Agriculture has played a key role in India's development, though its contribution to GDP has declined with other sectors' growth. It remains the largest employer and provides livelihood for most of the population. Government policies since the 1960s have focused on increasing foodgrain production, leading to India's Green Revolution and self-sufficiency. While yields have increased significantly for many crops over the past decades, India's agricultural productivity remains lower than many other countries and losses after harvest are high due to inadequate infrastructure and supply chain issues.
Presentation by Ram Bahadur Khadka
at the National SRI Nepal Network Meeting
Title: System of Rice Intensification Research Perspective in Nepal
Date: June 19, 2015
Venue: NARI Hall, Lalitpur, Nepal
Presentation by Ram Bahadur Khadka
at the National SRI Nepal Network Meeting
Title: System of Rice Intensification Research Perspective in Nepal
Date: June 19, 2015
Venue: NARI Hall, Lalitpur, Nepal
Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. The economic contribution of agriculture to India's GDP is steadily declining with the country's broad-based economic growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.
At 179.9 million hectares, India holds the second largest agricultural land in the world. A majority of the Indian population relies on agriculture for employment and livelihood. Steady investments in technology development, irrigation infrastructure, emphasis on modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies are the major factors contributing to agriculture growth.
The country has today emerged as a major player in the global agriculture market. Agriculture accounts for 14 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) and about 11 per cent of India’s total exports; it is also an essential link in the supply chain of the manufacturing sector and at the same time constitutes a big market for industrial products. Currently, India is the world's largest rice exporter and second in terms of wheat exports. Horticulture exports have also seen good growth. India's agro exports during 2013–14 touched US$ 45 billion as against US$ 25 billion in 2011–12.
The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation under the Ministry of Agriculture is the nodal organisation responsible for development of the agriculture sector in India. The organisation is responsible for formulation and implementation of national policies and programmes aimed at achieving rapid agricultural growth through optimum utilisation of land, water, soil and plant resources of the country.
Critically Analyze the Transitional Dynamics in the Agriculture sector. What is Green Revolution? How Agriculture sector can be made an engine of economic growth with special reference to Pakistan?
This presentation captures recent advances made in Indian agriculture. Not many know that India ranks 2nd globally in form of production. The presentation also highlight the unique strengths of Indian agriculture that help capturing global glory.
Uday salunkhe challenges and opportunties for agri sector in indiaudaysalunkhe
This article talks about the Challenges and opportunities for agriculture sector in India. It has been co- authored by Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Director of the prestigious Welingkar Institute of Management and Research
This article talks about the Union Budget 2009-2010 and gives details whether it fits together with the vision 2020. It has been co- authored by Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Director of the prestigious Welingkar Institute of Management and Research.
Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. The economic contribution of agriculture to India's GDP is steadily declining with the country's broad-based economic growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.
At 179.9 million hectares, India holds the second largest agricultural land in the world. A majority of the Indian population relies on agriculture for employment and livelihood. Steady investments in technology development, irrigation infrastructure, emphasis on modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies are the major factors contributing to agriculture growth.
The country has today emerged as a major player in the global agriculture market. Agriculture accounts for 14 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) and about 11 per cent of India’s total exports; it is also an essential link in the supply chain of the manufacturing sector and at the same time constitutes a big market for industrial products. Currently, India is the world's largest rice exporter and second in terms of wheat exports. Horticulture exports have also seen good growth. India's agro exports during 2013–14 touched US$ 45 billion as against US$ 25 billion in 2011–12.
The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation under the Ministry of Agriculture is the nodal organisation responsible for development of the agriculture sector in India. The organisation is responsible for formulation and implementation of national policies and programmes aimed at achieving rapid agricultural growth through optimum utilisation of land, water, soil and plant resources of the country.
Critically Analyze the Transitional Dynamics in the Agriculture sector. What is Green Revolution? How Agriculture sector can be made an engine of economic growth with special reference to Pakistan?
This presentation captures recent advances made in Indian agriculture. Not many know that India ranks 2nd globally in form of production. The presentation also highlight the unique strengths of Indian agriculture that help capturing global glory.
