The document discusses the origins and views of anti-Federalists during the ratification of the US Constitution. Anti-Federalists were a diverse group who feared that a strong central government would lead to tyranny and loss of individual liberties. Notable anti-Federalist figures included Patrick Henry, George Mason, and Robert Yates. While the anti-Federalists ultimately lost the ratification debate, their advocacy helped shape the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution to protect individual freedoms.
The document discusses different types and definitions of terrorism. It notes that terrorism involves acts of violence to achieve political change, but definitions depend on views of the legitimacy of causes. Terrorist groups include left-wing, right-wing, ethno-nationalist/separatist, and religious groups. While most terrorist groups achieve little, some like the PLO negotiated gains after entering politics. The document traces the history of terrorism and its evolution, including the rise of al-Qaeda and its influential 9/11 attacks, which dramatically impacted subsequent international relations events like the US "War on Terror".
Fascism is a far-right political system that incorporates a dictator or authoritarian leader, a one-party state, and the total control of economic and social activities by the regime. It rejects socialism, communism, and democracy. Fascist regimes in the early 20th century, like those led by Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany, promoted extreme nationalism, glorified the state over individual interests, and believed in racial hierarchies that justified discrimination. Modern neofascist movements have emerged in several countries advocating similar ideologies.
The document discusses the Arab Spring uprisings and their impact in toppling leaders in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen. It then introduces an article about the rise of Islamists in those countries following the uprisings. The article argues that Islamists have been willing to compromise and the US needs to engage them to promote Western interests like the peace process, countering Iran, fighting terrorism and establishing rule of law. An Islamist wants an Islamic-influenced democracy and foreign policy independence, which concerns the US. The document provides context on groups like the Muslim Brotherhood and the concept of coalition governments.
Jackson was a symbol of the emerging working and middle classes despite being born in a log cabin but living in a mansion and being a slave owner. His presidency from 1824-1840 saw an expansion of democracy and voting rights but still excluded women and racial minorities. Key events included the Nullification Crisis where Jackson asserted federal power over states' rights, the forced removal of Native Americans leading to the Trail of Tears, and dismantling the Second Bank of the United States. These policies increased executive power and economic opportunity but were also controversial.
The Mattachine Society was one of the first gay rights organizations in the United States, founded in 1950. It aimed to unify isolated homosexuals, educate both homosexuals and heterosexuals, provide leadership to other social variants, and assist victimized gays. The Society took influence from communist groups in its cell-based structure and levels of anonymous membership. Key figures included Harry Hay, who founded the group, and Frank Kameny, who led the Washington, D.C. chapter. The Society helped establish later organizations and was an early advocate for gay rights during widespread persecution in the 1950s.
This document provides an overview of feminism, environmentalism, and postmodernism. It discusses the key principles and theorists of each movement. Feminism focuses on eliminating oppression and achieving equality for women. Major issues discussed include women's suffrage, birth control, and recognizing politics in personal relationships. Environmentalism emphasizes protecting nature and adopting sustainable practices. Theories discussed include deep ecology, bioregionalism, and green political parties. Postmodernism is skeptical of absolute truths and metanarratives that claim to fully explain reality.
Communications and media have changed dramatically in recent decades. The document discusses several theoretical perspectives on how media influences culture and society. It analyzes the role of media through the lenses of functionalism, political economy, public sphere theory, and hyperreality. Scholars debate whether contemporary society reflects more of an Orwellian or Huxleyan vision of media control and the challenges it presents for democracy.
The document discusses the negative impact of Reagan and Bush administration policies on civil rights protections from the 1980s to early 1990s. It describes how Reagan appointed officials opposed to civil rights, weakened enforcement agencies, and supported judicial decisions that rolled back policies like affirmative action and voting rights protections. This led to a backlash from the African American community and scholars who argued it was making discrimination and unequal treatment more common again.
The document discusses different types and definitions of terrorism. It notes that terrorism involves acts of violence to achieve political change, but definitions depend on views of the legitimacy of causes. Terrorist groups include left-wing, right-wing, ethno-nationalist/separatist, and religious groups. While most terrorist groups achieve little, some like the PLO negotiated gains after entering politics. The document traces the history of terrorism and its evolution, including the rise of al-Qaeda and its influential 9/11 attacks, which dramatically impacted subsequent international relations events like the US "War on Terror".
Fascism is a far-right political system that incorporates a dictator or authoritarian leader, a one-party state, and the total control of economic and social activities by the regime. It rejects socialism, communism, and democracy. Fascist regimes in the early 20th century, like those led by Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany, promoted extreme nationalism, glorified the state over individual interests, and believed in racial hierarchies that justified discrimination. Modern neofascist movements have emerged in several countries advocating similar ideologies.
