Abstract Booklet for GSST-2012

THE GONDAR SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
1. Astronomy, Space Science and Technology
2. Remote Sensing and Emerging Technologies
13 – 23 December, 2012, UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR
UOG MOSTESAN

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University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
SCHEDULE & ABSTRACTS
TECHNOLOGY
I. Astronomy, Space Science & Technology
13 – 16 December, 2012
II. Parallel Sessions for Students & Educators
14 – 16 December, 2012
III. Remote Sensing & Emerging Technologies
21 – 23 December, 2012
Gondar, 2012

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Dedicated in Memory of Ato Dagnew Engdaw
(1980 – 2012)

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Sponsors:
University of Gondar
North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University
Ethiopian Scientific Academic Network
Ministry of Science & Technology
Ethiopian Space Science Society
Organizing Committee:
Mr. Amdeselassie Atske, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
Dr. Abebe Kebede, NC A & T State University, USA
Dr. Dawit Lebenie, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
Steering Committee:
Dr. Desalegn Mengesha, V/President for Academic, Research & Community
Dr. Yemataw Wondie, Director for Teaching-Learning
Dr. Afework Kassu, Director for Research & Community Services
Mr. Amdeselassie Atske, Department of Physics
Dr. Dawit Lebenie, Head of Earth Science Departments
Dr. Solomon Belay, Ethiopian Space Science Society
Mr. Atiklit Alemayehu, Dean of Faculty of Natural Computing Sciences
Mr. Misganaw Alene, Dean of School of Education
Mr. Daniel Bahiru, Department of Physics
Mrs. Selamawit Shawol, Department of Physics

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Preface
Following the success of the 1st School in December 2010, the 2nd School of
Astronomy, Space Science and Technology was conducted during December 15 -
29, 2011. The school was sponsored by University of Gondar, North Carolina
Agricultural and Technical State University, Ethiopian Ministry of Science and
Technology, and the Ethiopian Scientific and Academic Network. A large number
of students, high school teachers, instructors from local & international
Universities, and professionals from Scientific Societies & Organizations
participated in the school. The school was divided into three main strands;
namely (1) Adaptive Technologies for the Blind, (2) Astronomy, Space Science and
Technology in Education, (3) Workshop on Remote Sensing. The School was
concluded with book donation & the “Run-4-Science” event.
Following the direct lessons participants
conducted business meetings to
evaluate the success of the school. The
organizers of the school got high marks
in harnessing local resources and local
talent to deliver content. Challenges in
teaching & doing research in basic
sciences were discussed. A sustained
outreach activity is suggested to
increase the number of STEM students,
and enhance the quality of incoming students. Finally, the participants
overwhelmingly voted that the 3rd School of Astronomy, Space Science and
Technology in Education to be held at and used by University of Gondar.
The 3rd school, now named as “The Gondar School of Science & Technology”, will
be organized in four critical sessions: (I) Astronomy, Space Science and
Technology, (II) Technology Tools for Education and Research in Sciences, (III)
Remote Sensing for Developing Countries & (IV) Green Energy & Nanotechnology
for Sustainable Development. The School will be concluded with two special
events: Book/Equipment Donations and “Run-4-Science and Development”.
Organizing Committee

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I. Astronomy, Space Science and Technology
13 - 16 December 2012
Thursday, December 13, 2012
Opening Session
8:00 - 8:30 Registration Chairs:
8:30 - 8:35
8:35 - 9:45
Introduction,
Organizers
Welcoming Speech,
Prof. Mengesha Admasu, President, UoG
Dr. Dawit Lebenie
Amdeselassie A.
9:45 - 9:15 Opening Remark,
H.E. Mr. Tefera Walwa, Chairman of ESSS
Board
9:15 - 10:00 Keynote Speech,
Dr. Abebe Kebede, NCAT State University
Title: A Leap to Modern Astronomy and Space
Science Research and Education in Ethiopia
10:00 - 10:20 Health Break
Opening Session
10:20 - 11:00 Keynote Speech
Dr. Solomon Belay, ESSS
Title: Challenges & Opportunities of Space
Science & Astronomy Development in Ethiopia
Chair:
Dr. Abebe Kebede
11:00 - 11:30
11:30 - 12:00
Keynote Speech
Dr. Gizaw Mengistu, Addis Ababa University
Title: Recent Achievements in Geospace
Research in Ethiopia,
Keynote Speech
Dr. Mulugeta Bekele, Addis Ababa University
Title: Teaching Science in Ethiopia
12:00 - 2:00 Lunch Break

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First Session: Astronomy & Astrophysics
Level: Advanced
2:00 - 2:45 Systems Theory: The Ultimate Solution?
Dr. Abraham Amaha, Addis Ababa University
Chair:
Dr. Solomon Belay
2:45 - 3:25
Level: Advanced
3:40 - 4:10 Chairs:
Dr. Abraham A.
4:10 - 4:50 Was Einstein Wrong? Modified Theories of
Gravity, Amare Abebe
4:50 – 5:30

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Friday, December 14, 2012
Third Session: Technology in Education & Research
Level: General
8:30 - 9:15 The Intervention of Adaptive Technology
Materials for Inclusive Education,
Dr. Tamru Belay, Sympatico & ATCB
Chairs:
Amdeselassie A.
9:15 - 9:45 Demonstration on Adaptive Technology
Materials,
Dr. Tamru Belay, Sympatico & ATCB
Level: General
10:00 - 10:30 Sonification for Advanced Research in
Astrophysics,
Wanda L. Diaz
Chairs:
Dr. Solomon B.
10:30 - 10:50 Radio Jove and SID Monitors simple devices to
leapfrog into space at high school level,
Dr. Abebe Kebede, NCAT State University
10:50 – 11:20 The Role of Galileo Teachers Training Program
in Astronomy Development in Ethiopia,
Alemiye Mamo, ESSS, malemiye@gmail.com
11:20 – 12:00
Level: General
2:00 - 2:30 Potential Observational Programs for 1-m
Telescopes at Mount Entoto,
Solomon Belay
Chairs:
Dr. Abebe K.
2:30 – 3:00 Cosmology: the what, how & why of the
Universe, Amare Abebe

