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Computer History
2history.ppt 21-Jan-03
Charles Babbage
English inventor
1791-1871
taught math at
Cambridge University
invented a viable
mechanical computer
equivalent to modern
digital computers
3history.ppt 21-Jan-03
Babbage’s first computer
difference engine
built in early 1800’s
special purpose calculator
naval navigation charts
4history.ppt 21-Jan-03
Babbage’s second computer
Analytical engine
general-purpose
used binary system
punched cards as input
branch on result of
previous instruction
Ada Lovelace (first
programmer)
machined parts not
accurate enough
never quite completed
analytical engine, 1834
5history.ppt 21-Jan-03
invention of the light bulb, 1878
Sir Joseph Wilson Swan
English physicist and electrician
first public exhibit of a light bulb in 1878
Thomas Edison
American inventor, working independently of Swan
public exhibit of a light bulb in 1879
had a conducting filament mounted in a glass bulb from
which the air was evacuated leaving a vacuum
passing electricity through the filament caused it to heat up,
become incandescent and radiate light
the vacuum prevented the filament from oxidizing and
burning up
6history.ppt 21-Jan-03
Edison’s legacy
Edison continued to experiment with light bulbs
in 1883, he detected electrons flowing through
the vacuum of a light bulb
from the lighted filament
to a metal plate mounted inside the bulb
this became known as the Edison Effect
he did not develop this any further
7history.ppt 21-Jan-03
invention of the diode (late 1800’s)
John Ambrose Fleming
an English physicist
studied Edison effect
to detect radio waves and to convert them to electricity
developed a two-element vacuum tube
known as a diode
electrons flow within the tube
from the negatively charged cathode
to the positively charged anode
today, a diode is used in circuits as a rectifier
8history.ppt 21-Jan-03
the switching vacuum tube, 1906
Lee de Forest introduced a third
electrode into the vacuum tube
American inventor
the new vacuum tube was called a
triode
new electrode was called a grid
this tube could be used as both an
amplifier and a switch
many of the early radio transmitters were built by de Forest
using triodes
triodes revolutionized the field of broadcasting
their ability to act as switches would later be important in
digital computing
9history.ppt 21-Jan-03
on/off switches in digital computers
earliest:
electromechanical relays
solenoid with mechanical contact points
physical switch closes when electricity animates magnet
1940’s:
vacuum tubes
no physical contacts to break or get dirty
became available in early 1900’s
mainly used in radios at first
1950’s to present
transistors
invented at Bell Labs in 1948
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley
Nobel prize, 1956
10history.ppt 21-Jan-03
electromechanical relay
11history.ppt 21-Jan-03
photo of an electromechanical relay
12history.ppt 21-Jan-03
transistor evolution
later packaged in small IC’s
eventually came VLSI
Very Large Scale Integration
millions of transistors per chip
first transistor made from materials
including a paper clip and a razor
blade
13history.ppt 21-Jan-03
the integrated circuit (IC)
invented separately by 2 people ~1958
Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments
Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor (1958-59)
1974
Intel introduces the 8080 processor
one of the first “single-chip” microprocessors
14history.ppt 21-Jan-03
IC’s are fabricated many at a time
15history.ppt 21-Jan-03
functional view of transistor contents
16history.ppt 21-Jan-03
a TTL chip
17history.ppt 21-Jan-03
Moore’s law
deals with steady rate of miniaturizion of technology
named for Intel co-founder Gordon Moore
not really a law
more a “rule of thumb”
a practical way to think about something
observation that chip density about doubles every 18
months
also, prices decline
first described in 1965
experts predict this trend might continue until ~2020
limited when size reaches molecular level
18history.ppt 21-Jan-03
transistors - building blocks of computers
microprocessors contain many transistors
(ENIAC): 19,500 vacuum tubes and relays
Intel 8088 processor (1st PC): 29,000 transistors
Intel Pentium II processor: 7 million transistors
Intel Pentium III processor: 28 million transistors
Intel Pentium 4 processor: 42 million transistors
logically, each transistor acts as an on-off switch
transistors combined to implement logic gates
AND, OR, NOT
gates combined to build higher-level structures
adder, multiplexor, decoder, register, …
19history.ppt 21-Jan-03
Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), 1940’s
an early computer
developed at UPenn
Size: 30’ x 50’ room
18,000 vacuum tubes
1500 relays
weighed 30 tons
designers
John Mauchly
J. Presper Eckert
20history.ppt 21-Jan-03
Intel 8088 microprocessor (single chip)
used in first IBM personal computer
IBM PC released in 1981
4.77 MHz clock
16 bit integers, with an 8-bit data bus
transfers took two steps (a byte at a time)
1 Mb of physical memory address limitation
8-bit device-controlling chips
29,000 transistors
3-micron technology
speed was 0.33 MIPS
later version had 8 MHz clock
speed was 0.75 MIPS.
electrical paths now
as small as .13 micron
Pentium 4 chip has
42 million transistors
21history.ppt 21-Jan-03
Moore’s Law example
DEC
PDP-11,
mid 1970’s
DEC
LSI-11,
Early 1980’s
These 2 computers were functionally equivalent.