The document discusses the Arab Spring uprisings and their impact in toppling leaders in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen. It then introduces an article about the rise of Islamists in those countries following the uprisings. The article argues that Islamists have been willing to compromise and the US needs to engage them to promote Western interests like the peace process, countering Iran, fighting terrorism and establishing rule of law. An Islamist wants an Islamic-influenced democracy and foreign policy independence, which concerns the US. The document provides context on groups like the Muslim Brotherhood and the concept of coalition governments.
Jackson was a symbol of the emerging working and middle classes despite being born in a log cabin but living in a mansion and being a slave owner. His presidency from 1824-1840 saw an expansion of democracy and voting rights but still excluded women and racial minorities. Key events included the Nullification Crisis where Jackson asserted federal power over states' rights, the forced removal of Native Americans leading to the Trail of Tears, and dismantling the Second Bank of the United States. These policies increased executive power and economic opportunity but were also controversial.
The Mattachine Society was one of the first gay rights organizations in the United States, founded in 1950. It aimed to unify isolated homosexuals, educate both homosexuals and heterosexuals, provide leadership to other social variants, and assist victimized gays. The Society took influence from communist groups in its cell-based structure and levels of anonymous membership. Key figures included Harry Hay, who founded the group, and Frank Kameny, who led the Washington, D.C. chapter. The Society helped establish later organizations and was an early advocate for gay rights during widespread persecution in the 1950s.
This document provides an overview of feminism, environmentalism, and postmodernism. It discusses the key principles and theorists of each movement. Feminism focuses on eliminating oppression and achieving equality for women. Major issues discussed include women's suffrage, birth control, and recognizing politics in personal relationships. Environmentalism emphasizes protecting nature and adopting sustainable practices. Theories discussed include deep ecology, bioregionalism, and green political parties. Postmodernism is skeptical of absolute truths and metanarratives that claim to fully explain reality.
Communications and media have changed dramatically in recent decades. The document discusses several theoretical perspectives on how media influences culture and society. It analyzes the role of media through the lenses of functionalism, political economy, public sphere theory, and hyperreality. Scholars debate whether contemporary society reflects more of an Orwellian or Huxleyan vision of media control and the challenges it presents for democracy.
The document discusses the negative impact of Reagan and Bush administration policies on civil rights protections from the 1980s to early 1990s. It describes how Reagan appointed officials opposed to civil rights, weakened enforcement agencies, and supported judicial decisions that rolled back policies like affirmative action and voting rights protections. This led to a backlash from the African American community and scholars who argued it was making discrimination and unequal treatment more common again.
The McCarthy Era saw fear of communism spreading within the United States. Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed communism was infiltrating the country. This led to laws like the Alien Registration Acts requiring registration of immigrants and the HUAC investigating possible communist activities. These committees and laws allowed the government to monitor influences from abroad and suppress internal communist groups, which many Americans supported as a means to prevent communism from taking hold within the country.
The document summarizes the key events in establishing the US government under the Constitution between 1777-1789. It describes the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, the calls for a stronger federal government, and the compromises reached at the Constitutional Convention to overcome disagreements between large and small states, as well as over the issue of slavery representation. The Constitution was then ratified through the efforts of Federalists to gain approval from enough states.
This document discusses key concepts in political science related to power. It defines different types of power such as force, persuasion, manipulation, and exchange. It also discusses concepts like legitimacy, sovereignty, and authority. Additionally, it examines Robert Dahl's influence terms and types of political authority based on Max Weber's work. It analyzes differences between political scientists and politicians. Finally, it touches on the centralization of political power and challenges to state power from organizations.
Joseph McCarthy was a U.S. senator from Wisconsin known for leading a period of extreme anti-communism in the 1950s known as McCarthyism. He made reckless accusations that communist spies had infiltrated high levels of the U.S. government and other institutions. McCarthyism refers to his aggressive accusations and investigations of communist subversion with little or no proof. Eventually his accusations against the U.S. Army were investigated in widely televised hearings in 1954, where he was unable to substantiate his claims, leading to his censure by the Senate that same year. McCarthy died in 1957 still in office from health complications caused by alcoholism.
The NAACP was founded in 1909 to fight for racial equality and oppose discrimination. In the 1950s, the NAACP pursued multiple strategies, including legal challenges to segregation laws that resulted in important Supreme Court victories banning all-white primaries and segregation on interstate buses. The NAACP also organized early civil rights protests and direct action campaigns to integrate public spaces and end discriminatory practices. While success was mixed, these campaigns increased confidence and laid the groundwork for the larger civil rights movement of the 1960s.
