Chrome OS was announced in 2009 by Google as an operating system designed to run web applications stored in the cloud. It is based on the Linux kernel and uses the Gentoo or Google's own Linux distribution. Chrome OS emphasizes cloud storage over local storage and automatic updates for security. It uses a Completely Fair Scheduler and virtual memory management. Chromebooks running Chrome OS provide cloud storage, long battery life, and access to web apps and Google office software. Advantages include the Linux kernel, cloud storage, and integration with Google services.

1. OPERATING SYSTEM SEMESTER PROJECT
1 | P a g e
Submitted by Abdullah Fawad
NMAE: Abdullah Fawad
DEPARTMENT: C-I-S
ASSIGNMENT#: Semester Project
SUBMITTED TO: MA’AM ANEELA USMAN

2. OPERATING SYSTEM SEMESTER PROJECT
2 | P a g e
Submitted by Abdullah Fawad
QUESTION:
Write a report by choosing an operating system and highlighting following:
History, Features, managementof Processes,Memory, Disk and I/O,
Pros/Cons, Limitations, Improvements.
Chrome OS
Introduction:
The Chrome OS differ from traditional operating system suchas Windows in that
it is designed to work specifically with web applications. In this operating system,
the user data lives essentially on the web. Thus, if the physical machine-laptop is
lost or stolen, the user can still access their data online. However, the
Chromebookalso allows users to access downloaded data offline, which must be
kept safe. To achieve this, Chrome OS ensures that all downloaded data is
protected and that code running on this Chromebook is safe to use. In order to
avoid security challenges of traditional operating system such as virus and
worms, Chromebooknot only ensures that the codeis safe, but also incorporates
an auto update features to add new patches to the system.
History:
Google announced Chrome OS on July 7, 2009, describing it as an operating
system in which both applications and user data reside in the cloud. To ascertain
marketing requirements, the company relied on informal metrics, including
monitoring the usage patterns ofsome 200 Chrome OS machines used by Google
employees. Developers also noted their own usage patterns. Matthew Papakipos,
the former engineering director for the Chrome OS project, put three machines in
his house and found himself logging in for brief sessions:to make a single search
query or send a short email.
The initial builds of Chrome OS were based on Ubuntu, and its
developer, Canonical, was an engineering partner with Google on the project. In
2010, Chrome OS moved to Gentoo Linux as its baseto simplify its build process
and supporta variety of platforms. Sometime in 2013, Google switched Chrome
OS to its own flavour of Linux.

3. OPERATING SYSTEM SEMESTER PROJECT
3 | P a g e
Submitted by Abdullah Fawad
Chrome OS was initially intended for secondary devices like netbooks, not as a
user's primary PC. While Chrome OS supports hard disk drives, Google has
requested that its hardware partners use solid-state drives "for performance and
reliability reasons” as well as the lower capacity requirements inherent in an
operating system that accesses applications and most user data on remote servers.
In November 2009 Matthew Papakipos, engineering director for the Chrome OS,
claimed that the Chrome OS consumes one-sixtieth as much drive space
as Windows 7. The recovery images Google provides for Chrome OS range
between 1 and 3 GB.
On November 19, 2009, Google released Chrome OS's source codeas
the Chromium OS project. At a November 19, 2009, news conference, Sundar
Pichai, at the time Google's vice president overseeing Chrome, demonstrated an
early version of the operating system. He previewed a desktop which looked very
similar to the Chrome browser, and in addition to the regular browser tabs, also
had application tabs, which take less space and can be pinned for easier access.
At the conference, the operating system booted up in seven seconds, a time
Google said it would work to reduce. Additionally, Chris Kenyon, vice president
of OEM services at Canonical Ltd, announced that Canonical was under contract
to contribute engineering resources to the project with the intent to build on
existing open-source components and tools where feasible.
In 2010, Google released the unbranded Cr-48 Chromebook in a pilot
program. The launch date for retail hardware featuring Chrome OS was delayed
from late 2010 until the next year. On May 11, 2011, Google announced two
Chromebooks from Acer and Samsung at Google I/O. The Samsung model was
released on June 15, 2011, but the Acer was delayed until mid-July. In August
2011, Netflix announced official support for Chrome OS through its streaming
service, allowing Chromebooks to watch streaming movies and TV shows via
Netflix. At the time, other devices had to use Microsoft Silverlight to play videos
from Netflix. Later in that same month, Citrix released a client application for
Chrome OS, allowing Chromebooks to access Windows applications and
desktops remotely. Dublin City University became the first educational
institution in Europe to provide Chromebooks for its students when it announced
an agreement with Google in September 2011.

