This document discusses adjective clauses. It defines adjective clauses and explains that they modify nouns and begin with a relative pronoun. It distinguishes between restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses and discusses the use of commas with each. It describes different types of adjective clauses including subject, object, possessive, place, time, and quantity clauses. It explains how relative pronouns like who, which, that, and whose can replace subjects and objects to form adjective clauses. It also discusses anticipatory "it" being used with adjective clauses.
This document provides a brief history of the evolution of English grammar from the late 16th century to the early 20th century. It notes that the earliest English grammars began in 1586 with William Bullokar's work. It then discusses how early grammars contrasted English structure with Latin and how a more modern phonological approach emerged in the 19th century. The document also summarizes the development of the Dutch tradition of writing English grammars in the early 20th century through scholars like Poutsma, Kruisinga, and Zandvoort.
The document discusses testing and evaluating grammar, including parts of speech like articles, prepositions, and pronouns. It provides information and exercises about these grammatical concepts, with a focus on teaching and assessing them. Resource person Mam Salma Khan presented the material.
The document discusses different types of nouns in English grammar:
- Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, days, months, religions, etc. and are always capitalized. Common nouns refer to general categories.
- Abstract nouns name things that cannot be perceived by senses like emotions. Collective nouns name groups like a flock of birds.
- Countable nouns have both singular and plural forms and can be counted. Uncountable nouns only have a singular form and cannot be counted.
- Possessive nouns show ownership or possession by adding an apostrophe and sometimes an 's' to the noun.
The document provides 5 rules for capitalization, punctuation, articles, text-speak, and commonly confused words when writing. It explains that names, days, months, and the pronoun "I" should be capitalized. Sentences require ending punctuation and contractions use apostrophes. Definite articles like "the" refer to specific things, while indefinite "a" or "an" do not. Text-speak like "k" for "okay" should be avoided, and words like "than" and "then" can be confused if not used properly.
This document discusses different types of nouns including common and proper nouns, countable and uncountable nouns, abstract and concrete nouns, collective nouns, and compound nouns. It also covers the three cases of nouns: nominative, objective, and possessive case. Key points include how proper nouns use capital letters, countable nouns can be counted while uncountable nouns cannot, and compound nouns are made up of more than one word.
1. The document discusses the different word classes in English including nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
2. It provides examples and classifications of each word class. For nouns, it describes common, proper, abstract, concrete, and collective nouns. For pronouns, it discusses personal, demonstrative, relative, reflexive, reciprocal, possessive, and interrogative pronouns.
3. It also gives examples of different types of verbs like main verbs, helping verbs, and linking verbs. Similarly, it provides examples of different types of adverbs like adverbs of degree, frequency, manner, and
This document defines different types of adjectives and provides examples of each. It discusses adjectives that describe nouns, articles like "the", "a", and "an", nouns used as adjectives, proper adjectives formed from proper nouns, possessive adjectives like "my" and "your", demonstrative adjectives like "this" and "that", interrogative adjectives like "what" and "which", and indefinite adjectives like "each" and "all". Exercises are provided for students to practice identifying and using these different kinds of adjectives.
1Unit ILesson 6 Grammar and StyleAdjectives and Adverbs.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Unit I
Lesson 6: Grammar and Style
Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjectives
Adjectives are modifiers: Modifiers include words, phrases, and clauses.
Adjectives modify or say something about a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can tell what color, how many, how big or small, in fact just about anything about the words they modify.
There are several very specific things about adjectives that we have to be aware of as we write and speak:
1. One common error in slang, low diction, and conversational English is to misuse an adjective to modify another adjective.
For example:
He is real tall.
Here the word real is an adjective, but it cannot modify another adjective, tall.
The correct form would be, “He is really tall.” In this case, really, an adverb, can modify the adjective tall.
Another example:
Yesterday I was real sick the whole time at school
Here real attempts to modify the adjective sick. As above, an adjective can never modify another adjective.
The correct form would be, “Yesterday I was really sick the whole time at school.”
2. Adjectives conform to particular and traditional positions, in English usually immediately before what they modify.
Most of the time, adjectives come directly in front of the word they are modifying.
For example:
She drove a new pink Mercedes.
The hot, roaring fire engulfed the house.
In both cases here, there are two adjectives in front of the words they modify.
Another common position for the adjective is at the end of the sentence. This common structure takes the form of subject + linking verb + adjective. Many of these structures, as you will see, are common everyday expressions.
For example:
The quarterback for the opposing team is extremely tall.
Here the adjective tall modifies the subject of the sentence, quarterback.
Sharks in these waters have been known to be very aggressive.
Here the adjective aggressive modifies the subject, sharks.
Food in this part of New Orleans is generally accepted to be very expensive.
Here the adjective expensive modifies the subject, food.
3. Adjectives also normally appear in three different forms, depending on what they are modifying and the context. These are called the positive, what you might call the normal or typical form of the adjective; the comparative, used when you are comparing two items; and the superlative, used when you are comparing one item to three or more other similar items.
For example:
Positive Comparative Superlative
fast faster fastest
good better best
smooth smoother smoothest
Note that adjectives of multiple syllables have to use more and most to make their comparative and superlative forms:
Positive Comparative Superlative
Redolent more redolent most redolent
Note that you could not say redolenter or redolentest.
Fragrant more fragrant most fragrant
Again, there are no such words as fragranter or fragrantest.
Also note that you cannot mix the two forms—that is, add more or most to a form that is made by ...
This document provides a brief history of the evolution of English grammar from the late 16th century to the early 20th century. It notes that the earliest English grammars began in 1586 with William Bullokar's work. It then discusses how early grammars contrasted English structure with Latin and how a more modern phonological approach emerged in the 19th century. The document also summarizes the development of the Dutch tradition of writing English grammars in the early 20th century through scholars like Poutsma, Kruisinga, and Zandvoort.
The document discusses testing and evaluating grammar, including parts of speech like articles, prepositions, and pronouns. It provides information and exercises about these grammatical concepts, with a focus on teaching and assessing them. Resource person Mam Salma Khan presented the material.
The document discusses different types of nouns in English grammar:
- Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, days, months, religions, etc. and are always capitalized. Common nouns refer to general categories.
- Abstract nouns name things that cannot be perceived by senses like emotions. Collective nouns name groups like a flock of birds.