22history.ppt 21-Jan-03
Thank you for
watching

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About Computer history

  • 2. 2history.ppt 21-Jan-03 Charles Babbage English inventor 1791-1871 taught math at Cambridge University invented a viable mechanical computer equivalent to modern digital computers
  • 3. 3history.ppt 21-Jan-03 Babbage’s first computer difference engine built in early 1800’s special purpose calculator naval navigation charts
  • 4. 4history.ppt 21-Jan-03 Babbage’s second computer Analytical engine general-purpose used binary system punched cards as input branch on result of previous instruction Ada Lovelace (first programmer) machined parts not accurate enough never quite completed analytical engine, 1834
  • 5. 5history.ppt 21-Jan-03 invention of the light bulb, 1878 Sir Joseph Wilson Swan English physicist and electrician first public exhibit of a light bulb in 1878 Thomas Edison American inventor, working independently of Swan public exhibit of a light bulb in 1879 had a conducting filament mounted in a glass bulb from which the air was evacuated leaving a vacuum passing electricity through the filament caused it to heat up, become incandescent and radiate light the vacuum prevented the filament from oxidizing and burning up
  • 6. 6history.ppt 21-Jan-03 Edison’s legacy Edison continued to experiment with light bulbs in 1883, he detected electrons flowing through the vacuum of a light bulb from the lighted filament to a metal plate mounted inside the bulb this became known as the Edison Effect he did not develop this any further
  • 7. 7history.ppt 21-Jan-03 invention of the diode (late 1800’s) John Ambrose Fleming an English physicist studied Edison effect to detect radio waves and to convert them to electricity developed a two-element vacuum tube known as a diode electrons flow within the tube from the negatively charged cathode to the positively charged anode today, a diode is used in circuits as a rectifier
  • 8. 8history.ppt 21-Jan-03 the switching vacuum tube, 1906 Lee de Forest introduced a third electrode into the vacuum tube American inventor the new vacuum tube was called a triode new electrode was called a grid this tube could be used as both an amplifier and a switch many of the early radio transmitters were built by de Forest using triodes triodes revolutionized the field of broadcasting their ability to act as switches would later be important in digital computing
  • 9. 9history.ppt 21-Jan-03 on/off switches in digital computers earliest: electromechanical relays solenoid with mechanical contact points physical switch closes when electricity animates magnet 1940’s: vacuum tubes no physical contacts to break or get dirty became available in early 1900’s mainly used in radios at first 1950’s to present transistors invented at Bell Labs in 1948 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley Nobel prize, 1956
  • 11. 11history.ppt 21-Jan-03 photo of an electromechanical relay
  • 12. 12history.ppt 21-Jan-03 transistor evolution later packaged in small IC’s eventually came VLSI Very Large Scale Integration millions of transistors per chip first transistor made from materials including a paper clip and a razor blade
  • 13. 13history.ppt 21-Jan-03 the integrated circuit (IC) invented separately by 2 people ~1958 Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor (1958-59) 1974 Intel introduces the 8080 processor one of the first “single-chip” microprocessors
  • 14. 14history.ppt 21-Jan-03 IC’s are fabricated many at a time
  • 15. 15history.ppt 21-Jan-03 functional view of transistor contents
  • 17. 17history.ppt 21-Jan-03 Moore’s law deals with steady rate of miniaturizion of technology named for Intel co-founder Gordon Moore not really a law more a “rule of thumb” a practical way to think about something observation that chip density about doubles every 18 months also, prices decline first described in 1965 experts predict this trend might continue until ~2020 limited when size reaches molecular level
  • 18. 18history.ppt 21-Jan-03 transistors - building blocks of computers microprocessors contain many transistors (ENIAC): 19,500 vacuum tubes and relays Intel 8088 processor (1st PC): 29,000 transistors Intel Pentium II processor: 7 million transistors Intel Pentium III processor: 28 million transistors Intel Pentium 4 processor: 42 million transistors logically, each transistor acts as an on-off switch transistors combined to implement logic gates AND, OR, NOT gates combined to build higher-level structures adder, multiplexor, decoder, register, …
  • 19. 19history.ppt 21-Jan-03 Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), 1940’s an early computer developed at UPenn Size: 30’ x 50’ room 18,000 vacuum tubes 1500 relays weighed 30 tons designers John Mauchly J. Presper Eckert
  • 20. 20history.ppt 21-Jan-03 Intel 8088 microprocessor (single chip) used in first IBM personal computer IBM PC released in 1981 4.77 MHz clock 16 bit integers, with an 8-bit data bus transfers took two steps (a byte at a time) 1 Mb of physical memory address limitation 8-bit device-controlling chips 29,000 transistors 3-micron technology speed was 0.33 MIPS later version had 8 MHz clock speed was 0.75 MIPS. electrical paths now as small as .13 micron Pentium 4 chip has 42 million transistors
  • 21. 21history.ppt 21-Jan-03 Moore’s Law example DEC PDP-11, mid 1970’s DEC LSI-11, Early 1980’s These 2 computers were functionally equivalent.