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3:00 - 3:30 5-Dimensional Physics,
Dr. Abraham Amaha, Addis Ababa University
Level: Advanced
3:45 - 4:15 General Relativity as a Tool to Cosmology,
Amare Abebe
Chairs:
Dr. Solomon B
4:15 – 4:45 Hydrodynamical Studies for Cosmology
Remudin Reshid Mekuria, ESSS
Second Session: Space Science & Technology
Level: Advanced
4:45 - 5:15 Ozone chemistry & dynamics from passive
remote sensing & reanalysis model over Africa,
Dr. Gizaw Mengistu, Addis Ababa University
Chairs:
Mr. Tsegaye Kassa
5:15 - 5:30 Coronal Mass Ejections and Space Weather
Tsega Berhane Tekle, Department of Physics,
AAU
4:50 – 5:20 Physics of the equatorial electrodynamics,
Gebregiorgis Abraha

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Saturday, December 15, 2012
Level: Advanced
8:30 - 9:05 Effects of geomagnetic storm on GPS
ionospheric scintillations & TEC at BahirDar
Tsegaye Kassa, Bahirdar University
Chairs:
Dr. Gizaw M.
9:05 - 9:40 Equatorial Electrojet , its counter and Pre
Reversal Enhancement events in the east
African sector Using Geomagnetic field
Measurements, Gebregiorgis Abraha
9:40 – 10:10 Assessing Characteristics of Drought & Its
physical mechanism over Ethiopia using
Observational and RegCM4 Driven Indices.
Zeleke T., Mengistu Tsidu, Giorgi F, Diro G
Level: ______________
10:30 - 11:15 High Performance Computing (HPC) Cluster for
Research,
Addisu Gezahegn, Addis Ababa University
Chairs:
Dr. Gizaw M.
11:15 – 12:00 Free & Open Sources for Effective Learning in
Science,
Amdeselassie A Amde, University of Gondar
Saturday Afternoon, 15 December 2012

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Social Programs
Sunday Morning, 16 December 2012
RUN 4 SCIENCE
16 December 2012
DEVELOPMENT
&

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I. Astronomy, Space Science and Technology
13 - 16 December 2012
Opening Session
A Leap to Modern Astronomy and Space Science Research and Education in
Ethiopia
Abebe Kebede,
Department of Physics, NC A&T State University, 1601 East Market Street
Greensboro NC 27411
email: Abkebede@gmail.com Website: http://sirius-c.ncat.edu
Recently several space science education and research efforts have been initiated
in Ethiopia and the rest of Africa owing to funding and resource support by NASA
and its sister agencies. The rich resources for these fields developed over the
years are becoming increasing springboards to launch space science research and
education in a limited number of schools and colleges in Ethiopia. The recent
progress in space research and education include the organization of IHY Africa
and the African Electronic Geophysical Year, the Chamann Conference, the
establishment of the School of Astronomy Space Science and Technology in
Education, the Gondar School of Science and Technology. In this communication
a snap shot of foundations Ethiopian Astronomy and space science experiences is
provided.

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Challenges and Opportunities of Space Science and Astronomy Development
in Ethiopia
Solomon Belay Tessema,
Entoto Observatory and Kotebe College, Department of Physics, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia, P.O.Box 8412
e-mail: tessemabelay@gmail.com
Current Ethiopia space science and astronomy development indicates
encouraging picture of high ambition and magnifying commitment from
government authorities and the public. Astronomy and basic space science
research and education have advanced rapidly in recent years. This has mainly
been driven by the emergence of Ethiopian Space Science Society (ESSS) over the
past eight years. At the same time the needs for a new development process
became obvious as countries made efforts to benefit from rapid progress in space
science and technology. This process required a complete innovation of the
driving forces for development where no previous examples were available. ESSS
and partner institutions have tried to apply new development models to facilitate
astronomy and space science development in the country, many universities in
the country continue to lack the human, technical, and financial resources to
conduct even the most basic activities in this field, such as operating a small
astronomical telescope facility in an university environment and making use of
such facilities in research and education. The need to make the benefits of basic
space science available to country is growing more urgent with each passing year
in Ethiopia but there are serious challenges that hinder fast development of
astronomy, space science and technology and research in our country. Some of
the challenges facing the Ethiopia astronomy and space science program—
notably, a decline in the competitiveness of the Ethiopia basic science research
and education, lack of clear basic science policy, lack of policy makers awareness,
etc, in part, to an overly restrictive policy on export controls and a projected
shortfall in the Ethiopia science and engineering workforce—represent long-term
(though, I believe, reversible) trends.

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Recent Achievements in Geospace Science Research in Ethiopia
G. Mengistu Tsidu
Department of Physics, Addis Ababa University, POBox 1176, Addis Ababa
e-mail: gizaw_mengistu@gmx.net
History of geospace research in Ethiopia is traced back to the establishment of
the then University College, current Addis Ababa University in the 1950s.
However, with the exception of solid earth observation and studies at Geophysical
Observatory, geospace research did not develop in par with its age. The sluggish
progress in the geospace research appears to culminate in the establishment of
network of GPS for studies of crystal movement and scintillation of radio waves
by space weather events in recent years. Moreover, the establishment of unique
Fourier Transform spectrometer for atmospheric trace gases monitoring and
composition change studies, high performance computing clusters of 140
processesors for climate and weather modelling, and space radar for space
weather studies at Addis Ababa University has leap-froged the state of geospace
research in Ethiopia. A number of research outputs have already been obtained
in areas of climate modelling, climate variability, space tomography, atmospheric
composition, chemistry and dynamics. Some of these works are already published
in leading international journal while others are in the pipe line. The number of
students trained at graduate level in these areas in Addis Ababa University has
reached over 45 which show the growth of not only geospace science but also its
community. In this talk, overviews of climate database for climate change and
variability studies as well as some results of climate modelling are given. Robust
3D tomography techniques that we have developed for ionospheric electron
density imaging are discussed. The results of application of the techniques over
Eastern Africa ionosphere are presented. A new model for estimation of zenith
total delay of radio signal by tropospheric water vapour for correcting navigation
and communication errors over Ethiopia are described. The estimation of water
vapour content, which is crucial to understand water vapour cycles and extreme
events such as drought and floods, from GPS space technology over Ethiopia are
also presented. Tropospheric and stratospheric atmospheric composition over
Ethiopia from remote sensing techniques using Fourier Transform Spectrometer
is among the topics that are covered in the talk.