Uday salunkhe challenges and opportunties for agri sector in indiaudaysalunkhe
This article talks about the Challenges and opportunities for agriculture sector in India. It has been co- authored by Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Director of the prestigious Welingkar Institute of Management and Research
This article talks about the Union Budget 2009-2010 and gives details whether it fits together with the vision 2020. It has been co- authored by Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Director of the prestigious Welingkar Institute of Management and Research.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Agriculture, also called farming or husbandry, is the cultivation of animals,
plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel, and other products used
to sustain and enhance human life.
Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization,
whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the
development of civilization.
The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has
been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies.
Until the Industrial Revolution, the vast majority of the human population
labored in agriculture. Pre-industrial agriculture was typically subsistence
agriculture in which farmers raised most of their crops for their own consumption
instead of for trade.
Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today, India ranks second
worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fisheries
accounted for 16.6% of the G DP in 2009, about 50 % of the total workforce. The
economic contribution of agriculture to India's GDP is steadily declining with the
country's broad-based economic growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the
broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic
fabric of India.
3. Agriculture is the main sector of Indian economy which is amply powered by the
following points:-
1. Share in National Income: The contribution from agriculture has been
continuously falling from 55.1% in 1950-51 to 37.6% in 1981-82 & further to
18.5% in 2006-07. But agriculture still continues to be the main sector because it
provides livelihood to a majority of the people.
2. Largest Employment Providing Sector: in 1951, 69.5% of the working
population was engaged in agriculture. This percentage fell to 66.9% in 1991 &
to 56.7% in 2001. However, with rapid increase in population the absolute
number of people engaged in agriculture has become exceedingly large.
3. Contribution to Capital formation: There is a general agreement on the
importance of Capital Formation in economic development. Unless the rate of
Capital Formation increases to a sufficient high degree, economic development
cannot be achieved. Agriculture can play a big role in pushing the Capital
Formation in India. Rural sector can transfer labor & capital to the industrial
sector which can be effectively used to increase the productivity in the latter.
4. Providing Raw Material to industries: Agriculture provides raw materials to
various industries of national importance. Sugar industry, Jute industry, Cotton
textile industry, Vanaspati industry are examples of some such industries which
depend on agriculture for their development.
5. Market for Industrial Products: Since more than two-thirds of the population of
India lives in rural areas, increased rural purchasing power is a valuable stimulus
to industrial development.
6. Importance in International Trade: Agriculture constitutes about 75% of the
total exports of the country. Such is the importance of agriculture as far as
earnings of foreign exchange are concerned.
4. Factors of production are the inputs to the production process. Finished goods are
the output.Input determines the quantity of output i.e. output depends upon input. Input is the
starting point and output is the end point of production process and such input-output
relationship is called a production function.
Every production is organised by combining land, labour, physical capital and human capital,
which are known as factors of production.
'Factors of production' may also refer specifically to the 'primary factors', which are stocks
including land, labor, and capital goods applied to production. Materials and energy are
considered secondary factors because they are obtained from land, labor and capital.
Agriculture or farming can be looked at as a system. The important inputs are seeds, fertilisers,
machinery andlabour. Some of the operations involved are ploughing,sowing, irrigation,weeding
and harvesting. The outputsfrom the system include crops, wool, dairy and poultry products.
The first factor is land, and other natural resources such as water, forests, minerals. The second
requirement is labour, i.e. people who will do the work. Some production activities require
highly educated workers to perform the necessary tasks. Other activities require workers who
can do manual work. Each worker is the labour necessary for production. The third requirement
is physical capital, i.e. the variety of inputs required at every stage during production.
providing
5. Over 50 years since its independence, India has made immense progress towards food security.
Indian population has tripled, but food-grain production more than quadrupled: there has thus
been substantial increase in available food-grain per capita.
Prior to the mid-1960s India relied on imports and food aid to meet domestic requirements.
However, two years of severe drought in 1965 and 1966 convinced India to reform its
agricultural policy, and that India could not rely on foreign aid and foreign imports for food
security. India adopted significant policy reforms focused on the goal of foodgrain self-sufficiency.
This ushered in India's Green Revolution. It began with the decision to adopt
superior yielding, disease resistant wheat varieties in combination with better farming
knowledge to improve productivity. The Indian state of Punjab led India's green revolution and
earned itself the distinction of being the country's bread basket.
The initial increase in production was centred on the irrigated areas of the Indian states of
Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. With both the farmers and the government officials
focusing on farm productivity and knowledge transfer, India's total foodgrain production soared.
