This document summarizes research on the physical properties of African-American hair compared to Caucasian hair. It finds that African-American hair has a more irregular and elliptical shape than Caucasian hair. Studies measured the breaking stress, elongation, and diameter of wet and dry hair. African-American hair was found to have a lower breaking stress but higher yield stress than Caucasian hair. It also analyzed static charge and moisture content to further the understanding of differences between the two hair types.
Biochemistry of Hair fall, A complete review of hair fall cause, Types, Current methods of treatment, Natural methods of treatment,
for more detail text see :https://iiopinion.blogspot.in/2017/01/hair-fall-scientific-way-of-treatment.html
Biochemistry of Hair fall, A complete review of hair fall cause, Types, Current methods of treatment, Natural methods of treatment,
for more detail text see :https://iiopinion.blogspot.in/2017/01/hair-fall-scientific-way-of-treatment.html
Hair diseases are disorders primarily associated with the follicles of the hair. Many hair diseases can be associated with distinct underlying disorders. Hair disease may refer to excessive shedding or baldness (or both). Balding can be localized or diffuse, scarring or non-scarring.
This presentation gives a brief information about hair structure, biochemistry, pigments, the cause of hair graying and the herbs which are helpful to get rid of hair graying.
This ppt gives information about the hair structure, function of hair, hair cycle(all phase are explain in this ppt) how to maintain healthy hair during all the phase of the hair cycle.
PREMATURE GRAYING OF HAIR | Grey Hair How and Why| Natural Remedies of Premat...Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Hair contains melanin pigment so they are black in color but as age advances melanin pigment losses so hair turns into grey.
But if its happening earlier in life, that may be because stress, vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D3 deficiency smoking,thyroid problems, Protein deficiency,.e- Kwarshiorker Vitiligo.
Genetic Leafy Vegetable, Seafood, eggs, Juices, iron, Henna, Black Tea, Kadi Patta, Ashwagandha, Almond Oil, Amla, Fenugreek leaves, Walnuts are some home remedies for avoiding grey hair.
Hair fall normally occurs gradually with age in both men and women, but is typically more pronounced in men. This presentation will explain you more about What is hair fall, How can you stop, treat, and prevent it?
At Affordable Garage Door Repair, we specialize in both residential and commercial garage door services, ensuring your property is secure and your doors are running smoothly.
Johnny Depp Long Hair: A Signature Look Through the Yearsgreendigital
Johnny Depp, synonymous with eclectic roles and unparalleled acting prowess. has also been a significant figure in fashion and style. Johnny Depp long hair is a distinctive trademark among the various elements that define his unique persona. This article delves into the evolution, impact. and cultural significance of Johnny Depp long hair. exploring how it has contributed to his iconic status.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
The 1990s were transformative for Johnny Depp his career and personal style. Films like "Edward Scissorhands" (1990) and "Benny & Joon" (1993) saw Depp sporting various hair lengths and styles. But, his long, unkempt hair in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993) began to draw significant attention. This period marked the beginning of Johnny Depp long hair. which became a defining feature of his image.
The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
In "Edward Scissorhands," Johnny Depp's character had a wild and mane that complemented his ethereal and misunderstood persona. This role showcased how long hair Johnny Depp could enhance a character's depth and mystery.
Captain Jack Sparrow: The Pirate with Flowing Locks
One of Johnny Depp's iconic roles is Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Sparrow's long, dreadlocked hair symbolised his rebellious and unpredictable nature. The character's look, complete with beads and trinkets woven into his hair. was a collaboration between Depp and the film's costume designers. This style became iconic and influenced fashion trends and Halloween costumes worldwide.
Other Memorable Characters
Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
Off-Screen Influenc
Hair diseases are disorders primarily associated with the follicles of the hair. Many hair diseases can be associated with distinct underlying disorders. Hair disease may refer to excessive shedding or baldness (or both). Balding can be localized or diffuse, scarring or non-scarring.
This presentation gives a brief information about hair structure, biochemistry, pigments, the cause of hair graying and the herbs which are helpful to get rid of hair graying.
This ppt gives information about the hair structure, function of hair, hair cycle(all phase are explain in this ppt) how to maintain healthy hair during all the phase of the hair cycle.
PREMATURE GRAYING OF HAIR | Grey Hair How and Why| Natural Remedies of Premat...Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Hair contains melanin pigment so they are black in color but as age advances melanin pigment losses so hair turns into grey.
But if its happening earlier in life, that may be because stress, vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D3 deficiency smoking,thyroid problems, Protein deficiency,.e- Kwarshiorker Vitiligo.
Genetic Leafy Vegetable, Seafood, eggs, Juices, iron, Henna, Black Tea, Kadi Patta, Ashwagandha, Almond Oil, Amla, Fenugreek leaves, Walnuts are some home remedies for avoiding grey hair.