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SYSTEMS THEORY: The Ultimate Solution?
Abraham Amaha (PhD)
Department of Physics, Addis Ababa University
www.systems-eth.webs.com
e-mail: abrahamaha@gmail.com
If a system is defined as ‘a group of things or parts working together as a whole’
then apart from the (physical or analyzable) 'things or parts' in the system, the
‘working-together’ aspect and other inherent subtleties can be identified and
introduced in some simple mathematical scheme. In this presentation, the
universal properties of these abstract non-localizable entities are deliberated very
broadly, from various fields of investigations. When this is applied to the
individual self (a self-making or autopoietic system equipped with brain), the
results are startling and simply enlightening.
Thus the solution seems to lie in uplifted human interactions (‘working-together’)
to save the world – the emerging paradigm or commonsense of our time.

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General Relativity as a Tool to Cosmology
Amare Abebe
Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravity Center, University of Cape Town, Cape
Town, South Africa
This talk aims to address the “how” part of cosmology: we will discuss how
Einstein built upon Newtonian mechanics to come up with the formulation of the
Special Theory of Relativity and later generalized it to the General Theory of
Relativity that revolutionized our understanding of the Universe.
In particular, we will focus on how, with the formulation of the General Theory of
Relativity as a tool, cosmology as a modern discipline of research on the
geometry, evolution and structure formation (clusters, galaxies, stars, blackholes,
etc.) of the Universe developed.
Keywords: special relativity, gravity, general relativity, cosmology, modified
gravity, structure formation

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Hydrodynamical Studies for Cosmology
Remudin Reshid Mekuria
ESSS & IAG, Friedrich-Hund-Plaz 1, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
phone: +49 (0)551 39-13805 fax: +49 (0)551 39-5043
For our study of a galaxy cluster and the effect of turbulent processes within
them, we performed simulations on "Santa Barbara cluster" using the
hydrodynamical code, Nyx, which includes a sub-grid scale model (SGS) for
turbulence and the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) technique. Comparing slices
and profiles representing their bulk properties that are obtained between
simulations with uniform-grid vs AMR and SGS vs non-SGS, we obtained the
following main results:
Firstly, using the SGS model allowed us to calculate the magnetic field, from the
distribution of the turbulence in the galaxy cluster, which is in good agreement
with simulations by Ryu et al. (2008). Secondly, we have tested the effect of
different tagging criteria, refinement levels, resolutions, in our simulations.
Last but not the least, we are able to calculate the magnetic Reynolds number
and we obtained a value which is higher than the critical values given in Schober
et al. (2012a), which is expected in the case of ionized medium, and this together
with magnetic field results can be a good step in studying in broad the magnetic
field evolution in the galaxy cluster.
Keywords: galaxy cluster, SGS, AMR, magnetic field, Turbulence, Masters thesis

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Was Einstein Wrong? Modified Theories of Gravity
Amare Abebe
Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravity Center, University of Cape Town, Cape
Town, South Africa
This talk involves a little bit of messing with gravity. We start by explaining why
the General Theory of Relativity has loopholes in explaining some observed
cosmic phenomena, such as the accelerated expansion of the Universe, and we
will be given and an overview of current research that attempts to modify (and
generalize) the General Theory of Relativity. In this regard, we will focus on the
more general classes of f (R) theories of which General Relativity is a subset and
show how these models can explain the observed cosmic acceleration and
structure formation without the need to invoke dark energy and dark matter,
invisible components of the Universe believed to constitute more than 95 percent
of all matter and energy in the Universe.

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5-Dimensional Physics
Dr. Abraham Amaha, Department of Physics, Addis Ababa University
The mathematical formalism [adapted in the unification of gravity and
electromagnetism] of 5-D physics is a simple extension of Albert Einstein's 4-D
geometry in his General Theory of Relativity– the basis of cosmology and
astrophysics. That is, one can consider five-vector space (by introducing
orthogonal length/substance, ₤, to space-time) such that the underlying space
has coordinates xA = (ct, xyz, ₤) with signature (+, – – –, ±), and associated line
element dS2 = gAB dxA dxB, (A, B = 0, 123, 4), to calculate extended results that
are consistent in 4D space-time. Considering its significance, 5D is ‘widely
regarded as the low-energy limit of higher dimensional theories’; and more
importantly, uncertainties/paradoxes in quantum (or chaotic) interactions in 4D
may be resolvable as a consequence of deterministic laws in 5D and above.
Hence, rigorous knowledge of 4D-calculus is a good starting point towards this,
and others (like, the 10D-Supersymmetry, 11D-Supergravity, higher D-String
theories ...). In the seminar, I intend to discuss some highlights and recent
developments in 5D-theory and their implications for classical, quantum
mechanical and paranormal (supernatural) physics.
While 5D is just enough for our sense perception of the physical world, including
electromagnetism (light), there is much to deal with higher dimensions (than 5D)
by incorporating other (physical/nonphysical) interaction-forces at the quantum
mechanical level, where observer and observed are unavoidably interconnected.
In this pursuit, although not quite unified by individual(s) to form a Theory Of
Everything (TOE), things remain invariant as geometry (or laws of physics) ready
to be visible to a conscious observer on the spot/event. At this stage TOE does
not seem to require a formula or anything external, but a rational personal
experience of its unfolding drama. Moreover, this approach leads to the
unification of the Body-Brain-Mind towards self-awareness (on universal
standards) with far-reaching philosophical/psychological insight and a ‘deep
cosmic religious feeling’ [Einstein]. It also seems certain that 90% of reality is
from the Mind (of higher-dimensional influences via hormonal/neurotransmitter
connectivity) with total authority over all the rest – Everything! – worth of serious
investigation, even if it takes one's life-time! Active research areas in this pursuit
include: Quantum Brain Dynamics, wavefunction collapse …

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Sonification for Advanced Research in Astrophysics
Wanda L. Diaz-Merced
University of Glasgow Scotland
Sonification is to convey information using mainly non-speech sound. This
research presents the use of sonification techniques as an adjunct to
visualization to enrich current data analysis techniques. Current analysis
techniques for astrophysics 2D numerical data are based on scrutinizing the data
with the eyes. Astrophysics data sets acquired from the natural lab of the
interstellar medium may contain events that may be masked by noise, fleeting,
non persistent etc, making it difficult to identify. xSonify is a sonification
prototype developed at NASA GSFC for this purposes, and presented in this talk.
Exploration and characterization (heard events validation) of radio, magnetic field
component, x ray, GRB data is presented and its application to decompose the
data set into different components (frequency, oscillatory modes, etc…) of
interest.

