Acute liver disease.pptx
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This document summarizes acute liver disease, its causes, types of viral hepatitis (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV), routes of transmission, incubation periods, clinical stages (pre-icteric, icteric, convalescent), associated symptoms, investigations including liver function tests and hematological/immunological tests. It notes that treatment involves bed rest, diet, and symptom relief. The document was authored by Dr. Omnia Mahmoud Khalifa, an internal medicine consultant from Egypt.
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This document summarizes different types of hepatitis. It describes viral hepatitises A, B, C, D, and E, which are transmitted through fecal-oral contact, blood/bodily fluids, or as a co-infection with hepatitis B. It also discusses non-viral hepatitises that can be caused by alcohol, drugs, or unknown etiologies. Signs and symptoms as well as transmission routes are provided for each type. The document concludes with sections on laboratory findings, medical and dental management of hepatitis patients.
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This document discusses hepatitis, which refers to inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis can be caused by viruses, drugs, alcohol, and autoimmune diseases. There are different types of hepatitis including acute (less than 6 months), chronic (lasting longer than 6 months), and fulminant (rare and life-threatening form). Viral hepatitis accounts for over 50% of cases and is caused by hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and occasionally other viruses. Symptoms, treatments, preventive measures, and liver biopsy for diagnosis are described.
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This document discusses infectious diseases of the liver, focusing on viral hepatitis types A, B, C, D, and E. It provides information on the epidemiology, serology, morphology, and fate of each viral agent. Key points include:
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This document discusses infectious diseases of the liver, focusing on viral hepatitis types A, B, C, D, and E. It provides information on the epidemiology, serology, morphology, and fate of each viral agent. Key points include:
- Hepatitis A virus is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and does not result in chronic infection or carrier states. Hepatitis B, C, and D can result in chronic infection and liver disease progression.
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The patient has type 2 diabetes and a history of brain tumor surgery and radiation therapy. He now presents with fatigue, joint pains, abdominal discomfort, and jaundice. Tests confirm acute hepatitis B infection. Treatment with antiviral medication is generally not needed for acute hepatitis B in immunocompetent patients, as 95-99% recover spontaneously. However, in immunocompromised individuals like this patient, antiviral therapy with lamivudine may be recommended to prevent potential complications or fulminant hepatitis given his underlying conditions and treatments.
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This document summarizes different types of hepatitis. It describes viral hepatitises A, B, C, D, and E, which are transmitted through fecal-oral contact, blood/bodily fluids, or as a co-infection with hepatitis B. It also discusses non-viral hepatitises that can be caused by alcohol, drugs, or unknown etiologies. Signs and symptoms as well as transmission routes are provided for each type. The document concludes with sections on laboratory findings, medical and dental management of hepatitis patients.
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This document discusses hepatitis, which refers to inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis can be caused by viruses, drugs, alcohol, and autoimmune diseases. There are different types of hepatitis including acute (less than 6 months), chronic (lasting longer than 6 months), and fulminant (rare and life-threatening form). Viral hepatitis accounts for over 50% of cases and is caused by hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and occasionally other viruses. Symptoms, treatments, preventive measures, and liver biopsy for diagnosis are described.
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This document discusses infectious diseases of the liver, focusing on viral hepatitis types A, B, C, D, and E. It provides information on the epidemiology, serology, morphology, and fate of each viral agent. Key points include:
- Hepatitis A virus is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and does not result in chronic infection or carrier states. Hepatitis B, C, and D can result in chronic infection and liver disease progression.
- Different hepatitis viruses are characterized by their incubation periods, routes of transmission, rates of chronic infection and carrier states, and associations with liver cancer.
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This document discusses infectious diseases of the liver, focusing on viral hepatitis types A, B, C, D, and E. It provides information on the epidemiology, serology, morphology, and fate of each viral agent. Key points include:
- Hepatitis A virus is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and does not result in chronic infection or carrier states. Hepatitis B, C, and D can result in chronic infection and liver disease progression.
- Different hepatitis viruses are distinguished based on their genomic structure (RNA vs. DNA) and clinical presentation regarding incubation period, chronicity risk, and association with liver cancer development.
