A triple rectangular slotted microstrip patch antenna is designed and investigated with and without slot using CST Software. By using the triple rectangular shaped slot the designed antenna operates at 2.4GHz (ranging from 2.3704 GHz (Gigahertz) to 2.4391 GHz at -10dB return loss) for WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and 3.6GHz (ranging from 3.5643 GHz to 3.6548 GHz at -10dB return loss) for WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) applications having a maximum return loss -28.5dB and -25.4dB respectively. For the design of this antenna we have chosen FR-4 (lossy) as substrate having permittivity 4.3. The designed antenna has appreciable values of gain and directivity at both the frequencies. The proposed antenna works on the principle of excitation of the slots at the operating frequencies. The antenna was designed keeping in mind the two major Wireless standards i.e., WLAN and WiMAX bands of frequencies. The proposed triple-rectangular slots are unique in terms of its construction and have appreciable results at the operating frequencies.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
A small H-shaped microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with enhanced bandwidth is presented. The H-shaped antenna is first studied and then fully simulated by HFSS. A dual U slot H patch configuration is proposed to increase the narrow bandwidth, radiation efficiency and directivity. A novel H-shaped patch antenna suitable for wireless and satellite communications is presented. This paper presents the dual U slot H-shaped microstrip patch antenna feed by transmission line. The decrease in the prices of handheld devices and services has made available on the move internet and web services facility to the customers, small antennas requirement are increasing. In this paper H-shaped patch antenna is designed using FR4 substrate. The proposed modified H shaped antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS and caters to various wireless applications such as WiMAX, Wi-Fi, UMTS and Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) e.g. T V, etc.
Design & Simulation of 8-Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna
This paper presents an 8-shape slotted microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is fed by microstrip
transmission line. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of commercially available GEMS software
based on the parallel FDTD algorithm. The antenna is designed by FR4 substrate and ground plane with an area
50mm×40mm×1.60 mm. The designed antenna generates three resonant modes at 2.12 GHz, 6.98 GHz and 13.84
GHz respectively. The bandwidths of the antenna (-10 dB) of the three frequencies are 25.75%, 6.13% and
20.63% respectively. The return loss (S ) characteristics for the three bands are -41.95 dB, -22.68 dB and -23.15
11
dB respectively. The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are provided in the paper.
Multiband antenna using stacked series array for Ka-Band applicationjournalBEEI
In this paper, a multiband stack series array antenna is designed in order to attain solutions for the future 28 GHz Ka-band application. Double layer substrate Technology is utilized to accomplish multiple resonant frequencies with higher data transfer capacities due to high bandwidth. The designed antenna is dependent on twofold layer consisting patches and resonators in different layers stacked together. The designed multiband antennas can resonate at single band of
(28 GHz), dual band of (28 and 30 GHz) and triple band of (24.18, 26 and 28.453). The results achieved in the simulation are later fabricated and tested. The test result illustrates that the antennas have wide bandwidth, high gain and even higher efficiencies. All the proposed antenna configurations have demonstrated a decent possibility for 5G millimeter wave (mmwave) application.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
A small H-shaped microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with enhanced bandwidth is presented. The H-shaped antenna is first studied and then fully simulated by HFSS. A dual U slot H patch configuration is proposed to increase the narrow bandwidth, radiation efficiency and directivity. A novel H-shaped patch antenna suitable for wireless and satellite communications is presented. This paper presents the dual U slot H-shaped microstrip patch antenna feed by transmission line. The decrease in the prices of handheld devices and services has made available on the move internet and web services facility to the customers, small antennas requirement are increasing. In this paper H-shaped patch antenna is designed using FR4 substrate. The proposed modified H shaped antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS and caters to various wireless applications such as WiMAX, Wi-Fi, UMTS and Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) e.g. T V, etc.
Design & Simulation of 8-Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna
This paper presents an 8-shape slotted microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is fed by microstrip
transmission line. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of commercially available GEMS software
based on the parallel FDTD algorithm. The antenna is designed by FR4 substrate and ground plane with an area
50mm×40mm×1.60 mm. The designed antenna generates three resonant modes at 2.12 GHz, 6.98 GHz and 13.84
GHz respectively. The bandwidths of the antenna (-10 dB) of the three frequencies are 25.75%, 6.13% and
20.63% respectively. The return loss (S ) characteristics for the three bands are -41.95 dB, -22.68 dB and -23.15
11
dB respectively. The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are provided in the paper.