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Radio Jove, SID Monitors and K16 Science Education missions in Ethiopia
Abebe Kebede,
Department of Physics, NC A&T State University 1601 East Market Street
Greensboro NC 27411
email: Abkebede@gmail.com Website: http://sirius-b.ncat.edu
A viable astronomy and space science education at K16 level requires reasonable
amount of infrastructure for observation and trained teachers, access to
information, library books and access to literature and content. This
communication provides highlights of activities related to these requirements,
and the implications and the role of Radio Jove and SID monitors to shape the
dissemination astronomy and space science across the K16 communities. A brief
outline of the upcoming K16 Science Education Mission in Ethiopia is also
presented.

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The Role of Galileo Teachers Training Program (GTTP) in furthering
Astronomy Development in Ethiopia
Alemiye Mamo
Contact Person of GTTP in Ethiopia, & Ethiopian Space Science Society (ESSS)
e-mail: malemiye@gmail.com
Currently in Ethiopia the awareness of astronomy is gradually increasing through
continuous effort and campaign of Ethiopian space Science Society (ESSS) with
different outlets. Though there exist initiation in publicizing astronomy and
organizing clubs, there is no such an organized structure where by the
development of astronomy is achieved easily. One of the key strategies to boost
and further the development of Astronomy in Ethiopia in structured and
sustainable way is, the continuous updating and training of teachers in the field.
This paper is therefore, discuss the role of Galileo Teachers Training program
(GTTP) which is adopted and experienced by ESSS in developing the knowledge,
awareness and application of Astronomy in Ethiopia. It also indicates the success
and challenges of GTTP with possible suggestion that has to be done in the
future.
Key Words: GTTP, Astronomy

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Potential Observational Programs for 1-m Telescopes at Mountain Entoto
Solomon Belay Tessema
Entoto Observatory and Kotebe College, department of Physics, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia, P.O.Box 8412
e-mail: tessemabelay@gmail.com
The observatory is the first East African observatory constructed by Ethiopia
Space Science Society (ESSS). The observatory is owned and operated by 34
Ethiopia Universities and ESSS, Ethiopia, and is dedicated to research in
observational optical astronomy, theoretical astronomy, space science and
technology, applied physics and mathematics, Earth observation and other
related science. It is located on an Entoto mountain in the Northern part of the
Addis Ababa City (about longitude 380 E, latitude 90 N, altitude 3200 m. In the
present paper I will try to address scientific programs, international collaboration
and future observational potentials in the center.

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Cosmology: the What, How and Why of the Universe
Amare Abebe
Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravity Center, University of Cape Town
Cape Town, South Africa
In this talk, we will give an overview of the historical evolution of our conception
of the Universe and the birth of modern cosmology. In this regard, the general
characteristic of the Universe, such as what it is how it started and why it exists
[the way it does!] will be discussed.

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Ozone Chemistry and Dynamics from Passive Remote Sensing and
Reanalysis Model over Africa
G. Mengistu Tsidu
Department of Physics, Addis Ababa University, POBox 1176, Addis Ababa
e-mail: gizaw_mengistu@gmx.net
Ozone is a substance that touches on our modern society in many ways. It is
used in industrial processes and as a disinfectant. In the atmosphere ozone
serves double purpose depending on where it is located. In the stratosphere,
ozone screens the surface of the earth from biologically damaging ultraviolet
radiation while in the troposphere, it initiates photochemical smog which is
environmental hazardous process. It also acts as a greenhouse gas in the lower
troposphere leading to global warming. As a result, there is a concerted effort to
understand ozone chemistry and dynamics since it is first discovered by
Schoenbein in 1840. There were four phases of ozone research: discovery and
determination of its properties (1840-1880); solar spectrum cutoff and its location
in the stratosphere(1880-1930); theory and quantification of its atmospheric
distribution (1930-1965); and catalytic ozone loss and its connection to catalytic
cycle (1965- present). In the current phase of ozone research history, a number of
advances have been made. Observations of ozone from aircraft, satellite and
ground-based instruments are at the mature stage such that distribution and
coverage of observation is wide enough to encompass Africa. However, the
coverage over Africa by aircraft campaign observations and ground-based
instrumentation are still lacking. Recently, Ethiopia acquired high resolution
Fourier Transform spectrometer which is hosted at Addis Ababa University since
May 2009. Since then a number of trace gases observations with relevance to
greenhouse gas warming and environmental pollution have been determined
based on inversion theory used in passive remote sensing of the atmosphere
using spectroscopic techniques. In this talk, comparison of ozone over Addis
Ababa derived from this measurement with other measurements from various
satellites is presented. The transport of ozone from midlatitude stratosphere
through large scale planetary waves as revealed by aircraft and satellite
observations as well as model predictions is also presented.

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Physics of the Equatorial Electrodynamics
Gebregiorgis Abraha, Dr Gizaw Mengistu, Addis Ababa University, POBox 1176,
AddisAbaba,
Dr Solomon Belay, Kotebe College and ESSS, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Ionospheric currents and electric fields in the upper atmosphere were confirmed
by ground based magnetic field fluctuations records as early as 1880’s [R.A
Heelis]. These currents in the Ionosphere are caused by different drifts. The drifts
are due disparity in the response by the various force fields in the ionosphere.
That is, electric field (E), magnetic field (B), neutral winds, gravitational field (g)
and plasma pressure gradient. The dynamics of the ionospheric plasma is also
inhomogeneous with altitude. The dynamics at various altitudes are mainly
determined by the simultaneous interactions of the neutral atmosphere and
geomagnetic field with the plasma. Altitude variation of plasma composition also
plays a great role in the in-homogeneity plasma dynamics of the equatorial
ionosphere. The conductivity of the various regions of the ionosphere are not the
same so this leads to observation of the formation of fountain effects which is
known as the equatorial anomaly.

