The patient began vision therapy after suffering brain injury from choking. Initial prognosis was guarded. Goals were to improve fixation, tracking, visual attention, and eye movements. Activities using a spinning light target and body rolls showed positive responses, with improved fixation and attempted rolling. Activities using toys showed less response. Evaluation found impaired saccades and pursuits due to brain injury. Vision therapy is ongoing to improve function and quality of life.
This document provides an introduction to posterior hip dislocation, including definitions, causes, symptoms, and treatment. It then presents a case study of an 8-year-old male patient from Masbate, Philippines who suffered a posterior dislocation of the right hip after falling from a tree two weeks prior. He was unable to walk since the incident. Upon examination at the hospital, he displayed limited range of motion and tenderness in the right hip. He was diagnosed with posterior hip dislocation of the right hip and prescribed balance skeletal traction to aid in reduction.
1) Hearing loss in children can be caused by many congenital and acquired factors and can have significant negative impacts on development if not identified early.
2) Universal newborn hearing screening aims to detect hearing loss by 1 month of age through the use of otoacoustic emission (OAE) testing and auditory brainstem response (ABR) to minimize delays in intervention.
3) Any infant who fails the initial newborn hearing screen should receive a full audiological evaluation by 3 months of age to confirm and characterize the hearing loss so that appropriate treatment can begin.
CP-Care curriculum, training course and assessment mechanism (ECVET based)
Website: http://cpcare.eu/en/
This project (CP-CARE - 2016-1-TR01-KA202-035094) has been funded with support from the European Commission. This communication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
2014 guilleminault towards restoration of continuous nasal breathing as ultim...Claire Ferrari
This document discusses the treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea and aims to establish continuous nasal breathing as the ultimate treatment goal. It reviews how adenotonsillectomy is often an initial treatment but has decreasing long-term benefits, and suggests this may be because normal nasal breathing is not fully restored. The document discusses experimental and clinical evidence that chronic oral breathing can negatively impact craniofacial growth and airway development over time. It proposes that completely treating sleep disordered breathing in children means normalizing nasal breathing during sleep.
The document discusses cerebral palsy, defining it as a group of disorders affecting movement that appear in early life. It notes potential causes can include maternal infections during pregnancy, jaundice in newborns, abnormal prenatal brain development, or disturbances to prenatal brain circulation. Risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, complicated delivery, or maternal health problems during pregnancy. The document outlines signs of different types of cerebral palsy and recommends seeking medical advice if developmental milestones are not met. It also covers tests, diagnosis, treatments including physical, occupational and speech therapy, and prevention strategies like immunization and prenatal care.
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and muscle coordination, appearing in early childhood and caused by abnormalities in brain development or damage to the brain. Possible causes include maternal infection during pregnancy, jaundice in newborns, genetic or metabolic disorders, or disturbances to brain circulation before birth similar to a stroke. Risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, complicated delivery, and maternal health problems during pregnancy. Treatment involves physical, occupational and speech therapy, orthotics, medications, and sometimes surgery.
Cardio-vascular and psychoneurological pathologies are the main topic of R&D Centre "Veritas" - www.angio-veritas.com and Clinic of vascular innovations - www.inno-health.com (Clinic of healthy vessels) medical activity. We have used a unique technology for individual angiotherapy with evidence-based technologies for vascular screening and angiomarkers with the aim to restore brain and spinal disorders at the various stages of the disease. We have treated the following diseases: https://inno-health.com/en/mylikuemo/
The author of these technologies is Ulyana Lushchyk, Acad. of Ukrainian Academy of Technological Science - www.Lushchyk.org
Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan is presenting on cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture due to damage to the brain. The presentation covers the causes of cerebral palsy, types of cerebral palsy, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment including medication, therapy, surgery and assistive devices, and prevention strategies.
This document provides an introduction to posterior hip dislocation, including definitions, causes, symptoms, and treatment. It then presents a case study of an 8-year-old male patient from Masbate, Philippines who suffered a posterior dislocation of the right hip after falling from a tree two weeks prior. He was unable to walk since the incident. Upon examination at the hospital, he displayed limited range of motion and tenderness in the right hip. He was diagnosed with posterior hip dislocation of the right hip and prescribed balance skeletal traction to aid in reduction.
1) Hearing loss in children can be caused by many congenital and acquired factors and can have significant negative impacts on development if not identified early.
2) Universal newborn hearing screening aims to detect hearing loss by 1 month of age through the use of otoacoustic emission (OAE) testing and auditory brainstem response (ABR) to minimize delays in intervention.
3) Any infant who fails the initial newborn hearing screen should receive a full audiological evaluation by 3 months of age to confirm and characterize the hearing loss so that appropriate treatment can begin.
CP-Care curriculum, training course and assessment mechanism (ECVET based)
Website: http://cpcare.eu/en/
This project (CP-CARE - 2016-1-TR01-KA202-035094) has been funded with support from the European Commission. This communication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
2014 guilleminault towards restoration of continuous nasal breathing as ultim...Claire Ferrari
This document discusses the treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea and aims to establish continuous nasal breathing as the ultimate treatment goal. It reviews how adenotonsillectomy is often an initial treatment but has decreasing long-term benefits, and suggests this may be because normal nasal breathing is not fully restored. The document discusses experimental and clinical evidence that chronic oral breathing can negatively impact craniofacial growth and airway development over time. It proposes that completely treating sleep disordered breathing in children means normalizing nasal breathing during sleep.