Multiband antenna using stacked series array for Ka-Band applicationjournalBEEI
In this paper, a multiband stack series array antenna is designed in order to attain solutions for the future 28 GHz Ka-band application. Double layer substrate Technology is utilized to accomplish multiple resonant frequencies with higher data transfer capacities due to high bandwidth. The designed antenna is dependent on twofold layer consisting patches and resonators in different layers stacked together. The designed multiband antennas can resonate at single band of
(28 GHz), dual band of (28 and 30 GHz) and triple band of (24.18, 26 and 28.453). The results achieved in the simulation are later fabricated and tested. The test result illustrates that the antennas have wide bandwidth, high gain and even higher efficiencies. All the proposed antenna configurations have demonstrated a decent possibility for 5G millimeter wave (mmwave) application.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna with Optimization for Wireles...ijsrd.com
In this paper, design of conventional Rectangular patch Microstrip antenna has been proposed and its performance is analyzed. The design parameters of antenna are selected to achieve compact dimensions as well as best possible characteristics such as high gain, increased bandwidth with minimum return loss. Hence improved design has been demonstrated over elementary one. These antennas have been designed at 2.4GHz which enables its usage in wireless communication domain such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). The antenna design and performance are analyzed using Ansoft HFSS software. These antennas can be used for many wireless communication systems.
Microstrip patch antennas are the most common form
of printed antennas. They became very popular due to their low
profile geometry, light weight and low cost. A Rectangular
Microstrip Patch Antenna with probe feed and substrate used is
Arlon AD260 has the relative permittivity of which is 2.6 is
designed and simulated using high frequency structure simulator
(HFSS). All the Parameters of this microsrip patch Antenna such
as bandwidth, S - parameter, Reflection loss and VSWR has been
found and plotted. The main objective of this work is to consider
the reactive loading effect on the patch and its effect towards the
improvement of the antenna characteristics, particularly the
radiation characteristics in principle plane (E and H) is
examined. As per theoretical approach reactive loading creates
either capacitive loading or inductive loading. Due to this effect
the antenna performance may be degraded or enhanced in terms
of efficiency, isolation, gain, impedance matching etc. The results
of this designed antenna are compared with the existing Micro
strip antenna
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Small Size Planar Inverted-F Antenna for WiMAX ApplicationsIJEEE
This work presents a small size planner inverted-F antenna (PIFA), with a single feed which covers WiMAX (3.2-3.6 GHz) and (5-5.8 GHz) range. The proposed antenna has many advantages like compact size and wide operation bandwidth. The antenna portion of 20mm* 15mm and the overall dimension25mm *40mm can be easily applied in the USB dongle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure for biomedical applic...journalBEEI
Proper narrowband antenna design for wearable devices in the biomedical application is a significant field of research interest. In this work, defected ground structure-based microstrip patch antenna has been proposed that can work for narrowband applications. The proposed antenna works exactly for a single channel of ISM band. The resonant frequency of the antenna is 2.45 GHz with a return loss of around -30 dB. The -10dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 20 MHz (2.442-2.462 GHz), which is the bandwidth of channel 9 in ISM band. The antenna has achieved a high gain of 7.04 dBi with an increase of 17.63% antenna efficiency in terms of realized gain by using defected ground structure. Three linear vector arrays of arrangement 1 2, 1 4 and 1 8 have been designed to validate the proposed antenna performances as an array. The proposed antenna is light weighted, low cost, easy to fabricate and with better performances that makes it suitable for biomedical WLAN applications.
Design & Simulation of E-Shaped Micro Strip Patch Antenna for GPS ApplicationIJERA Editor
Micro strip antennas are widely used in many applications due to their low Profile, low cost and ease of fabrication. In some applications it is desired to have a dual band or multiband characteristics. This paper presents the design and simulation of E-shape micro strip patch antenna with wideband operating frequency for wireless application. The shape will provide the broad bandwidth which is required in various application like remote sensing, biomedical application, mobile radio, satellite communication etc. The antenna design is an improvement from previous research and it is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 software. GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed with a GPS receiver enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time. Coaxial feed or probe feed technique is used. Parametric study was included to determine affect of design towards the antenna performance. Radiation performance of the designed antenna is simulated using the HFSS software version 13.0. The performance of the designed antenna was analyzed in term of bandwidth, gain, return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern. The design was optimized to meet the best possible result. Substrate used was air which has a dielectric constant of 1.0006. The results show the wideband antenna is able to operate from 8.80 GHz to 13.49 GHz frequency band with optimum frequency at 8.73 GHz. Due to the compact area occupied. The pro-posed antenna is promising to be embedded within the different portable devices employing GPS applications.
