Abdominal Muscle & Pelvic Muscles by Thiru murugan

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Abdominal Muscle & Pelvic Muscles By Thiru Murugan. M Muscles of abdomen: Abdominal muscles that cover the anterior and lateral abdominal region and meet at the anterior midline Muscle: Transversus abdominis, Rectus abdominis, External oblique muscles & Internal oblique muscles Transversus abdominis: O - iliac crest ; I - Linea alba Rectus abdominis: O - Pubic symphysis, pubic crest ; I - Xiphoid process, ribs 5-7 External oblique muscles: O - ribs 5-12 ; I - Linea alba & iliac crest Internal oblique muscles: O - iliac crest ; I - ribs 10-12, linea alba, pubic crest Function or Action: movement of the trunk, maintain intra abdominal pressure, protection of internal organs, helping in respiration Muscles of pelvic floor: The Pelvic Floor Muscles (PFM) are found in the base of the pelvis. There are superficial muscles and deep muscles Muscles: The levator ani is situated on either side of the pelvis. Consist of pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, puborectalis and The coccygeus muscle completes the pelvic floor, which is also called the pelvic diaphragm. Levator ani: O - pubic bones; I – Anococcygeal ligament, Coccyx Coccygeus muscle: O - ischial spine ; I – coccyx and sacrum Function or Action: support & protect pelvic organs and maintain intra pelvis pressure, bladder and bowel control and sexual function Diaphragm: The diaphragm, located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration. O - xiphoid process, ribs 7-12, vertebrae L1-L3; I – central tendon of diaphragm. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges It separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities Function: primary muscle for breathing

Health & Medicine

Muscles of abdomen:
• Abdominal muscles that cover the anterior and lateral abdominal
region and meet at the anterior midline
Muscle: Transversus abdominis, Rectus abdominis, External oblique
muscles & Internal oblique muscles
• Transversus abdominis: O - iliac crest ; I - Linea alba
• Rectus abdominis: O - Pubic symphysis, pubic crest ; I - Xiphoid
process, ribs 5-7
• External oblique muscles: O - ribs 5-12 ; I - Linea alba & iliac
crest
• Internal oblique muscles: O - iliac crest ; I - ribs 10-12, linea
alba, pubic crest
• Function or Action: movement of the trunk, maintain intra
abdominal pressure, protection of internal organs, helping in
respiration

Muscles of pelvic floor:
 The Pelvic Floor Muscles (PFM) are found in the base of
the pelvis. There are superficial muscles and deep muscles
 Muscles: The levator ani is situated on either side of the
pelvis. Consist of pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus,
puborectalis and The coccygeus muscle completes the
pelvic floor, which is also called the pelvic diaphragm.
 Levator ani: O - pubic bones; I – Anococcygeal ligament,
Coccyx
 Coccygeus muscle: O - ischial spine ; I – coccyx and
sacrum
 Function or Action: support & protect pelvic organs and
maintain intra pelvis pressure, bladder and bowel control
and sexual function

Diaphragm:
• The diaphragm, located below the lungs,
is the major muscle of respiration.
• O - xiphoid process, ribs 7-12, vertebrae
L1-L3; I – central tendon of diaphragm.
• It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that
contracts rhythmically and continually
• Upon inhalation, the diaphragm
contracts and flattens and the chest
cavity enlarges
• It separates the thoracic and abdominal
cavities
• Function: primary muscle for
breathing