- Countable nouns have both singular and plural forms and can be counted. Uncountable nouns only have a singular form and cannot be counted.
- Possessive nouns show ownership or possession by adding an apostrophe and sometimes an 's' to the noun.
The document provides 5 rules for capitalization, punctuation, articles, text-speak, and commonly confused words when writing. It explains that names, days, months, and the pronoun "I" should be capitalized. Sentences require ending punctuation and contractions use apostrophes. Definite articles like "the" refer to specific things, while indefinite "a" or "an" do not. Text-speak like "k" for "okay" should be avoided, and words like "than" and "then" can be confused if not used properly.
This document discusses different types of nouns including common and proper nouns, countable and uncountable nouns, abstract and concrete nouns, collective nouns, and compound nouns. It also covers the three cases of nouns: nominative, objective, and possessive case. Key points include how proper nouns use capital letters, countable nouns can be counted while uncountable nouns cannot, and compound nouns are made up of more than one word.
1. The document discusses the different word classes in English including nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
2. It provides examples and classifications of each word class. For nouns, it describes common, proper, abstract, concrete, and collective nouns. For pronouns, it discusses personal, demonstrative, relative, reflexive, reciprocal, possessive, and interrogative pronouns.
3. It also gives examples of different types of verbs like main verbs, helping verbs, and linking verbs. Similarly, it provides examples of different types of adverbs like adverbs of degree, frequency, manner, and
This document defines different types of adjectives and provides examples of each. It discusses adjectives that describe nouns, articles like "the", "a", and "an", nouns used as adjectives, proper adjectives formed from proper nouns, possessive adjectives like "my" and "your", demonstrative adjectives like "this" and "that", interrogative adjectives like "what" and "which", and indefinite adjectives like "each" and "all". Exercises are provided for students to practice identifying and using these different kinds of adjectives.
1Unit ILesson 6 Grammar and StyleAdjectives and Adverbs.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Unit I
Lesson 6: Grammar and Style
Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjectives
Adjectives are modifiers: Modifiers include words, phrases, and clauses.
Adjectives modify or say something about a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can tell what color, how many, how big or small, in fact just about anything about the words they modify.
There are several very specific things about adjectives that we have to be aware of as we write and speak:
1. One common error in slang, low diction, and conversational English is to misuse an adjective to modify another adjective.
For example:
He is real tall.
Here the word real is an adjective, but it cannot modify another adjective, tall.
The correct form would be, “He is really tall.” In this case, really, an adverb, can modify the adjective tall.
Another example:
Yesterday I was real sick the whole time at school
Here real attempts to modify the adjective sick. As above, an adjective can never modify another adjective.
The correct form would be, “Yesterday I was really sick the whole time at school.”
2. Adjectives conform to particular and traditional positions, in English usually immediately before what they modify.
Most of the time, adjectives come directly in front of the word they are modifying.
For example:
She drove a new pink Mercedes.
The hot, roaring fire engulfed the house.
In both cases here, there are two adjectives in front of the words they modify.
Another common position for the adjective is at the end of the sentence. This common structure takes the form of subject + linking verb + adjective. Many of these structures, as you will see, are common everyday expressions.
For example:
The quarterback for the opposing team is extremely tall.
Here the adjective tall modifies the subject of the sentence, quarterback.
Sharks in these waters have been known to be very aggressive.
Here the adjective aggressive modifies the subject, sharks.
Food in this part of New Orleans is generally accepted to be very expensive.
Here the adjective expensive modifies the subject, food.
3. Adjectives also normally appear in three different forms, depending on what they are modifying and the context. These are called the positive, what you might call the normal or typical form of the adjective; the comparative, used when you are comparing two items; and the superlative, used when you are comparing one item to three or more other similar items.
For example:
Positive Comparative Superlative
fast faster fastest
good better best
smooth smoother smoothest
Note that adjectives of multiple syllables have to use more and most to make their comparative and superlative forms:
Positive Comparative Superlative
Redolent more redolent most redolent
Note that you could not say redolenter or redolentest.
Fragrant more fragrant most fragrant
Again, there are no such words as fragranter or fragrantest.
Also note that you cannot mix the two forms—that is, add more or most to a form that is made by ...
This document provides instructions for a dictionary tutorial that will have the reader use three dictionaries - Webster's New World Dictionary, The Random House College Dictionary, and The American Heritage Dictionary - to answer 30 questions about dictionary layout, spelling, pronunciation, word origins, parts of speech, and definitions. The questions cover topics such as alphabetical order, vowel sounds, syllabic emphasis, and the meaning of underlined words.
Teaching English vocabulary and grammar (by Desire Noumi T.)TchoulaNoumiDesire
This is a lecture presented in a TESOL Master's class in fulfilment of a course.
It is all about the following: General knowledge on terminology in English Grammar and Vocabulary, The notion of Collocation(with practical examples taken in domains of HEALTH AND ILLNESS, INTERNET, STUDY AND LEARNING, PRESENTATIONS)
This document discusses different types of adjectives including proper adjectives formed from proper nouns, articles like "the", "a", and "an", predicate adjectives that follow linking verbs, coordinate and non-coordinate adjectives, and comparative and superlative adjectives that are used to compare two or more things. It provides examples for each type and explains the rules for using different articles and forming comparatives and superlatives.
The document provides an overview of the English language, including its alphabet, letters, vowels and consonants. It discusses words, syllables, sentences and their parts. It also summarizes the eight parts of speech - noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection - and provides details on their types and usage. Gender, articles, infinitives, participles and gerunds are also covered briefly.
This document provides definitions and examples of the main parts of speech in English: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. For each part of speech, there is a definition, highlighted examples from text, and an associated activity for the learner.
This document provides an introduction to parts of speech in English grammar. It begins by defining parts of speech as linguistic categories of words. It then lists and describes the eight main parts of speech in English: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it provides examples and explanations of their different types and functions in language.
Adjectives describe or modify nouns and pronouns. They answer what kind, which one, or how many. Articles like a, an, the are also adjectives. Proper adjectives come from proper nouns. Demonstrative adjectives are the same as demonstrative pronouns. Comparative adjectives compare two things using -er, and superlative adjectives compare more than two things using -est or more/most. Good is an adjective describing kind, while well describes health as an adjective or manner as an adverb.