Modified T&U Shape Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Communication.IJSRD
Modern communication system requires high gain, large bandwidth and less size antennas which shows excellent performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. Proposed system uses FR4 as a dielectric substrate(€r=4.4).Proposed Triangular Miscrostrip Patch antenna is designed with additional T & U shape ,simulated by using high frequency simulation software HFSS & finally tested with the help of vector network analyzer (VNA -N9923A) . Various antenna parameters like Return Loss, Gain and VSWR etc. are calculated using HFSS. The antenna has been designed to operate on the range of 5.5GHz. This paper report the simulation result using equilateral triangular patch antenna with Microstrip line feed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
More Related Content
Similar to A TRIPLE RECTANGULAR-SLOTTED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN & WIMAX
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna with Optimization for Wireles...ijsrd.com
In this paper, design of conventional Rectangular patch Microstrip antenna has been proposed and its performance is analyzed. The design parameters of antenna are selected to achieve compact dimensions as well as best possible characteristics such as high gain, increased bandwidth with minimum return loss. Hence improved design has been demonstrated over elementary one. These antennas have been designed at 2.4GHz which enables its usage in wireless communication domain such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). The antenna design and performance are analyzed using Ansoft HFSS software. These antennas can be used for many wireless communication systems.
Microstrip patch antennas are the most common form
of printed antennas. They became very popular due to their low
profile geometry, light weight and low cost. A Rectangular
Microstrip Patch Antenna with probe feed and substrate used is
Arlon AD260 has the relative permittivity of which is 2.6 is
designed and simulated using high frequency structure simulator
(HFSS). All the Parameters of this microsrip patch Antenna such
as bandwidth, S - parameter, Reflection loss and VSWR has been
found and plotted. The main objective of this work is to consider
the reactive loading effect on the patch and its effect towards the
improvement of the antenna characteristics, particularly the
radiation characteristics in principle plane (E and H) is
examined. As per theoretical approach reactive loading creates
either capacitive loading or inductive loading. Due to this effect
the antenna performance may be degraded or enhanced in terms
of efficiency, isolation, gain, impedance matching etc. The results
of this designed antenna are compared with the existing Micro
strip antenna
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Small Size Planar Inverted-F Antenna for WiMAX ApplicationsIJEEE
This work presents a small size planner inverted-F antenna (PIFA), with a single feed which covers WiMAX (3.2-3.6 GHz) and (5-5.8 GHz) range. The proposed antenna has many advantages like compact size and wide operation bandwidth. The antenna portion of 20mm* 15mm and the overall dimension25mm *40mm can be easily applied in the USB dongle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure for biomedical applic...journalBEEI
Proper narrowband antenna design for wearable devices in the biomedical application is a significant field of research interest. In this work, defected ground structure-based microstrip patch antenna has been proposed that can work for narrowband applications. The proposed antenna works exactly for a single channel of ISM band. The resonant frequency of the antenna is 2.45 GHz with a return loss of around -30 dB. The -10dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 20 MHz (2.442-2.462 GHz), which is the bandwidth of channel 9 in ISM band. The antenna has achieved a high gain of 7.04 dBi with an increase of 17.63% antenna efficiency in terms of realized gain by using defected ground structure. Three linear vector arrays of arrangement 1 2, 1 4 and 1 8 have been designed to validate the proposed antenna performances as an array. The proposed antenna is light weighted, low cost, easy to fabricate and with better performances that makes it suitable for biomedical WLAN applications.
