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A Sustainable Future fuel switching for rural development Atul K. Raturi Presented at   Energy side event, ACP Ministerial Meeting, Port Moresby, 2 June 2006
The Electrified Earth
Population density PNG  ~ 8 persons/km 2 Tuvalu ~ 363 persons/ km 2 No. of islands/ country PNG -400 Fiji- 300 Kiribati- 33 Population PNG – 5 Million Tuvalu- 9,600 Land Area PNG – 462,243 km 2 Nauru- 21 km 2
Population  without  grid electricity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Photo:BugBog                                             
ELECTRICITY GENERATION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Global warming & Climate change   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Photo:www.rbgkew.org.uk  Source: New scientist, March 2006)
Carteret  Atoll, Papua New Guinea The entire population of  2000 is to be moved to higher grounds.  “ First Climate Change Refugees” By 2015, all the six islands will be submerged. Saltwater has already   destroyed the gardens and crops Two  uninhabited   islands of Kiribati disappeared in 1999. Tuvalu, Marshall Islands are under threat. ,[object Object],[object Object],Global warming effects in the Pacific
Electricity production in PNG -- 8 C-centers 1,200 280 Mining &Industry (self generation) 105 32 Hanjung-Kanudi (Private) 665 302 PNG power Generation (GWh/yr) Capacity (MW) Producer
Distillate Use in electricity generation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fiji: 42 ML (2000)  Projected (2011): 161 ML Solomon Islands:  21.4 ML (2001)  Projected increase 5% annually This does not include usage by Industry and individuals
Diesel engine   “ The diesel engine can be fed with vegetable oils and would help considerably in the development of agriculture of the countries that use it.”  Rudolph Diesel, World exhibition Paris, 1900
  Oil Properties 190 179 -24 29 @ 40 °C 34.6 39.7 Linseed Oil 191 130 -16 33 @ 40 °C 37.9 39.6 Soybean Oil 175 125 -10 37 @ 40 °C 38 39.7 Gross Rapeseed Oil 199 54 35 37 @ 40 42-50 39.6 Gross Palm Oil 268 10 24 20 @ 40 °C 60 42.0 Gross Coconut Oil - - -9 4 @  40 °C 45 - 55 45.3 Gross Petroleum Diesel Saponification Value Iodine Value Solidification Point ( 0 C) Kinematic Viscosity (cS) Cetane Number Specific Energy (MJ/kg) Fuel
Main Issues ( Coconut  Oil) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Solutions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Utilization of CNO in CI engines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiesel ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Blending ,[object Object],Source:Machaon et al Source: Tangsathitkulchai et al Viscosity vs. Temp (various blends) Droplet diameter vs. % CNO
Engine Modifications ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Copra Production   CNO Production Papua New Guinea
Some examples of   CNO based systems   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CNO Fuel in PNG & Vanuatu
Rabaul Shipping COPM, Madang CNO in boilers CNO in ships
Environmental effects of fuel switching ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The CNO option: some scenarios ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Carbon Trading Potential
Ethanol from Cassava ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Other crops Sago Palm: up to 100 ML of ethanol potential in Gulf Nipa palm: up to 250 ML from Purari basin
Kerosene based lighting A kerosene wick lantern produces~ 1 lux (lumen/m 2 ) at 1 m distance Industrialized countries: 500 lux (normal) Used 4 hours/day a kerosene lamp emits 100kg of CO 2  annually.  Annual light output of a kerosene lamp =  light produced by a 100 W incandescent lamp in 10 hours :  Highly inefficient About 90% of the people in PNG use kerosene for lighting .~ 35 Million Liters/ year.98 M kg of CO 2  equivalent
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],A wled lantern WLED (5W)
[object Object],Light with rechargeable 12 Volt battery Cost ~ 200 Kina ( USD 70) Light Up The World Foundation (LUTW)  Pioneer of LED lighting 14,000 homes in 26 countries www.lutw.org
PHOTOVOLTAICS: Electricity from the Sun Very high potential in the PICs Sunshine hours (POM)=2,478
Teachers Solar Lighting Project (PNG) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],PV projects in PNG
[object Object],320 Solar Lighting Kits (SLK) in schools in remote villages The system consists of-320 Watts & 480   Watts PV array 12 volt battery (600Ah) Provision   for  10 off 20 watt 12dc fluorescent lights Potential to benefit 75,000   primary school children and 5000 teachers  1997-98, Cost: 15 Million Kina Current Status: Only a few still in operation. Problems: Poor quality installation, lack of maintenance and spare parts, Thefts SCHOOL PV Lighting Project
PV projects (TE PNG) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],PNG Telecom 173 sites : 5000 solar panels : 200 peak kW
Geothermal Power Lihir Gold Mines 36MW plant in operation  20MW under construction First CDM project in PNG Many other potential sites
OTHER RETs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Research & Training in RETs at PNGUT Department of Applied Physics Renewable Energy Systems  Design and Analysis Tools   PV-DesignPro v4.0 Photovoltaic Energy System Design and Analysis Tool                                                                                              
Conclusions/Recommendations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Conclusions/Recommendations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thank you for your attention ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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A Sustainable Future