The document discusses cerebral palsy, defining it as a group of disorders affecting movement that appear in early life. It notes potential causes can include maternal infections during pregnancy, jaundice in newborns, abnormal prenatal brain development, or disturbances to prenatal brain circulation. Risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, complicated delivery, or maternal health problems during pregnancy. The document outlines signs of different types of cerebral palsy and recommends seeking medical advice if developmental milestones are not met. It also covers tests, diagnosis, treatments including physical, occupational and speech therapy, and prevention strategies like immunization and prenatal care.
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and muscle coordination, appearing in early childhood and caused by abnormalities in brain development or damage to the brain. Possible causes include maternal infection during pregnancy, jaundice in newborns, genetic or metabolic disorders, or disturbances to brain circulation before birth similar to a stroke. Risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, complicated delivery, and maternal health problems during pregnancy. Treatment involves physical, occupational and speech therapy, orthotics, medications, and sometimes surgery.
Cardio-vascular and psychoneurological pathologies are the main topic of R&D Centre "Veritas" - www.angio-veritas.com and Clinic of vascular innovations - www.inno-health.com (Clinic of healthy vessels) medical activity. We have used a unique technology for individual angiotherapy with evidence-based technologies for vascular screening and angiomarkers with the aim to restore brain and spinal disorders at the various stages of the disease. We have treated the following diseases: https://inno-health.com/en/mylikuemo/
The author of these technologies is Ulyana Lushchyk, Acad. of Ukrainian Academy of Technological Science - www.Lushchyk.org
Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan is presenting on cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture due to damage to the brain. The presentation covers the causes of cerebral palsy, types of cerebral palsy, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment including medication, therapy, surgery and assistive devices, and prevention strategies.
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy, including its definition, causes, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing considerations, complications, and educational options. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders caused by damage to the developing brain that affects movement and posture. The main types are spastic, dyskinetic, and mixed. Treatment involves rehabilitation, physical/occupational therapy, medications, and assistive devices to improve function and independence. Nursing focuses on meeting physical, educational and psychosocial needs.
What is the best evidence for physiotherapy in cheldren with cerebral palsy? ...Teletón Paraguay
Physiotherapy is most effective for children with cerebral palsy when it focuses on function, is directed by child and family goals, and takes place in natural settings like home and community. Interventions should actively engage the child and be grounded in evidence from clinical trials. While cerebral palsy has no cure, physiotherapy principles based on exercise physiology, motor learning, and neuroscience can help improve a child's strength, mobility, and participation through repetitive, task-specific training that facilitates neuroplasticity. The level of a child's cerebral palsy also informs realistic, achievable therapy goals.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological condition caused by brain injury before development is complete, affecting motor control and muscle tone. Exercise rehabilitation programs aim to improve motor skills, reduce symptoms like spasticity, and enhance independence. Programs are individualized and include stretching, strengthening, balance activities, and tasks practicing daily living skills. Regular exercise can maintain function and quality of life for those with CP.
This document provides information on cerebral palsy, including its causes, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and management. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture, caused by non-progressive brain damage early in development. It involves motor impairments as well as disturbances of sensation, perception, communication, cognition, and behavior. Common types include spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic cerebral palsy. Treatment is multidisciplinary and focuses on medical management, therapies, surgery, and nursing care to improve symptoms and quality of life.
Cerebral palsy is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impaired muscle tone, movement, and motor skills, caused by non-progressive disturbances in the developing fetal or infant brain. It is a heterogeneous syndrome with varied presentations. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach including physical therapy, medications to manage spasticity and other symptoms, surgery, nutrition support, and social services. Prognosis depends on factors like severity of impairment, birth weight, intelligence, physical and communication abilities, and access to care.
Sleep Health Issues for Children with FASD: Clinical ConsiderationsBARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
This document discusses sleep health issues for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Children with FASD frequently experience severe and persistent sleep disturbances that can negatively impact daily activities, cognition, behavior, health, and management. However, few health professionals are familiar with both FASD and sleep disorders. The types of sleep disorders seen in children with FASD are similar to those seen in children with other forms of severe cognitive impairment and brain damage, such as difficulties falling asleep, frequent night awakenings, and early morning wakings. Effective treatment of sleep issues is important for children with FASD, yet comprehensive information on managing their sleep disturbances is lacking.
This document provides an overview of Module 4 which discusses the physical and mental dimensions of disabilities. It covers several topics: the newborn with a disability as a new family member and the adjustments families must make; various congenital disabilities and birth defects including chromosomal and genetic disorders; and neurodevelopmental disabilities like cerebral palsy and sensory impairments. For each condition, the module aims to provide parents with a balanced understanding of functional limitations and prognosis so they have realistic expectations about caring for their child. It emphasizes that despite challenges, children with disabilities can still find joy in life with love and support from their family.