Adjectives describe or modify nouns and pronouns. They answer what kind, which one, or how many. Articles like a, an, the are also adjectives. Proper adjectives come from proper nouns. Demonstrative adjectives are the same as demonstrative pronouns. Comparative adjectives compare two things using -er, and superlative adjectives compare more than two things using -est or more/most. Good is an adjective describing kind, while well describes health as an adjective or manner as an adverb.
This document provides a lesson on homonyms for students. It begins with objectives and a review of abbreviations. Students then practice identifying homonyms in sentences and matching meanings. An activity has them underline the correct homonym in sentences. Key points are remembered, such as examples of homonym pairs. Students complete sentences with homonyms and have an assignment to provide their own examples in sentences. The overall document provides instruction and practice to help students understand and identify homonyms.
The document provides instructions for a pre-writing activity where students are asked to recall and retell in their own words a novel or short story discussed in a previous English class. It asks students to reflect on whether they found the retelling difficult and what strategies they used. The document then discusses the differences between paraphrasing and summarizing, with paraphrasing being the restatement of a passage in another form while maintaining the overall meaning, and summarizing being providing an abbreviated version of the essence of an entire text. Steps for both paraphrasing and avoiding plagiarism are provided.
1. The document discusses different parts of speech in English including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
2. It explains the different types of pronouns such as distributive pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and indefinite pronouns.
3. The document also covers articles including definite and indefinite articles, and describes the auxiliary verbs in English and how they are classified.
Chapter 2 - Part B.pptxbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbyaweme7346
The document discusses verbs and their types. It explains that every sentence contains a verb that expresses action or a state of being. Verbs can be action verbs, which tell what a noun or pronoun does, or linking verbs, which connect a subject to a word that describes or renames it. Common linking verbs include forms of "to be" and some sense verbs like "feel" and "sound," though sense verbs are not always linking verbs. Verbs can also be made up of a main verb and a helping/auxiliary verb to indicate tense, time, or other meanings. Adjectives are also discussed as words that modify nouns and can come before or after linking verbs as predicate adjectives.
The document outlines an agenda for a training on building vocabulary, writing tips, and confidence. It discusses various vocabulary building techniques like using context clues, word forms, dictionaries, prefixes/suffixes. Examples are provided to demonstrate guessing meanings from context. Writing tips include being concise, using active voice and proofreading. Confidence topics include posture, etiquette, conversation skills. The goal is to improve English communication skills.
The Sentence | Basics of English | English GrammerAhsan Ejaz
This document provides information about sentences and their structure. It defines what a sentence is and explains that a sentence must contain a subject and a verb. It then describes the different parts of a sentence including the subject, verb, and object. The document goes on to discuss the different types of sentences such as positive, negative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory sentences. It also covers punctuation, parts of speech, tenses, and other grammatical concepts.
This document defines and provides examples for the 8 parts of speech in English: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Nouns name people, places, things, and ideas. Pronouns replace nouns. Adjectives describe nouns. Verbs show actions and states of being. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Prepositions show location and time. Conjunctions join words and phrases. Interjections express emotions. Mastering the parts of speech is fundamental to grammar and effective communication.
This document discusses parts of speech in English grammar. It begins by defining parts of speech as the basic types of words used in English that must belong to one category or another. It then focuses on nouns, defining nouns as naming words that can refer to people, places, things, ideas, living creatures, qualities, or actions. The document categorizes nouns and provides examples, distinguishing between proper nouns, common nouns, concrete nouns, abstract nouns, countable nouns, uncountable nouns, and collective nouns. It also discusses pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and types of verbs.
This document defines and provides examples of adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives are words that describe nouns, such as "green" describing the noun "alien". Adverbs are words that describe verbs, such as "quickly" describing the verb "types". The document then provides exercises for identifying adjectives and adverbs in sentences and determining whether a word describes a noun or verb.
This document is an assignment on parts of speech from Superior University of Lahore. It discusses the eight main parts of speech - noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. For each part of speech, it provides examples and describes different types. Nouns are divided into common, proper, collective, material, abstract, countable and uncountable. Adjectives include quality, quantity, and number adjectives. Adverbs are classified as adverbs of time, place, manner, degree and frequency. The document also briefly discusses articles and their definite and indefinite types.
This document discusses the different types of pronouns in English. It defines pronouns as words used in place of nouns that avoid repetition. There are 7 main types of pronouns: personal pronouns like I, you; reflexive pronouns like myself; demonstrative pronouns like this, that; indefinite pronouns like some, many; distributive pronouns like each; interrogative pronouns like what, who; and relative pronouns like who, which. Each pronoun type is defined and examples are provided to illustrate their usage and differences between related terms like pronouns and adjectives.
The document discusses two theoretical approaches to metaphor - the conceptual domain approach and the class inclusion approach. The conceptual domain approach views metaphors as a comparison between two different conceptual domains, such as comparing the concrete domain of insects to the abstract domain of personality. The class inclusion approach sees metaphors as a way of grouping disparate things into common categories based on their similarities. Understanding metaphors through both of these lenses provides insight into how metaphors function in communication and thinking. The document also discusses Thomas Aquinas's analogy model and Lakoff and Johnson's theory of conceptual metaphors from their book "Metaphors We Live By."
More Related Content
Similar to adjective_clauses and restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses
This document provides instructions for a dictionary tutorial that will have the reader use three dictionaries - Webster's New World Dictionary, The Random House College Dictionary, and The American Heritage Dictionary - to answer 30 questions about dictionary layout, spelling, pronunciation, word origins, parts of speech, and definitions. The questions cover topics such as alphabetical order, vowel sounds, syllabic emphasis, and the meaning of underlined words.
Teaching English vocabulary and grammar (by Desire Noumi T.)TchoulaNoumiDesire
This is a lecture presented in a TESOL Master's class in fulfilment of a course.
It is all about the following: General knowledge on terminology in English Grammar and Vocabulary, The notion of Collocation(with practical examples taken in domains of HEALTH AND ILLNESS, INTERNET, STUDY AND LEARNING, PRESENTATIONS)
This document discusses different types of adjectives including proper adjectives formed from proper nouns, articles like "the", "a", and "an", predicate adjectives that follow linking verbs, coordinate and non-coordinate adjectives, and comparative and superlative adjectives that are used to compare two or more things. It provides examples for each type and explains the rules for using different articles and forming comparatives and superlatives.