The NAACP was founded on February 12, 1909 by a multi-racial group of activists including Ida Wells-Barnett and W.E.B. Du Bois. In 1915, the NAACP took its first successful litigation cases to court challenging the grandfather clause and white primaries, winning some early victories. Under the leadership of Thurgood Marshall, the NAACP won one of its greatest victories in 1954 with Brown v. Board of Education, which ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The NAACP continued its legal and advocacy efforts throughout the 20th century to advance civil rights and racial equality.
Negotiating Agreement without giving in John Cousins
This document provides an overview of the concepts and principles of principled negotiation as outlined in the book Getting to Yes. It discusses how negotiation has become more important in today's networked world where organizations rely on cooperation. The document introduces the key authors behind Getting to Yes - Roger Fisher, William Ury, and Bruce Patton. It summarizes the core ideas of principled negotiation, including separating the people from the problem, finding mutual gains, and maintaining respectful relationships even in disagreement.
The document discusses the conservative policies of Reagan and Bush administrations that were unsympathetic to civil rights advancement in the 1980s-1990s. It describes how Reagan and Bush appointed officials opposed to affirmative action and civil rights reforms. It also discusses several Supreme Court rulings that weakened protections for minority voters and contractors. Overall, the document outlines the conservative shift that occurred during this period which hindered civil rights protections.
The document summarizes key events and organizations in the US civil rights movement from the late 19th century to the 1960s. It discusses the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson that legalized "separate but equal" facilities, the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling that deemed racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, and influential civil rights organizations and protests like the Montgomery Bus Boycott, March on Washington, and Freedom Rides that fought against racial segregation and discrimination. The movement faced resistance but achieved several important victories through nonviolent protest and new civil rights laws that banned discrimination and expanded voting rights.
The rainbow trout is a colorful fish native to North America west of the Rocky Mountains. They have a pink stripe along their sides and small black spots on their back and fins. Rainbow trout spawn in spring and move to small tributaries or lake inlets to lay their eggs. The species is very adaptable and can thrive in places where other trout struggle.
This narrative text summarizes the story of Cinderella. It introduces Cinderella and her cruel stepmother and stepsisters who make her do all the hard work. Cinderella is sad when she cannot go to the ball but her fairy godmother helps her by transforming her clothes and providing a carriage. At the ball, Cinderella dances with the prince but has to leave by midnight, losing her glass slipper. Later, the prince tries the slipper on eligible women to find his partner, and it fits Cinderella, who marries the prince and lives happily ever after.
This document describes the services offered by BS Group VN, including team building, meetings and incentives, premium travel, and party events. It provides details on indoor and outdoor team building activities at different levels. It also discusses services for meeting planning like hotel negotiations, site selection, financial management, and logistics. The document shares examples of previous events hosted for clients in various industries and includes photos from several past events.
The document discusses the transformation journey of The Bishop's School from a traditional, academically focused school to a more progressive, learner-centered institution. It outlines shifts in the school's vision, curriculum, administration, teaching, learning approaches, and relationships with parents. Key elements of the transformative leadership included establishing a participatory structure, promoting trust, offering individual support, maintaining high expectations, and regularly reflecting and auditing progress. The school's transformation was described as creative, interactive, proactive, responsive, and requiring significant learning.
The rainbow trout is a colorful fish native to North America west of the Rocky Mountains. They have a pink streak along their sides and small black spots on their back and fins. Rainbow trout spawn in spring and summer in small tributaries or lake inlets. The species is very adaptable and can thrive in places where other trout struggle. The California Golden Trout and Sacramento Red-band Trout are considered the most primitive subspecies of rainbow trout.
This document provides an overview of the rise of conservatism in America from 1945-1968 through a series of important figures and documents. It highlights the early opposition to the New Deal by figures like David Lawrence and attacks on communism by Joseph McCarthy. It also discusses key conservative thinkers and texts like Russell Kirk's The Conservative Mind and Barry Goldwater's The Conscience of a Conservative that helped spread conservative ideas and build the movement in this time period.
The document summarizes the political turmoil in the United States during the 1850s as the country grappled with the issue of slavery and states' rights. It outlines the breakdown of the two-party system as the Whig party collapsed and new parties like the Know-Nothings and Republicans emerged. Sectional divisions intensified following events like the Dred Scott decision and John Brown's raid, which deepened the rift between the North and South on the issue of slavery. By the late 1850s, the country was becoming increasingly polarized and headed towards civil war.
The McCarthy Era saw fear of communism spreading within the United States. Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed communism was infiltrating the country. This led to laws like the Alien Registration Acts requiring registration of immigrants and the HUAC investigating possible communist activities. These committees and laws allowed the government to monitor influences from abroad and suppress internal communist groups, which many Americans supported as a means to prevent communism from taking hold within the country.
