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3) The document provides recommendations for older pilots to help compensate for cognitive declines, such as exercising, staying current, reducing complexity, and continually evaluating performance.
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Aging Pilot Discussion for 2012 Lighthawk Fly-In
1. Click to edit Master title style
How Age Affects Pilot
Performance
• Click to edit Master text styles
• Second level
• Third level
Key Dismukes, Ph.D.
• Retired Chief Scientist for Aerospace Human Factors
Fourth level
• Fifth level NASA Ames Research Center
Lighthawk Annual Fly-In
6 October 2012
1
2. True or False?
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If I continue to pass my medical exam I am good to
go.
• Click to edit Master text styles
If my stick and rudder skills are good I can still fly
• safely. level
Second
• Third level
• Fourth level
• Fifth level
2
3. Questions to Consider
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• What aspects of pilot performance change with age?
• Do all aspects change at the same rate and in the same way?
• Click to edit Master text styles
• Is it all downhill?
• Second level
• • Do all pilots change at the same rate and in the same way?
Third level
• •Fourth levelperformance is deteriorating?
Will I know if my
• •Fifth level
How can I evaluate how my performance is affected?
• Are there ways to protect against the effects of age?
• Is there a set time to hang it up?
3
4. Focus of this Talk
Click to edit Master title style
• Provide a foundation to help you answer questions about
aging pilots
− Based on large body of scientific research (will not go into detail)
• Click to edit Master text styles
• Will not discuss frank pathology
• Second conditions such as hypertension, stroke, cataracts, etc.
− Medical
level
• Third level and treat these conditions
− Usually can detect
• More subtle threat is gradual deterioration of cognitive
•
Fourth level
• processes
Fifth level
• Cognition = How the brain/mind takes in, processes, and
uses information to perceive, remember, think, and take
action
4
5. Two Basic Modes of Cognitive Processing
Click to edit Master title style
1. Executive (a.k.a., “controlled”):
• Closely associated with thinking and
awareness
• Click to edit Master text styles
• Slow, effortful, serial, small capacity
• Second level
(one step at a time)
• Third level
• Attention & working memory
• Fourth level
• Required for dealing with novel or difficult situations, planning,
problem-solving
• Fifth level
• Used, for example, when programming complex unfamiliar
route into flight computer
• Emergencies, equipment failures, high workload situations
challenge executive processing 5
6. Two Distinct Modes of Cognitive Processing (continued)
Click to edit Master title style
2. Automatic:
• Develops over time from practicing specific tasks
• • Click to transition from learning to drive a car to expert
Example: edit Master text styles
driving
• Second level
• • Third level
Fast, efficient
• • Fourth level
Requires little mental effort
• • Fifth level and reliable
Normally robust
(but with some pitfalls)
Crucial point: Aging affects executive processing and
automatic processing differently
6
7. Piloting Combines Diverse Tasks
Click to edit Master title style
Tasks have differing combinations of skill, knowledge, and thinking
Stick and rudder skills, with practice, become largely automatic
• Click to edit Master text styles
Executive mode required for
• Second level situations, dealing with emergencies, problem-
• Managing unfamiliar
• Third level heavy workload
solving, juggling
• Fourth level between the two modes
Decision-making lies
• Fairly automatic when dealing with familiar situations
• Fifth level
• Requires executive mode for unfamiliar situations
Good news: Automatic processing is fairly resilient to aging
• Stick and rudder skills can remain high with consistent practice
7
8. Not So Good News
Click to edit Master title style
Executive processing inevitably declines with age
• •Click to edit Master text styles
Information processing speed slows down
• Rate of learning new information slows down
• Second level
• Multi-tasking ability, reasoning, problem-solving, recall of
• learned information all decline
Third level
• Fourth level
An older pilot may perform superbly on BFR but be at risk
• Fifth level
• In seldom- practiced situations and under high workload
8
9. Substantial Variability in Rate of Decline Among Individuals
Click to edit Master title style
Consequently, differences among population of older
