Administrative Law Notes.pdf

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EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
PRINCIPLES OF LAW SERIES
Professor Paul Dobson
Visiting Professor at Anglia Polytechnic University
Professor Nigel Gravells
Professor of English Law, Nottingham University
Professor Phillip Kenny
Professor and Head of the Law School, Northumbria University
Professor Richard Kidner
Professor and Head of the Law Department, University of Wales,
Aberystwyth
In order to ensure that the material presented by each title maintains the
necessary balance between thoroughness in content and accessibility in
arrangement, each title in the series has been read and approved by an
independent specialist under the aegis of the Editorial Board. The Editorial
Board oversees the development of the series as a whole, ensuring a
conformity in all these vital aspects.

David Stott, LLB, LLM
Deputy Head, Anglia Law School
Anglia Polytechnic University
Alexandra Felix, LLB, LLM
Lecturer in Law, Anglia Law School
Anglia Polytechnic University
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First published in Great Britain 1997 by Cavendish Publishing Limited, The
Glass House, Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX.
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© Stott, D and Felix, A 1997
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
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London W1P 9HE, UK, without the permission in writing of the publisher.
Stott, David
Principles of administrative law
1. Administrative law – England 2. Administrative law – Wales
I. Title II. Felix, Alexandra
342.4’2
1 85941 370 6
Printed and bound in Great Britain

PREFACE
v
Administrative law is an exciting topic, in particular for those with an interest
in how the law seeks to control the exercise of the enormous powers of the
modern state. In the development of the law generally, modern administrative
law is a recent, very largely post-Second World War, phenomenon. In legal edu-
cation, it has grown over the past 20 years from being a component within
established constitutional law courses to being a subject in its own right. Its
relationship with constitutional law, however, must not be forgotten. The prin-
ciples and theories received in your study of constitutional law will inform
your study of administrative law. Administrative law is also exciting because
of its continuous development. Just as modern administrative law was very
largely a response to the development of the welfare state, so recent govern-
ment initiatives such as the privatisation of the great public corporations and
the proposed adoption of the European Convention on Human Rights will
demand further judicial responses.
The aim of this text is to provide a comprehensive and accessible review of
the law as it has developed from both the national and the European perspec-
tive.
We would like to thank Jo Reddy and Cathy West for the patience they have
shown in the writing of this text and the Editorial Board for their valuable com-
ments on the draft manuscript. We also thank Russell Richardson for his
research.
David Stott and Alexandra Felix
Anglia Law School
August 1997

CONTENTS
vii
Preface v
Table of cases xix
Table of statutes xxxv
Table of abbreviations xxxix
1 THE NATURE AND PURPOSE OF
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 DEFINITION OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 3
1.3 JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION 4
1.4 POWERS AND DUTIES 5
1.5 THE PUBLIC/PRIVATE DICHOTOMY 7
1.6 THE SOURCE OF POWER 9
1.7 THE ROLE OF THE COURTS 13
1.8 THE BALANCE OF POWER 15
1.9 REVIEW/APPEAL 21
1.10 THE RULE OF LAW 22
1.11 THE PRINCIPLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY 24
1.11.1 Discretionary versus arbitrary power 25
1.12 THE DISCRETIONARY NATURE OF THE REMEDIES 27
1.13 LAW AND POLITICS 28
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1 31
2 THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 33
2.1 HISTORY 33
2.2 JUDICIAL RESTRAINT 36

Principles of Administrative Law
viii
2.3 JUDICIAL INTERVENTIONISM 39
3 JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE
ACTION I – PREREQUISITES TO REVIEW 43
3.1 INTRODUCTION 43
3.2 PREREQUISITES TO JUDICIAL REVIEW 45
3.3 NON-JUSTICIABILITY 46
3.3.1 Foreign affairs, defence and national security 46
3.3.2 The treaty-making power 47
3.3.3 The defence of the realm 48
3.3.4 Law enforcement 52
3.3.5 Prisons – operational decisions 57
3.3.6 Political judgments considered by Parliament 57
3.4 SURRENDER OF DISCRETION 60
3.4.1 Unlawful delegation – delegatus non potest delegare 60
3.4.2 Acting under dictation 62
3.5 POLICY 63
3.5.1 Self-created rules of policy 63
3.6 KEEPING AN OPEN MIND 64
3.7 FETTERING DISCRETION BY CONTRACT 65
3.8 FETTERING DISCRETION BY ESTOPPEL 66
3.9 FETTERING DISCRETION BY LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION 68
3.10 PRESUMPTIONS OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION 73
3.10.1 Taxation cannot be levied without
the authority of Parliament 73
3.10.2 In favour of the rule of law 74
3.10.3 Against ousting the jurisdiction of the courts 76
3.10.4 In favour of international law 77

Contents
ix
ACTION II – SUBSTANTIVE ULTRA VIRES
AND ABUSE OF POWER 81
4.1 DEFINITION 81
4.2 CLASSIFICATION 81
4.2.1 Substantive ultra vires 81
4.2.2 Procedural ultra vires 81
4.2.3 Abuse of power 82
4.3 SUBSTANTIVE ULTRA VIRES 83
4.3.1 Illustrations 83
4.3.2 Incidental objectives 84
4.4 ABUSE OF POWER 86
4.4.1 Introduction 86
4.4.2 Unreasonableness 86
4.4.3 Narrow unreasonableness 88
4.4.4 Claims of narrow unreasonableness 90
4.4.5 Narrow unreasonableness and justiciability 95
4.4.6 Broad unreasonableness 95
4.4.7 Non compliance with the objectives of the Act 96
4.4.8 Improper purpose/irrelevant considerations 98
4.4.9 Mixed motives 102
4.4.10 Punishment motive alleged 103
4.4.11 Electoral promises 105
4.4.12 The manifesto argument and the
principle of reasonableness 106
4.4.13 Fiduciary duty/misplaced philanthropy 106
4.4.14 Bad faith 107
4.4.15 Human rights 109
4.4.16 Failure to fulfil statutory duties 110
4.4.17 Opposition to the policy of Parliament 111
4.5 PROPORTIONALITY 111
4.6 CONCLUSION 115

x
ACTION III – PROCEDURAL ULTRA VIRES 121
5.1 INTRODUCTION 121
5.2 STATUTORY PROCEDURES 121
5.2.1 Nature and effect 121
5.2.2 Substantial compliance 124
5.3 NATURAL JUSTICE/FAIRNESS 125
5.3.1 Content 125
5.3.2 History and development 125
5.3.3 Legitimate expectation 127
5.3.4 The development of fairness 130
5.3.5 Flexibility of content 131
5.4 THE RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING 132
5.4.2 Disclosure of evidence 132
5.4.3 Limits on disclosure 133
5.4.4 Preliminary hearings/recommendations 133
5.4.5 Nature of the hearing 134
5.4.6 Time 135
5.4.7 Witnesses 136
5.4.8 Cross-examination 136
5.4.9 Legal representation 136
5.4.10 Reasons 138
5.4.11 Why are reasons for decisions needed? 139
5.4.12 What kind of reasons? 141
5.4.13 Can an unfair hearing be cured by a fair appeal? 142
5.5 THE RULE AGAINST BIAS – NEMO IUDEX IN CAUSA SUA 142
5.5.1 What is bias? 142
5.5.2 Pecuniary interest 143
5.5.3 Professional interest 143
5.5.4 Personal interest 144
5.5.5 Involvement in the decision-making process 144
5.5.6 Closed mind 145