Hair fall normally occurs gradually with age in both men and women, but is typically more pronounced in men. This presentation will explain you more about What is hair fall, How can you stop, treat, and prevent it?
At Affordable Garage Door Repair, we specialize in both residential and commercial garage door services, ensuring your property is secure and your doors are running smoothly.
Johnny Depp Long Hair: A Signature Look Through the Yearsgreendigital
Johnny Depp, synonymous with eclectic roles and unparalleled acting prowess. has also been a significant figure in fashion and style. Johnny Depp long hair is a distinctive trademark among the various elements that define his unique persona. This article delves into the evolution, impact. and cultural significance of Johnny Depp long hair. exploring how it has contributed to his iconic status.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
The 1990s were transformative for Johnny Depp his career and personal style. Films like "Edward Scissorhands" (1990) and "Benny & Joon" (1993) saw Depp sporting various hair lengths and styles. But, his long, unkempt hair in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993) began to draw significant attention. This period marked the beginning of Johnny Depp long hair. which became a defining feature of his image.
The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
In "Edward Scissorhands," Johnny Depp's character had a wild and mane that complemented his ethereal and misunderstood persona. This role showcased how long hair Johnny Depp could enhance a character's depth and mystery.
Captain Jack Sparrow: The Pirate with Flowing Locks
One of Johnny Depp's iconic roles is Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Sparrow's long, dreadlocked hair symbolised his rebellious and unpredictable nature. The character's look, complete with beads and trinkets woven into his hair. was a collaboration between Depp and the film's costume designers. This style became iconic and influenced fashion trends and Halloween costumes worldwide.
Other Memorable Characters
Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
Off-Screen Influenc
MRS PUNE 2024 - WINNER AMRUTHAA UTTAM JAGDHANEDK PAGEANT
Amruthaa Uttam Jagdhane, a stunning woman from Pune, has won the esteemed title of Mrs. India 2024, which is given out by the Dk Exhibition. Her journey to this prestigious accomplishment is a confirmation of her faithful assurance, extraordinary gifts, and profound commitment to enabling women.
Care Instructions for Activewear & Swim Suits.pdfsundazesurf80
SunDaze Surf offers top swimwear tips: choose high-quality, UV-protective fabrics to shield your skin. Opt for secure fits that withstand waves and active movement. Bright colors enhance visibility, while adjustable straps ensure comfort. Prioritize styles with good support, like racerbacks or underwire tops, for active beach days. Always rinse swimwear after use to maintain fabric integrity.
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Nightthomasard1122
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Night
Bats, the mysterious creatures of the night, have long been a source of fascination and fear for humans. With their eerie squeaks and fluttering wings, they have captured our imagination and sparked our curiosity. Yet, beyond the myths and legends, bats are fascinating creatures that play a vital role in our ecosystem.
There are over 1,300 species of bats, ranging from the tiny Kitti's hog-nosed bat to the majestic flying foxes. These winged mammals are found in almost every corner of the globe, from the scorching deserts to the lush rainforests. Their diversity is a testament to their adaptability and resilience.
Bats are insectivores, feeding on a vast array of insects, from mosquitoes to beetles. A single bat can consume up to 1,200 insects in an hour, making them a crucial part of our pest control system. By preying on insects that damage crops, bats save the agricultural industry billions of dollars each year.
But bats are not just useful; they are also fascinating creatures. Their ability to fly in complete darkness, using echolocation to navigate and hunt, is a remarkable feat of evolution. They are also social animals, living in colonies and communicating with each other through a complex system of calls and body language.
Despite their importance, bats face numerous threats, from habitat destruction to climate change. Many species are endangered, and conservation efforts are necessary to protect these magnificent creatures.
In conclusion, bats are more than just creatures of the night; they are a vital part of our ecosystem, playing a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature. By learning more about these fascinating animals, we can appreciate their importance and work to protect them for generations to come. So, let us embrace the beauty and mystery of bats, and celebrate their unique place in our world.
La transidentité, un sujet qui fractionne les FrançaisIpsos France
Ipsos, l’une des principales sociétés mondiales d’études de marché dévoile les résultats de son étude Ipsos Global Advisor “Pride 2024”. De ses débuts aux Etats-Unis et désormais dans de très nombreux pays, le mois de juin est traditionnellement consacré aux « Marches des Fiertés » et à des événements festifs autour du concept de Pride. A cette occasion, Ipsos a réalisé une enquête dans vingt-six pays dressant plusieurs constats. Les clivages des opinions entre générations s’accentuent tandis que le soutien à des mesures sociétales et d’inclusion en faveur des LGBT+ notamment transgenres continue de s’effriter.