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thiru murugan

Community Health Nursing IRecords and reports By, Thiru murugan Community health nursing – I (1st GNM) Unit – VIII: Records and reports Types and uses Essential requirements of records and reports. Preparation & Maintenance. RECORD: A record is a clinical, scientific, administrative and legal document relating to the nursing care given to the individual family or community. REPORTS: Reports are oral or written exchanges of information shared between caregivers or workers in a number of ways Reports can be compiled daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly and annually. Report summarizes the services of the nurse and/or the agency. TYPES OF RECORDS Periodical Unit Based Subject Based Collection Placed Based TYPES OF RECORDS 1. Periodical: Permanent Records (Cumulative) Temporary Records (casual/daily records) 2. Unit Based: Individual (individual health cards) Related to family (family folders) Related to community (community folders) 3. Subject Based: Economical (financial structure of family, village) Social (records of social structure) Political Medical and nursing (treatment and medicine records) 4. Collection Placed Based: Collected at institution (records of hospital/ health centers) Records to be kept within individual (immunization cards, disease cards) Nurses responsibility for record keeping and reporting: The patient has a right to inspect and copy the record after being discharged Failure to record significant patient information on the medical record makes a nurse guilty of negligence. Medical record must be accurate to provide a sound basis for care planning. Errors in nursing charting must be corrected promptly in a manner that leaves no doubts about the facts. In reporting information about criminal acts obtained during patient care, the nurse must reveal such information only to the police, because it is considered a privileged communication. Keep under safe custody of nurses No individual sheet should be separated Not accessible to others until necessary Strangers are not permitted to read records Records are not handed over the legal advisors without written permission of the administration Handed carefully, not destroyed Identified with bio-data of the patients such as the name, age, admission number, diagnosis, etc. (Legal issues) Never sent outside of the hospital without the written administrative permission.

3. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit- 8 - Records & Reports.pptx

thiru murugan

Community Health Nursing IFamily Health Nursing Care By, Thiru murugan Unit – 5: Family Health Nursing Care: Family as a unit of health Concept, goals, objectives Family health care services Family health care plan and nursing process. FHS - Maternal, child care & family welfare services. Roles & function of a CHN in family health service. Family health records. Family as a unit of health care services Health of an individual depends upon the health of the family. In health care needs, the family plays an important role. Family members have the IPR & dependency on each other. Family size, structure, income, education, environment affect the health of the family Family important role as supportive groups Illness of one family members affects the total health of the family Individual’s health problems can be tackled easily Customs, traditions, habits & socio-cultural aspects related to the health risk & illness Comprehensive health care can be provided to community through family health care The successful family life cycle can be achieved by the family health care services Family health services: Definition: "Family health services can be defined as the special care given to family members to promote their health, prevent health problems, and for the well-being of the family." Concepts: The family is the basic unit of any health system. Without family care services, the goal of health services cannot be achieved. Family health services act as a problem-solving process It provides services regardless of the families' socioeconomic status. Comprehensive health care can be provided to the community and family through health care services. Family planning, nutrition, maternal and child health and geriatric care are the important aspects of family health services. Goals: Reduce maternal mortality, morbidity and the infant mortality rate. Spacing of children's births. Solve the problem of malnutrition in the family. Health education Objectives: To Identify and assess the family's health problems. To ensure understanding and acceptance of the problem by the family. To provide nursing services according to the health needs of the family. To develop the competence of members to care for their family. To promote the use of available resources to maintain health. To provide health education to lead a healthy and fruitful life. To provide health services to family members at a cost-effective level. To help family members achieve their health goals. Scopes The goals of individual and community health and growth at the national health level can be achieved through family health services: Reproductive health Children's health Adolescent health Principles Provide services without discrimination Periodic and continuous appraisal and evaluation of family health situation Proper maintenance of record and reports. Provide continuous services Health education, guidance and supervision as integral part of family health nursing. Maintain good IPR.

2. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit 5 FHS.pptx

thiru murugan

Community Health Nursing IEpidemiology By, Thiru murugan UNIT-IV: Principles of Epidemiology and Epidemiological methods: Definition and aims of epidemiology, communicable and non-communicable diseases. Basic tools of measurement in epidemiology Uses of epidemiology Disease cycle Spectrum of disease Levels of prevention of disease. Disease transmission – direct and indirect. Immunizing agents, immunization and national immunization schedule. Control of infectious diseases. Disinfection Epidemiology: Introduction: Epidemiology is derived from Greek word “epidemic” EPI – up on, DEMOS – people; LOGOS – study. Epidemiology means the study of disease in human population. Definition: “epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases or health problems”. Terminologies used in epidemiology: Infection: the entry and multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animal. Endemic: the constant presence of a disease in particular area or population. Ex- malaria, dengue, chikungunya. Epidemic: an out break of disease from one area to other area in a community. Ex - cholera, polio, small pox Sporadic: refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly. Ex - Tetanus, rabies, and plague. Pandemic: a disease which spreads from country to country or over the whole world. Ex - swine flu, HIV, COVID – 19. Zoonosis: diseases or infections transmitted from animals to men. Ex - rabies. Incubation period: this is the time interval between the entry of the disease agent into the body and the appearance of first sign & symptom of the disease. Carrier: a person who harbors or carry the disease agent with or without having any outward signs and symptoms. Isolation: a separation of a person with infectious disease (communicable disease) from contact with other human beings to avoid spread of disease. Quarantine: a quarantine is a restriction on the movement of people, animals and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease Pathogenicity: ability to cause the disease. Contagious: a disease that is transmitted through contact. Reservoir: the habitat ( place for living) where an infectious agent living, grows and multiplies. Virulence: measure the severity of disease. Fomites: inanimate articles other than food or water contaminated by the infectious discharges. Vector: usually an arthropod eg. Mosquito which transfers an infectious agent from an infected person to a healthy person. Aims To describe the distribution and size of disease problems in human To identify the etiological factors. To provide the data (information) essential to the preparation) implementation (providing) & evaluation (checking the outcome). Communicable and non-communicable diseases: Communicable diseases are diseases that spread from person to person. Ex - polio, typhoid, chickenpox, TB,AIDS Non-communicable disease (NCD) are disease that is not spread from one person to another. Ex - most heart disease

1. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - Unit 4 Epidemiology.pptx

thiru murugan

By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – 13: Formation and growth of bones Tendons, ligaments and cartilages Classification of bones, joints Joint movement Axial and appendicular skeleton Skeletal system: The human skeletal system consists of all of the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in the body & It Provide framework of the body Altogether, the skeleton makes up about 20 percent of a person's body weight. An adult's skeleton contains 206 bones Formation and growth of bones: Ossification, or osteogenesis, is the process of bone formation. In fetal life the bone growth occurs in 2 process: intramembranous and endochondral ossification Intramembranous ossification is the process of bone development from fibrous membranes. It is involved in the formation of the flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles. Endochondral ossification is the process of bone development from hyaline cartilage. All of the bones of the body (except for the flat bones) are formed through endochondral ossification Stages of bone growth: Cartilage “model” of bone forms. This model continues to grow as ossification takes place. Ossification begins at a primary ossification center in the middle of bone. Ossification then starts to occur at secondary ossification centers at the ends of bone. The medullary cavity forms. This cavity will contain red bone marrow. Areas of ossification meet at epiphyseal plates, and articular cartilage forms. Bone growth ends. Ossification centers: Bone forms from cartilage, ossification begins with a middle point in the cartilage called the primary ossification center & secondary ossification centers (ends part of the bones) form after birth. Skeletal maturity: Throughout childhood, the cartilage remaining in the skeleton keeps growing, and allows for bones to grow in size. Once all of the cartilage has been replaced by bone, and fusion has taken place at the epiphyseal plates, bones can no longer keep growing in length. At this point, skeletal maturity has been reached. It generally takes place by age 18 to 25. Tendons, ligaments and cartilages: A tendon is a band of tissue that connects muscle to bone. Functions of Tendons: Attach muscles to bones Anchors muscle to bone for movement Ligament: A ligament is an elastic band of tissue that connects bone to bone and provides stability to the joint. Functions of Ligaments: Attach bones to bones Provide stability Cartilage: Cartilage is a soft, gel-like padding between bones that protects joints and facilitates movement. Functions of Cartilage: Model for bone growth in embryo & fetus Provides a smooth cushion between adjacent bones Provides firm flexible support (nose, ears, ribs & trachea) Excellent shock absorber Classification of bones: Bones: Bone are specialized forms of connective tissue that forms the skeleton of the body. It is composed chiefly of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. It also serves as a storage area for calcium, playing a large role