This document provides guidelines for investigating and managing cerebral palsy. It discusses various radiological investigations including MRI and CT scans to evaluate brain damage and identify risks. It also discusses potential helpful laboratory tests to rule out other causes, though there are no definitive lab tests for cerebral palsy. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including physicians, therapists, and other specialists. Management seeks to improve functions, prevent deformities through stretching and positioning, and may include oral medications, intrathecal baclofen, botulinum toxin injections, orthopedic surgery, or selective dorsal rhizotomy. The overall goal is maximum physical, social and vocational independence through rehabilitation.
This document provides information on cerebral palsy (CP), including its definition, classifications, etiology, clinical presentation, treatments, and associated disorders. CP is defined as a non-progressive disorder of movement and posture due to disturbances in the developing brain. It is classified based on physiology, topography, and etiology. The most common types are spastic CP (65%) and athetoid CP (10%). Prenatal factors cause 70-80% of cases. Clinical features include impaired movement, speech defects, cognitive impairments, and seizures. Treatments include physical therapy, orthotics, spasticity control, orthopedic surgery, and selective dorsal rhizotomy. CP is often accompanied by intellectual disability
An overview of cerebral palsy = الشلل الدماغيRahma ShahBahai
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders caused by damage to the developing brain. The damage can occur before, during, or after birth from injury or illness. CP affects muscle tone, movement, and motor skills. There are several types of CP defined by the parts of the body affected and the brain areas damaged. Common signs include poor muscle control, feeding difficulties, and developmental delays. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through exams and tests. Treatment is multidisciplinary and focuses on rehabilitation, physical therapy, medications, and surgery to improve function and independence over time. The earlier treatment begins, the more improvement can be made.
A new treatment system to avoid the use of conventional orthodontic braces following extraction. more of an orthodontic presentation but has a high scope in pedodontics too.
This document discusses various classification systems used for cerebral palsy (CP). It outlines definitions for different types of motor impairments seen in CP including spasticity, dystonia, hypertonia, and hyperkinetic movements. It also discusses classifications of limb distribution and negative motor signs. The goal of developing standardized classification systems is to improve communication between clinicians and researchers to better understand treatment outcomes.
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy (CP), including its causes, risk factors, classification, associated problems, and rehabilitation/physiotherapy approaches. CP is caused by non-progressive brain damage early in life, often during fetal development, and results in impaired movement and posture. It is the most common childhood physical disability. Rehabilitation aims to improve mobility and function through exercises, positioning, stretching, and bracing to address issues like muscle shortening and joint contractures. A physiotherapy regimen is developed based on each child's specific problems.
Treatment of children with cerebral palsy is a highly multidisciplinary approach involving medical professionals. Doctors diagnose the type of cerebral palsy and develop treatment plans that may include physical therapy from physiotherapists or medications advised by pharmacists. The goal is to enhance mobility and functional ability through various conservative and invasive medical interventions while educating caregivers on home exercises.
When we interact with people with profound learning diffi culties, we often experience that the contact breaks down. These breakdowns may be caused by instability in attention in people with profound learning diffi culties. Instability in attention may be a consequence of dysfunction in many dimensions like immature central nervous system, reduced cognitive development, epilepsy and lack of adjustment in the environment. To stabilize attention in these people we need models that include all these different dimensions. This paper offers a description of a boy with profound learning diffi culties, who had instability in his attention, and what dimensions we took into consideration. to get his attention more stable. This creates a draft of a model for stabilization of attention for people with profound learning difficulties.
Heterophoria and heterotropia refer to relative and manifest deviations of the visual axes. Statement b is wrong - in heterophoria, motor fusion is adequate to maintain alignment only when viewing with both eyes, not in higher degrees of heterophoria where suppression and high stereoscopic thresholds may be present. The most common type of phoria associated with uncorrected hyperopia is exophoria. Exophoria is also more common in hypermetropia. Oculomotor nerve palsy may be congenital, causes pupil involvement suggesting a medical cause, and warrants neuro-radiological investigation rather than just laser treatment.
The document discusses various aspects of orthodontic diagnosis including:
1. Examination methods like radiography, models, and facial/intraoral photos are essential for diagnosis.
2. Diagnosis involves recognizing the problem, formulating it, interpreting examination results, and determining the overall orthodontic problem.
3. A comprehensive diagnosis summarizes the most important facts without insignificant details.
This document discusses cerebral palsy (CP), including its definition, types, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment/management approaches. CP is a group of disorders that impair movement and posture due to non-progressive brain damage early in development. It has a prevalence of about 4 per 1,000 live births. The main types are spastic, dyskinetic, atonic, and mixed. Causes include genetic factors, issues with the mother or pregnancy, perinatal complications, postnatal infections or injuries, and lack of oxygen. Signs vary depending on severity but may include abnormal movements, poor head control, feeding difficulties, and developmental delays. Treatment aims to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and support development
This document describes a clinical study examining the development of long-term visual knowledge in three children with visual agnosia due to early brain lesions. All three children exhibited apperceptive visual agnosia and impaired visual memory. Their visual recognition deficits and memory impairments were assessed initially and over time. The study found that processing degraded visual perceptions from birth can result in impoverished long-term memories, though memory impairment may improve longitudinally and be modulated by object properties. The interaction between perception and memory during development influences the construction of visual representations.