Understanding the Mahadasha of Shukra (Venus): Effects and RemediesAstro Pathshala
The Mahadasha of Shukra (Venus) is one of the most significant periods in Vedic astrology. Shukra is known as the planet of love, beauty, wealth, and luxury. Its Mahadasha can bring about profound changes in an individual's life, both positive and negative, depending on its placement and condition in the natal chart.
What is Shukra Mahadasha?
Mahadasha is a planetary period in Vedic astrology that affects various aspects of an individual's life for a specific number of years. The Mahadasha of Shukra lasts for 20 years and is known to bring a period of significant transformation. Shukra is associated with pleasures, creativity, relationships, and material comforts. During its Mahadasha, these areas of life tend to get highlighted.
Understanding the Mahadasha of Shukra (Venus): Effects and Remedies
African American Hair
1. African~American Hair
Its physical properties and differences relative to Caucasian hair
BycAlicN.Syed, Anna Kuhajda, Hassan Ayoub, Kaleem Ahmad
quot; , Avlon Industries Inc., Chicago, It; USA
Eugene M. Frank, Ph.D.
Raani corp., Chicago, IL, USA
'l dentine innovations in chemical treatments that alter that tbquot; breaking stress of African·American hair (L24 gI
S . the textllreof African-American hair, as well as a pletllora
of style trends, have spurred phenomenal growth in this
denier, a unit of fineness equal to the fineness of a yarn
weigbing 0,05g for each 450m of length or 19 for each
segment of the hair-care market throughollt the past three 9000n.) is less than that of Caucasian hair (L41 gldenier).
clcc(<lcs.:JTlw, level or research & development by manufac- The yield stress for African-AnJerican hair, however, is
lur<~rs ill t:Iw area of product fi:mnulaUon hus steadily el- slightly higher (0.46 gldenier VS c0.42 gldenicr).
evated; yet, a great deal remains to be learned about the Kamath and Hornby studied the fractographic behavior
unique physical properhes of African-American hair. Com- of Ali'ican-American hair to view both mHJor and minor rods
pared to the vast body ol'research regarding Caucasian hair, at low levels of extension,quot; They examined the ellipticity of
the study ofquot; African-American hair is at best limited. hair fIbers and reported ellipticity indices of LS9± OcOS3 and
1.0 to 1.4 for African-American and Caucasi~n hair, respec-
A Reveiw of Research tively. In this study. thetheellipticityinclcxwas calculated hy
r
In published studies, Menkart et al.' Epps et ai' and dividing the mcior axis by the minor axis, whidl is the reverse
Kamath d al li reveal that some important research has of the formula used by Menkmt ancl Wolfram.
indeed been conducted on the physical properties of highly Combability:Epps and Wolfram' conducted combing
curly hair. The efforts of these researchers and the resulls of comparisons between African-American a11u Caucasian hair
th{'~ir studi(;s ~ervc as a startingpoint for the further study of using eombability techniques used by Garcia and Diaz.'
.,.,Ali-icap,-AxneIican haiL OthCl::gf3Ileral.~?qse1VaU(mS ahmrt Garcia and Diaz repOlt that African-American hair, due to
hair, such as those pertaining to static charge (Jachowicz5 its curliness, is much more difHcult to comb than Caucasian
and C.n. HobbinsO) and theories about moisture content, hair. It was also determined that African-American hair is
serve as a springboard for advancing the study of African- easier to comb wet than dry.
American hair. Using a scanning electron microscope at a ma6'uIDcation of
Shape: MenkartanclWolfram7 repOltthat African-AmeJi- about 300X, Kamath and Hornby also obselved tllat African-
can hair has a physical shape resembling a twisted oval rod, Americ,mhairdisplayfrequent lVvists with random reversals in
vllcreas Cauca.sian hair is more cylindrical. They ,lirection and pronounced Ilattcningc DUling fraetographic
foundcvic1ellce of this when they made elliptiC cornparisons study, the break stress of Aflican-American hair was reported
or hair cross-sections. Using a formula in which the rninor to be (0.12.1 ± 0,(16) 10' N/m' when dry (65% relative
axis is divided by the major axis, Menkart and Volfram humidity [m'l]) and (0,119 ± Oe01m 10' N/m'when wet The
determined that Africall-Amelican hair has a ellipticity breaking elongation for wet and dry (65% HU) fIbers IVas
index of 0.56 and Caucasian hair has nn index 0.7.1. The or founcl to be 44% ± 3% and 27% ± 5%, respective1yc
tensile-strength data gathered during this research sllows Jachowicz et al and CeI. Hobbins discuss static-charge
Heproduction in EngHsl-1 or any otller language of all or part of this article is strictly prohibited.
