3. Powerpoint Templates Page 4
Biograph
y
• Born: February 7, 1870 near Vienna
– Third child of seven
– Apparent physical comfort, but miserable
in childhood (Adler struggled with rickets;
and at the age of 5, he nearly died of
pneumonia)
– Known for his efforts at outdoing his older
brother
• Received a medical degree in 1895
• Married in 1897
– Eventually had four children
– Only son became a psychiatrist and
continued Adler’s work
4. Powerpoint Templates
• Joined Freud’s discussion group in
1902
– Adler’s views were initially compatible
with Freud’s
• Adler’s views changed and he began to
criticize Freud’s theories
• In 1911, Adler and nine others broke
away from Freud and formed “The
Society for Individual Psychology”
• Involvement in WWI helped develop
the concept of social interest
• Died: May 28, 1937 of heart attack
Page 5
5. Powerpoint Templates Page 6
View of Human
Nature
Adler believed…
We are not determined by our environment,
or our instincts, or our early child-rearing—we
can change.
Every child is born with innate and unique
capabilities and is inherently moving toward the
future, not determined by the past.
Wemove toward the future to make ourselves
whole and complete and to fill our drive, our
striving for perfection.
6. Powerpoint Templates
Inattempting to overcome feelings of
inferiority, we all develop unconscious beliefs
or private logic that leads us to our subjective
final goal.
All behavior is goal-directed and is purposeful
and is related to the drive to attain the image
held in our subjective final goal
Webelieve that our subjective final goal will
bring us sense of mastery, superiority, and—
eventually—perfection, completion and
wholeness
Page 6
7. Powerpoint Templates
Individual develops a style of life that is
reflective of the person’s movement toward
his/her subjective final goal.
Ifunimpeded by feelings of inferiority, one
would naturally move toward meaningful
relationships, the best of interest of others,
the betterment of society and an
understanding of our place in the universe.
Page 7
8. Powerpoint Templates
Key
Concepts
Page 8
Uniqueness of the Individual
Each person is seen as unique, with
innate abilities and personal
characteristics that interact with and
are affected by early childhood
experiences and the memories of those
experiences
9. Powerpoint Templates Page 10
Feelings of Inferiority
Primary feelings of inferiority—are universal, such as when the infant and young child
struggle to overcome natural physical, cognitive and physiological hurdles of life.
Secondary feelings of inferiority—occur as a result of psychological strtuggles from
poor parenting, child abuse or neglect, and cultural injustice.
11. Powerpoint Templates Page 12
Private Logic vs Common
Sense
Common sense tells us that despite the fact that we all have our own private logic, to
live peacably and constructively, we must find the commond ground that allows us to get
along with one another.
12. Powerpoint Templates Page 13
Compensatio
n
Compensation is a process through which individuals attempt to rid thmeselves of
feelings of inferiority.
13. Powerpoint Templates Page 14
•It is the person’s unique image of what
he or she want to be, and the person
imagines that attainment of this image
will lead to a sense of completion and
wholeness.
Fictional Final Goal
16. Organ
Dialect
“The body’s organ speaks a
language which is more
expressive and discloses
individual opinion more clearly
than words are able to do so
17. Powerpoint Templates Page 15
Style of
Life
Style of Life is a unique repertoire of behaviors, cognitions, and values.
18. Powerpoint Templates Page 16
Social Interest-Feeling of oneness
with all humanity
“GEMEINSCHAFTSGEFUHL”
Social interest can be defined as an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as an
empathy for each member of the human community; community feeling or social concern
19. Powerpoint Templates Page 17
Holis
m
Individual
Holistic Entity
Completion of Self and Perfection
Attempting to move toward
Even when such movement leads toward problematic behavior, Adler believed it is
individual’s misguided attempt to strive the completion of self and perfection.
20. Powerpoint Templates Page 18
Schema of Apperception
Developed
cognitive
rules
Assimilation
of our
experiences
Apperception
Schema
Schema of apperception is how we come to understand and make sense of the
experiences in our lives.
21. Powerpoint Templates Page 19
Birth Order
•Among the factors that lead to different
life-styles are the ordinal positions of
birth and different experiences in
childhood.
•Birth order can greatly affect how one
feels about oneself
Birth order is the chronological order of sibling births in a family.