4. OPERATING SYSTEM SEMESTER PROJECT
4 | P a g e
Submitted by Abdullah Fawad
Features:
The features of CHROME OS include:
 Everything button
 Long Life Battery
 Offline Access
 Touch Screen
 Instant Tethering
 Microsoft Office compatible
 Picture-in-picture viewing
 Automatic back-up of Drive files
 Virtual Desks
 LTE connectivity
Management of Processes:
The Process Schedule: The Process Scheduler’s purposeit to control process
access to the CPU. Operating systems use a variety of types of schedulers to do
so. The Google Chrome Operating System uses the Completely Fair Scheduler.
This scheduler is designed to balance or maintain fairness, by splitting up
processortime to tasks. To do this the scheduler uses a virtual runtime to keep
track of the length of time provided to task at hand. This way the task that has
been permitted the least amount of time to the processor, becomes the task that
needs the processorthe most.
The Process Scheduler’s purposeit to control process accessto the CPU.
Operating systems use a variety of types of schedulers to do so. The Google
Chrome Operating System uses the Completely Fair Scheduler. This scheduler
is designed to balance or maintain fairness, by splitting up processor time to
tasks. To do this the scheduler uses a virtual runtime to keep track of the length
of time provided to task at hand. This way the task that has been permitted the
least amount of time to the processor, becomes the task that needs the processor
the most.

5. OPERATING SYSTEM SEMESTER PROJECT
5 | P a g e
Submitted by Abdullah Fawad
I/O OPERATIONS
Many Programs often have the need for I/O, where I/O devices or files are
involved. Forthese devices, specific functions are often needed such as burning
a disk. Because I/O devices are normally not accessible to the user, for both
security reasons and from a productivity viewpoint, they are handled by The
Google Chrome Operating System.
File SystemManipulation
Programs have the quintessential need to write to files, read, create, delete,
search, and list files. The Google Chrome Operating System provides a set of
file systems to cater to the user’s decision, individual functions, or efficiency.
Communications
Processes oftenneed to communicate with each other. The Google Chrome
Operating System
provides the communication feature through shared memory, where packets are
sent to and from processes.
Error Detection
Google Chrome Operating System is always checking for errors, whether it be a
CPU error, memory errors, I/O errors, and the applications. Because Google
Chrome Operating System is constantly updating it always had the most up to
date error detection tools.
Kernel
Google Chrome Operating System utilizes the new 3.4.6 Linux kernel. The
kernel provides a virtual environment in order to create an abstraction of the
hardware layer. The kernel provides services such as the Process Scheduler,
Memory Manager, Virtual File System, Network Interface, and Inter- Process
Communication.
Hardware Controllers
Google Chromebooks, with the installed Google Chrome Operating System,
come in a variety of hardware with the top of the line Samsung Series 5
Chromebookhaving the Intel Celeron Processor 867, 4GBs DDR3 memory,
16GB SSD for storage, and Intel shared integrated. Graphics along with other
various hardware components.
The Google Chrome Operating System kernel is the Monolithic Linux-based
kernel. Like all
Monolithic kernels the operating system is being run in kernel mode and also by
itself in supervisor mode. In addition, the services are all share a common
location. An overview of the Linux-based kernel shows it can be further

