1. Acids donate hydrogen ions in water, forming hydronium ions, and have characteristics like turning litmus paper red and tasting sour. Bases form hydroxide ions in water and have opposite characteristics.
2. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is based on its hydronium ion concentration, with values from 0-14. More acidic substances have fewer hydronium ions and lower pH values closer to 0.
3. A substance is neutral when it has equal concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions, resulting in a pH of 7.
In chemistry, acids and bases have been defined differently by three sets of theories. One is the Arrhenius definition, which revolves around the idea that acids are substances that ionize (break off) in an aqueous solution to produce hydrogen (H+) ions while bases produce hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution.
In chemistry, acids and bases have been defined differently by three sets of theories. One is the Arrhenius definition, which revolves around the idea that acids are substances that ionize (break off) in an aqueous solution to produce hydrogen (H+) ions while bases produce hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution.
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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II Subalternation and Theology
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V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
1. Acids, Bases, and pH
Glencoe: Chapter 24 Sections 3
and 4
Pages 764-774
2. I. What are acids?
Substances that donate hydrogen ions, H+,
to form hydronium ions, H3O+, when
dissolved in water
3. Formation of Hydronium Ions
1+
hydronium ion
H3O+
+
hydrogen ion
H+
water
H2O
1+
(a proton)
1+
4. A. Characteristics of acids
1. Acids turn blue litmus paper red
Litmus paper is an indicator
2. Acids taste sour
3. Can burn skin
5. Common Acids
Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
Nitric Acid HNO3
Phosphoric Acid H3PO4
Hydrochloric Acid HCl
Acetic Acid CH3COOH
Carbonic Acid H2CO3
Battery acid
Used to make fertilizers
and explosives
Food flavoring
Stomach acid
Vinegar
Carbonated water
6. B. Strong vs. Weak acids
1. Strong acids – ionize (break in to
cations and anions) almost completely,
and conduct electricity well
a. Nitric acid (HNO3)
b. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
c. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
d. Perchloric acid
7. B. Strong vs. Weak acids
2. Weak acids – do not completely ionize
a. Acetic acid (vinegar)
b. Citric acid
c. ALL others
8. II. What are bases?
- Substances that form hydroxide ions (OH-
)
ions when in water, or accept H+ ions
9.
10. A. Characteristics of Bases
1. Taste bitter
2. Slippery
3. Bases turn red
litmus paper blue
4. Can burn skin
11. B. Strong vs. Weak bases
1. Strong bases - ionize (break into
cations and anions) almost completely,
and conduct electricity well
a. KOH – potassium hydroxide
b. NaOH – sodium hydroxide
2. Weak bases - do not completely ionize
a. Ammonia (NH3)
12. Review
Acid: A solution that has an excess of H+
ions. It comes from the Latin word acidus
that means "sharp" or "sour".
Base: A solution that has an excess of OH-
ions. Another word for base is alkali.
Aqueous: A solution that is mainly water.
Think about the word aquarium. AQUA
means water.
13. III. Why is a substance neutral?
A substance is neutral when:
1. It does not ionize at all, therefore no
H+ or OH- ions
2. It has equal concentrations
(amounts) of H+ and OH- ions
14. IV. How acidic or basic is it?
A. pH – measures the concentration of H3O+
ions
Crowded
Not Crowded
More crowded = More concentrated
Critical to certain processes and functions
- example: enzymes, blood
B. pH indicates H3O+ and OH- concentrations
15. Concentration vs. Strength
Concentration is not the same as strength
Concentration deals with the amount of
hydronium ions in the solution, compared to
the amount of water in the solution.
More acid or base and less water
= more concentrated
More ions and less molecules
= stronger
16.
17. III. How acidic or basic is it?
C. pH scale 0-14
Indicates concentration of hydronium ions
0-6 = acid closer to 0 is more acidic
8-14 = base closer to 14 is more basic
7 = neutral H3O+ concentration = OH-
concentrations
18.
19. III. How acidic or basic is it?
D. Each pH unit = a power of ten
- Example: pH 3 is 100 times more
acidic than pH 5
20. Review
Strong Acid: An acid that has a very low pH (0-4).
Strong Base: A base that has a very high pH (10-14).
Weak Acid: An acid that only partially ionizes in an
aqueous solution. That means not every molecule
breaks apart. They usually have a pH close to 7 (3-6).
Weak Base: A base that only partially ionizes in an
aqueous solution. That means not every molecule
breaks apart. They usually have a pH close to 7 (8-10).
Neutral: A solution that has a pH of 7. It is neither
acidic nor basic.