Applied Networking

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Chapter 6: Applied
Networking
IT Essentials v7.0

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Chapter 6 - Sections & Objectives
6.1 Device to Network Connection
• Configure devices for wired and wireless networks.
• Explain MAC and IP addressing for computer networks.
• Configure a NIC for wired and wireless networks.
• Configure wireless networking in a small LAN.
• Configure firewall settings.
• Configure IoT devices.
6.2 Network Troubleshooting
• Troubleshoot problems and solutions related to networks.
• Explain the six steps of the troubleshooting process for networks.
• Troubleshoot common and advanced problems related to networks.

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6.1 DEVICE TO NETWORK CONNECTION

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Networked Equipment Addressing
 The MAC address is hard coded onto the network interface card (NIC) by the manufacturer.
• The MAC address is 48 bits represented in hexadecimal
• OSI-Data Link Layer; TCP/IP-Network Access Layer
 The Internet Protocol (IP) address is assigned by network
administrators based on the location within the network.
 Two versions of Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing:
• IPv4: 32-bit represented in dotted-decimal
• IPv6: 128-bit represented in hexadecimal

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Two Network Addresses
 Host devices need both addresses to communicate on the network.
 When a laptop is moved to a
different network, the MAC
address stays the same, but
the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
change.
• A MAC address is a unique
number that is part of the NIC.
• IP addresses are assigned by
the company or internet
provider.

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Displaying the Addresses
 Use the ipconfig command with the /all switch to see the MAC (physical)
address.

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IP Addressing - IPv4
 An IP address is a unique number that is used to identify a network device and is
represented as a 32-bit binary number, divided into four octets (groups of eight bits):
• Example: 10111110.01100100.00000101.00110110
 An IP address is also represented in a dotted decimal format.
• Example: 190.100.5.54
 When a host is configured with an IP address, it is entered as a dotted decimal number,
such as 192.168.1.5. This IP address must be unique on a network to ensure data can be
sent/received.
 IP Classes
• Class A: Large networks, implemented by large companies and some countries
(16,777,214 usable)
• Class B: Medium-sized networks, implemented by universities (65,534 usable)
• Class C: Small networks, implemented by ISP for customer subscriptions (254 usable)
• Class D: Special use for multicasting
• Class E: Used for experimental testing

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IP Addressing – IPv4
 Private Addresses - IETF reserved some Internet address space for private networks.
 Private networks have no connection to public networks.
 Private network addresses are not routed across the Internet.
• Class A - 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
• Class B - 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
• Class C - 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
 Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
• Feature of modern operating systems
• Automatically self-configures an IP address and subnet mask when a DHCP server isn't
available
• IP address range: 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254
• Configures a default class B subnet mask of 255.255.0.0
 If using DHCP and you continue to receive an APIPA address you should restart the DHCP
server.

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Subnet Masks
 The subnet mask is used to indicate the network and the host portion of an IP
address.
 The default subnet masks for three classes of IP addresses.
• 255.0.0.0 or /8 – Class A, which indicates that the first octet of the IPv4
address is the network portion.
• 255.255.0.0 or /16 – Class B, which indicates that the first two octets of the IPv4
address is the network portion.
• 255.255.255.0 or /24 – Class C, which indicates that the first three octets of the
IPv4 address is the network portion.

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Networked Equipment Addressing
 An IPv4 address is composed of two parts. The first part identifies the network.
The second part identifies a host on that network.
 Computers and routers use the subnet mask to calculate the network portion of
the destination IPv4 address.
 A one bit in the subnet mask means that bit is part of the network portion. So with
255.255.255.0, the first 24 bits of the 192.168.200.8 address are network bits. The
last 8 bits are host bits.

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IP Addressing – IPv6
 IPv6 address - 128 bits or 32 hexadecimal values.
• 32 hexadecimal values are further subdivided into eight fields of four
hexadecimal values separated by colons.
 IPv6 address has a three-part hierarchy
• Global prefix, also called a site prefix, is the first three blocks of the address.
• Subnet ID includes the fourth block of the address.
• Interface ID or host identifier includes the last four blocks of the address.

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IPv6 Address Format
 Two rules help reduce the number of digits needed to represent an IPv6 address:
• Rule 1 – Omit Leading 0s – 0db8 can be db8
• Rule 2 – Omit All 0 Segments
by using a double
colon (::) only once

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Static Addressing
 Static address information needed for communication with
other networks and the internet:
• IP address
• Subnet mask
• Default gateway (address of router so information can be
sent to other networks)
• DNS server (converts domain names or URLs to IP
addresses for easy reachability or remote web sites and
devices)
 Disabling DHCP and statically assigning IP addresses to the
authorized device list increases network security.
 You can change the static address if it conflict with DHCP on
another device.