Design & Simulation of E-Shaped Micro Strip Patch Antenna for GPS ApplicationIJERA Editor
Micro strip antennas are widely used in many applications due to their low Profile, low cost and ease of fabrication. In some applications it is desired to have a dual band or multiband characteristics. This paper presents the design and simulation of E-shape micro strip patch antenna with wideband operating frequency for wireless application. The shape will provide the broad bandwidth which is required in various application like remote sensing, biomedical application, mobile radio, satellite communication etc. The antenna design is an improvement from previous research and it is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 software. GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed with a GPS receiver enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time. Coaxial feed or probe feed technique is used. Parametric study was included to determine affect of design towards the antenna performance. Radiation performance of the designed antenna is simulated using the HFSS software version 13.0. The performance of the designed antenna was analyzed in term of bandwidth, gain, return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern. The design was optimized to meet the best possible result. Substrate used was air which has a dielectric constant of 1.0006. The results show the wideband antenna is able to operate from 8.80 GHz to 13.49 GHz frequency band with optimum frequency at 8.73 GHz. Due to the compact area occupied. The pro-posed antenna is promising to be embedded within the different portable devices employing GPS applications.
Modified T&U Shape Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Communication.IJSRD
Modern communication system requires high gain, large bandwidth and less size antennas which shows excellent performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. Proposed system uses FR4 as a dielectric substrate(€r=4.4).Proposed Triangular Miscrostrip Patch antenna is designed with additional T & U shape ,simulated by using high frequency simulation software HFSS & finally tested with the help of vector network analyzer (VNA -N9923A) . Various antenna parameters like Return Loss, Gain and VSWR etc. are calculated using HFSS. The antenna has been designed to operate on the range of 5.5GHz. This paper report the simulation result using equilateral triangular patch antenna with Microstrip line feed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Similar to A TRIPLE RECTANGULAR-SLOTTED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN & WIMAX (17)
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
A TRIPLE RECTANGULAR-SLOTTED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN & WIMAX
1. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.4, No.1/2, April 2018
DOI: 10.5121/jant.2018.4201 1
A TRIPLE RECTANGULAR-SLOTTED MICROSTRIP
PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN & WIMAX
APPLICATIONS
Sanjeev Kumar Ray1
and Abhay Shrivastava2
1
Research Scholar, Department of ECE, ITM University, Gwalior, M.P. (India)
2
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, ITM University, Gwalior, M.P. (India)
ABSTRACT
A triple rectangular slotted microstrip patch antenna is designed and investigated with and without slot
using CST Software. By using the triple rectangular shaped slot the designed antenna operates at 2.4GHz
(ranging from 2.3704 GHz (Gigahertz) to 2.4391 GHz at -10dB return loss) for WLAN (Wireless Local
Area Network) and 3.6GHz (ranging from 3.5643 GHz to 3.6548 GHz at -10dB return loss) for WiMAX
(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) applications having a maximum return loss -28.5dB
and -25.4dB respectively. For the design of this antenna we have chosen FR-4 (lossy) as substrate having
permittivity 4.3. The designed antenna has appreciable values of gain and directivity at both the
frequencies. The proposed antenna works on the principle of excitation of the slots at the operating
frequencies. The antenna was designed keeping in mind the two major Wireless standards i.e., WLAN and
WiMAX bands of frequencies. The proposed triple-rectangular slots are unique in terms of its construction
and have appreciable results at the operating frequencies.
KEYWORDS
MSPA, Rectangular slots, Return loss, WLAN, WiMAX
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the robustness and simplicity of wireless communication, there is a huge demand of
MSPA’s (Microstrip patch antennas) arises in the communication sector/area. [1] And to fulfill
these requirements of wireless communication the MSPA’s has become widely/broadly centre of
study for the researchers since few decades. Since the evolution of the wireless communication
also there is a trend started for the patch antennas to be used for different frequencies with the
single antenna. Also in modern era the single antenna is being used by the devices like mobile
phone, satellites, war crafts, spacecrafts etc. for the purpose to work on the multiple frequencies
for different applications.[2-3] So the researchers are doing hard to make it for such applications
with better bandwidth, less cost, high gain, very compact in size.
Micro-strip antennas are very tiny, compact, very low weight and more easily compatible with the
devices. It is thoroughly used in handheld wireless gadgets, war-crafts, war-ships and satellites
for the communication wirelessly. [4] Although with these suitable features, it also suffers from
some drawbacks like small bandwidth, less gain and sometimes unwanted lobe radiations which
degrade the performance level of such antennas. The configuration of MSPA (Microstrip Patch
Antenna) is obtained by simply deploying a dielectric material followed by a metal under and
above as shown below in the fig. The size with respect to its effective features makes it different
and most important from other antennas.
2. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.4, No.1/2, April 2018
2
Fig.1. Microstrip patch antenna
From the inception of the patch antenna many more techniques has been used to enhance the
antenna’s characteristics. To design a multiband patch antenna is trending topic among
researchers as it has wide application in the modern world of communication. For the designing
of such antennas a much way of configuration are being used by the researchers. By introducing
different type of structures (U- slot, L- slot, T- slot, rectangular slot, pi shaped slot etc. ) on the
patch and the ground. A double meander slot on the patch make a antenna resonate at dual
frequency but a triple meander slots gives better return loss than the dual.[5]. The aim of cutting
slots on the patch gives a new mode of frequency along with their fundamental band of operation
, a half U-slot on the patch introduce a new mode and again a rectangular slot also gives a new
mode and by changing geometry of these a triple mode antenna exists.[6]. Over one or two
decade back a new geometry called fractal geometry are also introduced for designing of
multiband patch antenna. As J.J. Huang , he had used fractal geometry for multiband antenna
design and he found many bands between 0.5 GHz to 5 GHz, so this technique is also being
frequently used by the researchers. [7]. Stacked patch also have an impact in designing of multi-
frequency RMSPA (Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna), in this design multi layers of patches
and substrate are stacked to one another. Also stacked patch with slots on the patches are used for
increasing the gain. [8].
Here we have presented a unique structure of the rectangular patch antenna by inserting triple
rectangular slots into the patch to make it radiates at useful multiple frequencies (2.4 GHz and 3.6
GHz). The presented design of the patch antenna is easy to design and fabricate so these may be
the major advantage for this designing.
2. ANTENNA DESIGN
For the design of RMSPA (Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna), the three parameters are most
essential to be chosen first. These are (i) Operational frequency (fo):-It should be chosen
according to our need of operation. In our design we have chosen 2.4GHz resonating frequency
for WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) use. (ii) Dielectric permittivity of the substrate ( ):-
More dielectric constant value reduced size of the designed antenna. So FR-4 (lossy) having
=4.3, 0.025 as loss tangent and thermal conductivity 0.3 [W/K/m] have been selected for this
3. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.4, No.1/2, April 2018
3
design. (iii) Substrate height (h) :- Should be minimum so that the final dimension of the antenna
should not be bulky. [9] I have selected it 1.6 mm.
2.1 ESSENTIAL CALCULATIONS BY THE FORMULAE.
For the complete dimension of the patch we have chosen some parameters and then calculated it
by the formulae given below stepwise.
=2.4 GHz
c=Speed of light (approximately 3.00 × 10 / )
ϵ =4.3
Thickness of the dielectric material (h)=1.6 mm
Step 1:- Width of the patch ( ):
=
/("#$%)
(1)
Step 2:- Effective dielectric constant ('#( ):
'#( =
()*$%)
+
()*,%)
(1 + 12
.
/
),
0
1 (2)
Step 3:- Effective length (Le):
2 = √)*455
(3)
Step4:-Extension in patch length (∆L):
∆2 = 0.412ℎ
()*455$ .9)(
:;
<
$ . =>)
()*455, . )(
:;
<
$ . )
(4)
Step 5:- Patch length (Lp):
2 = 2 − 2∆2 (5)
For the dimension of ground plane and substrate we have taken double the length and width of
the patch, or we can also take it by the formulae given below:-
Wg = (6h + Wp) and (6)
Lg= (6h + Lp) (7)
4. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.4, No.1/2, April 2018
4
Table:1 Parameters and their values for the antenna design.
The table given above gives a complete data for the designing of this proposed RMPA. This
paper comprises of an antenna substrate as FR-4 (lossy) having dielectric permittivity 4.3, ground
and patch material is taken as PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor). Thickness of the ground and the
patch material are kept 0.035 mm, we may also choose copper instead of PEC but here it is PEC.