Vot. 110. Oclober 199~.i 0361t1:n7 N~!OD1nf().19)rr~(O;nF;, 19% !-'.!Iured Publishing Corp. Cosrnelics & 1o!l(~tr!0<;quot;quot; rnClgozlne/39
2. Table 1. Diameter of African-American hair
FiberNo. Maximum (pm) Minimum 1m) o Effipticilyquot;
C 88.62 47.12 1.8807
D 101.76 59_95 1.6974
E 98.73 53.76 1.8365
F 91.36 47.42 1.9266
G 96.10 57.44 1.6'731
H 111.04 5[l.OB 2.0 fiO
I 84.76 48.99 1.7302
J 87.34 51.72 1.6887
K 120.55 57.71 2.0889
L 108.63 61.76 1.7589
Average = 1.8297 ± 0.1456
• Ellipticity =Maximum Diameter + Minimum Diameter
determination of hair fibers and the fibers positive or nega-
tive sign in detail. All examination of'African.. Allwrican hair,
however, was not involved in the study.
Chemists and obselvers ill the ethnic hair-care industry
generally theorize that African-American hair llils less mois-
ture (water) content than does Caucasian hair. ·uy little
scientinc data, however, is available to suhstal1liatl' (Ilis cIaiin.
prcdispersed micronizod titanium dioxide products
To expand our knowledge or Ihe dj{T(~rcllces between
Request Samples Today via Phone, Fax or E-Maill African-Amelican and Caucasian hair, we will review the
(OLLAnOflATIVE telephone 516.689.0200 Hndings of scientific studies we conducted. SOl no of our
LABORATOllIES facsimile 516.689.0205 investigations pertained to properlil:s that have already
[>-Mail, colloblb@mail.lihlLorg received attention hom researchers, narnelv fiber diameter,
3 TE,chnology Drive· East Setauket, NY 11733
tensile strength, and ease ofwot and dry cO';lhi ng. To extend
the body of research specific to Al'ricHll·i ll1(~ric<l11 hail', we
abo analy;;ed static charge and moisture content. Compara-
. tive studies like these may help hair-care manufacturers
more sllccinctly idclltif)· dhnic COllsumer needs, paving the
way for refinement o[existing product {ormlilatiolls and the
conceptualization of more effective ones.
Hair Diameter
All of the African-American and Caucasian hair fibers
studied in our current project were purchased from DeMeo
Brothers of New York. Except where noted, all of the hair
tested is untreated, virgin hair. Bulk samples of eaeh hair
type purchased may represent a blend of fibers from more
than one individuaL
llair diameter via itlwge analysis: To determine Afri-
can-American hair-fiber diameter, weselectcd 10 Imir fibers
at random from the blend. Each hair fiber was Singly mounted
between 2 glass slides and placed under a compound micro-
scope. The microscope was connected to a video camera and
used image analysis software. vVe took diameter measure-
ments of each fiber at 1 rom intelvals from its root to end. We
noted the maximum and minimum diameters and divided
the maximum diameter by the minimum diameter to deter-
mine an ellipticity measurement (Table 1). The ellipticity
measurements for the 10 fibers wore averaged [or purposes
of comparison against Caucasian fibers. 'rhe salllo proce-
dure was used for Caueasiou hair Crable 2).
Results: Fibers of African-American hair exhibit consid-
erable vadations in diameter. The ellipticity index averages
Crodn Inc 7 Century Or Pilrsippnlly NJ 07054 1.01-644-4900 1.8297 ± O.H56 I(Jr the 10 hairs studied, indicating a hi·gh
-- 1
or
<lcgrce irregularity in the diameter or Arrican-American
o12jCosmot!cs & Toilo1riesquot; mO(j07iIVJ Vol. 110. October 1995
3. Table 2. Diameter of Caucasian hair ~O ~.
Fiber No. Maximum Oun) Minimum (pm) Ellipticity
A 85.36 61.97 1.3774
13 77.10 65.47 1.1776
D 73.82 61.04 1.2094
E 89,75 6~i.47 1.3709
F 73.06 62.51 1.1688
G 73.48 65.25 1.1261
II 90.34 62.84 1.4376
1 81.50 65.88 1.2371
J 89.75 69.52 1.2910
1< 97.28 65.25 1.4909 ,
Avera9C ;-;: 1.2887 ± 0.1182 quot; DISTANCE (mm)
• Ellipticityquot;quot; Maximum Diameter .,. Minimulll Diameter
Figure 1.
llair along a single strand. Tllis measurement is vel}' close to Comparison of Tensile Strength Properties
Kamatl/s ami J lornhv's findings of' 1.89 ± 0.083. 'flw slight To find the tensile strength ofwet African-Arncricall hair,
difTerence in fIle imli(;cs could lw due to the l~K~t that Kalllalh fihers were Ilrst cleansed with a J.2.5% solution o/quot; sodiutn
Hnd Homhy studied fJbers [rolll one individual head, whereas lanr)'1 sulfate, rinsed for 30 minutes, allmvecllo dry and thell
we usee! hair from Hlore thall one individual. eqUilibrated overnight at 659::, HH and 2.rC. Fibers of
Caucasian hair is more reglllar compared vith i/quot;rican- visually similar diameters were selected and crirnpc'd at a
American hair. The ellipticity index of Caucasian hair is 30.00 mrn length for mounting on a Dia-Slron MT'1''' tcnsile-
1.2887 ± 0..1182, demonstrating little variation between tll(' strength determination device. Each crimped fiber was
ma:dmum and minimum hair··shalt diameters. These flnd- incHvi<-lual1yscanned at 1.0 mm intervals along the hairshaft.