Contents
xi
5.5.7 R v Gough (1993) 146
5.5.8 Discretionary nature of remedies 147
5.5.9 Fault 148
5.5.10 Waiver of natural justice 149
6 REMEDIES IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 155
6.2 HISTORY 156
6.3 THE PRIVATE LAW REMEDIES 156
6.3.1 Injunction 156
6.3.2 Declaration 157
6.3.3 Damages 158
6.4 THE PUBLIC LAW REMEDIES 158
6.4.1 Nature and form 158
6.4.2 Certiorari/prohibition 158
6.4.3 Mandamus 159
6.4.4 Habeas corpus 159
6.5 THE INTRODUCTION OF THE APPLICATION FOR
JUDICIAL REVIEW 159
6.6 RULES OF THE SUPREME COURT (RSC) ORDER 53 160
6.7 SECTION 31 OF THE SUPREME COURT ACT 1981 161
6.8 PROCEDURE 163
6.8.1 Leave stage 163
6.8.2 Merits stage 164
6.9 TIME LIMITS 165
6.10 LIMITS ON THE APPLICATION FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW
– THE PUBLIC/PRIVATE LAW DICHOTOMY 167
6.11 AGAINST WHOM IS THE APPLICATION FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW
AVAILABLE? 176

xii
6.12 STANDING – LOCUS STANDI 179
6.12.1 Rationale and application 179
6.12.2 Pressure groups 184
6.12.3 Waiver of standing 187
6.12.4 Relator actions 187
6.13 DISCRETIONARY NATURE OF THE REMEDIES 188
7 STATUTORY REMEDIES AND EXCLUSION OF
JUDICIAL REVIEW 195
7.1 STATUTORY REMEDIES 195
7.2 EXHAUSTION OF ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES 196
7.3 EXCLUSION OF ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES 198
7.4 EXCLUSION OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 199
7.4.2 Indirect ouster 201
7.4.3 Direct ouster 201
7.4.4 Time limit clauses 206
7.4.5 Statutory limitations on exclusion of judicial review 207
7.5 CONCLUSION 208
8 PUBLIC INTEREST IMMUNITY 211
8.2 HISTORY 212
8.2.1 Duncan v Cammell Laird & Co (1942) 212
8.2.2 Judicial criticism 214
8.2.3 Conway v Rimmer (1968) 215

Contents
xiii
8.3 THE MODERN APPLICATION OF PUBLIC
INTEREST IMMUNITY 216
8.3.1 For what types of document can immunity be claimed
on the class ground? 216
8.3.2 Who can make a claim for immunity? 223
8.3.3 Who determines the public interest? 223
8.3.4 Can a claim of immunity be made in the context of
criminal proceedings? 224
8.3.5 Does a minister have a power or is he or she under
a duty to claim immunity? 228
8.3.6 Can immunity be waived? 230
8.4 POST MATRIX CHURCHILL 231
8.4.1 Ex parte Wiley (1994) 231
8.4.2 Criminal trials 234
8.4.3 Sir Richard Scott’s recommendations on public interest
immunity in criminal cases 234
8.5 CONCLUSION 235
9 EXTRA-JUDICIAL AVENUES OF REDRESS 241
9.2 THE PARLIAMENTARY COMMISSIONER
FOR ADMINISTRATION 241
9.2.1 Background 241
9.2.2 Terms of reference 243
9.2.3 Procedure 245
9.2.4 Accountability of the Parliamentary Commissioner 248
9.3 REFORM OF THE PARLIAMENTARY COMMISSIONER 253
9.4 THE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE COMMISSIONER 255
9.5 THE COMMISSIONS FOR LOCAL ADMINISTRATION 255
9.6 THE CITIZEN’S CHARTER 255

xiv
9.7 TRIBUNALS 256
9.7.1 Nature and development 256
9.7.2 The Tribunals and Inquiries Acts 257
9.7.3 Procedure 258
9.8 INQUIRIES 260
9.9 CONCLUSION 263
10 EUROPEAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW I –
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 269
PART 1 UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF EC LAW 269
10.2 THE SOURCES OF RIGHTS 270
10.2.1 Primary legislation 270
10.2.2 Secondary legislation 270
10.2.3 General principles of law 271
10.3 HOW INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS CAN BE ACQUIRED
AND ENFORCED IN EC LAW 277
10.3.1 The creation of rights for individuals 277
10.3.2 The direct effect of Treaty articles 278
10.3.3 The direct effect of regulations 279
10.3.4 The direct effect of decisions 280
10.3.5 The direct effect of directives 280
10.4 SUPREMACY OF EC LAW 285
10.5 THE ENFORCEMENT OF COMMUNITY LAW 287
PART II JUDICIAL REVIEW OF COMMUNITY ACTS 290
10.6 ARTICLE 173 290
10.6.1 The act must be of the challengeable kind 291
10.6.2 When does an act produce legal effects? 292

Contents
xv
10.6.3 The legal status of acts of the institutions 293
10.6.4 Standing/locus standi 294
10.6.5 Time limits 296
10.6.6 The grounds of challenge 296
10.7 WRONGFUL FAILURE TO ACT 298
10.7.1 Article 175 298
10.8 INDIRECT CHALLENGE (PLEA OF ILLEGALITY) 300
10.8.1 Article 184 300
10.8.2 Who can make the challenge? 301
PART III EC LAW AND JUDICIAL REVIEW IN THE UK 302
10.9 A NEW JUDICIAL REVIEW ROLE FOR THE COURTS
IN RELATION TO LEGISLATION? 302
10.10REMEDIES FOR BREACHES OF EC LAW 307
10.11JUDICIAL REVIEW AS A MEANS OF CHALLENGING
BREACHES OF EC LAW 311
10.12 THE IMPACT OF EC LAW ON NATIONAL JUDICIAL REVIEW 312
11 EUROPEAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW II –
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS 321
11.1 ‘RIGHTS’ IN ENGLISH LAW 321
11.2 THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE ECHR 322
11.3 A BILL OF RIGHTS FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM? 324
11.4 THE OPERATION OF THE ECHR 328
11.5 MAKING AN APPLICATION 329
11.6 STATE APPLICATIONS 329

xvi
11.7 EXHAUSTION OF DOMESTIC REMEDIES 330
11.8 TIME LIMIT 331
11.9 THE APPLICANT MUST BE A ‘VICTIM’ 331
11.10ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS 332
11.12FRIENDLY SETTLEMENT OR COURT? 333
11.13THE RIGHTS 333
11.14THE LIMITATIONS ON THE RIGHTS 334
11.14.1 Definitions: ‘prescribed by law’/‘in accordance
with the law’ 334
11.14.2 ‘Necessary in a democratic society’ 335
11.14.3 The margin of appreciation 336
11.14.4 General limitations 336
11.15THE FUTURE – HUMAN RIGHTS AS A GROUND
FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW? 337
12 LIABILITY OF PUBLIC BODIES IN PRIVATE LAW 345
12.2 LIABILITY IN TORTS 346
12.2.2 Breach of statutory duty 347
12.2.3 The careless performance of a statutory duty in
the absence of a common law duty of care 349
12.2.4 Actions based on a common law duty of care arising
either from the imposition of a statutory duty or
from the performance of it 349
12.2.5 Stovin v Wise (Norfolk County Council,
third party) (1996) 354
12.2.6 Misfeasance in a public office 356

Contents
xvii
12.2.7 Can an ultra vires act give rise to an action
for damages in private law? 357
12.2.8 Order 53 as a bar to a private law action 358
12.3 LIABILITY IN CONTRACT 359
12.3.2 Breach of contract 360
12.3.3 Effect of plea of public policy 361
12.3.4 The relationship between breach of
contract and ultra vires 362
12.3.5 Contracting out and privatisation 362
FURTHER READING 365
Index 373