The dimensions of the ground plane and substrate are taken as double the length and width of the
patch.( i.e. Lg X Wg). There is also an another way of selecting the ground and substrate
dimensions by the formulae listed above in eqn. (6) and equation (7) that says the ground and the
substrate can be also chosen six times the dielectric height addition with patch width for ground
width and similarly six times dielectric height addition with patch length for ground length
respectively. For feeding the antenna many techniques are being used mostly microstrip line,
aperture coupled, co-axial feed, coplanar wave guide. Microstrip line inset feeding is simple and
effective in various matters so this technique has been used for feeding the antenna with a valid
impedance matching at 50 ohm. To make the antenna useful for more than one operational
frequency multiple slots are cut from the patch . After introducing multiple slots the antenna
become resonating at 2.4GHz for WLAN use and 3.6 GHz for WiMAX application. The Table
below gives the complete mathematical value of the antenna design.
Fig. 2(a) Top view without slot (b).Top view with slot. (c).Side view
Parameters Values in mm
Ground length (Lg) 58.0
Ground width (Wg) 76.0
Substrate length (Ls) 58.0
Substrate width (Ws) 76.0
Patch length (Lp) 29.0
Patch width (Wp) 38.0
Feed-line length (Lf) 29.0
Feed-line width (Wf) 3.317
Slot 1 length (a) 11.0
Slot 2 length (b) 9.0
Slot 3 length (c) 9.8
Metal height (Mt) 0.035
Substrate height (Ht) 1.6
Width of the slots (d) 1.0
Gap between feed-line and patch(e) 2.0
5. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.4, No.1/2, April 2018
5
Fig. 2(d) Detail description of the Patch antenna with complete dimensions
The figure shown above Fig. 2(a) is the top view of the patch antenna before the introduction of
slots, Fig. 2(b) is also the top view of the proposed antenna after the cutting of slots and Fig.2(c)
describes the side view with the substrate height (h) in between the metallic ground layer and the
patch layer. Fig. 2(d) describes the complete design parameters with their notations, the value of
these parameters is give in Table:1 briefly. The width of all the three slots are taken 1.0 mm and
the gap between inserted feed-line and patch is kept 1.0 mm both the sides. The waveguide port is
selected for feeding the antenna, dimensions of the waveguide port is calculated through the
formula along z axis is given below in equation (8) and (9).
@ ℎ = 6 (8)
Where Wf is width of microstrip feed line.
2 B ℎ = + 5ℎ (9)
Where mt is metal thickness and h is dielectric height.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To achieve a specified operational frequency of a patch antenna, the several techniques are being
used by the researchers like introducing slots, optimizing dimensions, using EBG
(Electromagnetic Band Gap). Here in this paper we have cut three rectangular slots on the patch
of the antenna and by using hit and trial method we adjusted the dimensions and positions of the
slots to resonates the antenna at a frequency 2.4 GHz for WLAN and 3.6 GHz for WiMAX use
.i.e., we make it resonate for dual frequency which are being used for these two purpose. Also we
have observed that by cutting the slots on the patch the current distribution on the surface
changes and so frequency and impedance matching at that frequency changes. So we have
investigated the design by laying different positions and shapes of the three rectangular slots to
make the antenna resonate at that frequency which we desire for.
6. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.4, No.1/2, April 2018
6
Fig. 3(a) S11-Parameter Magnitude in dB at 2.4 GHz and 3.6 GHz
Fig. 3 (b) Surface current distribution at 3.6 GHz (c) Surface current distribution at 2.4 GHz
Fig. 3 (d) 3-D radiation pattern at 2.4 GHz. (e) 3-D radiation pattern at 3.6 GHz.
To check the performance characteristics of a patch antenna we examine the various parameters
such as S11-parameter, radiation pattern, gain, directivity and such others. Here we have also
examined and represented some few of them given above in the figures. The Fig. 3(a) shows the
s-parameter of the proposed antenna and it clearly indicates that two major lobes at 2.4 GHz and
3.6 GHz having an effective return loss 28.5 dB and 25.4dB respectively. Fig. 3(b) and Fig. 3(c)
shows surface current distribution at 3.6 GHz and 2.4 GHz respectively with the indication that
the slot-1 resonates at 2.4 GHz only, slot-2 and slot-3 resonates at 3.6 GHz only. Fig. 3(d) and
Fig. 3(e) shows 3-D radiation pattern, in Fig. 3(d) at 2.4 GHz antenna is resonating as
unidirectional while in Fig. 3(e) at 3.6GHz it will be bidirectional.
7. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.4, No.1/2, April 2018
7
Table: 2 The gain and directivity of the antenna at operating frequencies.
The table- 2 shown above gives the values of the gain and directivity of the designed patch
antenna at the respective frequencies. These two parameters are very vital for evaluation of an
antenna about their performances. Higher the gain at a frequency indicates that the efficiency of
the antenna will be higher.
4. CONCLUSION
A Triple rectangular-slotted Microstrip patch antenna has been presented in this research article.
The antenna operates at two operating frequencies i.e., 2.4GHz and 3.6 GHz as clearly indicated
in the manuscript above. The proposed antenna can find its applications in the WLAN and
WiMAX frequency bands for wireless applications. The gain and directivity of the antenna at the
WLAN band is 3.850 dB and 6.987 dB respectively, similarly the gain and directivity of the
antenna at WiMAX band is 2.947 dB and 6.814 dB. The gain and directivity of the antenna is
appreciable at both the operating frequencies. The proposed triple-slotted design can be extended
further by enhancing the bandwidth of the antenna, even the gain of the antenna can be enhanced
using the Electromagnetic Band Gap structures. The antenna radiates mainly in the desired
direction and which becomes double lobes at the WiMAX, the future aim is also at enhancing the
directivity in the desired direction.
REFERENCES
[1] S. Dwivedi, S. G. Yadav & A. K. Singh, (2014). “Annular ring embedded l-slot rectangular
microstrip patch antenna”. In Student’s Technology Symposium (TechSym), pp. 372-375. IEEE
[2] M. T. Ali, N. Ramli, M. K .M. Salleh & M. N. Md. Tan (2011). A design of reconfigurable
rectangular microstrip slot patch antenna. IEEE International Conference on System Engineering and
Technology (ICSET), pp. 111-115.
[3] B. R. Piper & M. E. Bialkowski, (2004). “Electromagnetic modeling on conformal wideband and
multi-band patch antennas by bridging a solid object modeler with MoM software”. Antenna and
Propagation Magazine, Vol. 46(5), pp. 42-45.
[4] Q. Rao, T. A. Denidi & R. H. Johnston, (2005). “A new aperture coupled microstrip slot antenna.”
IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation. Vol. 53(9), pp. 2818-2826.
[5] M. Z. A. Abd Aziz, Z. Zakaria, M. N. Husain, N. A. Zainuddin, M. A. Othman & B. H. Ahmad,
(2013). “ Investigation of dual and triple meander slot to microstrip patch antenna”. IEEE 13th
Conference on Microwave Techniques COMITE. pp. 36-39.
[6] R. Pandey & Dr. D. K. Vishwakarma, (2015). “ A meander line uniplanar EBG based multiband
antenna using defected ground plane for WLAN and WiMAX applications.” IEEE International
Microwave and RF Conference (IMaRC). Pp. 64-67.
[7] J. J. Huang, F. Q. Shan & J. Z. She, (2006). “ A novel multi band and broadband fractal patch
antenna.” Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium. Vol. 2(1), pp. 57-59.
8. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.4, No.1/2, April 2018
8
[8] H. Nornikman, F. Malek, N. Saudin, M. Md. Shukor, B. H. Ahmad & N. A. Oathman, (2013).
“Design of rectangular stacked patch antenna with four L shaped slots CPW-Fed for WiMAX
application”. IEEE 3rd International Conference on Instrumentation, Communications, Information
Technology, and Biomedical Engineering (ICICI-BME), pp. 39-43.
[9] C. Balanis (2005). “Antenna Theory and Design”. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
[10] K.F. Lee, S. L. S. Yang & A. Ahmad (2008). “ Dual and multiband U-slot patch antennas”. IEEE
Antenna and wireless propagation letters. Vol. 7, pp. 645-647.
AUTHORS
Prof. Abhay Shrivastava has completed B.Tech from IET, Bundelkhand
University, Jhansi (India) in Electronics & Communication Engineering and his
M.Tech from Government Engineering College, Jabalpur (India) in Microwave
Engineering. Currently he is an Assistant Professor in ITM UNIVERSITY, Gwalior
(India). He has many years of experiences in teaching and research work.
Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Ray is a research scholar. He is currently pursuing B.tech+M.Tech (Integrated
course) in Electronics and Communication Engineering discipline from ITM UNIVERSITY, Gwalior
(India).