1 GNM anatomy Unit -13 - Skeletal system.pptx

thiru murugan

By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – 12: Skin, eye, ear, nose and tongue Physiology of vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste and equilibrium. Sensory organs or Special senses: The nervous system must receive and process information about the world outside in order to react, communicate, and keep the body healthy and safe. Skin, eye, ear, nose & tongue (taste buds) are called sensory organ or special senses. Sensory organs have special receptors that allow us to smell, taste, see, hear, touch and maintain equilibrium or balance. Information conveyed from these receptors to the central nervous system is used to help maintain homeostasis(self-regulating process by which biological systems help to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival). Skin: Skin is the largest organ of our body. It is related to the sense of touch. The sense of touch is also referred to as tactioception. The skin contains general receptors which can detect touch, pain, pressure & temperature. They are present throughout the skin. Skin receptors generate an impulse, and when activated, is carried to the spinal cord and then to the brain. Structure of the skin: The skin is composed of 3 major layers of tissue: Epidermis layer Dermis layer Subcutaneous layer. The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis - the middle layer, under the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) - deeper/ innermost layer, it is made of fat and connective tissue. Epidermis: The epidermis is the thin, outer layer of the skin that is visible to the eye. Contains different types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells. The skin’s color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. These form a pigment shield against UV radiation. It does not contain blood vessels The epidermis consists of 4 layers: Stratum germinativum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum corneum Main functions: protection, absorption of nutrients and homeostasis. Dermis: The dermis is the middle layer of the skin that offers elasticity. It is composed of connective tissues and collagen fibers. is much thicker than the epidermis The dermis provides a site for the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, lymph vessels, sensory receptors, nerve fibers, muscle fibers & specialized cells (mast cells and fibroblasts). The main functions of the dermis are: Protection Cushioning the deeper structures from mechanical injury; Providing nourishment to the epidermis; Playing an important role in wound healing Subcutaneous: The subcutaneous is the layer of tissue directly underneath the dermis. It is also called hypodermis. This layer of tissue is composed of fat cells and connective tissue. It is the thickest l

1 GNM anatomy Unit - 12 - sense organs.pptx

thiru murugan

By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – 11: Types of nerves- structure and functions Brain and cranial nerves. Spinal cord and motor and sensory pathways of the spinal cord, autonomic nervous system. Nervous system: Nervous system is one of vital system in our body which control and coordinate all the functions of body parts. Classification: Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) 1. Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord 2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Somatic nervous System & Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Central Nervous System (CNS): The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind. It consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is the center of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external environment, and the origin of control over body movement. It interprets information from our special senses, as well as from internal organs Meninges: The coverings of brain and spinal cord are called meninge. There are 3 layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Dura (outer layer) Arachnoid (middle layer) Pia matter (inner layer) Dura mater: The tough outer layer is called the dura mater. protect the central nervous system. Arachnoid: The middle layer is the arachnoid, It contains cerebrospinal fluid, which acts to cushion the brain Pia matter: the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater closely covers the brain. Brain: Introduction: The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body. the brain and spinal cord Together make up the central nervous system, or CNS The brain receives information through our five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing - often many at one time Diagram: Structure: The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem Cerebrum (telencephalon or endbrain): is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement. Cerebellum (little brain): is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance. Brainstem: consist midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. Functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing. Lobes of the brain: Each hemisphere has 4 lobes: Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Each lobe may be divided, once again, into areas that serve very specific functions The cerebral cortex has many folds, called the gyrus (plural: "gyri") and its trough is called a sulcus (plural: sulci) Deep structure of Brain: Hypothalamus: is located in the floor of the third ventricle and