A hectare of Indian wheat farms that produced an average of 0.8 tonnes in 1948, produced 4.7
tonnes of wheat in 1975 from the same land. Such rapid growths in farm productivity enabled
India to become self-sufficient by the 1970s. It also empowered the smallholder farmers to seek
further means to increase food staples produced per hectare. By 2000, Indian farms were
adopting wheat varieties capable of yielding 6 tonnes of wheat per hectare.
With agricultural policy success in wheat, India's Green Revolution technology spread to rice.
However, since irrigation infrastructure was very poor, Indian farmer innovated with tube-wells,
to harvest ground water. When gains from the new technology reached their limits in the states
of initial adoption, the technology spread in the 1970s and 1980s to the states of eastern India —
Bihar and West Bengal. The lasting benefits of the improved seeds and new technology
extended principally to the irrigated areas which account for about one-third of the harvested
crop area. In the 1980s, Indian agriculture policy shifted to "evolution of a production pattern in
line with the demand pattern" leading to a shift in emphasis to other agricultural commodities
like oilseed, fruit and vegetables. Farmers began adopting improved methods and technologies
in dairying, fisheries and livestock, and meeting the diversified food needs of India's growing
6. population. As with Rice, the lasting benefits of improved seeds and improved farming
technologies now largely depends on whether India develops infrastructure such as irrigation
network, flood control systems, reliable electricity production capacity, all season rural and
urban highways, cold storage to prevent food spoilage, modern retail, and competitive buyers of
produce from the Indian farmer. This is increasingly the focus of Indian agriculture policy.
India's agricultural economy is undergoing structural changes. Between 1970 and 2011, the GDP
share of agriculture has fallen from 43 to 16%. This isn't because of reduced importance of
agriculture, or a consequence of agricultural policy. This is largely because of the rapid
economic growth in services, industrial output, and non-agricultural sectors in India between
2000 to 2010.
Farming lands HYV Seeds
Pesticides Harvesting
7. Agriculture in India, largest crops by economic value
Economic
value Unit price
Average yield,
India
(2010)
World's most productive
farms
(2010)
Rank Produce (2009 prices,
US$)
(US$ /
kilogram)
(tonnes per
hectare)
(tonnes per
hectare) Country
1 Rice $38.42 billion 0.27 3.3 10.8 Australia
2 Buffalo milk $24.86 billion 0.4 1.7 1.9 Pakistan
3 Cow milk $17.13 billion 0.31 1.2 10.3 Israel
4 Wheat $12.14 billion 0.15 2.8 8.9 Netherlands
5 Mangoes $9 billion 0.6 6.3 40.6 Cape Verde
6 Sugar cane $8.92 billion 0.03 66 125 Peru
7 Bananas $8.38 billion 0.28 37.8 59.3 Indonesia
8 Cotton $8.13 billion 1.43 1.6 4.6 Israel
9 Fresh
Vegetables $5.97 billion 0.19 13.4 76.8 USA
10 Potatoes $5.67 billion 0.15 19.9 44.3 USA
11 Tomatoes $4.59 billion 0.37 19.3 524.9 Belgium
12 Buffalo meat $4 billion 2.69 0.138 0.424 Thailand
13 Soyabean $3.33 billion 0.26 1.1 3.7 Turkey
14 Onions $3.17 billion 0.21 16.6 67.3 Ireland
15 Chicken Meat $3.12 billion 0.64 10.6 20.2 Cyprus
16 Chick peas $3.11 billion 0.4 0.9 2.8 China
17 Okra $3.07 billion 0.35 7.6 23.9 Israel
18 Cattle Meat $2.93 billion 0.83 13.8 24.7 Jordan
19 Eggs $2.80 billion 2.7 0.1 0.42 Japan
20 Beans $2.57 billion 0.42 1.1 5.5 Nicaragua
8. Agriculture productivity in India, growth in average yields from 1970 to 2010
Crop Average YIELD, 1970-
1971
Average YIELD, 1990-
1991
Average YIELD, 2010–
2011
kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare
Rice 1123 1740 2240