- Serological testing is outlined for diagnosing acute vs. past infection for
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The patient has type 2 diabetes and a history of brain tumor surgery and radiation therapy. He now presents with fatigue, joint pains, abdominal discomfort, and jaundice. Tests confirm acute hepatitis B infection. Treatment with antiviral medication is generally not needed for acute hepatitis B in immunocompetent patients, as 95-99% recover spontaneously. However, in immunocompromised individuals like this patient, antiviral therapy with lamivudine may be recommended to prevent potential complications or fulminant hepatitis given his underlying conditions and treatments.
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Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, drugs/alcohol, or other factors. The main types are viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are usually acute while B, C, and D often become chronic. Hepatitis B, C, and D are transmitted through blood or bodily fluids while A and E are usually food or water-borne. Symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain and liver enzyme abnormalities. Diagnosis involves blood tests detecting antibodies or viral RNA. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, antiviral medication, and liver transplantation in severe cases.
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- It provides an overview of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and prevention of different types of viral hepatitis.
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This document summarizes various liver diseases, including different types of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E) and non-infectious diseases like alcoholic liver disease. It describes the causes, transmission routes, incubation periods, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, medical and dental management approaches for each condition. The viral hepatitises are transmitted through fecal-oral (Hep A), blood/bodily fluids (Hep B, C, D), or unknown routes (Hep E). Alcoholic liver disease results from long-term heavy alcohol use and can progress to hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver failure if not addressed. Dental treatments for those with liver diseases require consideration of bleeding risks and drug interactions
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2) Key details are provided on the transmission, incubation periods, signs and symptoms of each hepatitis type. Hepatitis B is described as more infectious than HIV.
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Hepatitis can be caused by viruses, drugs like alcohol, chemicals, autoimmune diseases, or metabolic abnormalities. The most common viral causes are Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis inflammation can be acute and last less than 6 months, or chronic and last longer. Chronic infections can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis over time. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antiviral drugs, immune system modulators, and supportive care.
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Common:
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Acute hepatitis can be caused by viruses, toxins, drugs, or autoimmune processes. The most common causes are viral hepatitis A, E, B, C, and D. Hepatitis A and E are usually self-limiting and do not result in chronic liver disease. Hepatitis B, C, and D can become chronic, increasing the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Symptoms of acute hepatitis include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms; vaccination helps prevent hepatitis A and B. Complications can include liver failure, chronic liver disease, or aplastic anemia.
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Acute hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver that lasts less than six months. It is commonly caused by viral infections such as hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, but can also be due to other infections, toxins like alcohol, drugs, or autoimmune processes. Symptoms may include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Liver enzymes are elevated and viral markers can help identify the cause. Most cases of acute hepatitis are self-limiting, but some may lead to chronic liver disease. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, and vaccination can help prevent viral hepatitis.
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The document defines hepatitis and the five types of viral hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E. It provides details on transmission, symptoms, and pathogenesis for hepatitis A, B, C, and E. Hepatitis A is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and causes inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis B is transmitted via blood and bodily fluids and can lead to chronic infection. Hepatitis C is transmitted parenterally and via blood transfusions, with most cases developing into chronic hepatitis.
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This document summarizes the different types of viral hepatitis. It describes 5 main types (A, B, C, D, E), their causes, transmission routes, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Hepatitis A is typically self-limiting while Hepatitis B, C and D can lead to chronic liver disease. Hepatitis D only infects in the presence of Hepatitis B. Prevention focuses on vaccination, hygiene, and screening of blood/organs. Treatment depends on the type but may include antivirals, immunoglobulins or supportive care.
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This document discusses various types of liver disorders, focusing on different types of hepatitis. It defines hepatitis as inflammation of the liver cells caused by viral, drug, or bacterial factors. It then proceeds to describe each type of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E) in terms of causative agent, mode of transmission, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and prognosis. For each type, it provides a brief overview and comparison. The goal is to help students understand liver functions and dysfunctions, liver tests, manifestations of liver disease, and care approaches for hepatitis and cirrhosis.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
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This document summarizes various liver diseases, including different types of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E) and non-infectious diseases like alcoholic liver disease. It describes the causes, transmission routes, incubation periods, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, medical and dental management approaches for each condition. The viral hepatitises are transmitted through fecal-oral (Hep A), blood/bodily fluids (Hep B, C, D), or unknown routes (Hep E). Alcoholic liver disease results from long-term heavy alcohol use and can progress to hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver failure if not addressed. Dental treatments for those with liver diseases require consideration of bleeding risks and drug interactions
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2) Key details are provided on the transmission, incubation periods, signs and symptoms of each hepatitis type. Hepatitis B is described as more infectious than HIV.