The document provides an overview of the English language, including its alphabet, letters, vowels and consonants. It discusses words, syllables, sentences and their parts. It also summarizes the eight parts of speech - noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection - and provides details on their types and usage. Gender, articles, infinitives, participles and gerunds are also covered briefly.
This document provides definitions and examples of the main parts of speech in English: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. For each part of speech, there is a definition, highlighted examples from text, and an associated activity for the learner.
This document provides an introduction to parts of speech in English grammar. It begins by defining parts of speech as linguistic categories of words. It then lists and describes the eight main parts of speech in English: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it provides examples and explanations of their different types and functions in language.
Adjectives describe or modify nouns and pronouns. They answer what kind, which one, or how many. Articles like a, an, the are also adjectives. Proper adjectives come from proper nouns. Demonstrative adjectives are the same as demonstrative pronouns. Comparative adjectives compare two things using -er, and superlative adjectives compare more than two things using -est or more/most. Good is an adjective describing kind, while well describes health as an adjective or manner as an adverb.
Adjectives describe or modify nouns and pronouns. They answer what kind, which one, or how many. Articles like a, an, the are also adjectives. Proper adjectives come from proper nouns. Demonstrative adjectives are the same as demonstrative pronouns. Comparative adjectives compare two things using -er, and superlative adjectives compare more than two things using -est or more/most. Good is an adjective describing kind, while well describes health as an adjective or manner as an adverb.
This document provides a lesson on homonyms for students. It begins with objectives and a review of abbreviations. Students then practice identifying homonyms in sentences and matching meanings. An activity has them underline the correct homonym in sentences. Key points are remembered, such as examples of homonym pairs. Students complete sentences with homonyms and have an assignment to provide their own examples in sentences. The overall document provides instruction and practice to help students understand and identify homonyms.
The document provides instructions for a pre-writing activity where students are asked to recall and retell in their own words a novel or short story discussed in a previous English class. It asks students to reflect on whether they found the retelling difficult and what strategies they used. The document then discusses the differences between paraphrasing and summarizing, with paraphrasing being the restatement of a passage in another form while maintaining the overall meaning, and summarizing being providing an abbreviated version of the essence of an entire text. Steps for both paraphrasing and avoiding plagiarism are provided.
1. The document discusses different parts of speech in English including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
2. It explains the different types of pronouns such as distributive pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and indefinite pronouns.
3. The document also covers articles including definite and indefinite articles, and describes the auxiliary verbs in English and how they are classified.
Chapter 2 - Part B.pptxbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbyaweme7346
The document discusses verbs and their types. It explains that every sentence contains a verb that expresses action or a state of being. Verbs can be action verbs, which tell what a noun or pronoun does, or linking verbs, which connect a subject to a word that describes or renames it. Common linking verbs include forms of "to be" and some sense verbs like "feel" and "sound," though sense verbs are not always linking verbs. Verbs can also be made up of a main verb and a helping/auxiliary verb to indicate tense, time, or other meanings. Adjectives are also discussed as words that modify nouns and can come before or after linking verbs as predicate adjectives.
The document outlines an agenda for a training on building vocabulary, writing tips, and confidence. It discusses various vocabulary building techniques like using context clues, word forms, dictionaries, prefixes/suffixes. Examples are provided to demonstrate guessing meanings from context. Writing tips include being concise, using active voice and proofreading. Confidence topics include posture, etiquette, conversation skills. The goal is to improve English communication skills.
The Sentence | Basics of English | English GrammerAhsan Ejaz
This document provides information about sentences and their structure. It defines what a sentence is and explains that a sentence must contain a subject and a verb. It then describes the different parts of a sentence including the subject, verb, and object. The document goes on to discuss the different types of sentences such as positive, negative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory sentences. It also covers punctuation, parts of speech, tenses, and other grammatical concepts.
This document defines and provides examples for the 8 parts of speech in English: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Nouns name people, places, things, and ideas. Pronouns replace nouns. Adjectives describe nouns. Verbs show actions and states of being. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Prepositions show location and time. Conjunctions join words and phrases. Interjections express emotions. Mastering the parts of speech is fundamental to grammar and effective communication.
This document discusses parts of speech in English grammar. It begins by defining parts of speech as the basic types of words used in English that must belong to one category or another. It then focuses on nouns, defining nouns as naming words that can refer to people, places, things, ideas, living creatures, qualities, or actions. The document categorizes nouns and provides examples, distinguishing between proper nouns, common nouns, concrete nouns, abstract nouns, countable nouns, uncountable nouns, and collective nouns. It also discusses pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and types of verbs.
This document defines and provides examples of adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives are words that describe nouns, such as "green" describing the noun "alien". Adverbs are words that describe verbs, such as "quickly" describing the verb "types". The document then provides exercises for identifying adjectives and adverbs in sentences and determining whether a word describes a noun or verb.
This document is an assignment on parts of speech from Superior University of Lahore. It discusses the eight main parts of speech - noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. For each part of speech, it provides examples and describes different types. Nouns are divided into common, proper, collective, material, abstract, countable and uncountable. Adjectives include quality, quantity, and number adjectives. Adverbs are classified as adverbs of time, place, manner, degree and frequency. The document also briefly discusses articles and their definite and indefinite types.
This document discusses the different types of pronouns in English. It defines pronouns as words used in place of nouns that avoid repetition. There are 7 main types of pronouns: personal pronouns like I, you; reflexive pronouns like myself; demonstrative pronouns like this, that; indefinite pronouns like some, many; distributive pronouns like each; interrogative pronouns like what, who; and relative pronouns like who, which. Each pronoun type is defined and examples are provided to illustrate their usage and differences between related terms like pronouns and adjectives.
The document discusses two theoretical approaches to metaphor - the conceptual domain approach and the class inclusion approach. The conceptual domain approach views metaphors as a comparison between two different conceptual domains, such as comparing the concrete domain of insects to the abstract domain of personality. The class inclusion approach sees metaphors as a way of grouping disparate things into common categories based on their similarities. Understanding metaphors through both of these lenses provides insight into how metaphors function in communication and thinking. The document also discusses Thomas Aquinas's analogy model and Lakoff and Johnson's theory of conceptual metaphors from their book "Metaphors We Live By."