TABLE OF CASES
xix
Administration des Douanes v Societé Anonyme Gondrand Freres
(Case 169/80) [1981] ECR 1931 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Agricultural, Horticultural and Forestry Training Board v Aylesbury Mushrooms
[1972] 1 WLR 190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Air Canada v Secretary of State for Trade [1983] 2 AC 394 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217, 224
Alfons Lutticke v Commission (Case 33/62) [1962] ECR 501 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Allen v Gulf Oil Refining Ltd [1981] AC 1001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Allingham v Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries [1948] 1 All ER 780 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
American Cyanamid v Ethicon [1975] AC 396. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Amministrazione Delle Finanze Dello Stato v Simmenthal SPA
(Case 106/77) [1978] ECR 629 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Anisminic v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147. . . . . . . . . . . 40, 126, 202–04, 207
Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] AC 728 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346, 352, 359
Armand v Home Secretary and Minister of Defence of Royal
Netherlands Government [1943] AC 147. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Asher v Secretary of State for the Environment [1974] Ch 208. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 103, 105, 195
Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation
[1948] 1 KB 223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 57, 73, 82, 83, 86–91
93–95, 109, 114, 115
250, 251, 328, 351, 354
Attorney General v Crayford UDC [1962] Ch 575. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Attorney General v De Keyser’s Royal Hotel [1920] AC 508. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Attorney General v Fulham Corporation [1921] 1 Ch 440 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 85
Attorney General v Guardian Newspaper (No 2) [1990] 1 AC 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Attorney General v Johnathan Cape Ltd [1976] QB 752. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Attorney General v Wilts United Dairies (1921) 37 TLR 884 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 92
Attorney General ex rel McWhirter v Independent Broadcasting
Authority [1973] QB 629 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 181, 188
Attorney General of Hong Kong v Ng Yuen Shui [1983] 2 AC 629 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Avon County Council v Buscott [1988] 2 QB 656. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Ayr Harbour Trustees v Oswald (1883) 8 App Cas 623 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Backhouse v Lambeth London Borough Council (1972) 116 SJ 802 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 111
Baggs Case (1615) 11 Co Rep 93b; 77 ER 1271 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Barnard v National Dock Labour Board [1953] 2 QB 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Bennett v Horseferry Road Magistrates’ Court [1994] 1 AC 42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Blackburn v Attorney General [1971] 1 WLR 1037 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 47, 158, 180
Blackpool Corporation v Locker [1948] 1 KB 349 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Board of Education v Rice [1911] AC 179 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Bourgoin SA v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1986] QB 716. . . . . . . . . . . 311, 356–58
Bowles v Bank of England [1913] 1 Ch 57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Bradbury v Enfield London Borough Council [1967] 1 WLR 1311. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

xx
Brasserie du Pecheur SA v Germany (Case 46/93);
R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd and Others
(Case 48/93) [1996] All ER (EC) 301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283, 312, 358
Breen v Amalgamated Engineering Union [1971] 2 QB 175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
British Oxygen v Board of Trade [1971] AC 610. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
British Steel Corporation v Granada Television Ltd [1982] AC 1096 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219, 362
British Steel plc v Customs and Excise Commissioners [1996] 1 WLR 48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175, 362
Broome v Broome [1955] P 190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Buckley v Law Society (No 2) [1984] 1 WLR 1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Bugdaycay v Secretary of State for the Home Department [1987] AC 514 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Bulmer v Bolinger [1974] Ch 410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Burmah Oil v Bank of England [1980] AC 1090. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217, 219
Burmah Oil v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75; [1964] All ER 348, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 15
Burn v National Amalgamated Labourers’ Union [1920] 2 Ch 364 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Bushell v Secretary of State for the Environment [1981] AC 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 131, 136, 261
Buttes Gas & Oil v Hammer [1982] AC 888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
CILFIT v Ministry of Health (Case 283/81) [1982] ECR 3415 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Calvin v Carr [1980] AC 574 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Campbell v Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council [1982] QB 1065. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221, 230
Campbell v United Kingdom (1993) 15 EHRR 137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Campbell and Cosans v United Kingdom (1982) 4 EHRR 293 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Campbell and Fell v United Kingdom (1984) 5 EHRR 207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138, 331
Caparo v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Cardot v France A200 (1991) 13 EHRR 853. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Carltona v Commissioner of Works [1943] 2 All ER 546 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 62
Case of Proclamations (1611) 12 Co Rep 74; 77 ER 1352. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Castells v Spain A236 (1992) 14 EHRR 445 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Central Control Board (Liquor Traffic) v Canyon Brewery Co Ltd [1919] AC 744. . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Chandler v DPP [1964] AC 763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Chester v Bateson [1920] 1 KB 829 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Chief Constable of North Wales v Evans [1982] 1 WLR 1155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 133
Cinnamond v British Airports Authority [1980] 1 WLR 582 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 189
Cocks v Thanet District Council [1983] 2 AC 286 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169–71, 175
Commission v Council (the ERTA Case) (Case 22/70) [1971] ECR 263 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Commission v Ireland (Dundalk Water Case) (Case 45/87) [1988] ECR 4929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Commission v United Kingdom (Case 40/82) [1982] ECR 2793. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Commissioner of Crown Land v Page [1960] 2 QB 274 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 361
Commissioners of Customs and Excise v Cure & Deeley [1962] 1 QB 340. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Coney v Choyce [1975] 1 WLR 422. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Confederation Nationale des Producteurs de Fruits et
Legumes v Council (Case 17/62) [1962] ECR 471 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Table of Cases
xxi
Congreve v Home Office [1976] QB 629. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 57, 73, 91, 93 98
102, 104, 241, 248
Conway v Rimmer [1968] AC 910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 48, 126, 211, 212, 215
216, 223, 224, 230, 233
Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) 14 (CB) NS 180;
143 ER 414 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 121, 125, 132
Cooper v Wilson [1937] 2 KB 309 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 196
Cory v London Corporation [1951] 2 KB 476 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Costa v ENEL (Case 6/64) [1964] ECR 585. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Cottle v Cottle [1939] 2 All ER 535 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service
[1985] AC 3742, 7, 10, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44–47, 49, 82, 111, 127–29
131, 158, 167, 313
Credit Suisse v Allerdale Borough Council [1996] 4 All ER 129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 173
Credit Suisse v Waltham Forest London Borough Council [1996] 4 All ER 176. . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 173
Crompton Amusement Machines Ltd v Customs and Excise Commissioners
(No 2) [1974] AC 405 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220, 230
Cutler v Wandsworth Stadium [1949] AC 398. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347, 348
D v NSPCC [1978] AC 171 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Davy v Spelthorne Borough Council [1984] 2 AC 262 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170, 171
Dawkins v Antrobus (1881) 17 Ch D 615. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Daymond v South West Water Authority [1976] AC 609 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
De Becker v Belgium (1958) 2 YBECHR 214. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
de Freitas v Benny [1976] AC 239 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Decker KG v Hauptzollant Landau (Case 99/78) [1979] ECR 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Defrenne v SABENA (No 2) (Case 43/75) [1976] ECR 455 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276, 279
Derbyshire County Council v Times Newspapers [1993] AC 534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Dillenkofer & Others v Germany (Cases 178, 179, 188, 189, 190/94)
[1996] 1 All ER (EC) 917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Dimes v Grand Junction Canal (1852) 3 HL Cas 759. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Doe d Bishop of Rochester v Bridges (1831) 1 B & Ad 847; 109 ER 1001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Dowty Boulton Paul v Wolverhampton Corporation [1971] 1 WLR 204 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 361
Dr Bonham’s Case (1610) 8 Co Rep 113b; 77 ER 638. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 33, 125
Dudgeon v United Kingdom (1981) 4 EHRR 149 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111, 331
Duke v Reliance [1988] AC 618 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Duncan v Cammell Laird & Co Ltd [1942] AC 624. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 48, 212, 213
215, 216, 223, 224, 230
Duncan v Jones [1936] 1 KB 218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Durayappah v Fernando [1967] 2 AC 337. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
EC Commission v BASF AG (Case 137/92P) [1994] ECR I 2555. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
EC Commission v EC Council (Generalised Tariff Preferences Case)
(Case 45/86) [1987] ECR 1493 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