The document discusses the development of vision in children from birth through early childhood. It covers the maturation of anatomical structures like the retina, lens, and visual cortex. Key developmental milestones are discussed such as the development of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, binocular vision, and refractive error. The critical period of visual development is noted to be the first few years of life when the visual system is most plastic. Parents are encouraged to provide a normal visual environment to support healthy visual maturation in children.
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy, including its definition, causes, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing considerations, complications, and educational options. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders caused by damage to the developing brain that affects movement and posture. The main types are spastic, dyskinetic, and mixed. Treatment involves rehabilitation, physical/occupational therapy, medications, and assistive devices to improve function and independence. Nursing focuses on meeting physical, educational and psychosocial needs.
What is the best evidence for physiotherapy in cheldren with cerebral palsy? ...Teletón Paraguay
Physiotherapy is most effective for children with cerebral palsy when it focuses on function, is directed by child and family goals, and takes place in natural settings like home and community. Interventions should actively engage the child and be grounded in evidence from clinical trials. While cerebral palsy has no cure, physiotherapy principles based on exercise physiology, motor learning, and neuroscience can help improve a child's strength, mobility, and participation through repetitive, task-specific training that facilitates neuroplasticity. The level of a child's cerebral palsy also informs realistic, achievable therapy goals.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological condition caused by brain injury before development is complete, affecting motor control and muscle tone. Exercise rehabilitation programs aim to improve motor skills, reduce symptoms like spasticity, and enhance independence. Programs are individualized and include stretching, strengthening, balance activities, and tasks practicing daily living skills. Regular exercise can maintain function and quality of life for those with CP.
This document provides information on cerebral palsy, including its causes, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and management. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture, caused by non-progressive brain damage early in development. It involves motor impairments as well as disturbances of sensation, perception, communication, cognition, and behavior. Common types include spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic cerebral palsy. Treatment is multidisciplinary and focuses on medical management, therapies, surgery, and nursing care to improve symptoms and quality of life.
Cerebral palsy is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impaired muscle tone, movement, and motor skills, caused by non-progressive disturbances in the developing fetal or infant brain. It is a heterogeneous syndrome with varied presentations. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach including physical therapy, medications to manage spasticity and other symptoms, surgery, nutrition support, and social services. Prognosis depends on factors like severity of impairment, birth weight, intelligence, physical and communication abilities, and access to care.
Sleep Health Issues for Children with FASD: Clinical ConsiderationsBARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
This document discusses sleep health issues for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Children with FASD frequently experience severe and persistent sleep disturbances that can negatively impact daily activities, cognition, behavior, health, and management. However, few health professionals are familiar with both FASD and sleep disorders. The types of sleep disorders seen in children with FASD are similar to those seen in children with other forms of severe cognitive impairment and brain damage, such as difficulties falling asleep, frequent night awakenings, and early morning wakings. Effective treatment of sleep issues is important for children with FASD, yet comprehensive information on managing their sleep disturbances is lacking.
This document provides an overview of Module 4 which discusses the physical and mental dimensions of disabilities. It covers several topics: the newborn with a disability as a new family member and the adjustments families must make; various congenital disabilities and birth defects including chromosomal and genetic disorders; and neurodevelopmental disabilities like cerebral palsy and sensory impairments. For each condition, the module aims to provide parents with a balanced understanding of functional limitations and prognosis so they have realistic expectations about caring for their child. It emphasizes that despite challenges, children with disabilities can still find joy in life with love and support from their family.
This document provides guidelines for investigating and managing cerebral palsy. It discusses various radiological investigations including MRI and CT scans to evaluate brain damage and identify risks. It also discusses potential helpful laboratory tests to rule out other causes, though there are no definitive lab tests for cerebral palsy. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including physicians, therapists, and other specialists. Management seeks to improve functions, prevent deformities through stretching and positioning, and may include oral medications, intrathecal baclofen, botulinum toxin injections, orthopedic surgery, or selective dorsal rhizotomy. The overall goal is maximum physical, social and vocational independence through rehabilitation.
This document provides information on cerebral palsy (CP), including its definition, classifications, etiology, clinical presentation, treatments, and associated disorders. CP is defined as a non-progressive disorder of movement and posture due to disturbances in the developing brain. It is classified based on physiology, topography, and etiology. The most common types are spastic CP (65%) and athetoid CP (10%). Prenatal factors cause 70-80% of cases. Clinical features include impaired movement, speech defects, cognitive impairments, and seizures. Treatments include physical therapy, orthotics, spasticity control, orthopedic surgery, and selective dorsal rhizotomy. CP is often accompanied by intellectual disability
An overview of cerebral palsy = الشلل الدماغيRahma ShahBahai
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders caused by damage to the developing brain. The damage can occur before, during, or after birth from injury or illness. CP affects muscle tone, movement, and motor skills. There are several types of CP defined by the parts of the body affected and the brain areas damaged. Common signs include poor muscle control, feeding difficulties, and developmental delays. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through exams and tests. Treatment is multidisciplinary and focuses on rehabilitation, physical therapy, medications, and surgery to improve function and independence over time. The earlier treatment begins, the more improvement can be made.