Similar to adjective_clauses and restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses (20)
3. Adjective Clauses
An adjective (or relative) clause is a
dependent clause that functions as an
adjective in a sentence. It modifies nouns,
pronouns, or a whole sentence. It begins with
a relative pronoun. It comes immediately
after the words that it modifies. In some
cases, a prepositional phrase may come in
between.
Eman Alkatheery
4. Adjective Clauses
Examples:
The first football world cup ,which took place in 1930,
was held in Uruguay.
I have not read the magazine that is lying on the table.
People who use microwave ovens save time and money.
Ovens that use microwave energy cook food quickly.
The award that Mario received was for his volunteer
work.
Eman Alkatheery
5. Adjective Clauses
There are several types of adjective clauses (Table 4.1, p. 156)
Example
Relative
Pronoun
Types of
Clauses
Biology is a subject that is very interesting.
That, which, who
Subject
It is a subject which I would like to study.
That, which, who
(m)
Object
Dr. Smith, whose class meets today, is an
expert.
whose
possessive
Eman Alkatheery
6. Adjective Clauses
example
Relative
Pronouns
Types of
Clauses
I remember the café where we met.
Where
place
Does the class meet at a time when
you can attend?
When
Time
I saw three movies, one of which
was boring.
Quantity + of +
which or whom
quantity
Eman Alkatheery
7. Adjective Clauses
Biology is a subject that is very interesting.
Biology is a subject. + Biology is very interesting
It is a subject which I would like to study.
It is a subject. + I would like to study the subject.
Dr. Smith, whose class meets today, is an expert.
Dr. Smith is an expert. + His class meets today.
Eman Alkatheery
8. Adjective Clauses
Adjective clauses are divided into two types:
1. Restrictive clauses
2. Nonrestrictive clauses
The type of the adjective clause determines the
use of commas. Commas are only used with
nonrestrictive clauses.
Eman Alkatheery
9. Adjective Clauses
Restrictive clauses (Table 4.2, p. 157)
It explains which people, places, or things:
not everything or everyone. It limits the
noun or pronoun that it modifies to only
what is described in the clause. No
commas are used. The relative pronoun
(that) is only used with restrictive clauses.
Eman Alkatheery
10. Adjective Clauses
Example:
Men who are not married are called bachelors.
The students who passed the exam will take
the next level.
There is only one museum that is open on
Sundays.
Eman Alkatheery
11. Adjective Clauses
Nonrestrictive clauses (Table 4.2, p. 157)
It does not define or limit the noun or pronoun that
it modifies. It only adds more information about the
word it modifies. It does not explain which people
or which things. Nonrestrictive adjective clauses
usually modify proper names, nouns that are
unique, and nouns preceded by demonstratives.
Eman Alkatheery
12. Adjective Clauses
Examples:
Professor Jones, who teaches my biology class,
won a Nobel prize.
We visited this pyramid, which is located in
Cairo.
The moon, which appears in many ancient
drawings, was an ancient symbol of fertility.
Eman Alkatheery
14. Clauses with Multiple meanings
In some cases, a particular clause can be either
restrictive or nonrestrictive. (Table 4.3, P. 157)
It can either identify or give extra information.
The adjective clause type can be identified by:
1. The speaker’s or writer’s point of view
2. Punctuation ( commas)
Eman Alkatheery
15. Clauses with Multiple meanings
COMPARE:
My sister who lives in Jeddah teaches in a high school.
My sister ,who lives in Jeddah, teaches in a high school.
Practice 1, P. 158
Practice 2, P. 159
Practice 3, P. 161
Eman Alkatheery
16. Clauses with Multiple meanings
Compare:
The teacher thanked the students who brought her
flowers.
The teacher thanked the students, who brought her
flowers.
The teacher pointed at the maps which are located at
the back of the classroom.
The teacher pointed at the maps, which are located at
the back of the classroom.
Eman Alkatheery
18. Clauses with who, that , and which
A sentence with an adjective clause can be seen
as a combination of two sentences. The relative
pronouns who, which, and that may replace the
subject of a simple sentence in order to form an
adjective clause (Table 4.4., P. 163)
John is a doctor. + John works hard.
John, who is a doctor, works hard.
Eman Alkatheery
19. Clauses with who, that , and which
In restrictive clauses, who and that refer to
people, but who is preferred.
Which and that refer to animals and things,
but that is preferred.
In nonrestrictive clauses, only who and
which are used. That is not possible.
Eman Alkatheery
20. Clauses with who, that , and which
The man was named Stephens.
The man found the ruins.
The man who found the ruins was named Stephens.
The house is expensive.
The house is in the 7th street.
The house that is in the 7th street is expensive.
Eman Alkatheery
21. Clauses with who, that , and which
Shakespeare wrote more than 100 sonnets.
Shakespeare is a famous English poet.
Shakespeare, who is a famous English poet, wrote more
than 100 sonnets.
Toronto is a beautiful place.
Toronto is the largest city in Canada.
Toronto , which is the largest city in Canada, is a
beautiful place.
Practice 1, P. 163
Eman Alkatheery
22. Clauses with who, that , and which
Practice:
John Fish explained the structure of DNA.
John Fish is a research chemist.
English words are difficult for foreigners to
pronounce.
English words begin with /th/ sound.
Eman Alkatheery
23. Clauses with whose
Whose may replace a possessive noun, pronoun,
or adjective in the subject of a simple sentence in
order to form an adjective clause, e.g., Sarah’s,
his, their, ….etc (Table 4.5., P. 165)
Whose may be used to refer to people, animals,
and things. It can also be used with both
restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses.
Eman Alkatheery
24. Clauses with Whose
I retuned the book to the library.
The book’s cover was torn.
I returned the book whose cover was torn to the
library.
The nanny takes care of two children.
The two children’s mother works at a hospital.
The nanny takes care of the two children whose
mother works at a hospital.
Eman Alkatheery
25. Clauses with Whose
I read about Shakespeare.
His plays are famous.
I read about Shakespeare, whose plays are famous.
Practice 2, p. 165
Practice 3, p. 166
Eman Alkatheery
26. Anticipatory it with Adjective Clauses
Anticipatory it is often used with adjective clauses to
place more emphasis on the word modified by the adjective
clause (table 4.6, p. 167).
Hernando Cortez led the Spanish conquest of central America.
It was Hernando Cortez who led the Spanish conquest of
central America.