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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
 DHCP automatically provides computers with an IP address.
 The DHCP server can assign these to hosts:
• IP address
• Subnet mask
• Default gateway
• Domain Name System (DNS)
server address

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Link-local IPv4 and IPv6 Addresses
 IPv4 device uses if the device cannot
obtain an IPv4 IP address (APIPA).
 IPv6 device must always have a
dynamic or manually configured link-
local IPv6 IP address.
• Used to exchange information
between devices.

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Networking Cards
 A wired or wireless network interface card (NIC)
is required to connect to the network.
 After it is installed, IP settings must be configured
either manually or dynamically.
 You can also configure advanced settings, such
as speed, duplex, Wake on LAN, and quality of
service (QoS).

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Advanced NIC Settings
 Duplex and Speed
• Duplex and speed settings for a NIC can slow down data transfer rates on a
computer if they are not matched with the device to which they are connected.
 Wake on LAN
• WoL settings are used to wake up a networked computer from a very low power
mode state.
 Quality of Service
• QoS, also called 802.1q QoS, is a variety of techniques that control the flow of
network traffic, improve transmission speeds, and improve real-time
communications traffic.

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Selecting a NIC
 Most network interfaces for desktop computers are either integrated into the
motherboard or are an expansion card that fits into an expansion slot.
 Most laptop network interfaces are either integrated into the motherboard or fit
into a PC Card or ExpressBus expansion slot.
 USB network adapters plug into a USB port and can be used with both desktops
and laptops.
 Most NICs will have two LEDs:
• Indicates the presence of a connection
• Indicates that data transfer activity is present

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Install or Update a NIC Driver
 Manufacturers publish new driver software for NICs.
• May enhance the functionality of the NIC.
• May be needed for operating system compatibility.
 When installing a new driver manually, disable the virus protection and close all
applications.
 Select Start > Control Panel > Device Manager or right-click Start > Device
Manager.
 If a new NIC driver does not perform as expected after it has been installed, the
driver can be uninstalled, or rolled back, to the previous driver.

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Installing and Updating a NIC
 If installing a wireless
NIC, ensure antenna is
positioned for optimum
reachability
 Use Device Manager to
view the driver details:
• Expand the Network
adapters category
• Right-click on specific
NIC > Properties or
Update driver

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Configure a NIC
 Wireless devices including smart phones also need IP addresses to participate on
a wireless network.
 Every NIC must be configured with the following information:
• Protocols
• IP address
• MAC address
 Alternate IP configuration in Windows simplifies
moving between a network that requires using
DHCP and a network that uses static IP settings.
Windows uses the alternate IP configuration
assigned to the NIC if no access to DHCP
 Network Profiles are used to provide an easy way to
configure or apply network functions based on the type of network to be joined.

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ICMP
 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
is used to test connectivity and send control
and error messages.
 The ping command is part of ICMP.
ping command switch options

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Connecting Wired Devices to the Internet
 To connect a small office or
home wired network device:
• Connect the cable to device.
• Connect other end of cable to
switch (yellow port).
• Connect cable between the
wireless router (blue port)
and the broadband modem.
 After connecting the network
cable, activity should be verified
by looking at the LEDs.
To PC
To modem

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Logging into the Router
 Open a browser and enter the default IP
address of the router.
• 192.168.0.1 is the factory default on
many routers.
 Enter the default username and password.

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Basic Network Setup
1. Log in to router.
2. Change the default password.
3. Log in with new password.
4. Set the DHCP address range
5. Renew IP addresses on
devices (ipconfig /release
and then ipconfig /renew
commands).
6. Change default IP address
and log in with new IP
address.

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Basic Wireless Settings
 It is good practice to change the
following default settings:
1. View WLAN defaults.
2. Change the network mode.
3. Configure the SSID.
4. Configure the channel.
5. Configure the security mode.
6. Configure the passphrase.
 Wireless interference or a weak signal
can cause slow data transfer and
frequent loss of connectivity.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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Basic Wireless Settings
 Configure basic settings to secure and increase the speed of the wireless network:
• Network mode - A mixed-mode allows 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n devices.
• Service Set Identifier (SSID) - The name of the wireless network.
• Channel - 1, 6 and 11 do not overlap and should be used to avoid interference
from other nearby wireless devices. Use one of these three channels for best
results.
• Wireless security modes
– Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
– Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
– Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
– Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
– Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)

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Testing Connectivity
 Using Windows GUI
 Using Windows CLI
• ipconfig – displays basic configuration for all network
adapters.
• ping – tests basic connectivity between devices.
• net commands – manage network computers, servers,
and resources.
• tracert – trace the routes that packets take from your
computer to a destination host.
• nslookup – tests and troubleshoots DNS servers.