The document summarizes the key events in establishing the US government under the Constitution between 1777-1789. It describes the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, the calls for a stronger federal government, and the compromises reached at the Constitutional Convention to overcome disagreements between large and small states, as well as over the issue of slavery representation. The Constitution was then ratified through the efforts of Federalists to gain approval from enough states.
This document discusses key concepts in political science related to power. It defines different types of power such as force, persuasion, manipulation, and exchange. It also discusses concepts like legitimacy, sovereignty, and authority. Additionally, it examines Robert Dahl's influence terms and types of political authority based on Max Weber's work. It analyzes differences between political scientists and politicians. Finally, it touches on the centralization of political power and challenges to state power from organizations.
Joseph McCarthy was a U.S. senator from Wisconsin known for leading a period of extreme anti-communism in the 1950s known as McCarthyism. He made reckless accusations that communist spies had infiltrated high levels of the U.S. government and other institutions. McCarthyism refers to his aggressive accusations and investigations of communist subversion with little or no proof. Eventually his accusations against the U.S. Army were investigated in widely televised hearings in 1954, where he was unable to substantiate his claims, leading to his censure by the Senate that same year. McCarthy died in 1957 still in office from health complications caused by alcoholism.
The NAACP was founded in 1909 to fight for racial equality and oppose discrimination. In the 1950s, the NAACP pursued multiple strategies, including legal challenges to segregation laws that resulted in important Supreme Court victories banning all-white primaries and segregation on interstate buses. The NAACP also organized early civil rights protests and direct action campaigns to integrate public spaces and end discriminatory practices. While success was mixed, these campaigns increased confidence and laid the groundwork for the larger civil rights movement of the 1960s.
The NAACP was founded on February 12, 1909 by a multi-racial group of activists including Ida Wells-Barnett and W.E.B. Du Bois. In 1915, the NAACP took its first successful litigation cases to court challenging the grandfather clause and white primaries, winning some early victories. Under the leadership of Thurgood Marshall, the NAACP won one of its greatest victories in 1954 with Brown v. Board of Education, which ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The NAACP continued its legal and advocacy efforts throughout the 20th century to advance civil rights and racial equality.
Negotiating Agreement without giving in John Cousins
This document provides an overview of the concepts and principles of principled negotiation as outlined in the book Getting to Yes. It discusses how negotiation has become more important in today's networked world where organizations rely on cooperation. The document introduces the key authors behind Getting to Yes - Roger Fisher, William Ury, and Bruce Patton. It summarizes the core ideas of principled negotiation, including separating the people from the problem, finding mutual gains, and maintaining respectful relationships even in disagreement.
The document discusses the conservative policies of Reagan and Bush administrations that were unsympathetic to civil rights advancement in the 1980s-1990s. It describes how Reagan and Bush appointed officials opposed to affirmative action and civil rights reforms. It also discusses several Supreme Court rulings that weakened protections for minority voters and contractors. Overall, the document outlines the conservative shift that occurred during this period which hindered civil rights protections.
The document summarizes key events and organizations in the US civil rights movement from the late 19th century to the 1960s. It discusses the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson that legalized "separate but equal" facilities, the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling that deemed racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, and influential civil rights organizations and protests like the Montgomery Bus Boycott, March on Washington, and Freedom Rides that fought against racial segregation and discrimination. The movement faced resistance but achieved several important victories through nonviolent protest and new civil rights laws that banned discrimination and expanded voting rights.
The rainbow trout is a colorful fish native to North America west of the Rocky Mountains. They have a pink stripe along their sides and small black spots on their back and fins. Rainbow trout spawn in spring and move to small tributaries or lake inlets to lay their eggs. The species is very adaptable and can thrive in places where other trout struggle.
This narrative text summarizes the story of Cinderella. It introduces Cinderella and her cruel stepmother and stepsisters who make her do all the hard work. Cinderella is sad when she cannot go to the ball but her fairy godmother helps her by transforming her clothes and providing a carriage. At the ball, Cinderella dances with the prince but has to leave by midnight, losing her glass slipper. Later, the prince tries the slipper on eligible women to find his partner, and it fits Cinderella, who marries the prince and lives happily ever after.
This document describes the services offered by BS Group VN, including team building, meetings and incentives, premium travel, and party events. It provides details on indoor and outdoor team building activities at different levels. It also discusses services for meeting planning like hotel negotiations, site selection, financial management, and logistics. The document shares examples of previous events hosted for clients in various industries and includes photos from several past events.