ingssuhst<ultiate thoseofKamatll ilild J-lornby, vhich rcllect The lnaximum and minimum diameters were dclennined in
all ellipticity illdex of 1.0-1.4. Figore 1 graphically iilostratcs the manner described above.
the lJigldy irregular diarneter or
Afj'ican-American hair vs.
th(~ lnon' COllsislent diameter of Callcasian hair. quot;Din-Stron M'IT lllanuhlctnred by Din-Stron, Andover, Hampshire, UK
Vol. 110, Oclob8r 1995 Cosmetics & Toiletriesquot;) rnogazlnej43
4. Since African-American hair is highly elliptical (Table 1),
dlc arca of a cross-section cannot be determined from the
nhcr diameter as it could if the hail' nber was cylindrical.
Therefore, we used the following fonnula: J
A = D x d x nl4
Where A= Area of cross-section; D := Major axis;
and d = Minor axis.
VVa studied the breaking stress and breaking elongation
of the nbers using the Diu-Stron MTT. Fibers similar ill
cross-sectional area were selected for stress-strain deter-
minations under wet conditions. Vhile keeping them im-
mersed in water, the Ilbers were mounted singly between the
quot;jawsquot; of the device. The stress and elongation at break point
were determined nsing the following (onmth, (Table 3):
Stress Load!A
Stress at
break point [(Breaking load in Kg) x (g)JI A
The New Standard for [(Breaking load in Kg) x (9.81mN)]IA in 11l'
Breaking stress in N!Jl19.
Transparency & Breaking stress in Pascals
UV I'rotection The parameters of the device are shown ill Tahle 4
I'd 1115 conla ining 45'1., pigment are Dry African-American hair: The same procedure was
transparent on glass. used to find the tensile strength of dry Aftican-American
For information on our Dispersions, please contact:
hair, except that the stress-strain determination was made
under dry eonditions at 65% lUI and 21°C Crable 3).
KOBO Again, we used thesarne procedure to testvd Caucasian
PRODUCTS INC. hair except the fiber was twisted once at H'H)quot; while heing
690 Montrose Ave., South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA mounted between the jaws of the Dia-Stroll jylTT to vicw
Tel. (908) 757-0033 FAX (908) 757-0905
hoth major and minor axes. The average stress and elollga..
lion at break point is shown in Tahle 5.
The same procedure was used Cor ,vet Caucasian hair as
for dry Caucasian hair except the stress-strain determination
was made under dry conditions (Table 5).
Results: The break stress of wet, untreated African-
Second generation distillers of fille c!,scntiaf oils American hail' is 0.089 109 N/m'± 0.025 lOquot;N/m', consider-
ably lower tban that of the Kanwth and Homby Study.'
Producers of IXlre, natlll,li CEDARWOOD oil, in Ule hemt of Break elongation is 42.04% ± 4.9%.
Ihe Texas Hill COllnhy. Atolally quot;greenquot; 0llelalion. The break stress ofwet Caucasian hair is 0.165:1: 0.025NI
Ill~',
higher than that of wet African-American hair.
The break elongation of wet African-American hair is
OUf steam distilla1ion plant and on-site vacuum 42.04% ± 4.HO%, and break elOllgation ofweI: Caucasian hair
refining capabilities enable us to supply perfumers and is 61.61 ± 4.1 %. When compareel, these values suggest that
compounders with consistent qualities. We offer all wet African-American hair does not extend as lTlllch before
grades and compositions of Texas cedarwood oils at breaking as does vet CaucHsiall Jlair (Tables:3 al1d 5).
competitive prices. The break stress of dry African-American hair is (0.153 ±
Order 1 kg or 100 drum quantities, and expect 0.015) 10quot;N/m' as comparcd to the break stress of 0.189
prompt shipment by UPS, air freight or ocean freight lOquot;N/m' ± 0.019 lOquot;N/mquot; for dry Caucasian bair (Tables .3
to any coulltry in the world, FOB Houstoll, Texas. and 5). Upon comparison oftheso values, it is clear that dry
African-American hair breaks more readily tlran does dry
Our Tcxaromc qualily is also available from stock Caucasian hair.
at your favorite loctll broker & dealer. The break elongation ofdty African-American hair fibers
is 3[1.35% ± 4.9% as compared to the break elongation of
Ask fol' it by /lame. 49.57% ± 4.4% for dry Caucasian hair (Tables 3 and 5).