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Coronal Mass Ejections and Space Weather
Tsega Berhane Tekle
The Sun is a source of solar wind, coronal mass ejections, and energetic particles.
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are billion-ton clouds of electrified, magnetized,
multi-thermal and energetic gas plasmas, that erupt from closed field regions on
the Sun. They contain coronal material speed ranging from a few hundred to
2000 km/s. CMEs arriving at Earth originate close to the disk center. They drop
billions of tons of magnetized plasma from the Sun and dump them into the Sun-
Earth connected space. They provide dramatic variable energy input to the
magnetosphere, in addition to and sometimes in combination with the high speed
streams that originate from coronal holes. They are the source of major
disturbances in the interplanetary medium. Flares, shocks, radio bursts, SEP
events, ICMEs, and geomagnetic storms are all associated with CMEs. The two
major consequences are Solar Energetic Particle (SEPs) and magnetic storms of
course the interplanetary CMEs. Solar Energetic Particle, of solar origin (in flares
and CMEs), on the way and upon arrival at Earth, ions and electrons may
suddenly have access to the inner magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms,
where they can get trapped in a new radiation belt. During the largest SEP
events, the energetic protons/ions can penetrate all the way to Earth’s
atmosphere leading to significant ozone depletion. Earth-directed CMEs can
trigger magnetic storms when they strike our planet's magnetic field, distorting its
shape and accelerating electrically charged particles trapped within. Geomagnetic
storms are produced only when CMEs arrive at Earth with the additional
condition that they possess south-pointing magnetic fields (Bz < 0). CMEs
originating farther from the disk center also can cause geomagnetic storms, but
what causes the storm is the Bs in the ICME sheath. The CMEs in general affect
space systems, passengers in high-altitude airplanes, and Earth’s atmosphere.
They can damage the electronics of spacecraft, can pose radiation hazard to
passengers and crew in high- flying aircraft, can harm humans in space, and may
render satellites useless and others.

25
Effects of Geomagnetic Storm on GPS Ionospheric Scintillations and Total
Electron Content at Bahir Dar
Tsegaye Kassa
Washera Geospace and Radar Science Laboratory, Bahir Dar UniversityAbstract
The Total Electron Content (TEC) and scintillation (S4 index) measurements using
SCINDA GPS receiver, located at Bahir Dar in Ethiopia, are used to study the
ionospheric effect of 06 April 2011 and 22 January 2012, magnetic storms in the
Ethiopian region. During the sudden storm commencement (SSC) time, the small
scale TEC fluctuations (irregularities) with amplitude of 3 TECU/min on April 07,
2011, and 9 TECU/min on January 22, 2012 have been observed. Similarly,
short lived strong scintillation with an amplitude of S4 ~ 1 on April 07, 2011 and
S4 > 0.45 on January 22, 2012 have been recorded for storm events we
considered. Moreover, the peak of the rmsROT on the days we investigated
showed a sharp increment with a significant change from 0.6 TECU/min on April
06 to 3.2 TECU/min on April 07, 2011 and a significant increment in rmsROT
from 5.7 TECU/min on January 21 to 9.7 TECU/min on January 22, 2012.
Besides, the storm triggered the scintillation index from 0.16 on April 06 to about
1 on April 07, 2011 and a similar effect have been observed on January 22, 2012,
i.e. the index is changed from 0.14 on January 21 to 0.46 on January 22, 2012.

26
Equatorial Electrojet, its Counter and Pre-Reversal Enhancement Events in
the East African Sector Using Geomagnetic Field Measurements.
Gebregiorgis Abraha and Dr Gizaw Mengistu,
Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
The data set used in the study consist of minutes values of geomagnetic
elements: X, Y and Z recorded at Addis Ababa and Adigrat Observatories were
used to study seasonal and diurnal fluctuations of the earth’s magnetic field in
the ionosphere. The horizontal component of the geomagnetic field intensity H is
calculated using conversion formula, . This data is again averaged
to hourly mean values. The data were analyzed for geomagnetically quiet days to
analyze the diurnal variation of EEJ. The concept of local time was used in the
analysis. The observatories are 3 hrs ahead of Greenwich mean time and thus,
the baseline value is defined as the average of the 4 hours flanking local midnight
(20, 21, 22, 23hrs) UT because 1 hr local time (LT) in Ethiopia is 22 hrs universal
time (UT) and these values are equivalent to (1, 2, 23, 24 hrs) LT.
The hourly departures of H from the midnight baseline values are obtained by
subtracting the midnight base line values for a given hourly values of the day. So
for time t=1:24 hours, we have . So the linearly adjusted at the 24
hours time is given by which describes the solar daily
variation in H called solar quiet daily variation in H. The EEJ is now calculated
using the parameter .

27
Assessing Characteristics of Drought and Its physical mechanism over
Ethiopia using Observational and RegCM4 Driven Indices.
Zeleke T.1, 2, Mengistu Tsidu G2, Giorgi F1,Diro G.T1
1Earth System Physics Section, The Abdus Salam ICTP, Trieste, Italy
2Department of Physics, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
This study focuses on the analysis of dryness/wetness over Ethiopia from 1982
to 2009 using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Palmer Drought Severity
Index (PDSI). These drought indices are derived from observational dataset and
ICTP’s regional climate model (RegCM4) simulations. Trend empirical orthogonal
function (TEOF), regression, wavelet and composites analyses are used to
investigate the trend, frequency and intra-annual variability of drought events
and the associated large scale circulation changes over Ethiopia. All methods of
analyses of PDSI and Standardized Precipitation Index computed on 12 month
time scale (SPI12) are consistent and show that the North and Northwest regions
experienced frequent and worst drought conditions centered at the year
1983/1984 and seem to recover at later stage. For the southern and
southwestern regions, on the other hand, the drought conditions are more
frequent and intense during recent times compared to the past. The first two
most dominant trend principal components (TPCs) of observational and RegCM4
simulation driven PDSI and SPI12 drought indices are significantly correlated
(correlation exceeding ~0.8) and have similar corresponding patterns (TEOFs)
indicating the remarkable performance of RegCM4 in simulating the multi-scale
spatial and temporal variability of drought events over Ethiopia. Given the
marked dissimilarities in the seasonal mean circulation pattern during the spring
and the summer seasons, analysis of drought and its associated large scale
atmospheric and oceanic changes are performed on a season basis with Feb-April
as Spring and June-September as summer. These season specific analyses show
that drought events are more intense and frequent during the spring season than
the summer season over the southern regions and a significantly increasing wet
trend over the northwestern regions during the summer season. Different
conditions of atmospheric and oceanic anomalies are responsible for the observed
drought in the two seasons over Ethiopia. For instance drought conditions during
spring are among other things associated with negative phase of ENSO,
weakening of the Arabian High and the subtropical westerly jet streams whereas

28
during summer they are linked among other things to the positive phase of
ENSO, weakening of the upper level jet streams, and the lower level moisture
influxes from Atlantic and Indian oceans. Un-evenly heating of equatorial Pacific,
Atlantic and Indian Ocean significantly affects drought conditions during both
seasons via altering the rain producing large scale circulations over Ethiopia. So,
these oceanic basins parameters can be used as indicators of drought occurrence
over the country.

