(1) Agency relationships are formed through mutual consent between a principal and an agent. (2) There are several types of agency relationships including express, implied, apparent, and ratification. (3) An agency can be terminated through acts of the parties such as agreement, time, or event, or by operation of law such as death, insanity, or impossibility.

1. PowerPoint Slides to Accompany
BUSINESS LAW
E-Commerce and Digital Law
International Law and Ethics
5th Edition
by Henry R. Cheeseman
Chapter 29
Agency Formation and
Termination
Slides developed by
Les Wiletzky
Wiletzky and Associates, Puyallup, WA
Copyright © 2004 by Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.

2. The Nature of Agency
 Agency relationships are formed by the
mutual consent of a principal and an agent.
 Agency is the fiduciary relationship “which
results from the manifestation of consent by
one person to another that the other shall act
in his behalf and subject to his control, and
consent by the other so to act.”
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3. The Nature of Agency (continued)
 Agency Law – The large body of common
law that governs agency.
 A mixture of contract law and tort law.
 Principal – The party who employs another
person to act on his or her behalf.
 Agent – The party who agrees to act on
behalf of another.
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4. The Principal-Agent Relationship
Principal
Principal’s
obligation to
Agency perform the
Contract contract
Agent Third Party
Contract with third
party on behalf of
principal
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5. Persons Who Can Initiate an Agency
Relationship
 Any person who has the capacity to contract
can appoint an agent to act on his or her
behalf.
 Persons who lack contractual capacity
cannot appoint an agent.
 e.g., insane persons and minors
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6. Persons Who Can Initiate an Agency
Relationship (continued)
 An agency can be created only to
accomplish a lawful purpose.
 Agency contracts that are created for illegal
purposes or are against public policy are
void and unenforceable.
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7. Kinds of Employment Relationships
Employer-Employee
Relationship
Principal-Agent
Relationship
Principal-Independent
Contractor Relationship
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8. Employer-Employee Relationship
A relationship that results when an employer
hires an employee to perform some form of
physical service.
 An employee is not an agent unless he or
she is specifically empowered to enter into
contracts on the principal employer’s behalf.
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9. Principal-Agent Relationship
 An employer hires an employee and gives
that employee authority to act and enter into
contracts on his or her behalf.
 The extent of this authority is governed by
any express agreement between the parties
and implied from the circumstances of the
agency.
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10. Principal-Independent Contractor
Relationship
 Principalsemploy persons or businesses
who are not employees to perform certain
tasks on their behalf.
 These persons and businesses are called
independent contractors.
A principal can authorize an independent
contractor to enter into contracts.
 Principals are bound by the authorized
contracts of their independent contractors.
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11. Principal-Independent Contractor
Relationship (continued)
 The crucial factor in determining whether a
person is an employee or an independent
contractor is the degree of control that the
principal has over that person.
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12. Employment at Will
 At-Will
Employees – Employees who do not
have an employment contract.
 Under common law, an at-will employee
could be discharged by an employer at any
time for any reason.
 Exceptions to the at-will doctrine:
 Statutory Exception
 Contract Exception
 Public Policy Exception
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13. Summary: Kinds of Employment Relationships
Type of Relationship Description
Employer-Employee The employer has the right to control the physical conduct of
the employee.
Principal-Agent The agent has the authority to act on behalf of the principal
as authorized by the principal and implied from the agency.
An employee is often the agent of his employer.
Principal-Independent The principal has no control over the details of the
Contractor independent contractor’s conduct.
An independent contractor is usually not an agent of the
principal.
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14. Formation of the Agency Relationship
Express Implied
Agency Agency
Agency by Apparent
Ratification Agency
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15. Express Agency
 Anagency that occurs when a principal and
an agent expressly agree to enter into an
agency agreement with each other.
 Exclusive agency contract
 Power of attorney
 Express agency contracts can be either oral
or written unless the Statute of Frauds
stipulates that they must be written.
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16. Implied Agency
 An agency that occurs when a principal and
an agent do not expressly create an agency.
 The agency is implied from the conduct of
the parties.
 The extent of the agent’s authority is
determined from the particular facts and
circumstances of the particular situation.
 Incidental authority
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17. Apparent Agency
 Agency that arises when a principal creates
the appearance of an agency that in actuality
does not exist.
 When an apparent agency is established, the
principal is estopped from denying the
agency relationship.
 It is the principal’s actions that create an
apparent agency.
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18. Agency by Ratification
An agency that occurs when:
1. A person misrepresents himself or herself
as another’s agent when in fact he or she is
not, and
2. The purported principal ratifies (accepts)
the unauthorized act.
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19. Summary: Formation of Agency Relationships
(1 of 2)
Type of Agency Definition Enforcement of the Contract
Express Authority is expressly given to Principal and third party are
the agent by the principal. bound to the contract.
Implied Authority is implied from the Principal and third party acts are
conduct of the parties, bound to the contract.
custom and usage of trade,
or act incidental to carrying
out the agent’s duties.
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20. Summary: Formation of Agency Relationships
(2 of 2)
Type of Agency Definition Enforcement of the Contract
Apparent Authority created when the Principal and third party are
principal leads a third party bound to the contract.
into believing that the agent
has authority.
By Ratification Acts of the agent committed Principal and third party are not
outside the scope of his bound to the contract unless the
authority. principal ratifies the contract.
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21. Termination of an Agency and Employment
Contract
 Anagency contract is similar to other
contracts in that it can be terminated by:
 Acts of the parties, or
 Operation of law
 Once an agency relationship is terminated,
the agent can no longer represent the
principal or bind the principal to contracts.
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22. Termination by Acts of the Parties
An agency may be terminated by the
following acts of the parties:
1. Mutual agreement
2. Lapse of time
3. Purpose achieved
4. Occurrence of a specified event
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23. Termination by Operation of Law
An agency is terminated by operation of
law, including:
1. Death of the principal or agent
2. Insanity of the principal or agent
3. Bankruptcy of the principal
4. Impossibility of performance
5. Changed circumstances
6. War between the principal’s and agent’s
countries
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24. Irrevocable Agency
 An agency coupled with an interest:
 Special type of agency relationship
 This type of agency is irrevocable by the
principal
 Not terminated by the death or incapacity of
either the principal or the agent
 Terminates only when the agent’s obligations
are performed
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25. Wrongful Termination of an Agency or
Employment Contract
 The termination of an agency contract in
violation of the terms of the agency contract.
 The nonbreaching party may recover
damages from the breaching party.
 The distinction between the power and the
right to terminate an agency is critical.
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