xxii
ENU v Commission (Case 107/91) [1993] ECR I 599 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Edinburgh & Dalkeith Railway v Wauchope (1842) 8 Cl & F 710; 8 ER 279. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Ellis v Dubowski [1921] 3 KB 621 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Ellis v Home Office [1953] 2 QB 135. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Enderby Town Football Club v Football Association [1971] Ch 591 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Entick v Carrington (1765) 19 St Tri 1030; 95 ER KB 807 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 25–27, 74, 324
Equal Opportunities Commission v Secretary of State for Employment
[1995] 1 AC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 167, 306
European Parliament v Council (the Chernobyl Case) (Case 70/88)
[1990] I ECR 2041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
European Parliament v Council (the Comitology Case) (Case 302/87)
[1988] ECR 5615 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294, 299
Extramet Industrie v EC Council (Case 358/89) [1991] I ECR 2501 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Faccini Dori v Recreb SRL (Case 91/92) [1994] ECR I 325 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Fairmount Investments Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment
[1976] 1 WLR 1255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Fedechar v High Authority (Case 8/55) [1956] ECR 292 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Federation European de las Sante Anim ale v Council (Case 160/88)
[1988] ECR 4121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Felixstowe Dock v British Transport Docks Board [1976] 2 CMLR 655. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Ferwerda v Produktschap voor Vee en Vlees (Case 265/78) [1980] ECR 617. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Findlay, Re [1985] AC 318. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Fletcher’s Application, Re [1970] 2 All ER 527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Foglia v Novello (Case 104/79) [1980] ECR 745 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Foster v British Gas [1991] 2 AC 306, HL; (Case 188/89) [1990] ECR 3313 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 281
Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy (Cases 6 & 9/90) [1991] ECR I 5357. . . . . . . . 283, 284, 310, 312, 357
Franklin v Minister of Town and Country Planning [1948] AC 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 65, 145, 260
Fraser v Mudge [1975] 1 WLR 1132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Friends of the Earth, Re [1988] JPL 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Fronancais SA v FORMA (Case 66/82) [1983] ECR 395 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Fry, ex p [1954] 1 WLR 730. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Fulbrook v Berkshire Magistrates’ Courts Committee (1970) 69 LGR 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Garland v British Rail Engineering [1983] 2 AC 751 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Gaskin v Liverpool City Council [1980] 1 WLR 1549 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Geddis v Proprietors of the Bann Reservoir (1878) 3 App Cas 430 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Germany v Commission (Case 24/64) [1963] ECR 63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Glasgow Corporation v Central Land Board (1956) SC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Glynn v Keele University [1971] 1 WLR 487 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135, 148
Golden Chemical Products Ltd, Re [1976] Ch 300. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Golder v United Kingdom (1975) 1 EHRR 524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Table of Cases
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Gouriet v Union of Post Office Workers [1978] AC 435 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 57, 180, 188
Government of Gibraltar v Council (Case 298/89) [1994] 3 CMLR 425 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Governors of Peabody Fund v Sir Lindsay Parkinson & Co Ltd [1985] AC 210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Grad (Case 9/70) [1970] ECR 825 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Griffin v South West Water Services (unreported, 23 May 1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Grosvenor Hotel, Re (No 2) [1965] Ch 1210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
HK, Re [1967] 2 QB 617. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Halford v Sharples [1992] 1 WLR 736 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Hall & Co Ltd v Shoreham-by-Sea UDC [1964] 1 WLR 240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 99
Handyside v United Kingdom (1976) 1 EHRR 737. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335, 336
Hanks v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1963] QB 999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Hannam v Bradford Corporation [1970] 1 WLR 937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Hanratty v Lord Butler of Saffron Walden (1971) 115 SJ 386 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Hazell v Hammersmith and Fulham Council [1990] 2 WLR 17, DC;
[1990] 2 WLR 1038, CA; [1992] 2 AC 1, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 86, 360
Hehir v Commissioner of the Police for the Metropolis [1982] 1 WLR 715 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222, 232
Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1989] AC 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Hoffman La Roche v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [1975] AC 295 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Holgate-Mohammed v Duke [1984] AC 437; [1984] 1 All ER 1054. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Home Office v Dorset Yacht Club [1970] AC 1004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350, 351, 358
Howard v Secretary of State for the Environment [1975] QB 235. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
IBM v Commission [1981] ECR 2639 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Institute of Patent Agents v Lockwood [1894] AC 347 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
International Fruit Company BV v Commission (Case 41-4/70) [1971] ECR 411 . . . . . . . . . 295, 296
Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr-und Vorratsstelle fur
Getreide und Futtermittel (Case 11/70) [1970] ECR 1125. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272, 274, 277, 286
Ireland v United Kingdom (1978) 2 EHRR 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330, 337
Italy v Commission (Case 32/65) [1966] ECR 389. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
John v Rees [1970] Ch 345 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary
(Case 222/84) [1986] ECR 1651 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275, 315
Johnston v Ireland (1987) 9 EHRR 203. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Jones v Swansea County Council [1990] 1 WLR 54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Julius v Bishop of Oxford (1880) LR 5 App Cas 214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Kaur v Lord Advocate (1981) SLT 322 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275, 315
Kent v Metropolitan Police Commissioner (1981) The Times, 15 May . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Kolpinghuis Nijmegen BV (Case 80/86) [1987] ECR 3969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Kruse v Johnson [1898] 2 QB 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

xxiv
Laker Airways Ltd v Department of Trade [1977] QB 643. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 11, 68, 83
Lavender v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1970] 1 WLR 1231 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Leary v National Union of Vehicle Builders [1971] Ch 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121, 142
Lee v Bude & Torrington Railway (1871) LR 6 CP 577 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Lee v Showmen’s Guild [1952] QB 329 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Leech v Deputy Governor of Parkhurst Prison [1988] AC 533 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Lever (Finance) Ltd v Westminster Corporation [1970] 3 All ER 496. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Lindley v Rutter [1981] 1 QB 128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Litster v Forth Dry Dock and Engineering Co Ltd [1990] AC 546 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Liversidge v Anderson [1942] AC 206. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 36, 38, 48, 50, 57, 200
Lloyd v McMahon [1987] AC 625. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Local Government Board v Arlidge [1915] AC 120. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 61
London & Clydeside Estates Ltd v Aberdeen District Council [1980] 1 WLR 182 . . . . . . . . 122, 123
Lonrho v Shell Petroleum [1981] 3 WLR 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Lonrho v Tebbit [1991] 4 All ER 973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357, 358, 359
Lutticke v Commission (Case 48/65) [1966] ECR 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
M v Home Office [1992] QB 270 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Macarthys v Smith [1979] 3 All ER 325, CA; Macarthys v Smith
(Case 129/79) [1981] QB 180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 304
Mackprang v Commission (Case 15/71) [1971] ECR 797. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Makanjuola v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1992] 3 All ER 617. . . . 228, 229, 231, 232
Malloch v Aberdeen Corporation [1971] 1 WLR 1578 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1979] Ch 344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27, 325
Malone v United Kingdom (1982) 5 EHRR 385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Marbury v Madison (1803) 1 Cranch 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Marks v Beyfus (1890) 25 QBD 494 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Marleasing SA v La Comercial Interacional DE Alimentacion SA
(Case 106/89) [1990] ECR 4135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Health Authority (No 1)
(Case 152/84) [1986] ECR I 723 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281, 282, 310
Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Health Authority (No 2)
(Case 271/91) [1993] ECR I 4367 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Matrix Churchill Case (1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216, 225–28, 231
McFeely v United Kingdom (1980) 20 DRE Comm HR 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Mercury Communications Ltd v Director General of Fair Trading
[1996] 1 WLR 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173, 175, 362
Merricks v Heathcote-Amery [1955] Ch 567 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Metropolitan Properties v Lannon [1969] 1 QB 577 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143, 144
Monk v Warbey [1935] 1 KB 75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Mortensen v Peters (1906) 8 F 93. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Municipal Council of Sydney v Campbell [1925] AC 338 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 AC 398. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