6. OPERATING SYSTEM SEMESTER PROJECT
6 | P a g e
Submitted by Abdullah Fawad
dissected into five categories. The Process Scheduler, Memory Manager,
Virtual Filesystems, Network Interface, and Inter-Process Communication all
make up the Linux Kernel.
Memory:
The Memory Manager, of The Google Chrome Operating System ’s, purpose is
to control process access to the hardware’s memory components. The Memory
Manager is able to do so byusing a hardware memory management systemwhich
supports mapping to occur from the process memory identifying code to the
systems memory. This allows processes to all access main memory at the same
time. The goal of the VFS is to provide a generic format of hardware data to other
devices on the system. The VFS of The Google Chrome Operating System
provides an abstraction of most hardware devices in the machine and puts the
abstraction in a common file interface for that rest of the devices on the machine
can interpret. The Virtual File System also supports otherfile system formats that
are associated with other operating systems such as Windows. Inter-process
Communication is an essential subsystem of the Google Chrome Operating
Systems. Inter-process Communication inhibits process to process
communication running on the same machine. This is important if a process uses
another process in order to function.
Advantages of Chrome OS:
Linux kernel:
Chrome OS is based on the Linux kernel. As you know Linux is a very solid
OS. You can install native apps of Linux on Chromebookalso.
Cloud storage:
When you buy Chromebookthen 100 GB of cloud storage is given free to you.
You can use this cloud storage in Google drive, photos, documents,
spreadsheets, slides and other Google apps also. This is enough storage for any
kind of work you do online.
Free and fast:
Chrome OS is free and open source. The codeof Chrome OS is available on
GitHub. Anybody can see and change the codeif he likes too. If you compare
this with other OS then windows and mac OS are very costly and are paid
software. It only takes you 8 seconds to bootChrome OS. All apps and websites
load very fast in Chrome OS.

7. OPERATING SYSTEM SEMESTER PROJECT
7 | P a g e
Submitted by Abdullah Fawad
Lightweight:
According to Google, Chrome OS startup time is within 7 seconds.
Chromebookcomes with an SSD drive. Chrome OS uses the hardware of the
device very efficiently. You can easily carry your Chromebookand move it to
different locations.
No virus:
Chrome OS is a very secured operating system. You will not be attacked with
any virus/malware because Chrome will first warn you to not open any
app/website that contains a virus. If you open a virus-containing website then
there are little chances to get infected with the virus because of safe-browsing,
encryption and verified boot.
Simple UI:
Chrome OS has a simple user interface that can help any type of personto use
it. Different people can log in to the system easily. Google updates the OS
automatically and you don’thave to worry about any updates of the system.
Supervised accounts:
If your kids also want to use Chromebookthen you can create a supervised
account that can monitor your kid activities.
Supports Android apps:
Now Chrome OS also supportandroid apps. Mean you can run android apps
from the Chrome OS. So you can now use bothChrome apps/extensions and
android apps.
Disadvantages of Chrome OS:
Advanced photo and video editing:
You cannot do heavy editing of photos and videos. You cannot install
Photoshop and other adobesoftware on Chrome OS. There are some online
apps available that you can use for simple editing of photos but for
professionals, Chrome OS is not the right thing. The hardware is also right in
Chromebookfor this editing.
Gaming:

8. OPERATING SYSTEM SEMESTER PROJECT
8 | P a g e
Submitted by Abdullah Fawad
You cannot play Windows and Mac supported games. You can play online
games but installing Windows and Mac games is not possible. You can play
Android games on Chromebook.
Needs fastinternet:
As 90% of Chromebookis for internet-connected apps so you will need a fast
internet connection to use Chrome OS. All the apps in Chromebookare cloud-
based. Most Chromebooks have 30 GB of local space that is not enough for
storing a lot of data. If you want to see a movie then you have the only option to
stream online through YouTube, Netflix websites.
Gotowebinar:
Gotowebinar is a popular software for doing online meeting but it is not
available for Chrome OS. It runs on only Windows and Mac OS.
Extra laptop:
If you have already a laptop or PC then you don’tneed to buy a Chromebook
because it has a major feature of Chrome browser which your laptop or PC
already have.
Improvements:
With the latest Google Chrome OS 99, you can create a new desk faster by
simply dragging a window to the top of the screen while using the Overview
mode. The same feature is available as a Shift + Search + 1 (through 8) shortcut
on Chrome OS 98 version. This keyboard shortcut allows users to create and
navigate up to eight desks. Chrome OS 99 improves the performance of palm
rejection on touchscreen-equipped devices by better looking at multiple
fingers. With the latest update, Nearby Share adds background scanning,
enabling your Chromebook to notify you when someone nearby is sharing. You
will no longer be required to enter the high visibility mode to experience this
feature.
Furthermore, the Files app has been reimplemented as a System Web App
(SWA) as part of the latest update. However, the app will function in the same
manner as before. Lastly, the Video tab of the Camera app gets a mode to turn
five-second videos into shareable GIFs.