Wheat 1307 2281 2938
Pulses 524 578 689
Oilseeds 579 771 1325
Sugarcane 48322 65395 68596
Tea 1182 1652 1669
Cotton 106 225 510
The Statistics Office of the Food and Agriculture Organisation reported that, per final
numbers for 2009, India had grown to become the world's largest producer of the following
agricultural produce:
· Fresh Fruit
· Lemons and limes
· Buffalo milk - whole, fresh
· Castor oil seeds
· Sunflower seeds
· Sorghum
· Millet
· Spices
· Okra
· Jute
· Beeswax
· Bananas
· Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas
· Pulses
· Indigenous Buffalo Meat
· Fruit, tropical
· Ginger
· Chick peas
· Areca nuts
· Other Bastfibres
· Pigeon peas
· Papayas
· Chillies and peppers, dry
9. · Anise, badian, fennel, coriander
· Goat milk, whole, fresh
Per final numbers for 2009, India is the world's second largest producer of the following
agricultural produce:
· Wheat
· Rice
· Vegetables, fresh
· Sugar cane
· Groundnuts, with shell
· Lentils
· Garlic
· Cauliflowers and broccoli
· Peas, green
· Sesame seed
· Cashew nuts, with shell
· Silk-worm cocoons, reelable
· Cow milk, whole, fresh
· Tea
· Potatoes
· Onions
· Cotton lint
· Cottonseed
· Eggplants (aubergines)
· Nutmeg, mace and cardamoms
· Indigenous Goat Meat
· Cabbages and other brassicas
· Pumpkins, squash and gourds
In 2009, India was the world's third largest producer of eggs, oranges, coconuts,
tomatoes, peas and beans.
In addition to growth in total output, agriculture in India has shown an increase in average
agricultural output per hectare in last 60 years. The table below presents average farm
productivity in India over three farming years for some crops. Improving road and power
generation infrastructure, knowledge gains and reforms has allowed India to increase farm
productivity between 40% to 500% over 40 years. India's recent accomplishments in crop yields
while being impressive, are still just 30 % to 60 % of the best crop yields achievable in the farms
of developed as well as other developing countries. Additionally, despite these gains in farm
productivity, losses after harvest due to poor infrastructure and unorganised retail cause India to
experience some of the highest food losses in the world.
10. Principal crops of India
According to the Indian Statistical Report, 2011, the following are the principal crops of India*.
Crop Crop
group
State with the
highest area
under cultivation
(till 2008-09)
Area (in
thousand
hectares)
State with
highest
production
Yield (in
thousand
tonnes)
Second
highest
yield
Rice Cereals Uttar Pradesh 6034 West Bengal 15037 13097
(UP)
Jowar Cereals Maharashtra 4071 Maharashtra 3587 1629
(KN)
Bajra Cereals Rajasthan 5175 Rajasthan 4283 1302 (UP)
Maize Cereals Karnataka 5175 Andhra
Pradesh 4152 3029
(KN)
Ragi Cereals Karnataka 841 Karnataka 1394 193 (UK)
Small millets Cereals Madhya Pradesh 307 Uttarakhand 89 89 (MP)
Wheat Cereals Uttar Pradesh 9513 Uttar Pradesh 28554 15733
(PJ)
Barley Cereals Rajasthan 287 Rajasthan 878 276 (UP)
Gram Pulses Madhya Pradesh 2841 Madhya
Pradesh 2786 981 (RJ)
Tur Pulses Maharashtra 1009 Maharashtra 605 315 (KN)
Other Pulses Pulses Rajasthan 2394 Uttar Pradesh 1148 830 (RJ)
Groundnut Oilseed Gujarat 1907 Gujarat 2661 1554 (AP)
Sesamum Oilseed Rajasthan 521 Rajasthan 153 133 (WB)
Rapeseed
and mustard Oilseed Rajasthan 2388 Rajasthan 3806 874 (UP)
Linseed Oilseed Madhya Pradesh 126 Madhya
Pradesh 48 27 (UK)
Castor Oilseed Gujarat 434 Gujarat 852 159 (RJ)
Cotton Others Maharashtra 3107 Gujarat 8787 (000
bales) 4618 (GJ)
Jute Others West Bengal 596 West Bengal 8412 (000
bales)
1253
(BH)
Mesta Others Andhra Pradesh 62 Andhra
Pradesh
544 (000
bales) 137 (BH)
Sugarcane Others Maharashtra 761 Uttar Pradesh 109048 60648
(MH)
11.