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Configure a Wireless Mesh Network
 A mesh network allows complete
coverage of a space.
 Devices, like the Linksys Velop,
can cover an entire home so
there are no dead spots.
 Each device uses the same
SSID, password, and encryption.
 Each mesh device uses different
channels so not to interfere with
each other.

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NAT for IPv4
 Network Address Translation (NAT)
converts private IPv4 addresses to
Internet-routable public IPv4 addresses.

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Quality of Service
 Quality of Service
(QoS) configuration
allows prioritization of
specific traffic types.

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UPnP
 Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is not
secure and is a security risk.
 UPnP allows devices to dynamically add
themselves to a wireless network without
intervention/configuration.

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DMZ
 A demilitarized zone (DMZ) is
a network that provides services
to an untrusted network.
 A DMZ often contains servers.
 Some wireless routers support
the creation of a DMZ.

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Port Forwarding
 Port forwarding allows traffic to
specific ports.
• Provides secure access to a
server/device without the expense
of implementing a DMZ or
purchasing a hardware firewall.
 Port triggering allows a temporary
opening in the firewall to allow data
to specific inbound ports or a port
range for an application or game.

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MAC Address Filtering
 MAC Address Filtering is used to
specify the MAC addresses that are
allowed on the wireless network.

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Whitelisting and Blacklisting
 Whitelisting – allow users such as
children or employees access to
specific IP addresses.
 Blacklisting – block known web
sites

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Network Sharing
 All Windows computers on a network must be part of either a
domain or a workgroup.
 Before computers can share resources, they must share the
same domain name or workgroup name.
 Mapping a local drive is a useful way to access a single file,
specific folders, or an entire drive between different operating
systems over a network.
 Determine which resources will be shared over the network and
the type of permissions users will have to the resources.
• Read - user can view data in files and run programs
• Change - user can add files and subfolders, change the data in
files, and delete subfolders and files
• Full Control - user can change permissions of files and folders

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Sharing Resources in Windows 7 and Up
 Sharing and Discovery, located in the Network and Sharing Center, manages the
settings for a home network.
• Network discovery
• File sharing
• Public folder sharing
• Printer sharing
• Password protected sharing
• Media sharing
 Access by using the following path:
 Start > Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center

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Network Shares and Drive Mapping
 Mapping a drive, which is done by assigning a letter (A to Z) to the resource on a
remote drive, allows you to use the remote drive as if it was a local drive.
 The following are the permissions that can be assigned to the file or folder
• Read – user can view and run program files
• Change – In addition to Read permissions, the user can add files and
subfolders, change the data in files, and delete subfolders and files
• Full Control - In addition to Change and Read permissions, the user can
change the permission of files and folders in an NTFS partition and take
ownership of files and folders.

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Remote Connections
 Remote Desktop allows technicians to view and control a computer from a
remote location.
 Remote Assistance allows technicians to assist customers with problems from a
remote location.

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Virtual Private Network (VPN)
 Virtual Private Network (VPN) – a private network
that connects remote sites or users together over
a public network, like the internet.
 When connected via the VPN, users have access
to all services and resources as if they were
physically connected to their corporate LAN.
 Remote-access users must install the VPN client
software which encrypts data before sending it over the Internet.
 VPN gateways establish, manage, and control VPN connections (also known as
VPN tunnels).
 Secures confidential data when connecting to business services over unsecured
connections.

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Internet of Things
 Internet of Things (IoT) may connect to a pre-existing network or a network of its
own.
 A smart home contains IoT devices.

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IoT Devices in Packet Tracer

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6.2 NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING
PROCESS

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Network Maintenance
 Preventive maintenance for networks includes the
condition of cables, network devices, servers, and
computers to make sure that they are kept clean and
are in good working order.
 You should develop a plan to perform scheduled
maintenance and cleaning at regular intervals.
 Inform the network administrator if you notice any of
these issues to prevent unnecessary network
downtime.
 Performing preventative maintenance at regular
intervals reduces in network downtime.

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Preventive Maintenance for Networks
 Common preventive maintenance techniques should continually be performed for
a network to operate properly.
• Keep network rooms clean and change air filters often.
• Checking the various components of a network for wear.
• Check the condition of network/patch cables because they are often moved,
unplugged, and kicked.
• Label the cables to save troubleshooting time later. Refer to wiring diagrams
and always follow your company's cable labeling guidelines.
• The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) should be tested to ensure that you
have power in the case of an outage.
 Network maintenance also includes educating users on IT policies and
procedures.