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xxv
Nakkuda Ali v Jayaratne [1951] AC 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 125
National and Local Government Officers Association v
Secretary of State for the Environment (1992) The Times, 2 December. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Neilson v Laugharne [1981] QB 736 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221, 222, 232, 233
Nelsovil v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1962] 1 WLR 404 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Netherlands v Commission (Case 59/70) [1971] ECR 639. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Nold (Firma J) v Commission (Case 4/73) [1974] ECR 491 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 274
Noordwijks Cement Accord Case (Cases 8-11/66) [1967] ECR 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292, 295
Nordgetreide v Commission (Case 42/71) [1972] ECR 105. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Norwich Pharmacal v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [1974] AC 133 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Nottinghamshire County Council v Secretary of State for the Environment
[1986] AC 240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 58, 95, 109, 251
Olsson v Sweden (1989) 11 EHRR 259. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Oppenheimer v Cattermole [1976] AC 249. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
O’Reilly v Mackman [1983] 2 AC 237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165, 167–72, 175, 176
199, 312, 345, 358
Ottley v Morris (Inspector of Taxes) [1979] 1 All ER 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7
Padfield v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1968] AC 997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7, 40, 96, 97
102, 126, 138, 200
Parliament v Council (the Fourth Lome Convention Case) (Case 316/91)
[1994] I ECR 625 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Parliament v Council and Commission (Cases 181 and 248/91) [1993] I ECR 3685 . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Parti Ecologiste ‘Les Verts’ v European Parliament (Case 294/83) [1986] ECR 1339 . . . . . . 287, 291
Peach v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1986] QB 1064. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Pearlberg v Varty [1972] 1 WLR 534. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Pearlman v Keepers and Governors of Harrow School [1979] QB 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202, 205
Pergamon Press, Re [1971] Ch 388 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133, 134
Pett v Greyhound Racing Association [1969] 1 QB 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Pett v Greyhound Racing Association (No 2) [1970] 1 QB 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Pickin v British Railways Board [1974] AC 765 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Pickwell v Camden London Borough Council [1983] QB 962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Plaumann & Co v Commission (Case 25/62) [1963] ECR 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Powell and Rayner v UK (1990) 12 EHRR 355 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Poyser and Mills’ Arbitration, Re [1964] 2 QB 467 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141, 258
Prescott v Birmingham Corporation [1955] Ch 210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 107, 180
Pretore di Salo v X (Case 14/86) [1987] ECR 2545. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Prohibitions del Roy (1607) 12 Co Rep 63; 77 ER 1342 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Pubblico Ministero v Ratti (Case 148/78) [1979] ECR 1629 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Pyx Granite v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1960] AC 260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
R v Agar [1990] 2 All ER 442 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224, 227

xxvi
R v Altrincham Justices, ex p Pennington [1975] QB 256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
R v Army Board of the Defence Council, ex p Anderson [1992] QB 169. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
R v Aston University Senate, ex p Roffey [1969] 2 QB 538. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
R v Attorney General, ex p Imperial Chemical Industries plc [1985] 1 CMLR 588;
[1987] 1 CMLR 72, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
R v Avon County Council, ex p Rexworthy (1988) 58 P & CR 356 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
R v Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, ex p Hook [1976] 1 WLR 1052 . . . . . . . . . 82, 112, 144
R v Board of Visitors of Hull Prison, ex p St Germain [1979] QB 425 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 57, 331
R v Board of Visitors of Hull Prison, ex p St Germain (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 1401 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
R v Board of Visitors of the Maze Prison, ex p Hone and McCartan [1988] AC 379 . . . . . . . . . . . 137
R v Boundary Commission for England, ex p Foot [1983] 1 QB 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 57
R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex p DPP (1992) 95 Cr App R 99 . . . . . . . . 94
R v Brent London Borough Council, ex p Gunning (1985) 84 LGR 168. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
R v British Coal Corporation, ex p Vardy [1993] ICR 720. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
R v Brixton Prison Governor, ex p Soblen [1963] 2 QB 243 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 95
R v Brown (Winston) [1994] 1 WLR 1599 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234, 235
R v Camborne Justices, ex p Pearce [1955] 1 QB 41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
R v Cambridge Health Authority, ex p B [1995] 1 WLR 898 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 351
R v Cheltenham Justices, ex p Secretary of State for Trade [1977] 1 WLR 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
R v Chief Constable of Devon and Cornwall, ex p CEGB [1982] 1 QB 458. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
R v Chief Constable of Merseyside Police, ex p Calveley [1986] QB 424. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
R v Chief Constable of Sussex, ex p International Trader’s Ferry Ltd
[1995] 3 WLR 802 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 314
R v Chief Constable of the West Midlands Police, ex p Wiley;
R v Chief Constable of the Nottinghamshire Constabulary,
ex p Sutherland [1994] 3 WLR 433 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212, 221–23, 231, 234, 235
R v Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great
Britain and the Commonwealth, ex p Wachmann [1993] 2 All ER 249 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
R v Civil Service Appeal Board, ex p Cunningham [1991] 4 All ER 310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
R v Clowes [1992] 3 All ER 440. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227, 248, 346
R v Commission for Racial Equality, ex p Cottrell and Rothon [1980] 1 WLR 1580 . . . . . . . . . . . 136
R v Commissioner for Local Administration, ex p Bradford Metropolitan
City Council [1979] QB 287. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
R v Commissioner for Local Administration, ex p Croydon London
Borough Council [1989] 1 All ER 1033 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241, 250
R v Commissioner for Local Administration, ex p Eastleigh
Borough Council [1988] 1 QB 855 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243, 250
R v Commissioner for Local Administration, ex p Newman
(unreported, 2 February 1987) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
R v Cornwall County Council, ex p Huntington; R v Devon
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R v Coventry City Council, ex p Phoenix Aviation [1995] 3 All ER 37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
R v Criminal Injuries Compensation Board, ex p Lain [1967] 2 QB 864 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
R v Croydon London Borough Council, ex p Graham (1993) 26 HLR 286 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

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R v Customs and Excise Commissioners, ex p Kay (1996) STC 1500. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
R v Customs and Excise Commissioners, ex p Littlewoods Home
Shopping Group (1997) STC 317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
R v Dacorum Licensing Committee, ex p EMI Cinemas and
Leisure Ltd [1971] 3 All ER 666 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
R v Dairy Product Quotas Tribunal, ex p Caswell [1990] 2 AC 738 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
R v Deputy Governor of Camphill Prison, ex p King [1985] QB 735 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
R v Derby Justices, ex p Kooner [1971] 1 QB 147. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7
R v Derbyshire County Council, ex p The Times Supplements (1991) COD 129 . . . . . . . . . 104, 107
R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex p The Aga Khan
[1993] 1 WLR 909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 177, 312, 359
R v East Berkshire Health Authority, ex p Walsh [1985] QB 152. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
R v Electricity Commissioners [1924] 1 KB 171 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 180
R v English Nursing Board, ex p Roberts (unreported, 15 October 1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
R v Felixstowe Justices, ex p Leigh [1987] QB 582. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
R v Frankland Prison Visitors, ex p Lewis [1986] 1 WLR 130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
R v Gaming Board of Great Britain, ex p Benaim and Khaida [1970] 2 QB 417. . . 130, 131, 133, 138
R v Gatwick Airport Immigration Officer, ex p Kharrazi [1980] 1 WLR 1396 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
R v General Medical Council, ex p Colman [1990] 1 All ER 489 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
R v Gloucestershire County Council, ex p Barry [1997] 2 All ER 1, HL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
R v Gloucestershire County Council, ex p Barry;
R v Lancashire County Council, ex p Royal Association for
Disability and Rehabilitation [1996] 4 All ER 421. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
R v Gough [1993] AC 646. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143, 146, 147
R v Governor of Brixton Prison ex parte Oladehinde [1991] 1 AC 254 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
R v Governor of Brixton Prison, ex p Osman [1991] 1 WLR 281 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 227, 234
R v Governor of Pentonville Prison, ex p Azam [1974] AC 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188, 196
R v Governors of Haberdashers Askes’ Hatcham College Trust,
ex p Tyrell (1994) The Times, 19 October . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
R v Greater London Council, ex p Blackburn [1976] 1 WLR 550 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
R v Greater London Council, ex p Bromley London Borough Council (1984)
The Times, 27 March . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85, 105, 107, 124
R v Hallstrom, ex p W [1986] QB 1090. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
R v Hallstrom, ex p Waldron [1986] QB 824 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
R v Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council, ex p Beddowes
[1987] QB 1050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
R v Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council,
ex p People Before Profit Ltd (1983) 45 P & CR 364 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
R v Hendon Rural District Council, ex p Chorley [1933] 2 KB 696. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
R v Hillingdon London Borough Council, ex p Royco Homes [1974] QB 720. . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 197
R v HM Treasury, ex p BT (Case 392/93) [1996] All ER (EC) 411 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
R v HM Treasury, ex p Smedley [1985] QB 657 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 60, 184
R v Home Secretary, ex p Asif Mahmood Khan [1984] 1 WLR 1337 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 129