3) Medical management of liver diseases includes vaccination, antiviral drug treatment, diet control, and managing alcohol withdrawal. Dental considerations involve screening for risks, minimizing drugs metabolized by damaged liver, and preventing infection spread during procedures.
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Hepatitis can be caused by viruses, drugs like alcohol, chemicals, autoimmune diseases, or metabolic abnormalities. The most common viral causes are Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis inflammation can be acute and last less than 6 months, or chronic and last longer. Chronic infections can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis over time. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antiviral drugs, immune system modulators, and supportive care.
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Causes of viral hepatitis:
Common:
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Acute hepatitis can be caused by viruses, toxins, drugs, or autoimmune processes. The most common causes are viral hepatitis A, E, B, C, and D. Hepatitis A and E are usually self-limiting and do not result in chronic liver disease. Hepatitis B, C, and D can become chronic, increasing the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Symptoms of acute hepatitis include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms; vaccination helps prevent hepatitis A and B. Complications can include liver failure, chronic liver disease, or aplastic anemia.
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This document discusses the differential diagnosis of viral and alcoholic hepatitis. It outlines the clinical manifestations, modes of transmission, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches for different types of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E) and alcoholic hepatitis. Key diagnostic tests for viral hepatitis include serological studies, antigen testing, PCR for viral DNA levels, and liver function tests. Treatment depends on the specific type and severity, and may include antiviral medications, lactulose, frozen plasma, steroids, or liver transplantation in cases of fulminant hepatitis.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
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Acute liver disease.pptx
- 1. Acute Liver disease Dr. Omnia Mahmoud Khalifa Internal medicine cosultant. Egyption fellowship
- 2. Causes 1- viral hepatitis virus A,B,C,D, EPV V, yellow fever 2- Non viral infection : Toxoplasma , leptospira,coxiella. 3-Drugs : alcohol, paracetamol, halothan , monoamine oxidase inhibitors 4- poisons : aflatoxin , carbon tetrachloride, tetracycline 5- Miscellaneous : pregnancy, circulatory insufficiency Wilson's disease
- 3. Viral Hepatitis •HAV : commonest •HBV •HCV •HDV •HEV •HGV •Fecal-oral •Intravenous , sexual,, saliva,, semin •Blood •Blood •Foecal-oral •Blood
- 4. Incubation period -HAV : 15-45 d - HBV : 30-180 d -HCV : 15-150 d - HDV : 30--. 180 d - HEV:. 15- 60 d
- 6. A Pre- icteric stage B Icteric stage C Convalescent stage
- 7. A Anorexia,nausea,v omiting ,diarhea,malaise,p ruritis B Fever upper abd. Pain ,hepatic tenderness C Maculopapular rash ,polyatharitis D Vasculitis, glomerulonephriti s Pre-icteric stage
- 8. A Jaundice,dark urine,pale stool B Sever cases .....fulminant hepatic F. C Hepatosplenomegaly E Lymphadenopathy Icteric stage
- 9. A Up to 6 month C Extrahepatic manifestation in HCV E Agranulocytosis,a plastic anemia,neurologic al problems Convalesant stage
- 10. Investegations
- 11. Liver function test - preicteric stage *Bilirubin -------------normal *Bilirubinuria *Raised AST,ALT Icteric stage * Rasied serum bilirubin *Rasied ALT,.AST above 500u/l *ALK p less than 300u/l
- 12. Haematological test *Leucopenia *Lymphocytosis *Prolonged P.T. in sever cases Immunological test HAV *Acute infection .......HAV-IgM for 12 w *Previous infection .....HAV-IgG
- 13. HBV HBsAg....before liver D. .....carrier .........chronic hepatitis HBV HBcAg....not seen in blood HBeAg......chronic infection HBV Anti-HBs......vaccine ..........recover AntiHBc-IgM.....acute infection HBV-DNA ( pCR)
- 16. THANKS