29
Inclusive Technology for Visual Impaired Trainee & Computerized Braille
Dr. Tamiru Belay, ACTB, Ethiopia, & Sympatico, Canada. atcb@sympatico.ca
Before the computerized Braille is introduced in Ethiopian blind School, students
used to write Braille with manual low tech devices like Slate Stylus and later days
Perkins Brailler.
Students’ homework and class notes at that time didn't get through more than
one, maybe two drafts. Once the work was typed, no final editing could be done
since they couldn't see the typed copy to make revisions. Within this context,
technology is incredibly powerful and liberating. Using Computerized Braille, it is
possible make the kind of revisions that sighted writers take for granted.
Today computerized Braille books are very essential for the education of the
blind, and Adaptive Technology Centre for the Blind (ATCB), in realization of this
need of the society, has embarked upon the efforts to create and develop an
efficient computerized Braille to cater for the needs of library services and other
institutions around Ethiopia for use by visually challenged persons.
This adaptive technology scheme which has a number of novel features has been
launched in Ethiopia taking in to consideration the specific features of the
various languages in the country. The Ethiopic Computerized Braille service use
Electronic Braille Readers with software for reading Ethiopian Languages and
English Braille. The technology incorporates very user friendly features for the
visually impaired users and an efficient storage system for Braille Books which
saves up to 98 % space of the shelf.
This section focuses on the intervention of Adapting teaching material for
inclusive education to meet EFA’s (Education For All) goal “meeting the learning
needs of all children, youth and adults by 2015”. The role of ATCB in the
development of computerized Ethiopic Braille to blind students will be discussed.
The discussion will be supported by demonstration on Computerized Braille,
Ethiopic Speech Synthesizer, Sound Engineering & FOSS for Visually Impaired,
and Process of Computerized Braille Production in Ethiopia.

30
High Performance Computing (HPC) and It's Application
Addisu Gezahegn,
Scientific computing is becoming more important in many research areas since
problems become more complex and requires teams of researchers to reach to the
required solutions. High Performance Computing (HPC) becomes a fundamental
tool to real life problems such as Simulation of physical phenomena (Climate
modeling and Galaxy formation), Data mining (Gene sequencing) and
visualization. As a result having a good understanding of HPC leads to more
effective use of HPC resources and enable us to obtain the required solution in a
shorter time.

31
Open/Free Tools for Effective Teaching & Research in Sciences
Amdeselassie A Amde,
University of Gondar, Ethiopia
The United Nations identifies the promotion of quality education in all sectors as
a key strand of its Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD)
Program. However, a human capital is a severely under-used resource in many
emerging economies. Shifting to a knowledge-based economies for emerging
economies require a more adaptable, better skilled & well educated workforce.
ICT has the potential to improve the quality of education in all sectors, & prepare
better skilled workforce for the new global economies. Realizing the potential
impacts of ICT on academic & research development, some Higher Learning
Institutes in Ethiopian are currently investing on ICT related projects &
infrastructure developments. The new science curricula of Ethiopian Higher
Learning Institutes also incorporate better assessment techniques & improved
instructional methodologies, supported by Information & Learning Technologies,
as their key features.
One of the four elements of Microsoft’s Vision of 21st Century Learning, 21st
Century Skills, includes training teachers in exploiting ICT to improve teaching
& learning; supporting lifelong learning; assisting with development of digital
curricula & learning communities; & conducting researches.
Improving quality of education & producing well skilled workforce therefore
requires competent instructors in technological skills among other factors. Hence,
this paper will attempt to introduce instructors to computational skills, & try to
show how to develop their competencies in using technology tools to improve
teaching - learning & research skills.
In this Session the participant will gain hands-on experience on the latest
technologies in active learning and be exposed to some of the best "Open/Free
Tools for Teaching & Research in Sciences. Integrating virtual labs & interactive
simulation with lessons will be demonstrated.

32
II. Parallel Sessions for Students & Educators
14 – 16 December 2012
SCHEDULE, ABSTRACTS & TRAINING
SYLLABI

33
1. All Inclusive Special Need Education
14 December 2012
1. SCHEDULE
Friday, December 15, 2012
Session: ____________________________________
2:00 – 2:40 Essential Components of Educational Core
Curriculum for Students Who are Visually
Impaired.
Dr. Tamru Belay,
Adaptive Technology Center for the Blind
Chair:
Mr. Misganaw A.
2:40 – 3:10 The Situation of Persons With Disabilities in
Ethiopia
Semahegn Mengistu,
School of Education, Univ. of Gondar
Session: ____________________________________
3:30 – 4:00 General Discussion Chair:
Mr. Misganaw A.

34
2. ABSTRACTS
Essential Components of Educational Core Curriculum for Visually Impaired
Students.
Dr. Tamru Belay.
Adaptive Technology Centre for the Blind, P.O. Box 56938, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
e-mail: atcb@ethionet.et
This core curriculum, incorporating in the main stream where it embraces all
Stakeholders under the UN Principle known as Education For All (EFA). The
concepts of this paper incorporated into program planning are referred to as the
expanded core curriculum.
An Essential Components of Educational Programming for Students Who Are
Blind or Visually Impaired is intended for classroom teachers, resource
personnel, administrators and parents.
It is one of a series of documents developed to facilitate programming for students
in grades 1 to College/University who have special education needs.
The IPP includes goals and objectives specific to the student’s unique learning
needs, the expanded core curriculum, modifications or accommodations
necessary to ensure access to the regular curriculum, and/or individualized
programming necessary to address other disability-specific needs.
All students who are blind or visually impaired, regardless of the presence and
severity of additional disabilities, should have access to the programming and
services provided by specialized teachers and orientation and mobility
instructors.
Student goals and objectives addressing areas of the expanded core curriculum
are integrated within the students’ individualized program and daily routines.
Nine essential components are contained in the Standards for Special Education
and considered essential to the provision of a comprehensive program.