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The Troubleshooting Process
Step 1 Identify the problem
Step 2 Establish a theory of probable causes
Step 3 Test the Theory to Determine cause
Step 4 Establish a Plan of Action to Resolve the Problem
and Implement the Solution
Step 5 Verify Full System Functionality and
Implement Preventative Measures
Step 6 Document Findings, Actions, and
Outcomes

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Step 1- Identify the Problem
 System Information
– Manufacturer, model, OS, network environment, connection type
 Open-ended questions
– What problems are you experiencing with your computer or network device?
– What software has been changed recently on your computer?
– What were you doing when the problem was identified?
– What error messages have you received?
– What type of network connection is the computer using?
 Closed-ended questions
– Has anyone else used your computer recently?
– Can you see any shared files or printers?
– Have you changed your password recently?
– Can you access the Internet?
– Are you currently logged into the network?

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Step 2 - Establish a Theory of Probable Causes
 Create a list of the most common reasons why the error would occur and list the
easiest or most obvious causes at the top with the more complex causes at the
bottom.
• Loose cable connections
• Improperly installed NIC
• ISP is down
• Low wireless signal strength
• Invalid IP address

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Step 3 - Test the Theory to Determine cause
 Testing your theories of probable causes one at a time, starting with the quickest
and easiest.
• Check that all cables are connected to the proper locations.
• Disconnect and then reconnect cables and connectors.
• Reboot the computer or network device.
• Login as a different user.
• Repair or re-enable the network connection.
• Contact the network administrator.
• Ping your default gateway.
• Access remote web pages.
 If exact cause of the problem has not been determined after you have tested all
your theories, establish a new theory of probable causes and test it.

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Step 4 - Establish a Plan of Action to Resolve the Problem
and Implement the Solution
 Sometimes quick procedures can determine the exact cause of the problem or
even correct the problem.
 If a quick procedure does not correct the problem, you might need to research the
problem further to establish the exact cause.
 Divide larger problems into smaller problems that can be analyzed and solved
individually.

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Step 5 - Verify Full System Functionality and Implement
Preventative Measures
 Verifying full system functionality and implement any preventive measures if
needed.
• ipconfig /all is used to display IP Address information.
• ping is used to check network connectivity.
• nslookup is used to query Internet domain name server.
• tracert is used to determine the route taken by packets when they travel
across the network.
• net view is used to display a list of computers in a workgroup.
 Have the customer verify the solution and system functionality.

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Step 6 - Document Findings, Actions, and Outcomes
 Discuss the solution with the customer.
 Have the customer confirm that the problem has been solved.
 Document the process.
• Problem description
• Solution
• Components used
• Amount of time spent in solving the problem

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Common Problems and Solutions for Networks
 Network problems can be attributed to hardware, software, or configuration
issues.
 Common networking problems include:
• Network cables are damaged or unplugged
– Wrong duplex setting.
• Legitimate users are denied remote access
• Device lacks sufficient addressing information
– APIPA address assigned – check the NIC LED lights first and then the
DHCP connection.

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Common Problems and Solutions for Networks
 Common networking problems include:
• Users cannot access the Internet
– The target web server is down.
– DNS service is unavailable on the customer network.
• User cannot map a drive or share a folder on the network
– Check Network Connection Details in the Windows GUI for the appropriate
network connection.
• Wireless issues
– The wireless router is not broadcasting the SSID.
– The network does not support the wireless protocol in use by the laptop.

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6.3 CHAPTER SUMMARY

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Chapter 6: Applied Networking Summary
 6.1 Device to Network Connection
 Configure devices for wired and wireless networks.
• Explain MAC and IP addressing for computer networks.
• Configure a NIC for wired and wireless networks.
• Configure wireless networking in a small LAN.
• Configure firewall settings.
• Configure IoT devices.
 6.2 Network Troubleshooting
 Troubleshoot problems and solutions related to networks.
• Explain the six steps of the troubleshooting process for networks.
• Troubleshoot common and advanced problems related to networks.

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New Terms and Commands
• MAC address
• IPv4 address
• IPv6 address
• Static address
• Dynamic address
• Link-local address
• ICMP
• DHCP
• Nat for IPv4
• QoS
• Firewall
• UPnP
• DMZ
• Port forwarding
• Port triggering
• MAC address filtering
• Whitelist
• Blacklist
• IoT

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