The document discusses the transformation journey of The Bishop's School from a traditional, academically focused school to a more progressive, learner-centered institution. It outlines shifts in the school's vision, curriculum, administration, teaching, learning approaches, and relationships with parents. Key elements of the transformative leadership included establishing a participatory structure, promoting trust, offering individual support, maintaining high expectations, and regularly reflecting and auditing progress. The school's transformation was described as creative, interactive, proactive, responsive, and requiring significant learning.
The rainbow trout is a colorful fish native to North America west of the Rocky Mountains. They have a pink streak along their sides and small black spots on their back and fins. Rainbow trout spawn in spring and summer in small tributaries or lake inlets. The species is very adaptable and can thrive in places where other trout struggle. The California Golden Trout and Sacramento Red-band Trout are considered the most primitive subspecies of rainbow trout.
This document provides an overview of the rise of conservatism in America from 1945-1968 through a series of important figures and documents. It highlights the early opposition to the New Deal by figures like David Lawrence and attacks on communism by Joseph McCarthy. It also discusses key conservative thinkers and texts like Russell Kirk's The Conservative Mind and Barry Goldwater's The Conscience of a Conservative that helped spread conservative ideas and build the movement in this time period.
The document summarizes the political turmoil in the United States during the 1850s as the country grappled with the issue of slavery and states' rights. It outlines the breakdown of the two-party system as the Whig party collapsed and new parties like the Know-Nothings and Republicans emerged. Sectional divisions intensified following events like the Dred Scott decision and John Brown's raid, which deepened the rift between the North and South on the issue of slavery. By the late 1850s, the country was becoming increasingly polarized and headed towards civil war.
The document discusses the legacy and policies of President Richard Nixon from 1968-1972. It summarizes that Nixon pursued détente with China and the Soviet Union, seeking to replace the bipolar US-Soviet system with a multipolar world order. However, Nixon's presidency was ultimately damaged by the Watergate scandal, in which his administration was caught breaking into the Democratic headquarters and engaging in a cover up. This undermined public trust in government.
This document provides information on Texas and the American Civil War period. It discusses several topics:
- Women in Texas faced restricted roles and could not vote or hold most jobs prior to the war.
- Education and public schools were still lacking improvements since the republic era. A 1854 law established some funding but provisions moved slowly.
- Religion was dominated by Protestant denominations who did not advocate for social reform.
- As secession grew nearer, pro-secession politicians gained influence in Texas. The Knights of the Golden Circle, a secret pro-slavery organization, also had members that supported secession.
- After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for troops to suppress the
The document discusses the growing sectionalism between the North and South leading up to the Civil War. The South wanted more states' rights and power, while becoming increasingly dependent on slavery. Abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison and works like Uncle Tom's Cabin angered the South. Tensions rose further after the Dred Scott decision and the election of Abraham Lincoln, who the South feared would end slavery. This led Southern states like South Carolina to secede from the Union and form the Confederate States of America.
The document provides an overview of Key Concept 4.1 from the AP US History curriculum framework, which discusses the development of American democracy and national culture between 1800-1848. It outlines the rise of political parties like the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, and later the Democrats and Whigs. It also examines the Second Great Awakening's impact on reform movements, the emergence of American art and literature, and how enslaved African Americans developed their own cultures and communities. The document provides examples of individuals and organizations that worked to advance social ideals and reform society through movements like abolition, temperance, and women's rights during this period.
1.12.23 Movement Mythologies and the Legacies of Reconstruction .pptxMaryPotorti1
The document discusses the "master narrative" of the civil rights movement. It summarizes some key issues with this narrative, including that it minimizes the importance of local struggles and organizers like Black women, emphasizes morality over disruption as a tactic, ignores diversity within the Black community, and suggests change came from national leaders rather than a long struggle. It also discusses how the narrative focuses only on 1955-1968 and ignores earlier movements, takes a top-down view of how change happened, and overlooks daily organizing work.
This document provides an overview of key events and developments in early American history from the lead up to independence through the Gilded Age. It discusses the growing calls for independence in the 1770s, the Declaration of Independence and key founding documents. It then examines the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, the drafting and ratification of the Constitution, and the early development of political parties. The document also summarizes major events of the 19th century including westward expansion, slavery and abolitionism, the Civil War and Reconstruction era, and the rise of big business in the Gilded Age.
The document summarizes the views of Federalists and Anti-Federalists during the ratification of the US Constitution. Anti-Federalists opposed a strong central government and feared it would ignore individual rights and the interests of the majority. Notable Anti-Federalists included Patrick Henry and George Mason. Federalists supported the Constitution and a stronger national government as outlined in the Federalist Papers by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay. They felt the Articles of Confederation gave states too much power at the expense of effective national governance.