35
However, the manner in which the components are implemented may be affected
by such practical considerations as availability of resources and needs of the
particular student.
The sample indicators are examples of effective practices that illustrate the
implementation of the essential component. The indicators will vary because of
the unique strengths and needs of individual students. It is not the intent to list
all possible indicators or to require all listed indicators for every student.
The Purpose of this Paper is to:
1. Identify the essential components of appropriate programming that can be
implemented in the Education for students with special education needs
2. Provide examples of effective practices
3. Establish a common understanding of the terminology associated with this
specialized field
4. Clarify the meaning of appropriateness, taking into account what is reasonable
for educational programming for students who are visually impaired or blind.

36
2. Seminar on “Academic Networking for Research &
Scientific Culture”
15 December 2012
Organizers: Ethiopian Scientific Academic Network &
Youth Science Forum at Univ. of Gondar

37
3. Life Skills Training for First Year Female Students
15 - 16 December 2012
1. SCHEDULE
Session: ____________________________________
8:30 - 8:45 Registration Chairs:
8:45 - 9:00 Welcome and Introduction
9:00 - 9:10 Brainstorming on Concepts of “Gender and Sex”
9:10 - 9:30 Presentation on “Gender Awareness”
9:30 - 9:45 Discussion
9:45 - 10:00 Presentation on Purpose and Vision of Life
10:00 - 10:30 Discussion on ‘How to be Productive & Visionary
Citizens & What is Expected from Us?”
Session: ____________________________________
10:50 - 11:10 Presentation on “Campus Life” /Getting Familiar
with the University Life/Social Life/
Expectations/Drug Abuse/Reproductive Health
Issues
Chairs:
11:10 - 11:40 Group Discussion/Experience Sharing
11:40 - 12:00 Brainstorming and Presentation Assertiveness

38
Session: ____________________________________
2:00-2:10 Reflection on the Morning Session Chairs:
2:10-2:40 Presentation on Assertiveness
2:40-3:00 Individual Exercise
3:00-3:15 Discussion and Experience Sharing
3:15-3:45 Presentation on Positive Personality
3:45-4:00 Group Discussion
Session: ____________________________________
4:20-4:30 Presentation on “Stress” Chairs:
4:30-4:50 Group Discussion on ‘How to Avoid Negative
Stress
4:50-5:00 Discussion

39
Sunday, December 16, 2012
Session: ____________________________________
8:30-8:45 Reflection Session on Day 1 Chairs:
8:45-9:10 Time Management
9:10-9:30 Discussion/Experience Sharing
9:30-10:00 Presentation on Study Skills for First Year
Students
10:00-10:20 Individual Exercise
10:20-10:30 Discussion
Session: ____________________________________
10:50-11:30 Presentation on ‘The Power of Information and
Effective Communication Skills in the
University’ /Getting What We Want
Chairs:
11:30-11:45 Group Discussion
11:45-12:00 Discussion and Summary
Session: ____________________________________
2:00-2:10 Brainstorming on the Needs/Expectations of
Trainees on the CMC Training
Chairs:
2:10-2:30 Presentation on Clubs/Members and Team
Building/Goals/Strategies/Club
Management/Structure
2:30-2:50 Group Exercise and Discussion
2:50-3:15 Action Plan Preparation
3:15-4:00 Group Work
Session: ____________________________________
4:15-4:45 Presentation of Group Work Chairs:
4:45-5:10 Fund Raising/Budgeting /Managing
Meetings/Record Keeping
5:10-5:30 Discussion and Summary

40
2. ABSTRACT
Life Skills Training for First Year Female Science Students
Yodit Aklile Zebene
Pastoralist Forum Ethiopia (PFE) and Institute of Pastoral and Agropastoral
Studies (IPAS), Haramaya University, P.O.Box 251, Haramaya University,
e-mail: yodit_aklile@yahoo.com, yodit.aklile@gmail.com
“Unless we try to do something beyond what we already have mastered, we will
never grow”
As a youth mastering life skills enables us to utilize our knowledge, skills and
time properly and in making ours and others life better. Through applying the
principles of life skills properly, we can have a clear vision and purpose of life,
make our dreams come true, shape a better future, bring a change and be
productive citizens! Responsible citizens often focus on the bigger image.
The training program includes brief explanations and discussions; and
experience sharing on the concepts and principles of life skills mainly on vision
and purpose, leadership and decision making, assertiveness and personal power
enhancement and gender awareness. Due to the deep rooted social and cultural
settings of the community, women and girls lack the ability to communicate their
needs, feelings, opinions and beliefs in an open and honest manner without
violating the rights of others. This is the main reason for the low participation of
girls in class rooms. In order to excel at their education, day to day life or any
discipline, female students must acquire and master certain life skills which will
enhance their personal power. In this training essential life skills will be
discussed in detail. This training will help female students to know and
understand themselves better; live more consciously and deliberately and attain
personal satisfaction and fulfillment which in sum will have a positive effect on
their academic performance.
Assertiveness, gender awareness and personal power enhancement is part and
parcel of personal development which is the pursuit of developing, improving and
mastering the skills that help us become the best that we can, with all that we
have. Time is the most valuable resource a student has. It is also one of the
most wasted of resources. Successful students have good time management and
study habits. They apply these habits to all of their classes. In most cases the

