,
farmers’ cooperatives, farm workers’ unions, women’s
organizations and other groups have joined to create
umbrella confederations for larger representation and a
stronger voice at the national and higher levels.
International technical and financial support has
assisted in the restructuring and decentralization of
rural institutions, capacity-building for local
government and farmer organizations and the
strengthening of institutional mechanisms for multi-
stakeholder dialogue and collaboration. At the local
level, strategies, approaches and actions for sustainable
agriculture, land and natural resource management and
rural development advocated, inter alia, by the non-
governmental organization community have
contributed to family-scale, knowledge-based, complex
agro-ecological systems.
19. During the past 10 years, the trend of
participatory processes in agricultural research,
extension and community development as well as
combating desertification has been positive. The
network of National Agricultural Research Systems
(NARS) and the Global Forum on Agricultural
Research (GFAR) are promoting wider partnerships for
developing agricultural research and technology
transfer. Programmes in the CGIAR system, including
the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-
Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA),
are applying a similar approach with success. These
programmes have sought to improve the efficiency of
existing research and development efforts.
Increasingly, they are also working with local
communities and civil society as full colleagues to
achieve their goals.
D. Information and communication tools
for improved decision-making
20. Compared with 10 years ago, there is now
generally better knowledge and understanding of
information on land and water resources, and
agricultural and environmental issues as well as wider
and more timely dissemination, as a result of the
steadily decreasing costs of rapidly evolving modern
information technologies and decision-making tools.
21. Examples of environmental information networks
include UNEP’s Global Resource Information Database
(GRID), its Earth Resources Observation Systems
(EROS) Data Centre, and the recently launched “UNEP
dot Net”, an interactive environmental web site.
Various satellite observation systems managed by a
number of United Nations agencies and national space
agencies provide for rapid data analysis. The FAO
Global Information and Early Warning System for
Food and Agriculture (GIEWS) and Food Insecurity
and Vulnerability Information and Mapping System
(FIVIMS) provide information on immediate needs as
well as the nature of persistent food deficiency and
poverty, based on vulnerability analysis and risk
assessment, with implications for agricultural
productivity, sustainability and rural livelihoods.
22. Progress in implementing integrated land-use and
agricultural policies has been constrained in many
countries by the lack of sufficient and harmonized
information on specific land areas, their location,
tenure status and present use and the absence of a
reliable land registration system and land
administration. Such basic knowledge of multiple land-
related factors is important in drawing up and
negotiating land-use plans and in monitoring their
implementation. The increasing use of geographical
information systems (GIS) allows the combined
analysis of natural resources and socio-economic
information which is proving extremely valuable;
however, efforts are needed to improve networking and
updating of information at the national and provincial
levels.
E. International agreements
and mechanisms
23. Since the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development, many international
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agreements and instruments have been adopted and
programmes of action and projects developed at the
international, regional and national levels that address
the management of land and SARD from various
perspectives.
24. In response to widespread concern that
undernutrition still affects over 800 million people
worldwide despite substantial increases in food
supplies, and emphasizing the urgent need to take
immediate action to “achieve food security for present
and future generations”, Governments at the 1996
World Food Summit in Rome adopted the Rome
Declaration on World Food Security and the World
Food Summit Plan of Action, with its goal of halving
the number of undernourished in the world by 2015.
Recent FAO studies have indicated that progress to
date in reaching this target is not on track and the goal
will not be met unless significant actions and policy
changes occur. A five-year review of implementation
of the Summit’s objectives will take place in November
2001 as part of the biennial Conference of FAO.15
25. Governments are currently revising the
International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources16
to be in harmony with the Convention on Biological
Diversity, which includes arrangements for benefit-
sharing, access and ensuring “farmers’ rights”. In 1996,
member countries of the Commission on Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture adopted both the
Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and
Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for
Food and Agriculture17
and the Report on the State of
the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture.18
Similar assessments are currently under
way for animal genetic resources.
26. Agreements that encourage the international
harmonization of food standards include the
FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius, the guide for
consumers, food producers and processors, national
food control agencies and the international food trade,
and the related World Trade Organization Agreement
on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Measures.19
The depth of concern about the impacts of
industry and agriculture on food and the environment is
demonstrated by the implementation of Prior Informed
Consent procedures for chemicals and the recently
concluded negotiations regarding persistent organic
pollutants.
27. The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction,
created in 2000 as the successor arrangement to the
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, is
premised on the need to proceed from protection
against hazards to the management of risk through the
integration of risk reduction techniques into sustainable
development.
28. In addition, regional coordination mechanisms as
well as financial mechanisms and instruments, such as
the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Global
Mechanism of the Convention to Combat
Desertification, have been created for the purpose of
facilitating the implementation of the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development-related
conventions and their programmes of action. Over the
last five years or so, the GEF has given increased
importance to land degradation in the context of
climate change and loss of biodiversity.
III. Issues for further consideration
29. The contradiction of severe poverty and
undernourishment in the midst of unparalleled plenty
still remains. The loss of land resources and increasing
severity and extent of land resource degradation
continue in spite of enhanced techniques and
knowledge. Our understanding of the mechanisms and
factors affecting desertification and drought is still
limited. The direct and indirect impacts of technologies
and the scale of the global economy have had profound
implications for, and some pernicious effects on,
sustainable agriculture, land use and fragile
ecosystems.