Comparing these values, it is clear that dty African-Ameli-
can hair does not extend as much before breaking as dly
Cafl or fax youfofders directly fa tiS in English French, German or
Spanish andexperience (rielldfy, personalizedservice, Texas style. Caucasian hair. Therefore, Aftican-American hair is more
PO Box 157, Leakey, TX 78873 USA fragile in wet and <lry conditions tlran Caucasian Irair.
Telephone 21 0-212-()079 • Toll-free 800-514-1363
r,lX 210-232-5716 Comparison of Wet and Dry Combing I'roperties
lVet combing:African-American lurirwas assembled into
a 1.5 g tress and cut to 12 em in length to test wet combing.
44/Cosrnolics & 1oiletrlct,) JT10o(uine Vol. 110, Oclober 1995
5. Table 3. Tensile strength properties Table 4. Dia-Stron MTT testing parameters
of untreated African-American hair for breaking stress and elongation
-·---···----·---··-----------·---·---1
Test Condition No. of Cross-SecUonaJ Break Stress Elongation at Range: 150.00 gram force
RH (%) Specimens Area nr UP N/nf! break(%) Gauge: 2.00 gram force
Sample Size: 30.00 mm
Wei (100) 20 6.27 x 10' 0.089 ± 0.025 42.04 ±4.9 Phase 1: 100.00 %
Dry (65) 20 6.74 x 10' O.153:tO.015 39.35 ±4.9 Pllase2: 0.00 sec
_ _-----
Lj
.. .•.._ - - - - - _ ... Phase 3: 0.00%
Phase 4: 0.00%
, Speed: 15.00 mm/min
Table 5. Tensile strength properties No. of Cycles: 1
of untreated Caucasian hair
Test Condition No. of Cross~Sectlonal Break Stress Elongation at Table 6. Dla-Stron MTT testing parameters
Rft (%) Speclmons Areanr UPNlm'l break(%) for dry and wet combing
Wet (100) 20 6.25 x 10'9 0.165 ± 0.025 61.61 t 4.1
Dry (6.'quot;5) 20 6.72 X 10.9 0.189±0.019 49.57 ± 4.4 Range: 2,000.00 gram force
----_... .. __.._ - - - - - - - - - Gauge:
Sample Size:
0.00
20.00
gram force
mm
The tres!'i was then soaked in lap water at room temperatnre for 15 Phase 1: 600.00 %.,
minutes and mounted on a Dia-Stroll MTT combing device using the Phase 2: 0.00 sec
Phase 3: 0.00%
paramelers in Table 6. Phase 4: 0.00%
The teeth of the hard-rubber comb were spaced 2.0 mm apart. The Speed: 60.00 mrn/min
No. of Cycles: 1
work dOllC (ill joules) to pass the COlllb through the hair tress reflects an
average or three combings.
The Sil!nc procedure and parameters used ahove were used fl.H' vet Table 7. Combing work for untreated
combing of Caucasiall hair (Figure 2 and Table 7). African-American hair and Caucasian hair
Dry combing: Tile same proccchlre vas used for (hycombing both
African-Amcrican and Caucasian hair, except that the hair tress was _~~1!!:!?!'!JL~?~~.!~!._~'!!-'~~_
equilibrated and combed at G5% HI-l (Figure 3 and Table 7). Hair Type Wet Hair Dry Hair
lkRrtltH: The -vork of combing wet black hair is almost 5 times that African-American 0.0392 0.3017
of combing wet Caucasian hair Crable b). lilorcovcr, the work or Caucasian 0.0082 0.0057
JJ~
For marketing & technical information on
Evening Primrose Oil and Storflower Oil (Boroge Oil),
the high purity sources of GLA
contact The Cosmetic & Specialty Chemicals Group
f10che Vitamins & Fine Chemicals Division
Nutley, NJ 07110
Phone it 201/909-8332 Fax II 201/909-5592
quot;%quot;quot;quot;;;m=_quot;,,,,.3lquot;.,;'T'!.,:,;]quot;quot;i.t))J:'i::&i§iquot;quot;4E;.<jW§rnJ;k;':i:;;quot;';'~~§9«':;;«tquot;»i';;d:;quot;quot;quot;,mquot;iii<ki'i'£m'h<4)A?lquot;;./:ci:;;s>!;;>Ji~J,,,x,>'.iM¥,'quot;m,mquot;,.:,quot;·
· quot;quot;.~m'i;,,,,,,m;s,mm~1ii%!quot;quot;'!l!!!l~,,,,,,,miilll!iWJl;;;rrnmgmmm_!1!Ilil1JIDj!1ffP~
Vol. 110, October 1995 CosmetIcs & Tolletrles~ mogozine/45
6. hetween the teeth. The tress was then placed at a pre-
determined distance in Trek ESD 425 Modelh and static
charge was llleasured. An average static charge of three
tresses is shown in Table 8 and Figure 4.
quot;Va used the same procedure to dderlllilH~ the static
charge on Caucasian hair. An average slat ic charge or three
tresses is shown in Table 8 and Figure 4.