A new treatment system to avoid the use of conventional orthodontic braces following extraction. more of an orthodontic presentation but has a high scope in pedodontics too.
This document discusses various classification systems used for cerebral palsy (CP). It outlines definitions for different types of motor impairments seen in CP including spasticity, dystonia, hypertonia, and hyperkinetic movements. It also discusses classifications of limb distribution and negative motor signs. The goal of developing standardized classification systems is to improve communication between clinicians and researchers to better understand treatment outcomes.
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy (CP), including its causes, risk factors, classification, associated problems, and rehabilitation/physiotherapy approaches. CP is caused by non-progressive brain damage early in life, often during fetal development, and results in impaired movement and posture. It is the most common childhood physical disability. Rehabilitation aims to improve mobility and function through exercises, positioning, stretching, and bracing to address issues like muscle shortening and joint contractures. A physiotherapy regimen is developed based on each child's specific problems.
Treatment of children with cerebral palsy is a highly multidisciplinary approach involving medical professionals. Doctors diagnose the type of cerebral palsy and develop treatment plans that may include physical therapy from physiotherapists or medications advised by pharmacists. The goal is to enhance mobility and functional ability through various conservative and invasive medical interventions while educating caregivers on home exercises.
When we interact with people with profound learning diffi culties, we often experience that the contact breaks down. These breakdowns may be caused by instability in attention in people with profound learning diffi culties. Instability in attention may be a consequence of dysfunction in many dimensions like immature central nervous system, reduced cognitive development, epilepsy and lack of adjustment in the environment. To stabilize attention in these people we need models that include all these different dimensions. This paper offers a description of a boy with profound learning diffi culties, who had instability in his attention, and what dimensions we took into consideration. to get his attention more stable. This creates a draft of a model for stabilization of attention for people with profound learning difficulties.
Heterophoria and heterotropia refer to relative and manifest deviations of the visual axes. Statement b is wrong - in heterophoria, motor fusion is adequate to maintain alignment only when viewing with both eyes, not in higher degrees of heterophoria where suppression and high stereoscopic thresholds may be present. The most common type of phoria associated with uncorrected hyperopia is exophoria. Exophoria is also more common in hypermetropia. Oculomotor nerve palsy may be congenital, causes pupil involvement suggesting a medical cause, and warrants neuro-radiological investigation rather than just laser treatment.
The document discusses various aspects of orthodontic diagnosis including:
1. Examination methods like radiography, models, and facial/intraoral photos are essential for diagnosis.
2. Diagnosis involves recognizing the problem, formulating it, interpreting examination results, and determining the overall orthodontic problem.
3. A comprehensive diagnosis summarizes the most important facts without insignificant details.
This document discusses cerebral palsy (CP), including its definition, types, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment/management approaches. CP is a group of disorders that impair movement and posture due to non-progressive brain damage early in development. It has a prevalence of about 4 per 1,000 live births. The main types are spastic, dyskinetic, atonic, and mixed. Causes include genetic factors, issues with the mother or pregnancy, perinatal complications, postnatal infections or injuries, and lack of oxygen. Signs vary depending on severity but may include abnormal movements, poor head control, feeding difficulties, and developmental delays. Treatment aims to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and support development
This document describes a clinical study examining the development of long-term visual knowledge in three children with visual agnosia due to early brain lesions. All three children exhibited apperceptive visual agnosia and impaired visual memory. Their visual recognition deficits and memory impairments were assessed initially and over time. The study found that processing degraded visual perceptions from birth can result in impoverished long-term memories, though memory impairment may improve longitudinally and be modulated by object properties. The interaction between perception and memory during development influences the construction of visual representations.
The document discusses the development of vision in children from birth through early childhood. It covers the maturation of anatomical structures like the retina, lens, and visual cortex. Key developmental milestones are discussed such as the development of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, binocular vision, and refractive error. The critical period of visual development is noted to be the first few years of life when the visual system is most plastic. Parents are encouraged to provide a normal visual environment to support healthy visual maturation in children.
Visual Evoked Potential in Normal and Amblyopic Childreniosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Hypermetropia, or farsightedness, is the most common refractive error in children. The document discusses the epidemiology, management strategies, and guidelines for prescribing corrections for childhood hypermetropia. It notes that significant uncorrected hyperopia can cause visual issues and disrupt visual development. The appropriate prescription depends on factors like the degree of hyperopia, symptoms, age, and binocular vision status, with more hyperopic correction typically prescribed for children with amblyopia or strabismus. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms while not interfering with normal eye growth.
Infant Vision Guidance: Fundamental Vision Development in Infancy (by Claude ...Dr Patch
This paper reviews the general stages of infant vision development with specific emphasis on the environmental factors affecting the emergence of the basic vision functions (visual acuity, pursuits, saccades, binocularity, and visual perception).Vision guidance and optometric vision therapy activities are explained and demonstrated to educate and guide parents in playful interactions with their child. The activities are suited for the infant from birth to age three. The aim is to prevent vision abnormalities from developing by providing a comprehensive program of movement oriented vision stimulation.