The document summarizes the evolution of America's two-party system from the 1780s to the 1980s. It describes the ideological divisions between the Federalists and Republicans in the 1780s-1801 period, followed by the Democrats and Whigs from 1836-1850. Sectional disputes over slavery led to the breakdown of the second two-party system and the rise of new parties in the 1840s-1850s, culminating in the election of Abraham Lincoln and the Republican party in 1860. The major parties blurred ideological differences during the Gilded Age but new third parties like the Populists emerged. The Progressive Era saw both major parties adopt some reformist policies. Republican dominance in the 1920s gave way to the New
The document discusses the Federalist and Anti-Federalist positions during the ratification of the US Constitution. The Anti-Federalists opposed a strong central government and feared it would ignore individual rights. Notable Anti-Federalists included Patrick Henry and George Mason. The Federalists supported ratifying the Constitution to give the national government more power to function effectively while still protecting state powers. Key Federalists included James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay who authored the Federalist Papers in support of ratification.
The document outlines the key debates between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists during the ratification of the US Constitution. The Anti-Federalists opposed ratification due to fears of a strong centralized government that could threaten individual liberties and state powers. They advocated for a bill of rights and emphasized state representation. The Federalists supported ratification and argued the system of checks and balances would prevent abuse of power and a strong national government was needed. They agreed to propose a bill of rights to gain enough support for ratification.
The document summarizes key events and developments during the era of Jacksonian democracy from 1820-1840. It discusses the decline of the Federalist party and rise of universal white male suffrage. It also outlines Andrew Jackson's presidency, including his battles with the Second Bank of the United States and South Carolina's nullification crisis over tariffs. The election of 1824 and Jackson's subsequent "corrupt bargain" charge against John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay is also summarized.
President Richard Nixon pursued a foreign policy of détente, seeking to reduce tensions with China and the Soviet Union through diplomacy. His administration established relations with China and pursued arms limitations with the Soviet Union. However, Nixon's presidency was embroiled in the Watergate scandal after operatives working for his re-election campaign broke into the Democratic National Committee headquarters. This led to Nixon's resignation in 1974 to preempt impeachment. The scandal undermined public trust in government and established limits on executive power.
This document summarizes key events and movements in the 1960s that challenged traditional authority in the US, including:
1) The rise of the New Left and counterculture youth movements protesting the Vietnam War and demanding civil rights and free speech.
2) Minority groups like Native Americans, Latinos, and gays mobilizing for equal rights and self-determination through organizations like the American Indian Movement and United Farm Workers.
3) The emergence of second-wave feminism in response to works like The Feminine Mystique, and its fight for women's political and reproductive rights.
This document summarizes and compares the major US political parties - Democrats, Republicans, Libertarians, Greens, Constitution, and Independence Party. It outlines when each party was founded, their core platform positions, and noteworthy historic members. While the two main parties - Democrats and Republicans - differ on issues like taxes, social programs, healthcare and defense spending, third parties like the Libertarians and Greens advocate more extreme stances but have not gained widespread popularity.
The document summarizes the timeline and key details of major American political parties from the Federalists in the late 1700s to the Tea Party in the early 2010s. It covers the origins, platforms, key figures, supporters, and decline of each party. Some of the major parties discussed include the Democratic-Republicans, Whigs, Know Nothings, Socialists, and Southern/Northern Democrats around the time of the Civil War.
Introduction to US Civil Rights MovementAlex Thompson
John Brown led a raid on a federal arsenal in 1859 hoping to spark a slave uprising, but he failed to gain support and was executed. His actions were viewed differently, seen as fanatical by some but heroic by others like Thoreau. The US had developed differing regional societies by the 1800s, with the North industrializing and the South dependent on slavery. The Civil War ended slavery but Reconstruction faced resistance. Segregation became law after the Civil Rights Act was overturned and Jim Crow laws enforced racial separation despite some protest movements emerging.
The document provides information about the requirements for earning the Citizenship in the Nation merit badge, including discussing citizenship and the rights, duties, and obligations of citizens; visiting landmarks and federal facilities; following news for 5 days; discussing founding documents like the Declaration of Independence and Constitution; listing functions of government and how they affect families and communities; choosing and discussing an important historical speech; naming the three branches of government and their functions and checks and balances; and writing a letter to a member of Congress about an important issue. It also covers types of government, the structure and roles of the US government as a federal republic and constitutional democracy, political parties throughout US history, and minor political parties and special interest groups.
2. Anti-Federalists
Who Were They?
• Anti-Federalists were a
diverse group of
people.