Hesults: Aftican-American hair develops a highly nega-
tive electrostatic charge (~2,5.4 KV/m) (Table H).In contrast,
Caucasian hair develops a velY low positive c1ectrostalic
charge (+6.6 KV/m). The relatively high negative charge
acquired by dry AfricaIl~American hair during combing
COMBING DISlANCli (mm)
may be <lIte to the extraordinarily lligh degree oi'pulling
figure 2. force required to pass the comb through the entangled
hair fibersY
The combing of chemically straightened blaek hair re-
I sults in a positive electrostatic charge (+25.9 KVlln). This
revrrsaJ is thought to be attributable to a f.;rcater case of
combing and rninimal hair-fiber entanglemcnt.
I quot;Vhether untreated or chemically straightencd, A [l'ican-
Arnerican hair develops a signiHcantly higllCr electrostatic
I charge than does Caucasian hair. The relatively high electro-
static charges could produce a quot;balloon effectquot; and contrib-
ute to the higher degree of umnanagcability.f1
COm(larison of Moisture Contents
I To determine moisture content or
African-American
I
11,lir, African-American hair fibers were clealIS{,d alld equili-
COMBIIlG IlISTIINCE (mm) brated to GS91 un at room tempnratllm as in the above
0
Figure 3.
procedure for determining tensile strength. The root end of
caell llair nbcrwas eut into small pieces and placed ill a prc-
weidlCc1 alumInum pan using a Cahn MicrobalaIlccquot;. Tile
:---------'~------1 allll;linum pan containing the {utiI' salnplewas then placed in
an analyzer (DSCd) and a moisture isothenn was obtained
:g using the following parameters in Table 9.
g
IU 10 After tlle run is complete, the aluminum pan cOlltaining
quot;
quot;
<
r the hair sample was transferred to a desiccator for 2 hours
quot; '
quot; and then weighed again using a balance. The moisture
~ content was determined as follows:
quot;.10
~
% Moisture content = [(weight ofhair sample
~ ro
before healing) - (weight of hair sample after heating)]/
[(weight orhair before heating) x 100]
Again, the same procedure was used to determine the
moisture content of Caucasian hair.
figure 4.
Hesults: The moisture content of African-American hair
tends to be less than that of Caucasian hair. African-Ameri-
C'olll)ing is almost 50 times greater [or African-Ameli.can hair can hair contains 17.69% moisture by weight vs. 18.66% for
thall Caucasian bairwllcn dry. Arrican~AJllerican hair is allnost Caucasian hair. The Aflican-American hair has 5.20% loss
8 times more difficult tocombwct than cIty, The relatively high moisture content than Caucasian hair (Table 10).
degree ofwork required to comb the assemhlyof dlY African-
An;etican hair is due to its extwmelycurly conBguration and Conclusions
consequential entanglement. Figures 2 and 3 depict the African-American hair fibers, when compared with Cau-
combing curves ofwet and dry hair ofbotb Iypes. casian hair fibers, exhibit the follOWing properties:
Comparison of Static·Charge Properties • Irregular diameter along the hair shaft. This phenom.
enon may well be a major contributor to the compara-
African-American hair fibers were assemblec1into a 1.0 g. tive weakness of African-American hair.