This study investigated the effect of amblyopia on self-esteem in children by comparing self-perception scores of 47 children treated for amblyopia to 52 age-matched control children. Children with amblyopia had significantly lower scores on social acceptance compared to controls, but similar scores on other self-esteem measures. Within the amblyopia group, lower social acceptance scores correlated with a history of patching treatment, but not with a history of strabismus or wearing glasses. The study suggests amblyopia treatment, particularly patching, may negatively impact children's perceived social acceptance compared to untreated children.
This study investigated the effect of amblyopia on self-esteem in children by comparing self-perception scores of 47 children treated for amblyopia to 52 age-matched control children. Children with amblyopia had significantly lower scores for social acceptance than controls, but similar scores in other self-esteem domains like scholastic competence. Within the amblyopia group, lower social acceptance scores correlated with a history of patching treatment but not with strabismus or glasses wear. The study suggests amblyopia treatment, particularly patching, may negatively impact children's perceived social acceptance compared to untreated children.
This document discusses the evaluation of non-seeing infants. It begins by outlining visual development in infants and the causes of non-seeing, including prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal causes. The evaluation involves taking a family and birth history, examining visual fixation and response, pupillary light reflex, eye alignment and movement, and conducting investigations like electrophysiological testing and imaging if needed. The goal is to understand the infant's visual function and abilities and determine the cause of any visual impairment.
Through this project, we created a helpful resource for children diagnosed with epilepsy to bring with them to sleepovers or in instances where they are surrounded by people who are unfamiliar with epilepsy. We also covered the background of epilepsy as well as treatments and prognosis for this disorder.
Effect of Modified Constraint Induce Therapy on affected upper extremity of M...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of Modified Constraint Induced Therapy (MCIT) on the affected upper extremities of children with mild to moderate spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy. 30 participants were randomly assigned to either a MCIT group or a conventional therapy group. The MCIT group received restraint of the unaffected arm and intensive training of the affected arm for 45 minutes, 3 days a week, while the conventional group performed activities with both arms freely. Results showed significant improvements in affected arm function for both groups based on the Paralytic Arm Function Test, but the MCIT group demonstrated greater improvements and were more effective than conventional therapy. MCIT thus proved to be more effective at improving function of
This study investigated the effect of under-correcting myopia on myopic progression by analyzing clinical refraction data from 275 visits of 76 myopic patients. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the degree of under-correction and myopic progression, with greater under-correction associated with greater progression. Myopic progression also correlated positively with the degree of myopia. However, progression did not correlate with age or gender. The findings suggest that under-correcting myopia may induce small increases in myopic progression compared to full correction.
The document provides information on performing a neurologic examination, including:
1) Obtaining a health history to understand the onset and progression of symptoms.
2) Assessing mental status, cranial nerves, motor function, sensory function, and reflexes.
3) Common clinical manifestations of neurologic diseases include pain, seizures, dizziness, visual disturbances, weakness, and abnormal sensation.
Vision therapy is an individualized treatment program designed to correct visual and perceptual deficiencies and improve vision skills through activities like eye tracking and coordination exercises. It can help with conditions like amblyopia, strabismus, and convergence insufficiency by strengthening the visual system and improving connections in the brain. Research studies have found vision therapy to be an effective treatment for improving visual acuity and stereopsis in patients with refractive amblyopia and for establishing sensory fusion in patients with strabismus.
Individuals with Disabilities Service: Overview with emphasis on the NEEI/Per...eadvisor
The document provides an overview of the Individuals with Disabilities Service at Perkins School for the Blind with an emphasis on the NEEI/Perkins Low Vision Clinic. It discusses the diverse patient population served, including those with visual impairments, cognitive disabilities, cerebral palsy, and multiple medical issues. It describes the transdisciplinary approach and components of the functional low vision exam, including visual acuity, refraction, visual fields, and ocular health evaluations. It also presents two unresolved patient case examples.
This document describes 5 patients who developed infantile spasms after experiencing neonatal-onset hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH). All 5 patients initially presented with HH in the neonatal period, which was treated with diazoxide. After a variable latent period, all 5 patients then developed infantile spasms between 5 months and 1.2 years of age. The spasms responded variably to treatment with antiepileptic drugs. All patients showed developmental delays, and brain imaging found abnormalities in only 1 of the 4 patients who received MRIs. The authors conclude that hypoglycemic brain injury from neonatal HH, even if treated, can later manifest as infantile spasms after a latent period.
1) The study examined clinical measurements and neural changes associated with vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency.
2) Four subjects with convergence insufficiency underwent 18 hours of vision therapy. Clinical measurements improved and neural activity increased in areas related to vergence eye movements.
3) Convergence peak velocity was slower in subjects with convergence insufficiency compared to controls, but increased after vision therapy, suggesting therapy can improve underlying neurophysiology.
1) The study examined clinical measurements and neural changes associated with vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency.
2) At baseline, adults with convergence insufficiency had slower convergence eye movements compared to controls.
3) After 18 hours of vision therapy, the adults with convergence insufficiency showed improvements in clinical measurements of nearpoint of convergence and fusional vergence, as well as increased cortical activity and faster convergence eye movements.
1) The study examined clinical measurements and neural changes associated with vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency.