• Feared that a
strengthened central
government would
lead to tyranny and a
loss of personal
freedom.
• Feared that the states
would loose their
influence and
authority.
3. Rights of Man
• Colonial Declaration of Rights
• Articles of Confederation
4. The Anti-Federalist Papers
• 85 Anti-Federalist Papers vs. 85 Federalist
Papers
• Propaganda
• Anti-federalist parties
6. Patrick Henry
• Leader of Anti-
Federalists
• Was a major
advocate of adding
the Bill of Rights to
the constitution.
• Greatly disagreed
with the views of
James Madison.
7. George Mason
• Virginia Declaration
of Rights
• Slavery Practice
• The Amendments/
Bill of Rights
8. Rhode Island
• The people of Rhode
Island felt very strongly
about individualism.
William West
• They refused to ratify
till a Bill of Rights was
put into the
constitution.
• They came to the
verge of a civil war
over the subject of
ratification.
9. New York
• Rural vs. Urban
• New York City
• Alexander Hamilton
• “It's not tyranny we desire;
it's a just, limited, federal
government.”
http://www.ohwy.com/history%20pictures/ratification2.jpg
10. Why Did they lose?
• Appeasement
• Charisma
• Federalist papers
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Federalist.jp
g/220px-Federalist.jpg
11. Anti-Federalist
Party
Anti-
Administration
Federalist Party Party
Democratic-
Pro- Republican
Party
Administration
Party
Whig Party
12. Sources
• 2011 Most Walkable Cities. Walkscore. Walkscore, 20 July 2011. Web. 19 Oct.
2011.
• "Anti-Federalist Papers: "Brutus"" Constitution.org. Ed. John Roland. Web. 25
Oct. 2011. <http://www.constitution.org/afp/brutus00.htm>.
• "Anti-Federalists." United States History. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. <http://www.u-s-
history.com/pages/h374.html>.
• "Antifederalists." UshistoryPrecolumbian to the New Millenia. Independence Hall
Association. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. <http://www.ushistory.org/us/16b.asp>.
• Bielinski, Stefan. "Robert Yates." New York State Museum, Albany, New York. 30
Mar. 2005. Web. 25 Oct. 2011.
<http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/bios/y/ryates.html>.
• Mount, Steve. "New York's Ratification - The U.S. Constitution Online." The U.S.
Constitution Online. U.S. Constitution Online, 8 Jan. 2010. Web. 25 Oct. 2011.
<http://www.usconstitution.net/rat_ny.html>.
• Unsheltered Homeless Needs Assessment Findingsssesment. Seattle Homeless
Needs Assesment. Oct. 2009. Web. 19 Oct. 2011.
• "HamiltonBio." UMKC School of Law. Web. 25 Oct. 2011.
<http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/burr/HamiltonBio.htm>.
Editor's Notes
As history recalls, after the Articles of Confederation were passed, a movement, the Federalist movement began to sweep the nation. The men of this movement such as Alexander Hamilton and James Madison were pushing to create a more centralized government. They eventually succeed in their goal, but after many compromises with the Anti-Federalists. Who were these men, where did they come from?Tested Time: 18s
Generally speaking, Anti-Federalists were a group of citizens who disagreed with the ideas contained within the constitution of 1787. That said, not all of the Anti-Federalists disagreed with the constitution for the same reason. The Anti-Federalists can be divided into two groups. The first group includes those who feared that a strengthened central government would lead to a tyranny and loss of personal freedom. Later on anti-federalists who shared this concern, for example those based in North Carolina, demand that a bill of rights be added to the constitution. The second group of Anti-Federalists feared that the states, which had significant power and freedom under the articles of confederation, would loose their influence and authority. In the end, these anti-federalists lost out and with adoption of the constitution the balance of power was moved in favor of the federal government as opposed to the state governments.
Before American independence, the rights of people such as religion, speech, justice were decided by declaration of rights. There were decided colony by colony. But post-independence, these rights were not so clearly defined. As the colonies became states, their declaration of rights became moot and the articles of confederation said nothing of these rights. And as talks of creating the new constitution started to emerge, our anti-federalists were worried about their rights. Centinel, a pseudonym for a strong anti-federalist writer, argued that the Constitution was ambiguous and gave power to declare the rights of the people to the whims of the as he says “well-born few”.
Fighting word with word, the Anti-federalists also wrote papers to the general public trying to encourage them to the join their side. This was the main method of propaganda for each party. As history tell us, the papers were not as influential or successful as their Federalist counterparts. However, they were very successful in creating an agenda for the anti-federalist parties in many states.