pilots larger than among populations of younger pilots
•with comparable experience styles
Click to edit Master text
•Makes it hard to come up with one-size-fits-all rules for
Second level
•pilot retirement
Third level
• Fourth level
Rate of cognitive decline affected by genes, health,
•exercise,level mental activities, and social engagement
Fifth diet,
• Can control some but not all of these factors
• Can help keep ourselves in the cockpit longer
9
10. Older Pilots Are Especially Vulnerable
Click to edit Master title style
In situations that combine unfamiliar aspects, high workload,
time pressure, and high consequence of errors
• Extreme
• Click to example: single-pilot operation in a night IFR
edit Master text styles
approach in unfamiliar, complex airspace
• Second level
• Less extreme examples with these aspects
• Third level
• Fourth level more
Lack of currency is
problematic for older pilots
• Fifthwe acquire/
because level
re-acquire information
more slowly
10
11. Some Good News
Click to edit Master title style
Acquired knowledge and skills can grow throughout the
lifespan (though not as fast)
• • Knowledge Master text styles
Click to edit for domain-specific facts, such as weather
behavior
• Second level mastering a new airplane
• Skills such as
• Third level
• Fourth level shine at judgment and decision-making
Older pilots can
• First-hand experience with broad range of situations
• Fifth level
• Less impetuous (one hopes)
11
12. Really Good News
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Acquired knowledge and skill can partly compensate for
declining executive abilities
• Click to edit Master text styles
• Less experienced pilots must use executive processing for
unfamiliar situations
• Second level
• •Third experienced pilots can recognize situations and devise
Highly level
response from previous encounters
• Fourth level
• Experience frees up limited executive resources
• Fifth level
• Experience provides strategies for avoiding overwhelming
situations
12
13. Bottom Line
Click to edit Master title style
Trade-off between benefits of experience and age-driven
decline
• • Limits to trade-off: Eventually reach point
Click to edit Master text styles of impaired
performance
• Second point differs for every individual pilot
• This level
• Third level
• Fourthperformance cannot be measured on a single
Piloting level
dimension
• FifthMany aspects
• level
• Older pilots may perform better on some aspects and
worse on others
13
14. What’s an Old Geezer Pilot Like Me to Do???
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1) Exercise, exercise, exercise………….
2) Healthy diet
3) Work with your physician to stay on top of medical problems
• Click to edit Master text styles
4) Continuously self-evaluate performance in routine and challenging situations
• Second current
5) Stay extremely level
6) •Reduce exposure to high-workload, time-pressured situations
Third level
7) Gradually reduce the complexity of type of flying
• Fourth level
8) Cultivate a deliberate, systematic approach – never, ever rush
• Fifth level
9) Get training for new skills to keep the brain active
10) Use checklists religiously
11) Tell passengers about “sterile cockpit”
12) Enlist a buddy as a safety pilot 14
15. How Do I Know When It’s Time to Stop Flying Solo?
Click to edit Master title style
• No simple answer
• Considerto edit Master text styles
• Click keeping a self-appraisal log
— Track getting
• Second level behind the airplane, getting confused, not
noticing or forgetting to do things, minor incidents
• Third level
— Track the good stuff, too
• Fourth level
• Fly with a CFI more than every two years
• Fifth level
— Go far beyond vanilla BFR
• Has it stopped being fun?
15
16. More Information
Click to edit Master title style
• Click to edit Master text styles
• Second level
• Third level
Dismukes, Berman, & Loukopoulos (2007). The Limits of Expertise: Rethinking
Pilot Error and the Causes of Airline Accidents. Ashgate Publishing.
• Fourth level
Loukopoulos, Dismukes, & Barshi (2009). The Myth of Multitasking: Managing
• Fifth level
Complexity in Real-World Operations. Ashgate Publishing.
Taylor, Kennedy, Noda, & Yesavage (2007). Pilot age and expertise predict flight
simulator performance. Neurology, 68, 648-654.
Tsang (2003). Assessing cognitive aging in piloting. In (Tsang & Vidulich, Eds)
Principles and Practice of Aviation Psychology Erlbaum: Mahwah, NJ.
16
Editor's Notes
Let me point out that I retired from nasa in april. I will talk in part about research my colleagues at nasa and I conducted, but the opinions I present are entirely my own and do not represent nasa policy.