Dr Abdullah Ansari
MBBS, MD Medicine
Aligarh Muslim University
The physiological changes in the liver during pregnancy
The possibilities of liver diseases
LFT in pregnancy
Intercurrent and pre-existing liver disease: viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, gall stones
Pregnancy associated liver disease: Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Acute cholestasis of pregnancy, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, HELLP syndrome
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome(OHSS), is a Rare iatrogenic complication of ovarian stimulation occurring during the luteal phase or during early pregnancy where a patient's ovaries become swollen and fluid builds up around her abdomen
Dr Abdullah Ansari
MBBS, MD Medicine
Aligarh Muslim University
The physiological changes in the liver during pregnancy
The possibilities of liver diseases
LFT in pregnancy
Intercurrent and pre-existing liver disease: viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, gall stones
Pregnancy associated liver disease: Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Acute cholestasis of pregnancy, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, HELLP syndrome
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome(OHSS), is a Rare iatrogenic complication of ovarian stimulation occurring during the luteal phase or during early pregnancy where a patient's ovaries become swollen and fluid builds up around her abdomen
There is general inconsistency in the nomenclature used to describe abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) classification system for AUB, which has been approved by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Executive Board as a FIGO PALM-COEIN classification system.
There is general inconsistency in the nomenclature used to describe abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) classification system for AUB, which has been approved by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Executive Board as a FIGO PALM-COEIN classification system.
Presented by:
Ahmad mukhtar
MD.,M.B.B.Ch., M.Sc Obstetrics and GynecologyConsultant and Lecturer of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of
MEDICINE, Zagazig University.
Obs cholestasis also called IHCP/ICP
and etiology of IHCP ,pathogenesis in IHCP,bile acids as a investigation to detect and confirm it ,it's monitoring in pregnancy
It's adverse effects in pregnancy
Management of IHCP in pregnancy. Various drugs in management of IHCP. GUIDELINES on when to deliver and mode of delivery.Necessary information on obstetric cholestasis
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy : Dr Sharda Jain & Dr Jyoti Agarwal Lifecare Centre
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy : Dr Sharda Jain & Dr Jyoti Agarwal
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is characterized by Pruritus and an elevation in serum bile acid concentrations, typically developing in the late second and/or third trimester and rapidly resolving after delivery.
laparoscopy and minimal invasive surgery is modern gyn surgical tool tool it is wise to know some basics about electro- cauterization … and how to avoid its dangers.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
4. • Acute fatty liver of pregnancy most
frequently complicates the third
trimester and is commonly associated
(or complicated ) with preeclampsia
(50 to 100 percent).
Incidence and Characteristics
6. Liver Function Tests
liver function tests” describes a
panel of laboratory tests profiling
discrete aspects of liver function
No single liver function
test is available to
quantify liver disease
7. • Pregnancy causes very few alterations in the
results of standard liver tests. The
aminotransferases (AST and ALT), γ-glutamyl
transpeptidase (GGTP), total bilirubin, and serum
bile acid level remain within the normal range.
• The alkaline phosphatase rises modestly in the
third trimester.
• The albumin level is lower than in nonpregnant
women, and the cholesterol level higher
Liver Function Tests
8. • aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
• and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
evaluate Liver cell injury or necrosis
Liver Function Tests
•Marked ALT elevation (viral hepatitis)
•Moderate ALT elevation (drug-induced hepatotoxicity,
hyperemesis gravidarum, cholelithiasis, HELLP
.AFLP.)
9. evaluate liver synthetic function
(are depressed in cirrhosis or
severe acute liver disease)
Liver Function Tests
albumin level
prothrombin time
10. alkaline phosphatase,
bilirubin,
gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
Liver function tests
In normal pregnancies, alkaline phosphatase
levels may be elevated three- to fourfold,
secondary to placental alkaline phosphatase
levels
evaluate Cholestasis and biliary obstruction
12. •A genetic component has been suggested
•Recent research suggests that AFLP is
associated with a Glu474Gln mutation in the
long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl-coenzyme A
dehydrogenase (LCHAD), a fatty acid β oxidation
enzyme.
Pathogenesis
This gene mutation is recessive; therefore, outside
of pregnancy under normal physiological
conditions, women have normal fatty acid
oxidation.
13. • Recent studies document that infants born
of affected pregnancies can be deficient in
one of the enzymes of mitochondrial beta
oxidation of fatty acids, long chain 3-
hydroxyl-acyl CoA dehydrogenase
(LCHAD) . Affected infants are at risk for
developing nonketotic hypoglycemic
coma, often with death
Pathogenesis
16. with or without polyuria,
frequently is an early
symptom in AFLP.
polydipsia,
17. The patient may drink 2 or 3 liters
of liquids overnight. it often
exceeds the magnitude of
vomiting. It has been interpreted
as a transient diabetes insipidus.
polydipsia,
19. • After hours or a few days,
some patients become
lethargic and may decline
into hepatic coma, or milder
degrees of mental
impairment.
Lethargy and encephalopathy
21. After delivery, most patients
improve slowly, and a full
clinical and laboratory recovery
may take from 1 to 4 weeks.