  • 1. A Sustainable Future fuel switching for rural development Atul K. Raturi Presented at Energy side event, ACP Ministerial Meeting, Port Moresby, 2 June 2006
  • 3. Population density PNG ~ 8 persons/km 2 Tuvalu ~ 363 persons/ km 2 No. of islands/ country PNG -400 Fiji- 300 Kiribati- 33 Population PNG – 5 Million Tuvalu- 9,600 Land Area PNG – 462,243 km 2 Nauru- 21 km 2
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. Electricity production in PNG -- 8 C-centers 1,200 280 Mining &Industry (self generation) 105 32 Hanjung-Kanudi (Private) 665 302 PNG power Generation (GWh/yr) Capacity (MW) Producer
  • 9.
  • 10. Diesel engine “ The diesel engine can be fed with vegetable oils and would help considerably in the development of agriculture of the countries that use it.” Rudolph Diesel, World exhibition Paris, 1900
  • 11. Oil Properties 190 179 -24 29 @ 40 °C 34.6 39.7 Linseed Oil 191 130 -16 33 @ 40 °C 37.9 39.6 Soybean Oil 175 125 -10 37 @ 40 °C 38 39.7 Gross Rapeseed Oil 199 54 35 37 @ 40 42-50 39.6 Gross Palm Oil 268 10 24 20 @ 40 °C 60 42.0 Gross Coconut Oil - - -9 4 @ 40 °C 45 - 55 45.3 Gross Petroleum Diesel Saponification Value Iodine Value Solidification Point ( 0 C) Kinematic Viscosity (cS) Cetane Number Specific Energy (MJ/kg) Fuel
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. Copra Production CNO Production Papua New Guinea
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21. CNO Fuel in PNG & Vanuatu
  • 22. Rabaul Shipping COPM, Madang CNO in boilers CNO in ships
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26. Kerosene based lighting A kerosene wick lantern produces~ 1 lux (lumen/m 2 ) at 1 m distance Industrialized countries: 500 lux (normal) Used 4 hours/day a kerosene lamp emits 100kg of CO 2 annually. Annual light output of a kerosene lamp = light produced by a 100 W incandescent lamp in 10 hours : Highly inefficient About 90% of the people in PNG use kerosene for lighting .~ 35 Million Liters/ year.98 M kg of CO 2 equivalent
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29. PHOTOVOLTAICS: Electricity from the Sun Very high potential in the PICs Sunshine hours (POM)=2,478
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33. Geothermal Power Lihir Gold Mines 36MW plant in operation 20MW under construction First CDM project in PNG Many other potential sites
  • 34.
  • 35. Research & Training in RETs at PNGUT Department of Applied Physics Renewable Energy Systems Design and Analysis Tools   PV-DesignPro v4.0 Photovoltaic Energy System Design and Analysis Tool                                                                                            
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.

Editor's Notes

  1. Introduction