2) Convergence peak velocities were slower in subjects with convergence insufficiency compared to controls, which may contribute to asthenopic complaints.
3) Subjects underwent 18 hours of vision therapy. Several clinical measurements, including nearpoint of convergence and positive fusional vergence, improved significantly after therapy. Neural activity in frontal and cerebellar regions also increased significantly.
1) The study examined clinical measurements and neural changes associated with vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency.
2) At baseline, adults with convergence insufficiency had slower convergence eye movements compared to controls.
3) After 18 hours of vision therapy, the adults with convergence insufficiency showed improvements in clinical measurements of nearpoint of convergence and fusional vergence, as well as increased cortical activity and faster convergence eye movements.
1. VISION THERAPY: The patient began vision therapy per request of his parents. Our
initial prognosis was very guarded. The parents’ goals were to improve fixation and
tracking of faces and objects. Our goals were to improve our patient’s visual attention and
to increase his ability to fixate and make pursuit and saccadic eye movements.
Activities With Positive Response:
• Rotating Light Stimulus (Image 1)
o A brightly lit, multi-colored spinning target was presented in the
patient’s line of sight with room lights turned off to remove
peripheral stimulus and to create an environment to attend
centrally. At the first session, the target presented led to minimal
attention or fixation. By session 6, the patient was able to improve fixation in
central, left and right gazes monocularly and binocularly. He could fixate for 2-3
seconds approx. 50% of the time. His eyes were observed to fixate at the target when
placed between 30.50 and 45cm. To encourage fixation in right and left gazes we
would provide feedback, speaking only from the side the target was on, stroking the
face or tapping the side of the head or the shoulder nearest the target. We would lift
his arm/hand to touch the target as well.
o As fixation improved, the left eye turned out when the target was presented closer
than 30cm on the midline. We began to use prism to aid with alignment when
working binocularly. The amount needed varied each session between 8-14∆. By
session 10, the patient was able to saccade from right to left and left to right with a
12 BI prism placed over his left eye.
o Attempts to illicit a pursuit and saccadic movements did not result in a response
initially. The addition of a 6 BI prism over the left eye in session 11 was the first time
there was a pursuit eye movement.
• OKN (Image 2)
o OKN drum and flags were presented in different gazes (superior,
inferior, temporal, nasal, and primary). During the 1st session, he
was generally unresponsive. However, during the 3rd session,
monocularly, we were able to observe repeatable nystagmus-like
movement with the OKN flag moving in a temporal to nasal
direction only. This activity showed an asymmetric OKN response between the right
and left eye.
• Full Body Rolls, Reflex Patterns
o This activity was aimed to access vision through motor and was performed starting at
session 9. Our patient was laid down on a mat and his entire body was rolled moving
his right and left sides for him. During session 11, our patient voluntarily used his leg
to push forward and attempt to roll on his stomach on his own!
Activities With Less Positive Responses:
• Toy Fixation Targets (Image 3)
o Various types of visually captivating targets, including targets
with bright colors, clapper toys and toys that would sing were
presented to our patient to gain his visual attention. Responses
were sporadic and inconsistent, not repeatable throughout the
session or at the next session. The addition of prisms did not
improve response. Only lighted targets were effective in capturing our patient’s
attention.
o We are now beginning to work on fixation response with full room illumination.
Also in session 8 we noted that the patient did respond to items placed in his hand,
and would grip the items for himself for the first time. We are attempting to have him
hold items and fixate on these items in right or left gaze slightly off the midline.
CASE HISTORY:
In September 2014, a four year old Hispanic male presented to the Eye Care Center for a
Pediatric Eye and Vision Exam. The chief concern, brought forth by the patient’s mother, was
to evaluate her son to determine what he could see, and to evaluate his eye movements. His
medical history was positive for an ABI following asphyxiation from choking on a piece of
candy in January 2014. At the time of the injury, he was deprived of oxygen for approximately
15 minutes and was hospitalized and in a coma for one month following. He was subsequently
diagnosed with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. Prior to the incident, the patient had
achieved all developmental milestones, including motor and speech, on time. Although vision
had not been evaluated, it was assumed that vision was typical. Following the injury, the
patient was left wheelchair bound with little motor control or motor planning capability. He
had a general loss of muscle tone. He was unable to speak and eye contact was infrequent.
Other medical concerns included a tracheostomy and residual seizures. He was prescribed
Baclofan, Diocto, Keppra, Levalbuterol, Pepcid, and Reglan.
VISION EXAMINATION:
His unaided visual acuities were estimated to be 20/80 OU (no response OD, OS) with
sporadic fixation using Cardiff Cards at 50cm. (Reliability was questionable.) He had bifoveal
fixation, alignment with the Hirschberg test, and PERRLA with no APD (OD, OS). Pursuit
and saccadic eye movements could not be elicited. The patient was not visually attracted to
movement or sound. Minimal movement for short bursts of time in the nasal and temporal
directions were observed using the OKN drum. Refractive error was normal for his age, and
ocular health appeared normal. A subsequent visit was scheduled to perform a Visual Evoked
Potential (VEP) (Fig. 1). The patient was diagnosed with Oculomotor Dysfunction of
Saccades and Pursuits, and possible Binocular Vision Dysfunction.