An environmental disaster caused the end of the Mayan
Empire.
It was an environmental disaster that caused the end of the
Mayan Empire.
Eman Alkatheery
27. Anticipatory it with Adjective Clauses
Did an environmental disaster cause the end of
the Mayan empire?
Was it an environmental disaster that caused the
end of the Mayan empire?
The verb in the adjective clause is singular or
plural depending on the complement of the
main clause.
Eman Alkatheery
28. Anticipatory it with Adjective Clauses
Olive oil fights heart diseases.
It is olive oil that fights heart diseases.
Apples strengthen your health.
It is apples that strengthen your health.
A football match is aired on TV now.
It is a football match that is aired on TV now.
Practice 4, p. 167
Eman Alkatheery
30. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects
The relative pronouns whom, which, and
that may replace the object of a simple sentence
in order to form an adjective clause.
In restrictive clauses that refer to people,
who(m) and that can be used, or the relative
pronoun can be omitted. Whom is preferred in
formal English.
Eman Alkatheery
31. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects
In restrictive clauses that refer to
animals and things, which and that can be
used, or the relative pronoun can be omitted.
In nonrestrictive clauses, only who(m)
and which are used, and they cannot be
omitted (table 4.7, p. 172)
Eman Alkatheery
32. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects
Restrictive clauses (people):
The artists lived centuries ago.
Historians credit them for the statues.
Restrictive clauses( things):
The figure is of a horse.
I like this figure the most.
Eman Alkatheery
33. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects
The artists whom historians credit for the statues lived
centuries ago.
The artists who historians credit for the statues lived
centuries ago.
The artists that historians credit for the statues lived
centuries ago.
The artists historians credit for the statues lived
centuries ago.
Eman Alkatheery
34. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects
The figure which I like the most is of a
horse.
The figure that I like the most is of a
horse.
The figure I like the most is of a horse.
Practice 1, p. 172
Eman Alkatheery
35. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects
Ahmad is a doctor.
I invited Ahmad to my party.
Ahmad, whom I invited to my party, is a doctor.
Ahmad, who I invited to my party, is a doctor.
Paris is a beautiful city.
I visited Paris last summer.
Paris, which I visited last summer, is a beautiful city.
Eman Alkatheery
36. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects of prepositions
The relative pronouns whom, which,
and that may replace the object of a
preposition in a simple sentence in order to
form an adjective clause.
In formal English, the preposition is
sometimes placed before the relative
pronoun. In this case only whom and which
are used.
Eman Alkatheery
37. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects of prepositions
If the preposition is placed at the end of a
restrictive clause, that can also be used, or the
relative pronoun can be omitted. This
construction is frequently used in conversational
English, but it is not preferred in formal written
English.
In nonrestrictive clauses, whom or which must
be used. (table 4.8, p.173)
Eman Alkatheery
38. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects of prepositions
Restrictive Clause ( people):
Bill is the man.
I spoke to the man.
Bill is the man to whom I spoke.
Bill is the man whom I spoke to.
Bill is the man who I spoke to.
Bill is the man that I spoke to.
Bill is the man I spoke to.
Eman Alkatheery
39. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects of prepositions
She is the director.
I wrote to the director.
She is the director to whom I wrote.
She is the director whom I wrote to.
She is the director who I wrote to.
She is the director that I wrote to.
She is the director I wrote to.
Eman Alkatheery
40. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects of prepositions
The gods are depicted in the statues.
The Greeks believed in them.
The gods in whom the Greeks believed are
depicted in the statues.
The gods whom the Greeks believed in are
depicted in the statues.
Eman Alkatheery
41. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects of prepositions
The gods who the Greeks believed in are
depicted in the statues.
The gods that the Greeks believed in are
depicted in the statues.
The gods the Greeks believed in are depicted
in the statues.
Eman Alkatheery
42. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects of prepositions
Restrictive Clauses (things):
It is the studio.
He works for the studio.
It is the studio for which he works.
It is the studio which he works for.
It is the studio that he works for.
It is the studio he works for.
Practice 2, p. 174
Eman Alkatheery
43. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects of prepositions
The museum has many Greek artifacts.
I bought some books at the museum.
The museum at which I bought some books has
many Greek artifacts.
The museum which I bought some books at has
many Greek artifacts.
The museum that I bought some books at has many
Greek artifacts.
The museum I bought some books at has many
Greek artifacts.
Eman Alkatheery
44. Clauses with whom, that, and which:
Replacement of Objects of prepositions
Nonrestrictive clauses:
Sarah Palin lost the election.
I voted for Sarah Palin.
Sarah Palin, for whom I voted, lost the election.
Sarah Palin, whom I voted for, lost the election.
Paris is a beautiful city.
I went to Paris.
Paris, to which I went last summer, is a beautiful city.
Paris, which I went to last summer, is a beautiful city.
Eman Alkatheery
45. Clauses with whose:
Replacement of Objects
Whose may replace a possessive noun in the
object of a preposition in a simple sentence in
order to form an adjective clause (Table 4.9., P.
175)
Whose may be used to refer to people, animals,
and things. It can also be used with both
restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses. It can not
be omitted.
Eman Alkatheery
46. Clauses with whose:
Replacement of Objects
One of Greece’s greatest philosophers was Socrates.
Plato put Socrates’ ideas in writing.
One of Greece’s greatest philosophers was Socrates,
whose ideas Plato put in writing.
He is the actor.
I go to his films.
He is the actor whose films I go to.
Practice 3, p. 175
Eman Alkatheery
47. Superlatives and adjective clauses
Restrictive clauses are often used after
superlative constructions. Adjective clauses
are used to identify superlatives. The is
generally used with the noun being modified.
(table 4.10, p. 176)
Practice 4, p. 176
Eman Alkatheery
48. Superlatives and adjective clauses
Several of the greatest statues that were
originally in the Parthenon are now in London.
Fifty of the most important statues that were
removed were sold to the British museum.
Some of the most beautiful statues that we
have ever seen are in the British museum.
Eman Alkatheery
50. Clauses with when and where
When and where may be used to form adjective
clauses. In nonrestrictive clauses, only when, where, or
which + preposition are used.
In restrictive clauses, that or that + preposition can
also be used, or the relative pronoun can be omitted.