12.
13.
14. India has very poor rural roads affecting timely supply of inputs and timely transfer of
outputs from Indian farms, inadequate irrigation systems, crop failures in some parts of the
country because of lack of water while in other parts because of regional floods, poor seed
quality and inefficient farming practices in certain parts of India, lack of cold storage and
harvest spoilage causing over 30% of farmer's produce going to waste, lack of organised retail
and competing buyers thereby limiting Indian farmer's ability to sell the surplus and commercial
crops. The Indian farmer receives just 10 to 23 % of the price the Indian consumer pays for
exactly the same produce, the difference going to losses, inefficiencies and middlemen traders.
Farmers in developed economies of Europe and the United States, in contrast, receive 64 to 81
% of the price the local consumer pays for exactly the same produce in their supermarkets.
Even though, India has shown remarkable progress in recent years and has attained self-sufficiency
in food staples, the productivity of Indian farms for the same crop is very low
compared to farms in Brazil, the United States, France and other nations. Indian wheat farms,
for example, produce about a third of wheat per hectare per year in contrast with wheat farms in
France. Similarly, at 44 million hectares, India had the largest farm area under rice production in
2009; yet, the rice farm productivity in India was less than half the rice farm productivity in
China.
Indian farms are not poor performing for every crop. For some, Indian farms post the
best yields. For example, some of India's regions consistently posts some of the highest yields
for sugarcane, cassava and tea crops every year.
Crop yields for some farms within India are within 90 % of the best achieved yields by
farms in developed countries such as the United States and in European Union. No single state
of India is best in every crop. Indian states such as Tamil Nadu achieve highest yields in rice and
sugarcane, Haryana enjoys the highest yields in wheat and coarse grains, Karnataka does well in
cotton, Bihar does well in pulses, while other states do well in horticulture, aquaculture, flower
and fruit plantations.
The low productivity in India is a result of the following factors:
· The average size of land holdings is very small (less than 2 hectares) and is subject to
15. fragmentation due to land ceiling acts, and in some cases, family disputes. Such small
holdings are often over-manned, resulting in disguised unemployment and low
productivity of labour. Some reports claim smallholder farming may not be cause of poor
productivity, since the productivity is higher in China and many developing economies
even though China smallholder farmers constitute over 97 % of its farming population.
Chinese smallholder farmer is able to rent his land to larger farmers, China's organised
retail and extensive Chinese highways are able to provide the incentive and infrastructure
necessary to its farmers for sharp increases in farm productivity.
· Adoption of modern agricultural practices and use of technology is inadequate,
hampered by ignorance of such practices, high costs and impracticality in the case of
small land holdings.
· According to the World Bank, Indian Branch: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural
Development", India's large agricultural subsidies are hampering productivity-enhancing
investment. Overregulation of agriculture has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty.
Government intervenes in labour, land, and credit markets. India has inadequate
infrastructure and services. World Bank also says that the allocation of water is
inefficient, unsustainable and inequitable. The irrigation infrastructure is
deteriorating.The overuse of water is currently being covered by over pumping aquifers,
but as these are falling by foot of groundwater each year, this is a limited resource.
· Illiteracy, general socio-economic backwardness, slow progress in implementing land
reforms and inadequate or inefficient finance and marketing services for farm produce
.
16. Several organisations have taken steps to promote awarness in agricult
Various measures taken by the central and state governments from time to time, some of
them are:
1. To begin with government took lead in providing various facilities on its own. In course of
time different types of activities were entrusted to specific public agencies.
2. The government abolished the zamindari system. It was followed with the consolidation of
small holdings to make them economically viable.
3. Another important input was the widespread use of radio and television for acquainting
farmers in new and improved techniques of cultivation.
4. The crop insurance was another step to protect the farmers against losses caused by crop
failure on account of natural calamities like drought, flood, hailstorm, cyclone, fire, diseases etc.
5. Easy availability of capital or investment input through a well-knit network of rural banking
and small scale cooperative societies with low interest rates were other facilities provided to the
farmers for modernisation of agriculture.
6. Special weather bulletins for farmers were introduced on radio and television.
7. The government announced minimum support price for various crops removing the elements
of uncertainty. It ensures minimum price for the crop grown by the farmers.