Emily Huynh, Edward Hsieh, Eugene Pak, Kristi Jensen OD, FCOVD
Western University of Health Sciences, College of Optometry, Pomona, CA
Background
VISION REHABILITION IN A 4 Y/O PATIENT WHO SUFFERED ACQUIRED BRAIN INJURY
References
Conclusion
The common theme in Vision Rehabilitation for patients who suffered an acquired brain
injury leading to visual sequelae, is to help restore sight, function, and most importantly to
improve their quality of life. Vision therapy may be paramount in serving these special
populations because the rehabilitation of vision can be synergistic with the rehabilitation of
other senses and skills. Vision therapy for our patient is ongoing.
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2002). Nonfatal choking-related episodes among children--United States, 2001. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality
Weekly Report, 51(42), 945-948.
2. Ciuffreda, K. J., Rutner, D., Kapoor, N., Suchoff, I. B., Craig, S., & Han, M. (2008). Vision therapy for oculomotor dysfunctions in acquired brain injury: a
retrospective analysis. Optometry-Journal of the American Optometric Association, 79(1), 18-22.
3. Faul, M., Xu, L., Wald, M. M., & Coronado, V. (2010). Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
4. Johnson, A. R., DeMatt, E., & Salorio, C. F. (2009). Predictors of outcome following acquired brain injury in children. Developmental disabilities research
reviews, 15(2), 124-132.
5. Kriel, R. L., Krach, L. E., Luxenberg, M. G., Jones-Saete, C., & Sanchez, J. (1994). Outcome of severe anoxic/ischemic brain injury in children. Pediatric
neurology, 10(3), 207-212.
6. Tinsworth, D. K., & US Consumer Product Safety Commission (2001, April). Special study: Injuries and deaths associated with children's playground
equipment. Washington, DC: US Consumer Product Safety Commission.
Case Report Discussion
The patient in our case presents with Oculomotor Dysfunction of Saccades and Pursuits,
and Binocular Vision Dysfunction secondary to Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. In the
literature, there are very few reported pediatric cases similar to our patient. A study looking at
the outcome of patients between the ages of 2 months and 14 years with ABI suggested that
prognosis depended greatly on duration of coma5. The authors noted that only patients who
experienced coma for less than 60 days recovered motor and language skills. Our patient was
in a coma for one month following ABI, suggesting a positive correlation of recovery of motor
and language skills.
Age may possibly be a factor in the outcome for our patient’s visual abilities. Our patient
is at an age where neuroplasticity is considered the greatest. However, because our patient
experienced global brain damage, we are unsure as to how this will affect neuroplasticity
although we have seen improvement already in our patient.
In the United States, 50% of pediatric deaths can be attributed to trauma, with the majority
of deaths associated with brain injury. The leading cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in
children between the ages of zero and four years are falls6. In addition, males within this age
range have an increased incidence of TBI-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations,
and deaths combined compared to older children3. The CDC estimated 17,537 children younger
than or equal to 14 years of age were admitted to the emergency department for choking-related
incidences in 20011.
Anoxic, hypoxic or ischemic incidents are generally more disabling than TBI and there is
little research on treatment for children who have suffered an ischemic incident4. Adults who
suffer a mild TBI may benefit from optometric vision therapy to help recover from visual
functional abnormalities related to their injury, such as oculomotor dysfunction2. However,
current literature shows limited research and case reports regarding prognosis and treatment in
cases of anoxia-induced severe acquired brain injury (ABI) in the pediatric population. For
pediatric patients with severe TBI or ABI, health care interventions implore many specialists as
members of a rehabilitative team. Developmental Optometrists are a vital member of that team.
Image 1. Rotating light stimulus.
• Mirror (Reflection) Stimulus Activity
o Various types of mirrors, including full-body length and mirrors with a high
magnification were utilized with our patient as a means to gain his attention with the use
of faces, particularly his own. This was unsuccessful.
PROGRESS CHECK(3/2015):
The patient had his first progress check after 11 vision therapy sessions. His mom
reported he is now turning his head to look at items and he would respond and look when his
name was called. He is now taking some additional medications to control his seizures,
otherwise his health status is the same.
Unaided acuities were 20/127 OU with Cardiff Cards at 50cm. Compared to the initial
examination, he had a notably improved fixation. Although he was able to demonstrate
saccades and pursuits during VT sessions, he was unable to display these eye movements
during the progress check. He had a measured 8 left exotropia at near and it was noted that the
angle of deviation measured smaller than when initially noted in the therapy room. Refractive
error was still normal for age (low amount of hyperopia).
Our plan was to continue Vision Therapy to improve fixation, saccades, and pursuits.
Spectacles and prisms were not prescribed at this time because the amount of deviation
appears to be lessening over time as he gains better oculomotor control.
Figure 1. VEP OD & OS. Monocular Snellen acuity potential was 20/264. Binocular Snellen
acuity potential was 20/128. The VEP findings demonstrated a diminished response to visual
stimulus OU, however, the results also illustrated that the primary visual pathway is intact
and that there is sight.
Image 2. OKN flags.
Image 3. Various toy fixation
targets.