(table 4.11 , p. 179)
Eman Alkatheery
51. Clauses with when
Restrictive clauses with when, that or Ø:
At the time, the statues were still standing.
The Dutch arrived then.
At the time when the Dutch arrived, the statues
were still standing.
At the time that the Dutch arrived, the statues were
still standing.
At the time the Dutch arrived, the statues were still
standing.
Eman Alkatheery
52. Clauses with when
The lives of Germans suddenly changed on the night.
East German soldiers began building the Berlin Wall
during that night.
The lives of Germans suddenly changed on the night when
East German soldiers began building the Berlin Wall.
The lives of Germans suddenly changed on the night that
East German soldiers began building the Berlin Wall.
The lives of Germans suddenly changed on the night East
German soldiers began building the Berlin Wall.
Eman Alkatheery
53. Clauses with when
Nonrestrictive clauses with when:
In 1722, the statues were still standing.
the Dutch arrived then.
In 1722,when the Dutch arrived, the statues were
still standing.
Eman Alkatheery
54. Clauses with when
On November 9, 1989, their lives changed
again.
The wall was torn down on November 9, 1989.
On November 9, 1989, when the wall was torn
down, their lives changed again.
Eman Alkatheery
55. Clauses with where
Restrictive clauses with where, which, that or Ø :
This is an island.
An advanced society had flourished here.
This is an island where an advanced society had
flourished.
This is an island on which an advanced society had
flourished.
Eman Alkatheery
56. Clauses with where
This is an island which an advanced society had
flourished on.
This is an island that an advanced society had
flourished on.
This is an island an advanced society had
flourished on.
Eman Alkatheery
57. Clauses with where
Nonrestrictive clauses with where, or which:
This is Easter island.
An advanced society had flourished here.
This is Easter island, where an advanced society had
flourished.
This is Easter island, on which an advanced society had
flourished.
This is Easter island, which an advanced society had
flourished on.
Practice 1, p. 179
Eman Alkatheery
58. Restrictive clauses modifying people
Subject object
object of preposition
Who
That prep + whom whom
whom + prep who
who + prep that
that + prep Ø
Ø + prep
Eman Alkatheery
59. Nonrestrictive clauses modifying people
Subject object
object of preposition
Who
prep + whom whom
whom + prep who
Eman Alkatheery
60. Restrictive clauses modifying things and animals
Subject object
object of preposition
which
That prep + which which
which+ prep that
that + prep Ø
Ø + prep
Eman Alkatheery
61. nonrestrictive clauses describing things and animals
Subject object
object of preposition
which which
prep + which
which+ prep
Eman Alkatheery
62. Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses
and Expressions of Quantity
Expressions such as one of, some of, all of,
none of , each of, both of, the rest of, either of and
neither of may be used to begin nonrestrictive
adjective clauses.
These clauses must include whom and which,
depending on whether an object or person is being
described. These clauses must be preceded and/or
followed by commas.
(table 4.12, p. 180)
Eman Alkatheery
63. Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses
and Expressions of Quantity
Sailors attacked the islanders.
Three of the islanders were killed.
Sailors attacked the islanders, three of whom were killed.
These statues are world famous.
Many of them weigh over 20 tons.
These statues, many of which weigh over 20 tons, are
world famous.
Eman Alkatheery
64. Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses
and Expressions of Quantity
They sailed two ships.
Neither of the ships was safe.
Neither ship was safe.
They sailed two ships, neither of which was safe.
The citizens of Puerto Rico are well educated.
Ninety percent of them are literate.
The citizens of Puerto Rico, ninety percent of whom are
literate, are well educated.
Eman Alkatheery
65. Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses
and Expressions of Quantity
She gave two answers.
Both answers were incorrect.
She gave two answers, both of which were incorrect.
The top students received scholarships.
All of the students graduated with honors.
The top students, all of whom graduated with honors,
received scholarships.
Practice 2, p. 180
Eman Alkatheery
66. Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses
and Expressions of Quantity
The top students received scholarships.
The school awarded half of the top students.
The top students, half of whom the school awarded,
received scholarships.
Eman Alkatheery
67. Adjective Clauses and
Subject/Verb Agreement
The form of the verb in the adjective clause depends on
the noun being modified.
Use a singular verb in an adjective clause that modifies a
singular noun.
Use a plural verb in an adjective clause that modifies a
plural noun.
(table 4.13, p. 181).
Eman Alkatheery
68. Adjective Clauses and
Subject/Verb Agreement
The islander who was kidnapped later died.
The islanders who were kidnapped later died.
The student who is working alone is a friend of
mine.
The students who are working together are friends
of mine.
Eman Alkatheery
69. Adjective Clauses and Subject/Verb Agreement
Use plural verbs with adjective clauses that follow
one of the + plural noun. The clause modifies the
plural noun in the prepositional phrase. In
conversational English, a singular verb may sometimes
be used. (table 4.13, p. 181).
Example:
It is one of the islands that were formed by volcanoes.
Eman Alkatheery
70. Adjective Clauses and Subject/Verb Agreement
Use a singular verb with the only one, even
though a plural noun follows in the prepositional
phrase. (table 4.13, p. 181).
Example:
It was the only one of the islands that was formed by
volcanoes.
Practice 3, p. 181
Practice 4, p. 182
Eman Alkatheery
71. Adjective Clauses and
Subject/Verb Agreement
Compare:
It was the only one of the islands that was
formed by volcanoes.
It is one of the islands that were formed by
volcanoes.
Eman Alkatheery
73. Adjective Clauses to Phrase Reduction
Adjective clauses can be reduced to participial
phrases.
A participial phrase is a phrase that contains a past
participle (eaten) or present participle(eating).
Participial phrases can be formed from adjective
clauses if the relative pronoun is the subject of the
relative clause.
The time of the phrase is determined by the verb of
the main clause or the general context.
Eman Alkatheery
74. Reduction of Adjective Clauses
with Verbs in the Active Voice
In adjective clauses with verbs in the active voice,
eliminate the connecting word (relative pronoun),
and use the present participle of the main verb.
The present participle is used to replace the verbs in
variety of tenses.
To form the negative, use (not) before the present
participle.
If the adjective clause has commas, the participial
phrase has commas, too. (Table 4.14, p. 186)
Eman Alkatheery
75. Reduction of Adjective Clauses
with Verbs in the Active Voice
The Taj Mahal, which sits on the Yamuna River, is
one of the architectural wonders of the world.