1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx

thiru murugan

By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – 10: Structure and functions of the female reproductive system Process of menstrual cycle, reproduction and menopause Structure and functions of breasts Structure and functions of the male reproductive system Reproductive health Reproductive system: The organs involved in producing offspring (a person's child or children). In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina. In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. The female reproductive system The female reproductive system plays many vital functions that ensure the continuation of the human race Located in the pelvic cavity Parts: It consist of External genitalia Internal genitalia External genitalia: Labia minora Labia majora Clitoris Vaginal orifice Internal genitalia: Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Vagina: A muscular tube, that extends from the cervix of the uterus to the outside of the body. During intercourse, the vagina receives the male’s penis and semen. Birth canal that the baby passes through in a normal delivery. Ovaries: Small almond-shaped glands that produce ova and the female sex hormones located on both sides of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. In charge of ovulation and producing the female sex hormones. The hormones are responsible for getting the lining of the uterus prepared for a fertilized ovum Uterus: Hollow organ (also called womb) Fetus (unborn baby) develops and grows. Contractions to the walls propels the baby during delivery through the birth canal in a normal delivery Parts: fundus, body & cervix The fundus is the broad curved upper area in which the fallopian tubes connect to the uterus; The body, the main part of the uterus, The cervix, extends downward and opens into the vagina. Uterus has 3 layers: The endometrium is the inner layer The myometrium is the middle layer The perimetrium is the outer layer Function of uterus: The uterus receives a fertilized egg and protects the fetus (baby) while it grows and develops. The uterus contracts to push the baby out of the body during birth. Every month, except when a woman is pregnant, the lining of the uterus grows and thickens in preparation for pregnancy. If the woman doesn’t get pregnant, the lining is shed through the cervix into the vagina and out of the body. This is called menstruation. The function of the female reproductive System: The female reproductive system produces ova (the female reproductive cell) Provides a location for fertilization Growth of a fetus Secretes female sex hormones The breast produce milk to nourish the newborn. Menstruation: Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle. Every month, your body prepares for pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterus sheds its lining. The menstrual blood is partly blood and partly tissue from inside the uterus. It passes out of the body through the vagina. Menstrual cycle: Con

1 GNM anatomy Unit - 10 Repro System.pptx

thiru murugan

The Endocrine system: The structure and functions of: The pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal glands Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) Ovaries and testes Endocrine system: The endocrine system is a number of glands that secrete hormones that the body uses for many functions. They are not having any ducts, so called “ductless glands” They supply their secretions directly to blood General functions: Respiration Metabolism Reproduction Sensory perception Movement Sexual development Growth The pituitary gland: Pituitary (hypophysis) is a pea-sized endocrine gland at the base of brain and below the hypothalamus The pituitary is often referred to as the “master gland” because it not only secretes its own hormones, it tells other glands to produce hormones Parts: Front lobe (anterior lobe or adenohypophysis) Middle lobe (intermediate lobe) Back lobe (posterior lobe or neurohypophysis) Hormones secreted by pituitary: The anterior pituitary gland: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Growth hormone (GH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Prolactin (PRL) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Functions of pituitary: ACTH - stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol, “stress hormone” that maintains BP and blood sugar levels. GH - regulates growth, metabolism and body composition LH & FSH - stimulate sex hormone production, and egg and sperm maturity Prolactin (PRL) - stimulates milk production TSH - stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones. ADH (also called vasopressin) - controls water balance and BP Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during labour and milk secretion during breastfeeding. Melanocyte - stimulating hormone, which acts on cells in the skin to stimulate the production of melanin. Pineal gland: also called the pineal body or epiphysis cerebri, is a very small gland in brain It’s a part of endocrine system and secretes the hormone melatonin. pineal gland’s main job is to help control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin. Hormone: Melatonin is a hormone that’s mainly produced by pineal gland. Circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. These natural processes respond primarily to light and dark. Pineal gland releases the highest levels of melatonin when there’s darkness and decreases melatonin production when exposed to light. In other words, low levels of melatonin in blood during the daylight hours and high levels of melatonin during the nighttime. Because of this, melatonin has often been referred to as a “sleep hormone.” While melatonin is not essential for sleeping, but sleep better when the highest levels of melatonin in body. Melatonin also interacts with biologically female hormones that helps in regulating menstrual cycles. Melatonin can also protect against neurodegeneration, which is the progressive loss of function of neurons Function: The main function of pine

1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 9 Endocrine system.pptx

thiru murugan

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