xxviii
R v Home Secretary and Criminal Injuries Compensation Board,
ex p P [1995] 1 WLR 845 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 12
R v Horseferry Road Magistrates, ex p Bennett [1994] AC 42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex p Mehmet [1977] 1 WLR 795 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
R v Independent Television Commission, ex p TNVI; R v ITC,
ex p TVS Television Ltd (1991) The Times, 30 December . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p Matrix Securities Ltd [1994] 1 WLR 334. . . . . . . . . . . . 68
R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p MFK Underwriting Agents Ltd
[1990] 1 WLR 1545 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 71
R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p National Federation
of Self Employed and Small Businesses [1980] QB 407,
CA; [1982] AC 617, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164, 181, 184, 185
R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p Preston [1985] 2 All ER 327, HL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p Rossminster [1979] 3 All ER 385, CA;
[1980] AC 952, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 26
R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p Unilever (1996) STC 681 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
R v Inner London Education Authority, ex p Westminster City Council
[1986] 1 WLR 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103, 107
R v Inner West London Coroner, ex p Dallaglio [1994] 4 All ER 139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
R v Inspectorate of Pollution, ex p Greenpeace (No 2) [1994] 1 WLR 570. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
R v Insurance Ombudsman Bureau, ex p Aegon Life Assurance Ltd (1994) COD 426 . . . . 178, 253
R v Intervention Board, ex p Man (Sugar) Ltd (Case 181/84) [1985] ECR 2889. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
R v Keane [1994] 1 WLR 746 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234, 235
R v Kensington and Chelsea Borough Council, ex p Grillo (1996) 94 LGR 144 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
R v Kent Police Authority, ex p Godden [1971] 2 QB 482. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
R v Lambeth London Borough Council, ex p N (1996) The Times, 11 June . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
R v Lambeth London Borough Council, ex p Sharp (1988) 55 P & CR 232. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
R v Lambeth London Borough Council, ex p Walters (1993) 26 HLR 170. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
R v LAUTRO, ex p Ross [1993] QB 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
R v Lewes Justices, ex p Home Secretary [1973] AC 388 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215, 217, 223
R v Lewisham London Borough Council, ex p Shell UK [1988] 1 All ER 938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
R v Liverpool Corporation, ex p Liverpool Taxi Fleet Operators’ Association
[1975] 2 QB 299 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 128
R v Lloyds of London, ex p Briggs [1993] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
R v London Transport Executive, ex p Greater London Council [1983] QB 484 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
R v Lord Chancellor, ex p Witham [1997] 2 All ER 779. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 339
R v Manchester Metropolitan University, ex p Nolan
(1993) The Independent, 15 July . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
R v Medical Appeal Tribunal, ex p Gilmore [1957] 1 QB 574 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 201
R v Metropolitan Police Commissioner, ex p Blackburn (No 1) [1968] 2 QB 118. . . . . . . . 52, 54, 181
R v Metropolitan Police Commissioner, ex p Blackburn (No 3) [1973] QB 241 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
R v Metropollitan Police Commissioner, ex p Parker [1953] 1 WLR 1150. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38, 126
R v Minister of Health, ex p Yaffe [1931] AC 494. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Table of Cases
xxix
R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex p First City Trading
(1996) The Times, 20 December. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex p Hamble Fisheries
(Offshore) Ltd [1995] 2 All ER 608. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 73, 313
R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex p Hedley Lomas
(Case 5/94) [1996] All ER (EC) 493 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
R v Ministry of Defence, ex p Smith; R v Admiralty Board
of the Defence Council, ex p Lustig-Prean [1995]
4 All ER 427, DC; [1996] 1 All ER 257, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 51, 109, 338
R v Monopolies and Mergers Commission, ex p Argyll Group plc
[1986] 1 WLR 763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
R v Mulvihill [1990] 1 WLR 438 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
R v Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal, ex p Shaw [1952] 1 KB 338 . . . . . . . . 39, 258
R v Paddington and St Marylebone Rent Tribunal, ex p Bell
London & Provincial Properties Ltd [1949] 1 KB 666 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
R v Paddington Valuation Officer, ex p Peachey Property Co Ltd [1966] 1 QB 380 . . . . . . . . . . . 199
R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers, ex p Datafin [1987] QB 815 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176–78, 312
R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers, ex p Guinness [1990] 1 QB 146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135, 177
R v Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, ex p Balchin
(unreported, 25 October 1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 252
R v Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, ex p Dyer
[1994] 1 All ER 375 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250, 251
R v Poole Borough Council, ex p Beebee (1991) 2 PLR 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
R v Port of London Authority, ex p Kynoch [1919] 1 KB 176. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Brent London Borough Council
[1982] QB 593 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64, 145
R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Hammersmith and Fulham
London Borough Council [1991] 1 AC 521 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 200
R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Hillingdon
London Borough Council [1986] 1 WLR 807. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Kirkstall Valley Campaign Ltd
[1996] 3 All ER 304, DC; (1996) The Times, 23 August, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Lancashire County Council
[1994] 4 All ER 165 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 98
R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Ostler [1977] QB 122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Rose Theatre Trust Co
[1990] 1 QB 504 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185–87
R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Shelter
(unreported, 23 August 1996). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs,
ex p Everett [1989] QB 811 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 27
ex p Rees-Mogg [1994] QB 552. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 47, 184
ex p World Development Movement Ltd [1995] 1 WLR 386 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 187
R v Secretary of State for Health, ex p Furneaux [1994] 2 All ER 652. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

xxx
R v Secretary of State for Health, ex p United States Tobacco International Inc
[1992] 1 QB 353 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 123
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Al-Mehdawi
[1990] 1 AC 876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Bentley [1994] QB 349. . . . . . . . . . . 11–13, 47
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Brind
[1991] 1 AC 696 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 112, 114, 115, 315, 323
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Cheblak
[1991] 1 WLR 890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 138
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Doody
[1994] 1 AC 531. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 61, 139
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Duggan
[1994] 3 All ER 277 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Fayed
[1997] 1 All ER 228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133, 141
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Fire
Brigades Union [1995] 2 WLR 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7, 16, 98
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Gallagher
(1994) The Times, 16 February. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Hargreaves
[1997] 1 All ER 397 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Hosenball
[1977] 1 WLR 766 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 51, 132, 138
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p McAvoy
[1984] 1 WLR 1408 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p McQuillan
[1995] 4 All ER 400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 110
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Moon
(1995) The Times, 8 December. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 140
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Northumbria
Police Authority [1988] 2 WLR 590 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Phansopkar and
Begum [1976] QB 606. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Pierson
[1997] 3 WLR 492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Ruddock
[1987] 1 WLR 1482 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 69
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Swati
[1986] 1 WLR 477 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Tarrant
[1985] QB 251 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 137
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Venables
and Thompson [1997] 2 WLR 67, CA; [1997] 3 WLR 23, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 16
R v Secretary of State for Social Security, ex p Joint Council
for the Welfare of Immigrants; R v Secretary of State for Social Security,
ex p B [1997] 1 WLR 275 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 339