30. The further need for long-term resource
management strategies is clear, particularly in most of
the low-income, food-deficit countries, in which food
shortages and poverty tend to be associated with the
unsustainable, extractive use of resources which results
in land degradation and desertification; and in higher-
income, food-secure countries, land degradation tends
to result from the overuse of agricultural inputs, with
negative effects on the environment and longer-term
economic sustainability. The implementation of
Agenda 21, the Convention to Combat Desertification,
the Convention on Biological Diversity, the
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, the
World Food Summit Plan of Action and other
conventions and decisions adopted by key international
conferences can provide new impetus and opportunities
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for land resources inventories, evaluation, planning and
management activities.
31. Issues for further consideration at the national
level include:
(a) Renewal of emphasis on the agricultural
sector and especially on rural infrastructure and
institutions;
(b) Support, including additional financial
resources, for the full implementation of existing
international and national regulatory instruments
dealing with land management and SARD;
(c) Creation of coordination mechanisms for
the continuing interaction of Governments with civil
society, including non-governmental organizations, the
scientific community, local authorities and the private
sector;
(d) Better inter-ministerial harmonization of
policies, strategies and programmes for, for example,
land use, integrated ecosystem management, SARD
and integrated resource management.
32. Issues for further consideration at the
international level include:
(a) The harmonization of related international
conventions and frameworks and strengthening of their
regional and international coordination mechanisms;
(b) A review of the extent to which
international legal instruments and mechanisms are
being implemented and provision of further assistance,
where needed, to countries to implement their
commitments to these agreements;
(c) Support to developing countries and other
countries requiring it for building their intellectual,
institutional and financial capacities for improved land
use and SARD;
(d) A shift from a response-oriented approach
towards longer-term proactive operations of
vulnerability reduction and protection aimed at
promoting sustainable development.
Notes
1
Report of the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14
June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the
Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No.
E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex II.
2
For further information, see FAO, The State of Food and
Agriculture, 2000 (Rome, 2000) and FAOSTAT
databases available at www.fao.org. Also FAO, The State
of Food Insecurity in the World, 2000 (Rome, 2000). See
also the report of the Secretary-General on sustainable
agriculture and rural development submitted to the
eighth session of the Commission on Sustainable
Development (E/CN.17/2000/7 and addenda).
3
See World Bank, World Development Report 2000/2001:
Attacking Poverty (New York, Oxford University Press,
2000), foreword; for details, see:
www.worldbank.org/poverty/data/trends/index.htm.
4
Report of the World Food Summit (13-17 November
1996), Part one (Rome, FAO, 1997), appendix, World
Food Summit Plan of Action, para. 7; and United
Nations Millennium Declaration (General Assembly
resolution 55/2), para. 19. “Hunger” and
“undernourishment” are often used interchangeably to
mean food intake that is insufficient to meet dietary
energy requirements continuously. “Food security” is a
term used to describe access to the food required for a
healthy and productive life; food security is often
considered at the household level.
5
International Fund for Agricultural Development
(IFAD), Drylands: A Call to Action (Rome, December
1998); and UNEP, Global Environment Outlook 2000
(Nairobi, UNEP, 1999)
6
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1954, No. 33480.
7
IFAD, Rural Poverty Report, 2001: The challenge of
Ending Rural Poverty (New York, Oxford University
Press, 2001).
8
See also decision 8/4 on agriculture adopted by the
Commission on Sustainable Development at its eighth
session (see Official Records of the Economic and Social
Council, 2000, Supplement No. 9 (E/2000/29), chap. I,
sect. B).
9
See FAO and FAOSTAT references in note 2 above; and
also UNDP, UNEP, World Bank and World Resources
Institute, World Resources 2000-2001: People and
Ecosystems: The Fraying Web of Life (Washington, D.C.,
2000).
10
FCCC/CP/1997/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.3, annex.
11
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1771, No. 30822.
12
See United Nations Environment Programme,
Convention on Biological Diversity (Environmental Law
and Institution Programme Activity Centre), June 1992.
13
A recent report by FAO estimates that some 60 million
people in 33 countries are currently facing food
emergencies of varying intensity caused by civil strife
and/or weather-related disasters. See FAO, Foodcrops
and Shortages (Rome, 2001), available at:
8. 8
E/CN.17/2001/PC/13
http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoinfo/economic/giews/
english/fs/fstoc.htm.
14
Currently, there are over 170 reports on the
implementation of the United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification prepared by the parties to the
Convention. The Ad Hoc Working Group, established by
the Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its
fourth session will meet from 19 March to 6 April 2001
to carry out an in-depth review and analysis of the
reports and identify: (a) best practices and successes in
implementing the Convention; (b) main difficulties,
obstacles and challenges in implementing the
Convention; (c) level of participation of all actors,
including financial and technical support from developed
countries, in the implementation process; and
(d) linkages and synergies with other conventions on the
environment and development.
15
See Rome Declaration on World Food Security (Report
of the World Food Summit (13-17 November 1996), Part
one (Rome, FAO, 1997), appendix), para. 6; and note 4
above.
16
Adopted by the FAO Conference at its twenty-second
session, Rome 1983, in resolution 8/83. The undertaking
is contained in the annex thereto. Text available at
ftp://ext-ftp.fao.org/waicent/pub/cgrfa8/res/C8-83E.pdf.
Accessed on 9 April 2001.
17
Report of the International Technical Conference on
Plant Genetic Resources, Leipzig, Germany, 17-23 June
1996 (FAO, ITCPGR/96/REP), annex 2.
18
Rome, FAO, 1997.
19
See Legal Instruments Embodying the Results of the
Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, done
at Marrakech on 15 April 1994 (GATT secretariat
publication, Sales No. GATT/1994-7).