The Taj Mahal, sitting on the Yamuna River, is one
of the architectural wonders of the world.
Shah Jahan’s son, who didn’t respect Jahan,
overthrew his father and placed him in prison.
Shah Jahan’s son, not respecting Jahan, overthrew
his father and placed him in prison.
Eman Alkatheery
76. Reduction of Adjective Clauses
with Verbs in the Active Voice
The emperor who ruled the Agra region of India at
that time was named Shah Jahan.
The emperor ruling the Agra region of India at that
time was named Shah Jahan.
The Taj Mahal was built by thousands of craftsmen
who worked day and night for 22 years.
The Taj Mahal was built by thousands of craftsmen
working day and night for 22 years.
Practice 1, p. 186
Eman Alkatheery
77. Reduction of Adjective Clauses
with Verbs in the Active Voice
A woman who was hurrying to catch the bus tripped
and fell.
A woman hurrying to catch the bus tripped and fell.
Many students who study at this university are from
foreign countries.
Many students studying at this university are from
foreign countries.
Eman Alkatheery
78. Reduction of Adjective Clauses
with Verbs in the Passive Voice
In adjective clauses with verbs in the passive voice,
eliminate the connecting word (relative pronoun) and
(is, was, were, are).
Use the past participle of the main verb.
To form the negative, use (not) at the beginning of the
adjective clause.
If the passive verb is a continuous tense, being +past
participle.
If the adjective clause has commas, the participial
phrase has commas, too. (Table 4.15, p. 188)
Eman Alkatheery
79. Reduction of Adjective Clauses
with Verbs in the Passive Voice
The Taj Mahal, which was built by Shah Jahan, is
made of white marble.
The Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan, is made of white
marble.
The temples that were being built during this time
had a variety of designs.
The temples being built during this time had a
variety of designs.
Eman Alkatheery
80. Reduction of Adjective Clauses
with Verbs in the Passive Voice
Today tourists flock to Machu Picchu, which was
discovered by archeologists in 1911.
Today tourists flock to Machu Picchu, discovered
by archeologists in 1911.
Some cities that were not protected by walls fell
into invaders.
Some cities not protected by walls fell into
invaders.
Eman Alkatheery
81. Reduction of Adjective Clauses
with Verbs in the Passive Voice
Research papers that are not handed in by Wednesday
will not be accepted.
Research papers not handed in by Wednesday will not be
accepted.
The languages that are spoken in Switzerland are
German, French, and Italian.
The languages spoken in Switzerland are German, French,
and Italian.
Practice 2, p. 188
Eman Alkatheery
82. Reduction of Adjective Clauses
with Verbs in the Perfect Tense
Adjective clauses with verbs in the present perfect or
the past perfect may be reduced into in two ways.
1. The verbs (have, has, had) can be changed to (
having) plus the past participle of the main verb.
2. The verbs ( have, has, had) are eliminated, and the
main verb is changed to the present participle.
However, this way does not stress the completion of
the action.
Eman Alkatheery
83. Reduction of Adjective Clauses
with Verbs in the Perfect Tense
With clauses in the passive voice, (having + been +
past participle) ) are used.
( Not) for the negative and adverbs are place at the
beginning of the participial phrase.
Punctuation of participial phrases depends on the
adjective clauses being reduced.
If the adjective clause is nonrestrictive, then the
participial phrase is punctuated. Otherwise, it does
not. ( Table 4.16, p. 190)
Eman Alkatheery
84. Reduction of Adjective Clauses
with Verbs in the Perfect Tense
Active voice:
The secrets of the universe, which have fascinated people
for centuries, are slowly being discovered.
The secrets of the universe, having fascinated people for
centuries, are slowly being discovered.
The workers, who had finally finished the temple,
returned to their villages.
The workers, finally having finished the temple, returned
to their villages.
Eman Alkatheery
85. Reduction of Adjective Clauses
with Verbs in the Perfect Tense
Passive voice:
There are new sections of the Great Wall that have
been discovered recently.
There are new sections of the Great Wall having been
discovered recently.
The president , who has been elected by the majority,
promised to make radical changes.
The president , having been elected by the majority,
promised to make radical changes.
Eman Alkatheery
86. Reduction of Adjective Clauses
with Verbs in the Perfect Tense
Five workers, who had already been paid , left for
their villages.
Five workers, already having been paid , left for their
villages.
The workers who had not been paid refused to
continue on the project.
The workers not having been paid refused to
continue on the project.
Practice 3, p. 190
Eman Alkatheery
87. Placement of Nonrestrictive
Participial Phrases
Nonrestrictive participial phrases are reduced from
nonrestrictive adjective clauses.
If the nonrestrictive participial phrase modifies the
subject, it can be placed either before or after the
subject. (Table 4.17, p. 192)
Occasionally, a nonrestrictive participial phrase is
placed at the end of the sentence only if there is no
confusion about which noun is being described.
Eman Alkatheery
88. Placement of Nonrestrictive
Participial Phrases
Sarah, hurrying to catch the bus, tripped and fell.
Hurrying to catch the bus, Sarah tripped and fell.
Machu Picchu, which is located high in the Andes, was
constructed by the Incas.
Machu Picchu, located high in the Andes, was
constructed by the Incas.
Located high in the Andes, Machu Picchu was
constructed by the Incas.
Practice 4 , p. 192
Eman Alkatheery
89. Appositives
Adjective clauses with verb ( to be) can be reduced to
phrases by eliminating the relative pronoun and the
verb. These are called ( appositives).
Commas are used with appositives. Also, word order
can often be changed in appositives.
Table 4.18, p. 193
Eman Alkatheery
90. Appositives
Shah Jahan, who was the fifth emperor of the Mogul
Empire, built the Taj Mahal.
Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor of the Mogul Empire,
built the Taj Mahal. (after the subject
The fifth emperor of the Mogul Empire, Shah Jahan,
built the Taj Mahal.
Eman Alkatheery
91. Appositives
George Washington, who was the first president of the
United States, was a General in the army.
George Washington, the first president of the United
States, was a General in the army.
The first president of the United States, George
Washington, was a General in the army.
Paris , which is the capital of France, is an exciting city.
Paris ,the capital of France, is an exciting city.
The capital of France, Paris , is an exciting city.
Eman Alkatheery