Table of Cases
xxxi
R v Secretary of State for Social Services, ex p Association
of Metropolitan Authorities [1986] 1 WLR 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123, 188, 189, 198
R v Secretary of State for Social Services, ex p Child Poverty Action Group
[1990] 2 QB 540 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184, 187
R v Secretary of State for Social Services, ex p Stitt (1991) COD 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26
R v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, ex p Lonrho [1989] 1 WLR 525. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 138
R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame (Case 213/89) [1990]
ECR I 2433; 1 AC 85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287, 304, 309, 310, 357
R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame (No 2)
[1991] 1 AC 603. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 156, 157, 305, 306
R v Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame (No 3)
[1991] 3 All ER 769 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Pegasus Holdings (London) Ltd
[1988] 1 WLR 990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112, 134
R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Richmond upon Thames London
Borough Council [1994] 1 WLR 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Richmond upon Thames London
Borough Council (No 4) [1996] 1 WLR 1460 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Rothschild [1989] 1 All ER 933 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
R v Sefton Borough Council, ex p Help the Aged (1997) The Times, 17 April. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
R v Skinner [1968] 2 QB 700. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
R v Somerset County Council, ex p Fewings [1994] COD 338 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
R v Stratford upon Avon District Council, ex p Jackson [1985] 1 WLR 1319 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
R v Sussex Justices, ex p McCarthy [1924] 1 KB 256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142, 143
R v Swale Borough Council, ex p RSPB [1991] JPL 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
R v Thames Magistrates’ Court, ex p Greenbaum (1957) 55 LGR 129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
R v Thames Magistrates’ Court, ex p Polemis [1974] 1 WLR 1371 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
R v Tower Hamlets Health Authority, ex p Tower Hamlets
Combined Traders Association (unreported, 19 July 1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
R v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council, ex p Khalique (1994) 26 HLR 517 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
R v Universities Funding Council, ex p Institute of Dental Surgery [1994] 1 All ER 651. . . . . . . 140
R v University of Cambridge (1723) 1 Str 557 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
R v Waltham Forest London Borough Council, ex p Baxter [1988] QB 419 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 106
Racal Communications, Re [1981] AC 374 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202, 204
Racecourse Betting Control Board v Secretary of State for Air [1944] Ch 114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Ras Behari Lal v King-Emporor (1933) 60 IA 354. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Raymond v Honey [1983] AC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Reckley v Minister of Public Safety and Immigration (No 2) [1996] 1 All ER 562. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Rederiaktiebolaget ‘Amphitrite’ v The King [1921] 3 KB 500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Rewe Zentralfinanz eG & Rewe Zentral AG v Landwirtschaftskammer fur
das Saarland (Case 33/76) [1976] ECR 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307, 361
Rhyl UDC v Rhyl Amusements Ltd [1959] 1 WLR 465 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

xxxii
Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 35, 40, 48, 122
126, 130, 207
Ringeisen v Austria (1986) 1 EHRR 455. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Ringer, ex p (1909) 73 JP 436 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Roberts v Hopwood [1925] AC 578 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 91, 106, 107, 200
Robertson v Minister of Pensions [1949] 1 KB 227 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Robinson v Minister of Town and Country Planning [1947] KB 702 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Roncarelli v Duplessis (1959) 16 DLR 689. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 99, 107, 356
Rookes v Withers (1598) 5 Co Rep 99b; 77 ER 209. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 88
Roquette Freres SA v Council (Case 138/79) [1980] ECR 3333 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Rowling v Takaro [1988] 1 All ER 163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352, 357
Roy v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Family Practitioner Committee
[1992] 1 AC 624. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167, 173, 175
Russell v Duke of Norfolk [1949] 1 All ER 109. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Sagulo, Brenca & Bakhouche (Case 8/77) [1977] ECR 1495. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Salomon v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [1967] 2 QB 116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Save Britain’s Heritage v Secretary of State for the Environment;
No 1 Poultry & City Index Property Investment Trust [1991] 1 WLR 153. . . . . . . . . . . . 142, 263
Schmidt v Secretary of State for Home Affairs [1969] 2 Ch 149 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Secretary of State for Education and Science v Tameside Metropolitan
Borough Council [1977] AC 1014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 93, 106
Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Langridge [1991] Ch 402 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Short v Poole Corporation [1926] Ch 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 88
Silver v UK (1983) 5 EHRR 347 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Simmenthal v Commission (Case 92/78) [1979] ECR 777 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301, 303
Smith v East Elloe Rural District Council [1956] AC 736 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 108, 206, 262
Smith v Pyewell (1959) The Times, 29 April. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Societa ‘Eridania’ Zuccherifici Nazionali v Commission (Cases 10 and 18/68)
[1969] ECR 459 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child v Grogan (Case 159/90)
[1991] I ECR 4685 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
South East Asia Fire Bricks Sdn Bhd v Non-Metallic Mineral Products
Manufacturing Employees Union [1981] AC 363. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
South Lakeland District Council v Secretary of State for the Environment
[1992] 2 AC 141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Southend-on-Sea Corporation v Hodgson (Wickford) Ltd [1962] 1 QB 416. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Stepney Corporation v John Walker & Sons [1934] AC 365. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Stovin v Wise (Norfolk County Council, third party) [1996] AC 923. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354, 355
Stringer v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1970] 1 WLR 1281 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64, 66
Sunday Times, The v United Kingdom (1979) 2 EHRR 245. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111, 334

Table of Cases
xxxiii
TWD Textile Werke Deggendorf GmbH v Germany (Case 188/92) [1994] ECR I 833 . . . . . . . . . 301
Taylor v Munrow [1960] 1 WLR 151. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Tehrani v Rostron [1972] 1 QB 182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Toepfer v Commission (Cases 106-7/63) [1965] ECR 405 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Transocean Marine Paints Association v Commission (Case 17/74)
[1974] ECR 1063 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132, 273, 297
Trendtex Trading Corp v Central Bank of Nigeria [1977] QB 529. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74) [1974] ECR 1337. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (Case 26/62)
[1963] ECR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269, 278, 279, 286
Variola v Amministrazione Delle Finanze (Case 34/73) [1973] ECR 981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Vine v National Dock Labour Board [1957] AC 488 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein Westfalen (Case 14/83)
[1984] ECR 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281, 282, 306, 309, 310
Wachauf v Germany (Case 5/88) [1989] ECR 2609 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Waddington v Miah [1974] 1 WLR 683 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 323
Wagner Case 8/82 [1983] ECR 271. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Waldron, ex p [1986] 1 QB 824. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Wandsworth London Borough Council v Winder [1985] AC 461 . . . . . . . . . . . 170, 171, 173–75, 199
Ward v Bradford Corporation (1971) 70 LGR 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 189
Wednesbury Corporation v Ministry of Housing and Local Government
[1965] 1 WLR 261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Wells v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1967] 1 WLR 1000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
West Glamorgan County Council v Rafferty [1987] 1 WLR 457 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 111
Western Fish Products v Penwith DC [1981] 2 All ER 204. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Westminster Corporation v London & North Western Railway [1905] AC 426. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Westminster Council, Re [1986] AC 668 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Wheeler v Leicester City Council [1985] AC 1054 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Williams v Giddy [1911] AC 381. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Williams v Home Office [1981] 1 All ER 1151. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Wiseman v Borneman [1971] AC 308. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124, 134
Wohrmann v Commission (Cases 31 &33/62) [1962] ECR 501. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Woolwich Building Society v Inland Revenue Commissioner (No 2) [1993] AC 70 . . . . . . . . . . . 316
X (Minors) v Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 2 AC 633 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346, 349–51, 353, 355
Zamora, The [1916] 2 AC 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