41
reasons for low academic performance of female students are attributed to their
study skills, class room interaction, and adjustment to the school/college and
university. At the end of this training students will have much cleverer
understanding of how to use their time to its greatest effect. Moreover, lack of
adjustment to the college/university environment is one of the reasons for low
academic performance of students. Various concerns of students such as how to
interact and live peacefully with dorm mates; how to use social and economic
supports in the universities; how to interact with seniors; personal hygiene; using
libraries; using student cafeterias and lounges; melancholy and stress etc.. will be
raised and discussed.
3. TRAINING SYLLABUS
The training programme will be introduced as a part of AASDO/ESAN mission for
the year 2012. The training will include assertiveness, gender awareness and
personal power enhancement (life skills); campus life (orientation and preparing
students for college/university); study skills and time management and club
management and communications. From the previous experiences gained from
Haramaya University it has been found out that these trainings have positive
impact in building the positive personality and self-confidence of participants;
improving classroom participation and academic performance of female students;
creating common vision and good interaction among students engaged in
extracurricular activities.
Objectives of the Training
1. Assertiveness, Gender Awareness and Personal Power Enhancement
Assertiveness, gender awareness and personal power enhancement training is
part and parcel of personal development which is the pursuit of developing,
improving and mastering the skill that help us become the best that we can, with
all that we have.
Due to the deep rooted social and cultural settings of the community, women and
girls lack the ability to communicate their needs, feelings, opinions and beliefs in
an open and honest manner without violating the rights of others. This is the
main reason for the low participation of girls in class rooms. In order to excel at

42
their education, day to day life or any discipline, female students must acquire
and master certain life skills which will enhance their personal power.
In this training essential life skills will be discussed in detail. This training will
help female students to know and understand themselves better; live more
consciously and deliberately and attain personal satisfaction and fulfillment
which in sum will have a positive effect on their academic performance.
2. Study Skills and Time management
Time is the most valuable resource a student has. It is also one of the most
wasted of resources. Successful students have good time management and study
habits. They apply these habits to all of their classes. In most cases the reasons
for low academic performance of female students are attributed to their study
skills, class room interaction, and adjustment to the school/college and
university.
At the end of this training students will have much cleverer understanding of how
to use their time to its greatest effect. Outstanding students will share best
experiences and motivate participants.
3. Club Management and Communication
This training enables a club members and leaders to form and develop mutually
beneficial relationship in order to co-exist and work together with peers and club
members. Topics such as defining and describing clubs activities and role of
stakeholders; preparing action plan; implementing and monitoring club activities;
documentation; leadership and decision making skills will be discussed.
4. Campus Life (Orientation on Preparing Ourselves for Campus)
As indicated above lack of adjustment to the college/ university environment and
campus life is one of the reasons for low academic performance of students.
Various concerns of students such as how to interact and live peacefully with
dorm mates; how to use social and economic supports in the universities; how to
interact with seniors; personal hygiene; using libraries; using student cafeterias
and lounges; melancholy and stress etc will be raised and discussed. Target
groups for this training/orientation programmed will be students who will join
colleges/universities in the year 2012/2013.

43
III. Remote Sensing and Emerging Technologies
21 – 23 December 2012
SCHEDULE, ABSTRACTS & TRAINING
SYLLABI

44
1. Current Research & Education in Material Science
22 December 2012
1. SCHEDULE
Session: ____________________________________
8:30 – 8:40 Opening Remarks,
Mr. Atikilit Alemayehu,
Dean, FNCS, Univ. Of Gondar
Chair:
Organizers
8:40 – 9:25 Structural and Optical Properties of AlxOy / Pt /
AlxOy Multilayer Absorber
Z Y. Nuru
iThemba LABS, National Research
Foundation, South Africa.
9:25 – 10:00 Undergraduate Course in Physics of Materials
Dr. Abebe Kebede,
NCAT State University, USA
Session: ____________________________________
10:20 – 11:00 Introducing ESAN for Students & Instructors
Dr. Abebe Kebede,
NCAT State University, USA
Chair:
Mr. Atkilit A
11:00 – 12:00 General Discussion

45
2. ABSTRACT
Structural and Optical Properties of AlxOy / Pt / AlxOy Multilayer Absorber
Z Y. Nuru1, 2, C.J. Arendse2, and M. Maaza1, 2
1 NANOAFNET, MRD- iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, P. O. Box 722
Somerset West, South Africa.
2 Department of Physics, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Belleville,
South Africa.
AlxOy-Pt-AlxOy interference-type multilayer films were deposited using electron
beam (e-beam) vacuum evaporator onto corning 1737 glass, silicon (111) and
copper substrates at room temperature. The studies were optimized to achieve
high solar absorptance ~ 0.94±0.01 and low thermal emittance ~ 0.06±0.01 at
300oC. Since the thickness of the layers determine the shape and position of the
reflectance cure, it was carefully optimized and measured using Rutherford
backscattering spectrometer (RBS) and profilometry, which was found to be
AlxOy~ 900Å/ Pt ~ 70Å/ AlxOy ~ 400Å. The RBS data of AlxOy /Pt/AlxOy multilayer
absorber indicated that AlxOy layers present in the coating were non-
stochiometeric, which was also confirmed by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy
(EDS). X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) result indicated that the films had Pt (111)
orientation with a pyramid structure. The morphology of the films determined
through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) appeared to be spheroidal in shape
of some large Pt grains, the size of which were ~ 100-250nm, and some small
grains, the size of which were less than 100nm inlaid in and between the rim of
aluminium oxide. The variation of optical constants (n and k) with wavelength
was obtained from measured reflectance and transmittance data. Atomic force
microscopy (AFM), spectrophotometer, emissometer and optical simulation were
also used to characterize the multilayer absorber.

46
Undergraduate Course in Physics of Materials
Dr. Abebe Kebede,
Department of Physics, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical University, USA
Strand materials that exhibit the superconductive and magnetic phenomena are
presented. We also discuss about synthesis, and analysis of the materials by and
establish the optimum processing parameters to produce high quality materials
and basic characterization at low temperatures magnetic fields. The
measurements include magnetization, specific heat, electrical conductivity,
critical current density and related quantities. This presentation includes recent
data combined with and discussion on the possible course design on physics of
materials that can be commonly taught by a multiple of institutions.

47
2. Training & Workshop on Remote Sensing
21 – 23 December 2012
Postponed to other dates (to be announced soon)!
3. Emerging Technologies & Green Energy
21 – 23 December 2012
Postponed to other dates (to be announced soon)!

48
RUN 4 SCIENCE
16 December 2012
DEVELOPMENT
&

We are Committed to Serve the Country!
TECHNOLOGY
13 – 23 December, 2012, UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

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