22. Powerpoint Templates Page 20
Adler’s View of Some Possible Traits by Birth
Order
Positive Traits Negative Traits
Oldest child
Nurturing and protective of others; good
organizer
Highly anxious; exaggerated feelings of
power; unconscious hostility; fights for
acceptance; must always be “right”; highly
critical of others; uncooperative
Second child
Highly motivated; cooperative; moderately Highly competitive; easily discouraged
competitive
Youngest child
Realistically ambitious Pampered style of life; dependent on
others; wants to excel in everything;
unrealistically ambitious
Only child
Socially mature Exaggerated feelings of superiority; low
feelings of cooperation; inflated sense of
self; pampered style of life
23. Powerpoint Templates Page 18
Abnormal development
Pampered
style of
life
Safeguarding
Tendencies
-Excuses
-Aggression
-Withdrawal
Neglected
style of life
Exaggerated physical
deficiencies
24. Powerpoint Templates
•For individuals who initially come for
counseling, courage means being willing
to take a look at how early feelings of
inferiority fueled their private logic, led
to compensatory behaviors, and were
partially responsible for the development
of their subjective final goals.
Courage
Page 24
26. Powerpoint Templates Page 23
Therapeutic Techniques for
Adults
Building a Trusting
Relationship
Socratic Questioning and use
of the Dialectical Method
Encouragement Teaching and Interpretation
Assessment Spitting in the Client’s Soup
Examining Early Recollections Guided imagery Exercises
Exploring the Family
Constellation
Role-Playing and Acting “As If”
Dream Analysis Catching Oneself
Task Setting
27. Powerpoint Templates Page 24
Watts and Peitzak (2000) suggest a broad range of encouragement skills as cited above
Encouragement Skills
Demonstrating concerns for clients through active listening and empathy
Communicating respect for and confidence in clients
Focusing on client’s strengths, assets, and resources
Helping clients generate perceptual alternatives for discouraging fictional beliefs
Focusing on efforts and progress
Helping clients see the humor in life experiences
32. Powerpoint Templates
Basic Adlerian principles have been adopted
for children for a number of reasons:
Page 32
Adler believed that feelings of inferiority experienced in
childhood are the main causes for maladaptive behaviors.
There is no clear separation between the unconscious
and conscious; thus, one can work directly with children’s
current knowledge base and do not have to “break
through” to some mysterious unconscious.
Adlerian therapy is optimistic and anti-deterministic, and
change can occur (or start) at any point in a person’s life.
Adler stressed the importance that external changes and
interventions can make in inducing change. Thus, effective
parenting and teaching can all impact a child’s mental
health.
Adlerian principles can be easily understood, thus making
them easy to use by laypersons and by children.
33. Powerpoint Templates Page 30
Therapeutic Techniques
for Children
Building a Trusting
Relationship
Limit-Setting
Encouragement Natural
Consequences
Democratically Held
Discussion Groups
Logical Consequences
Assessment Catching Oneself
Art, Play, and
Creative Therapies
Task Setting
Responding to
Identified Behaviors
Commitment and
Practice
34. Powerpoint Templates
BUILDING A TRUSTING RELATIONSHIP
Counselors should be good relationship-
builders by using attending and empathy
skills, being nonjudgmental, being
optimistic, focusing on strengths, asking
questions in a nonthreathening manner,
and fostering open discussion.
Page 34
36. Powerpoint Templates
DEMOCRATICALLY HELD DISCUSSION
GROUPS
Counselors, teachers, and parents can
lead democratically held discussion
groups by ensuring that all individuals
are given an opportunity to talk, that all
individuals are heard, and that basic
principles like consensus-taking or voting
are applied when making decisions.
Page 36
41. Powerpoint Templates Page 38
Building
the
Relationshi
p
Assessing and
Understanding
Lifestyle
Insight and
Interpretation
Reeducation and
Reorientation
It involves
development of a
trusting relationship
Help clients begin to
examine their current
lifestyles and
resulting
dysfunctional
behaviors
Therapist shows the
client how the
evidence points
toward the
development of the
client’s misguided
private logic and
resulting
dysfunctional life.
The goal is to have
the client adopt a
new style of life
based on the insight
that has been gained
about the client’s
current lifestyle.
Encouraging the
client for beginning
the therapeutic
journey
Therapist uses a wide
range of methods to
uncover relevant
information about
the client’s feeling of
inferiority, misguided
private logic and
compensatory
behaviors, and to
better understand
the resulting lifestyle.
The therapist can
educate the client
how his/her style of
life has impacted to
him/her
Either the therapist
devises a plan for
change or the client,
in consultation with
the therapist, jointly
discuss ways in which
the client can change
42. Powerpoint Templates Page 39
Social, Cultural
and Spiritual
Issues
• Adler saw how power is misused by
parents, in relationships, by men over
women, by culture over culture, and by
one country over another
• He saw the desire for power and
superiority as being a root of class
struggles and oppression of minorities
• He believed that the desire for
reason why wars are raged.
43. Powerpoint Templates
•He believed that people could understand that
the very oppression was the root of their
feelings of inferiority and that those same
feelings are the cause for a cycle of oppression
that they could cause.
•Adler saw religion as serving an important
purpose for people.
•Religions suggest that God symbolizes
perfection and reflects an image of how to
embody our values.
Page 40