tress cut to 20.0 em in length. The background static charge
of the tress was measured before combing. 11I measure- Ic['rck Industries, Medina, NY
ments were cOlHl11cted at 21quot;C ancl38% BH. The tress was cCalm Microbalance, ATI Orion, Boston, lvlA
combed 10 times with a harc1-ruhher comh vith 2.0 mm <I])igilnl Scanning Calorimeter (1)5C), Jl('rkln-EllllGr Corp, Norwalk, CT
t16/Cosrnetics & Toilclries0 mog01ine Vol. 110, October 1995
7. o A relative low break stress and break elongation hI bOtll
Table 8. Static charge on African-American hair
wet a)l(I dry stales. Thus, African-Americ~lnhairgener-
and Caucasian hair using hard rubber comb
ally has le;.;s tcnsile strength amI breaks more easily
thall Caucasian hair does. Thus, AfticClu-Amcrican hair Hair Type Static Charge in KiloVolts/meter
tends to be the Inure delicate of the two hair types. Black - 25.4
(I A relatively high resistance to combing in the wet: state Relaxed black 25_9
all(1 even mom so when dry. The likelilJood ofeffecling Caucasian 6.6
mcchanica[ damage by simple grooming is, therefore,
lllllCh great {'Iquot; Cor African-Illlcricatl llair Iwc<luse of its
lligltly cnrly cOllfiguralion. Table 9. Digital Scanning Calorimeter
(I A bigh stalic charge when combed in a dry state. This
testing parameters
finding indicates that normal styling and grooilli lit-; can
Heating rate lOge/minute
make AfricalHmcrican hair conSiderably less man-
Starting Temperature 40QC
ageable since static causes fly-away Gbers. Ending Temperature 260'C
It A lower kn·l or Illoisture. The 10v8r rnoisture content '-----------------------'
orAfricall-Alllcrican hair may be asignil1cantcontril)ll-
[or to its relative fragility. Table 10. Moisture content of untreated
The results of' this research have parUudar relevance 1'01' African-American hair and Caucasian hair
chemists and new-product development specialists who
work ill the ethnic hair··care market. It is clear that- ArrIean- _Com!!.~~~ryy9.!'~J~'~C!.ules
Hair Type mglg of Iwir %
American bail' difJers fmm Caucasian hair in a number of
African-American 176.9 17.69%
i mporl<tnt ways, suggesting that the products formulated f(.H·
Caucasian 186.7 18.66
Caucasian hair and sold ill the general market may not
adequately address the special hair-care needs of the Afri-
AfIican-Amedcan hair, makeitpainfullyapparcnt thatt-here
can-American COllSttmer. It may well be that smIle the or are many more questions to be ansvered before we have an
products and practices now used in the ethnic market arc
adequate knowledge of this hair lype, Those of us who are
inappropriate alld ineffective, given that African-American
professionally mId/or academically involved with ethnic hair
llair lends to h{~ relatively fragile and diHlcult to comb and as
are beckoned to delve even further into its nnique
a lligh sialic ('[large and lower moisture content.
characteristicsand how it reacts with various products,
Th i:_,; n~.'il·'lrcil, aiulig with other studies cOlldllctcd on
treatments, temperatures. environmental conditions and
styling/grooming practices. As the body of scientific
knowledge broadens, the consumer is suquot;re t.o be better
served and the entire ethnic hair-care industIy will be
OUR CREDO TO enormously enriched.
FLAVOR AND References
FRAGRANCE Address correspondence to Ali N. Syed, c/o Editor, Cosmetics &
BUYERS Toiletrle#magazine, 362 South Schmale Road,' Carol Stream, IL
60188-2787 USA
1, J Epps and LJ Wolfram, Letter to the Editor, Journal of Society of
Cosmetic Chemists 34 213-214 (JUly 1983)
NO ORDER TOO LARGE 2. ML Garcia and J Diaz, Combability Measurements on Human
NO ORDER TOO SMALL Hair, Journal of Sociely of Cosmetic Chemists 27 379 398 (1976)
8
3. K Gieck and R Geick, Engineering Fonnu{as, 6th ed, New York:
We don't set minimum require- McGraw-Hili p 83 (1990)
ments because we have found that 4. Ibid, P 267
quot;tc,t ordersquot; often lead to long 5. J Jachowicz, G Wls-Surel and ML Garcia, Relationship between
term relationships. This is a Triboelectric Charging and Surface Modifications of Human Hair,
policy we have adhered to for Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists 36 189-212 (May/June
over 110 years. So let us have the 1985)
Alan P.llirnbaum, Presidelll 6. YK Kamath and S. Hornby, Mechanical and Fractographic Behavior
opportunity of bidding on your
next order, no matter it's size. of Negroid Hair, Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists 35 21-
43 (January/February 1984)
7. J Menkart, LJ Wolfram and I Mao, Caucasian Hair, Negro Hair,
and Wool: Similarities and Differences, Journal of Society of
Just say: quot;CHAUVETquot; Cosmetic Cllemists 17 769-787 (1966)
8. WE Morton and JWS Hearle, Static Electricity, Physical Properties
Since 1881 of Textile Fibers, Manchester, UK: The Textile Institute 529(1986)
9, CR Robbins, Physical Properties and Cosmetic Behavior of Hair,
PIERRE C1IAUVET_oc
(!I$lIbSidiilryol ri~rrc ChalJvcl, SA Fr,ll1t~ Tel: 9-175%,03 Fax9-U6.%1G)
3IlEUTElI [JRquot; CLOSTEfl, fU 07624 TEL: 201.784.9300 FAX: 201.784.0604
Cllemical and Physical Behavior of /-Iuman Hair, New York:
Springer-Veriag (1988), p 268
10. AN Syed, EthnicHairCare: History, Trends and Formulation,
I .
Cosmetics & Toiletries 108 99·107 (September '1993)
48/Cosrnellcs & ToilntrlesSl m(l{~Jmjne Vol. 110, October 1995