TABLE OF STATUTES
xxxv
Access to Health Records Act 1990 . . . . . . . 254
Access to Personal Files Act 1987. . . . . . . . . 254
Acquisition of Land (Authorisation Procedure)
Act 1946. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 108
Act of Settlement 1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous
Provisions) Act 1938
s 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Agricultural Marketing Act 1958. . . . . . . . . . 97
s 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Asylum and Immigration
Appeals Act 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Baths and Wash-houses Acts 1846–78 . . . . . 84
Betting and Lotteries Act 1934
s 11(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Betting, Gaming and Lotteries Act 1963
s 32(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Bill of Rights 1688 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 73, 92
British Nationality Act 1981
s 44(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Broadcasting Act 1981
s 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
s 29(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112, 113
Caravan Sites Act 1968. . . . . . . . . . 110, 111, 174
Children and Young Persons Act 1933
s 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
s 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chronically Sick and
Disabled Persons Act 1970
s 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
s 2(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Civil Aviation Act 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 83
s 78(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 338
Companies Act 1948
s 441(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Companies Act 1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Compensation (Defence) Act 1939. . . . . . . . . 37
Competition and Service
(Public Utilities) Act 1992. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Consumer Protection Act 1987. . . . . . . . . . . . 72
County Courts Act 1959
s 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Courts and Legal Services Act 1990. . . . . . . 242
s 110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Criminal Justice Act 1967
s 74(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Criminal Justice Act 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Criminal Justice Act 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
s 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Criminal Law Act 1967
s 2(4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Crown Proceedings Act 1947 . . . . . . . . 211, 359
s 2(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
s 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
s 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
s 28(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
s 28(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Data Protection Act 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Defence of the Realm
Consolidation Act 1914. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Education Act 1944. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
s 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Education Act 1993
s 184 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Education (No 2) Act 1986
s 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Employment Protection
(Consolidation) Act 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Equal Pay Act 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
European Communities
Act 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 60, 158, 269,
277, 285, 286, 302
s 1(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
s 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
s 2(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278, 282, 303, 305, 306
s 2(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
s 2(4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303–06
s 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Sched 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Fair Trading Act 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Financial Services Act 1986. . . . . . . . . . 178, 253
Foreign Compensation Act 1950 . . . . . . . . . 204
s 4(4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203, 204
Gaming Act 1968
Sched 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Gas Act 1986
s 39(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

xxxvi
Health Service Commissioners Act 1993 . . 255
Highways Act 1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 99
Highways Act 1980
s 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354, 355
s 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354, 355
s 130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats)
Act 1949
Sched 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Housing Act 1957
s 111(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Housing Act 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Sched 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Housing Act 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
s 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Housing Act 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
s 193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Housing Finance Act 1972. . . . . . . . . . 90, 91, 98
Housing (Homeless Persons)
Act 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169, 170
Hydrocarbon Oil Duties Act 1979 . . . . . . . . 175
Immigration Act 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 75, 323
s 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Industrial Relations Act 1967 (Malaysia)
s 29(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Interception of Communications Act 1985. . 27
Local Government Act 1888
s 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Local Government Act 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
s 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 68
s 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 86, 173
s 120(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
s 142 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
s 222 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Sched 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Local Government Act 1974. . . . . . . . . 195, 242,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249, 255
Local Government Act 1985
s 97(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Local Government Act 1988 . . . . . . . . . 255, 360
s 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Local Government and
Housing Act 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Local Government Finance Act 1988
s 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Sched 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Local Government, Planning and
Land Act 1980
s 59(11A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
s 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Local Government
Superannuation Act 1937
s 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Mental Health Act 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
s 139(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Merchant Shipping Act 1988 . . . . . . . . 156, 305
Municipal Corporations Act 1835 . . . . . . . . . . 7
Municipal Corporations Act 1882
s 191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
National Health Service Act 1946 . . . . . . . 7, 39
National Health Service (Amendment)
Act 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
National Health Service
Reorganisation Act 1973. . . . . . . 195, 242, 255
National Insurance
(Industrial Injuries) Act 1946
s 36(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
New Towns Act 1946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 65, 145
Northern Ireland
(Emergency Provisions) Act 1978 . . . . . . . 323
Obscene Publications Act 1959. . . . . . . . . . . 335
Obscene Publications Act 1964. . . . . . . . . . . 335
Official Secrets Act 1911
s 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Overseas Development and
Co-operation Act 1980
s 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
s 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Parliamentary and Health Service
Commissioners Act 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Parliamentary Commissioner
Act 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195, 241,
242, 249, 250
s 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
s 1(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
s 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242, 243
s 5(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
s 5(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
s 5(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249–51

Table of Statutes
xxxvii
s 6(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
s 6(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
s 7(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
s 7(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247, 249, 251
s 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
s 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247, 250
s 10(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
s 10(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
s 10(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
s 10(4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
s 12(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Sched 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Sched 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1994
s 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Parliamentary Commissioner
(Northern Ireland) Act 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Police Act 1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122, 126
Police Act 1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
s 4(4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
s 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
s 49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221, 222, 229, 231
Police and Criminal Evidence Act
1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 221
Part IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Police Appeals Act 1927
s 2(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Prevention of Terrorism Act 1974 . . . . . . . . 325
Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary
Provisions) Act 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 113, 323
Prison Act 1952
s 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 76
Provisional Collection of Taxes Act 1913 . . . 74
Public Order Act 1936
s 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
s 9(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Public Order Act 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Purchase Tax Act 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Race Relations Act 1976. . . . . . . . . 104, 136, 188
s 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Road Safety Act 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Sex Discrimination Act 1975 . . . . . . . . 188, 304,
310, 321
Single European Act 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . 270, 297
Social Security Act 1975
s 98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Social Security Contributions and
Benefits Act 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 339
Southern Rhodesia Act 1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Sunday Entertainments Act 1932
s 1(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Supreme Court Act 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
s 31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 161, 165, 181
s 31(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
s 31(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161, 165, 166
s 31(7). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
s 130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Taxes Management Act 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Telecommunications Act 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . 174
s 47(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Town and Country Planning
Act 1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67, 260
s 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
s 281(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Transport (London) Act 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
s 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Tribunals and Inquiries
Act 1958. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257, 258, 260
s 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
s 12(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Sched 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1971 . . . . . 257, 258
Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1972
s 12(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 . . . . . . . . . 257
s 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
s 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
s 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138, 258
s 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256, 258
s 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
s 12(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
s 12(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
War Damage Act 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949. . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
s 1(4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
xxxix
HA 1980 Highways Act 1980
HA 1985 Housing Act 1985
HA 1996 Housing Act 1996
CJA 1988 Criminal Justice Act 1988
CJA 1967 Criminal Justice Act 1967
CYPA 1933 Children and Young Persons Act 1933
LGA 1972 Local Government Act 1972
SCA 1981 Supreme Court Act 1981
RSC Rules of the Supreme Court
PA 1964 Police Act 1964
PCA 1967 Parliamentary Commission Act 1967
TIA 1992 Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992
TIA 1958 Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1958
ECA 1972 European Community Act 1972
ECHR European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights
and Fundamental Freedoms
FC Act 1950 Foreign Compensation Act

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