Acids bases and nuclear review sheet
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This document provides a review of key concepts in radioactivity, nuclear power, and acids and bases. It includes definitions of terms like radioactivity, isotopes, fission, and pH. It asks questions about nuclear processes like alpha and beta decay. It also asks about nuclear power plants and their main components like the reactor, turbine, and generator. Questions are also asked about acids and bases, including their properties and examples. Acid rain is discussed, including how sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide emissions lead to acidification of rainwater.
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Acid bases and nuclear review sheet
This document covers acids and bases, including definitions, properties, examples and the pH scale. It also discusses acid rain, its effects and causes. For radioactivity, it defines different types and compares the strong force to the electric force in alpha and beta equations. It explains transmutation, half-life, fission and chain reactions. Additionally, it outlines nuclear power plants, how they create electricity from fission, reasons for past meltdowns and pros and cons of nuclear power. Finally, it addresses the big bang theory, evidence supporting it, the potential end of the universe, star formation, star types and life cycles.
Chemical reactions
This document discusses chemical equations and reactions. It explains that chemical equations are used to represent chemical reactions, and that they consist of reactants on the left side of the arrow yielding products on the right. It also describes how to balance chemical equations by adjusting coefficients so that the same number of each type of atom is on both sides of the equation. Balancing chemical equations ensures conservation of mass during chemical reactions.
Naming and writing compounds and molecules
This document provides instructions for writing formulas and naming ionic compounds, covalent molecules, and polyatomic ions. It explains that for ionic compounds, you write the symbols of the ions and use the crossover method to determine subscripts before naming the compound by writing the cation name followed by the anion name with "ide." For covalent molecules, Greek prefixes indicate subscripts and the name is written by specifying each element followed by the number of atoms. Polyatomic ions are also named and included in ionic compounds by looking up their formula and charge. Examples and practice problems are provided to demonstrate the process.
Bonding practice
1) The document provides instructions for drawing Lewis structures to show ionic and covalent bonding between various elements. Students are asked to draw Lewis structures for pairs of elements, and indicate electron transfers or sharing to write chemical formulas. 2) For ionic bonds, students should draw Lewis structures, arrows to show electron transfer, charges for each ion, and chemical formulas. 3) For covalent bonds, the instructions are to draw Lewis structures, circles around shared electrons, bond structures, and chemical formulas.
Atomic spectrum
The document discusses atomic spectra and the Bohr model. It explains that atoms can absorb and emit light at specific frequencies, and this atomic spectrum acts as a fingerprint that can be used to identify elements. The Bohr model describes electrons occupying different energy shells around the nucleus, and electrons absorbing and emitting energy by jumping between shells and releasing light. The document also briefly mentions flame tests and spectroscopes as methods to observe atomic spectra.
Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) was a notable British physicist and chemist who made seminal contributions to the development of the modern atomic model. Through his gold foil experiment in 1911, Rutherford was able to formulate the Rutherford model of the atom, which established that atoms have a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by low-mass electrons. For this breakthrough discovery, Rutherford received numerous honors including the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. His work fundamentally changed scientific understanding of atomic structure.
Meinter
Lise Meitner was an Austrian/German physicist born in 1878 who made significant contributions to nuclear physics. She received her doctorate in 1905 as the second woman to earn a PhD from the University of Vienna. In 1938, Meitner, Otto Hahn, and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission when bombarding uranium with neutrons. This splitting of uranium atoms led to additional neutrons and the potential for an explosive chain reaction. Sadly, her discovery was later used in 1945 for the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Meitner received several honors for her work, including the Max Planck medal in 1949.
Gell mann
Murray Gell-Mann was born in 1929 and is still living. He graduated valedictorian from Columbia Grammar School and attended Yale University at age 15. Gell-Mann won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1964, he discovered the quark, which makes up protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Quarks have never been isolated due to their small size of 10-15 mm. Gell-Mann is also interested in activities like bird watching and collecting antiques.
Democritus
Democritus was a Greek philosopher born around 460-457 BC in Abdera, Thrace. He developed the first atomic theory, proposing that all matter is made up of indivisible atoms moving through empty space. Democritus believed that atoms were the fundamental building blocks of the natural world and that their behavior determined natural phenomena. He and his mentor Leucippus are considered the founders of atomic theory. Democritus was highly respected in his lifetime for making discoveries and predictions that were later proven true.
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Acids bases and nuclear review sheet
- 1. CCP Physical Science Acids/Bases and Nuclear Review Sheet NAME: Radioactivity and Nuclear Power 1. Define the following: Radioactivity Alpha decay/particle Beta decay/particle Gamma Rays Transmutation Atomic Number Ion Isotope 2. If radium (AN=88) emits a alpha particle, what is the resulting nucleus? 3. If thorium (AN=90) emits a beta particle, What is the resulting nucleus? 4. Describe fission and chain reaction.
- 2. 5. Using the following word bank, identify the correct part of the nuclear power plant and label it below A. Containment Structure E. Cooling Tower B. Reactor F. Control Rods C. Generator G. Turbine D. Steam Generator 6. List the biggest pro and the biggest con for having Nuclear Power. 7. What was the problem with Chernobyl that caused so much devastation? 8. The Three Mile Island incident started with what failure? How did plant operators make it worse? How much of the core ended up Melting down because of this?
- 3. Sequence the following events regarding Nuclear Power Plants by placing the number 1-6 in the space provided _____A turbine is driven by steam _____A generator spins creating electricity _____Uranium bundle goes through Nuclear Fission _____Energy heats water in the reactor _____Steam is created in the steam generator _____Extreme amount of Energy is release 9. How many power plants are in the United States? How much of our electricity is provided by them? Acids and Bases 10. Define the following Key Terms: Acid Base Salt Hydronium ion Hydroxide ion Neutralization pH
- 4. 11. What are the ions that are found in bases? 12. On the pH scale any number between 8-14 represents what? What about 1-6? What is seven on the pH scale called? 13. Indicate whether the following properties are acid, base, or both ____In solution, it conducts electricity ____It reacts strongly with most metals ____In solution it feel slippery ____It reacts with an indicator to produce a change in color ____It has a bitter taste ____It has a sour taste ____It has a chemical formula HCl ____It has the chemical formula NaOH ____Used in most soaps or cleaners ____Citric acid, found in citrus fruits, is an example 14. What is the pH of regular rainwater? What about acid rain? 15. How does carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide become acid rain? 16. Sequence the following events regarding acid rain by placing the number 1-7 in the space provided _____Sulfur oxides mix with rainwater _____The pH of a lake decreases _____Fish that feed on plankton die _____Coal and gasoline are burned _____Snow or rain containing sulfuric acid falls to Earth _____Sulfur oxides enter the atmosphere _____Plankton living in the lake die