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Similar to African Decolonization and nationalism.ppt
African Decolonization and nationalism.ppt
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- 2. Road towards independence • Post-WWII- a focus on self-determination in Europe • Colonialism seemed to contradict the spirit of the Allies fight against Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy • Over 200,000 Africans had fought in Europe and Asia for the Allies’ freedom and democracy – most noticed the contradiction
- 3. Road towards Independence • MostEuropeans planned a “long transition” period to independence • By mid-1950’s pace increased • 1960 considered the year of Africa with so many nations gaining independence
- 4. Independence • Three majorroutes: – Peaceful / Negotiated independence • Typically achieved in non-settler colonies, ex = Ghana – Violent • Typically occurred in settler colonies, ex = Kenya, Algeria – Incomplete • White settler minority population given political power in decolonization, ex = S. Africa
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- 7. Settler Colonies • Differentobstacles met by settler vs. non-settler colonies - what might they be? What is the difference? • Settler colonies in Algeria (one million) and Kenya (40,000) pushed governments to defeat nationalist uprisings
- 8. • What isthe cartoon trying to say? What perspective is it conveying?
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- 10. "We refused todo this work. We were fighting for our freedom. We were not slaves. ... There were two hundred guards. One hundred seventy stood around us with machine guns. Thirty guards were inside the trench with us. The white man in charge blew his whistle and the guards started beating us. They beat us from 8 am to 11.30. They were beating us like dogs. I was covered by other bodies - just my arms and legs were exposed. I was very lucky to survive. But the others were still being beaten. There was no escape for them.”
- 11. Settler Colonies • BothKenya and Algeria uprisings would be eventually smashed • Weariness and new anti-colonial sentiments lead to independence anyway • Most French Algerians leave, most British Kenyans stay
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- 13. Non-Settler Colonies • Non-settlercolonies moved more quickly towards independence - why?
- 14. Ghana & Nkrumah’sVision • 1st black African majority to gain independence in 1957 Nkrumah’s Goals: • Unify Africa politically and economically (Pan-Africanism) • Harness vast natural resources • Reduce Western influence • Positive economic influence
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- 17. Garrison State: South Africa •1910: Union of S. Africa • 1948: Afrikaner government begins apartheid policies to institutionalize white supremacy – Separate, unequal facilities – Pass laws require pass books for blacks – Blacks resettled into infertile, resource depleted homelands to ensure segregation & “protect” African culture • 1961: Full independence
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- 24. Garrison State: South Africa •1960-1990: Resistance & gov response intensifies – Resistance led by African National Congress & outspoken leaders like Nelson Mandela & Steve Biko – Gov response was brutal & exploited ethnic division even in face of nonviolent protest – Sharpesville Massacre sparks new violent response from ANC • Led to Mandela receiving prison sentence for life Nelson Mandela
- 25. Garrison State: South Africa •International community added pressure to force change in S. African policies – Economic sanctions eventually pressure F.W. de Klerk to make changes • 1990: Mandela released from prison • 1994: End of apartheid & election of Mandela Nelson Mandela F. W. de Klerk
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- 30. External Challenges • Westerninvestments remain – Impact? • Economic dependence on former colonial powers • Cold War (USSR v. US) struggle to spread influence
- 31. Internal Challenges • Tribalallegiances • Illiteracy / under developed education system • No tradition of ongoing political leadership in modern times • Religious differences • Diverse geography and climate • Established social hierarchies
- 32. Results of Decolonization •Nationalist parties & African elites gain power – Use anti-colonial legacy to maintain power & cloud ineptitude & favoritism • Economic dependence on West coupled with political corruption cripples attempts to diversify economy – Stuck in cash crop ag & extraction of resources
- 33. Results of Decolonization •Initial political parties reflected ethnic, regional, or religious groups - few true national parties • Power often gained by corrupt African “strongmen” (dictators) who ignored the social needs of people • Large loans to modernize economies squandered by those in power - leave little progress, lots of debt
Editor's Notes
- #2 Many Africans returned home to find they had only fought for the European’s
- #9 A Mau Mau oathing ceremony. Essentially, the Mau Mau oath was a declaration that they wanted to rid themselves of the English in Kenya. They wanted their land back. The British portrayed this oathing as one of the most terrible things around and put over 80,000 into detention camps and killed over 13,000. White settlers help drive the policy.
- #10 Rounding up Mau Mau “rebels” - and a “protected” settlement.
- #32 The same pattern being a dependence on a cash crop or western control of the extraction of a resource (gold, diamonds, etc.)
- #33 The same pattern being a dependence on a cash crop or western control of the extraction of a resource (gold, diamonds, etc.)
- #34 Mobutu in Congo and his palaces