But marked deterioration after
delivery has been observed
22. LABORATORY FEATURES
• Liver test abnormalities
conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (usually between
5 and 15 mg/dL)
increased alkaline phosphatase (normal <170)
and modest increases in serum
aminotransferases normal <50 (usually<1000
IU/L)
Leukocytosis occurs commonly
thrombocytopenia
decreased clotting factors
Hypoglycemia and renal dysfunction
23. Histopathology
fatty metamorphosis by liver biopsy:
•Sherlock S. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy and the
microvesicular fat diseases. Gut 1983;24:265-9.
The hepatic architecture is intact and the
lobules are swollen with compressed
sinusoids
Centrilobular microvesicular fatty infiltration
of hepatocytes
ballooning of hepatocytes
24. In contrast with viral hepatitis
and other common causes of
fulminant hepatic failure,
necrosis of hepatocytes is
always minor .
Vigil-De Gracia P, Lavergne JA. Acute fatty
liver of pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet
2001;72:193-5.
Histopathology
26. The upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage
may be caused by Mallory-Weiss
syndrome, acute gastric or
duodenal lesions (e.g., gastritis,
duodenitis, peptic ulcers), or it can
be a manifestation of a
coagulopathy.
•Cano RI, Delman MR, Pitchumoni CS, et al: Acute fatty liver of pregnancy.
Complication by disseminated intravascular coagulation
•Killam AP, Dillard SH, Patton RC, et al: Pregnancy-induced hypertension
complicated by acute liver disease and disseminated intravascular
coagulation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 123:823, 1975
27. renal involvement is less severe
than with toxemia
(a mild proteinuria ,mild
edema and a mild increase
in blood urea nitrogen and
creatinine).
28. When renal failure is
aggravated, it usually is
impossible to distinguish
from toxemia.
29. A severe hypoglycemia often
appears at any stage of
the disease, or even
during clinical recovery.
31. Maternal mortality (18%) usually is
attributed to one of its
complications (gastrointestinal
hemorrhage, bleeding disorder,
renal failure, acute pancreatitis)
but not to liver failure alone.
32. It often is impossible to immediately
perform a liver biopsy in pregnant
patients with severe coagulation
abnormalities.
next
33. Therefore, in many cases, it is
necessary to rely on the clinical
and laboratory data and, in the
physician's and obstetrician's
experience,
next
36. • Ultrasound is most important in the
exclusion of biliary tract disorders, but its
value and the value of CT and MR imaging,
has been considered limited and not
helpful for the diagnosis and management of
patients with AFLP.
37. The mild jaundice.
and modest increase in serum
aminotransferases are important
signs
the diagnosis of. fulminant hepatitis
(viral or toxic).
38. Aspartate transaminase (AST)
and alanine transaminase (ALT)
• Aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase
(ALT) are not elevated in normal pregnancies. These can
become elevated in many different conditions during
pregnancy. Some are unique to pregnancy, such as
preeclampsia/eclampsia, HELLP, and AFLP. High levels
of ALT can be seen in patients with viral hepatitis;
however, the highest levels are seen in patients with
acute toxic liver injury, as can be seen in
acetaminophen overdose . Both AST and ALT can be
elevated due to the hepatic injury.
39. the mild increase in blood pressure,
hyperuricemia, and the intense
thirst are
in fulminant hepatitis. and they favor the
diagnosis of acute fatty liver of pregnancy.
41. All patients should be
hospitalized as
soon as the diagnosis
of AFLP is suspected
42. Moderate or severely affected patients
(encephalopathic, deeply jaundiced,
with a prothrombin time less than
40% of the control), or with any
extrahepatic complications, should
be attended in intensive
care units.
43. it seems convenient to
maintain glucose
infusions . Because of the
risk of a sudden hypoglycemia
until a full metabolic recovery is
obtained.
44. • Two laboratory tests:
prothrombin time and blood
glucose, should be repeated at
least daily, Prothrombin time helps
to assess the prognosis of liver failure,
and blood glucose detects a severe
hypoglycemia.
47. As it noticed in some patients that the
disease does not immediately
improve after delivery
next
48. But also that no patient has
yet been reported with a
recovery before delivery.
next
49.
50. • Regional anesthesia may be obtained if a
coagulopathy is not evident. However, if a
coagulopathy is present, it should be corrected
prior to regional anesthesia as bleeding at the
puncture site is a concern. With general
anesthesia, the anesthesiologist should be careful
not to use agents that have potential
hepatotoxicity, such as halothane. Isoflurane has
no hepatotoxicity and may improve hepatic blood
flow.
51. AFLP should be suspected
when persistent vomiting,
malaise, encephalopathy or
jaundice appear in the final
weeks of pregnancy or in the
early puerperium.
52. Diagnosis is mainly based
on clinical and laboratory
grounds.
Liver biopsy is usually confirmatory,if done..
the emergency therapeutic decisions
usually are made without waiting for a
histologically proven diagnosis.
53. AFLP is a medical and obstetric
emergency because of the
metabolic alterations and
complications and because of
the impending need to interrupt
pregnancy.
54. close surveillance of future
pregnancies in patients affected
previously by this disease is
recommended.
55. an impaired fatty acid metabolism
during childhood. may affect
babies born of pregnancies with
AFLP.