Brutus was a pen name used by Robert Yates, who was an activist, a student of law, and later, a supreme court justice of New York. In 16 essays published concurrently with the federalist papers, Robert Yates, through Brutus, argued against the constitution, because he thought that it would diminish the liberties of the people. He thought that the best form of government would be, quote: “a number of independent states entering into a compact, for the conducting certain general concerns, in which they have a common interest, leaving the management of their internal and local affairs to their separate governments.” Robert Yates used a pen name to protect his identity, because his writings were radical. He used the pseudonym “Brutus” because Brutus fought for to preserve the roman republic, as yates was fighting to preserve the American republic as he saw it. Robert Yates, before and during the American Revolution was active political figure promoting freedom for the people. Yates was one of the representatives sent by new york to suggest revisions to the articles of confederation, but he later left the convention citing the lack of authority to create a new constitution since he believed that the articles of confederation created a strong enough union between the states. Estimated Time:
Patrick Henry the leading Anti-Federalist in America. As a founding father and a former Governor of Virginia, Patrick Henry had great amount of political power. Patrick Henry made it his goal to shoot down or at least greatly change the new constitution being formed. He was large supporter of state and individual rights, therefore he didn’t believe that a stronger federal government was the answer to America’s problems. When invited to constitutional convention of 1787 he said he "smelt a rat in Philadelphia, tending toward the monarchy.” In 1788 Patrick Henry voted against ratification in Virginia. After America adopted the constitution and Patrick Henry watched the French Revolution develop, his views changed. He agreed that in order for the America to avoid a situation similar to that of France, America must have a stronger central government.
George Mason, a child of virtually no schooling other than reading the occasional book from his uncle, eventually serving a essential role for Virginia as well as the nation. At the Virginia Convention, George Mason outlined the initial Virginia Declaration of Rights which serve as the basis for the Bill of Rights. Mason, also a staunch anti-federalist, didn’t believe that the Constitution offered enough liberty or clarity over the issue of slavery. As a plantation owner, Mason owned slaves, but did not believe that the slavery practice should be abolished. However, he did want to abolish the slave trade. He says, “It is far from being a desirable property. But it will involve us in great difficulties and infelicity to be now deprived of them.” Mason did not want his Southern economic stability to be jeopardized by northerner influence.
In Rhode Island, the adoption of the constitution didn’t go as smoothly as it did in other states such as Massachusetts. Most of the federalists in Rhode Island lived in or around the city of Providence, while the Anti-Federalists tended to dwell in the country side and made up a majority of the population. The Anti-Federalists controlled the local government through men such as William West and Arthur Fanner staunch anti-Federalists who held high positions in the government including including governor, and deputy governor. In the fact, William West was so determined to defeat the federalists that he lead a group of more than 1,000 armed protestors to Providence with the intention of fighting to stop the adoption of the new constitution. Despite their efforts Rhode Island voted to ratify by a vote of 34 to 32 on May 29, 1790. Rhode Island was the last state to adopt the constitution.
The final tally of the votes was 30 to 27 in favor of ratifying the constitution. If you look at the map, most of the state by landmass was either anti-Federalist, or unorganized. So how did the federalists win? Since New York City is by far more populous than the rest of New York, they received more representatives in the state legislature. The Federalists were generally supported by the city folk who needed standardization between the states to expand their businesses; while the anti federalists were generally supported by the farmers who saw no reason to expand the government.36secAlexander Hamilton was possibly the largest supporter of the constitution, and an extremely popular man. He led the federalists in New York,
So why did the anti federalists lose? They lost mainly because the federalists were willing to appease, made great efforts at propaganda through the federalist papers, and were charismatic.The federalists were willing to compromise. The 3/5s clause was added to help receive votes from the south. The Massachusetts compromise helped many of the minority federalists parties actually win in many states, by agreeing to recommend a bill of rights as amendments to the constitution. Even a minority can win if they convince enough other people to be on their side. Most of the anti federalists were actually not against a constitution, they just did not agree with this one, and once there was hope for amendments concerning the bill of rights, many of them voted for the constitution. The federalists had supporters like George Washington, alexander Hamilton, and other revolutionary war generals. These men were extremely popular and charismatic because they were thought of as war heroes, and as such, people listened.But the final straw was the federalist papers. They were great propaganda for the federalist cause, the constitution. They made good arguments explaining why the constitution was the way it was, and why the states needed it. Eventually the anti federalists, after the constitution was passed, dissolved as a party, although their ideas still remained out there. Once the constitution was passed the cause which had united the party fell apart, and along with it, so did the party.
After the adaptation of the constitution, the parties evolved into new parties and eventually into today’s two powerhouses, the Democratic and the Republican Party. The Anti-federalists and the Federalists are the foundation of today’s democratic decisions.