A. Section 7.1
Use Table 7-7 to complete the Exercise.
What day of the week had the highest amount in sales? What day had the lowest amount in sales?
B. Section 7.2
Salaries for the research and development department of Richman Chemical are given as $48,397;
$27,982; $42,591; $19,522; $32,400; and $37,582.
a. Find the mean rounded to the nearest dollar.
b. Find the median.
c. Find the mode.
d. Write a statement about the data set based on your findings.
C. Section 7.3
The data shows the total number of employee medical leave days taken for on-the-job accidents in the
first six months of the year: 12, 6, 15, 9, 18, 12. Use the data for the Exercise.
Find the mean number of days taken for medical leave each month.
MAT105 – Quantitative Methods
Unit 5 DB Assignment
D. Section 7.1
Use Figure 7-15 for the Exercise.
What speed gave the highest gasoline mileage for both types of automobiles?
E. Section 7.2
Accountants often use the median when studying salaries for various jobs. What is the median of the
following salary list: $32,084; $21,983; $27,596; $43,702; $38,840; $25,997?
F. Section 7.1
Use Figure 7-15 for the Exercise.
At what speed did the first noticeable decrease in gasoline mileage occur? Which car showed this
decrease?
G. Section 7.3
The data shows the total number of employee medical leave days taken for on-the-job accidents in the
first six months of the year: 12, 6, 15, 9, 18, 12. Use the data for the Exercise.
Find the sum of squares of the deviations from the mean.
H. Section 7.1
Use Figure 7-16 for the Exercise. Round to the nearest tenth of a percent.
Figure 7-16 Dale Crosby’s Salary History
Calculate the amount and percent of increase in Dale’s salary from 2014 to 2015.
I. Section 7.2
The following grades were earned by students on a midterm business math exam:
75 82 63 88 94
81 90 72 84 87
98 93 85 68 91
78 86 91 83 92
Make a frequency distribution of the data using the intervals 60–69, 70–79, 80–89, and 90–99.
J. Section 7.3
The data shows the total number of employee medical leave days taken for on-the-job accidents in the
first six months of the year: 12, 6, 15, 9, 18, 12. Use the data for the Exercise.
Find the standard deviation.
K. Section 7.1
Use Figure 7-16 for the Exercise. Round to the nearest tenth of a percent.
Figure 7-16 Dale Crosby’s Salary History
If the cost-of-living increase was 10% from 2011 to 2016, determine if Dale’s salary for this period of
time kept pace with inflation.
L. Section 7.2
The 7th Inning wants to group a collection of autographed photos by price ranges. Make a relative
frequency distribution of the prices using the intervals $0–$9.99, $10–$19.99, $20–$29.99, $30–$39.99,
and $40–$49.99.
$2.50 $3.75 $1.25 $21.50 $43.00 $15.00
$26.00 $14.50 $12.75 $35.00 $37.50 $48.00
$7.50 $6.50 $7.50 $8.00 $12.50 $15.00
$9.50 $8.25 $14.00 $25.00 $18.50 $45..
This document contains information about a student named Vinay Aradhya enrolled in an MBA program. It includes responses to four questions on statistics.
Q1 defines characteristics of statistics such as dealing with numerical data collection and analysis, and being affected by multiple causes. Q2 explains that statistical averages summarize data, facilitate comparison, and provide a basis for decision making. It lists requisites of a good average.
Q3 lists characteristics of the Chi-square test as being based on frequencies, non-parametric, and useful for testing independence between attributes. Q4 defines a cost of living index and discusses methods for its construction, including the aggregate expenditure and family budget methods with an example of each.
STAT200 Introduction to Statistics Dataset for Written Assig.docxwhitneyleman54422
STAT200 Introduction to Statistics
Dataset for Written Assignments
Description of Dataset:
The data is a random sample from the US Department of Labor’s 2016 Consumer Expenditure Surveys (CE) and provides information about the
composition of households and their annual expenditures (https://www.bls.gov/cex/). It contains information from 30 households, where a survey
responder provided the requested information; it is all self-reported information. This dataset contains four socioeconomic variables (whose names start
with SE) and four expenditure variables (whose names start with USD).
Description of Variables/Data Dictionary:
The following table is a data dictionary that describes the variables and their locations in this dataset (Note: Dataset is on second page of this document):
Variable Name Location in Dataset Variable Description Coding
UniqueID# First Column Unique number used to identify each survey
responder
Each responder has a unique
number from 1-30
SE-MaritalStatus Second Column Marital Status of Head of Household Not Married/Married
SE-Income Third Column Annual Household Income Amount in US Dollars
SE-AgeHeadHousehold Fourth Column Age of the Head of Household Age in Years
SE-FamilySize Fifth Column Total Number of People in Family (Both Adults
and Children)
Number of People in Family
USD-Annual Expenditures Sixth Column Total Amount of Annual Expenditures Amount in US Dollars
USD-Housing Seventh Column Total Amount of Annual Expenditure on Housing Amount in US Dollars
USD-Electricity Eighth Column Total Amount of Annual Expenditure on
Electricity
Amount in US Dollars
USD-Water Ninth Column Total Amount of Annual Expenditure on Water Amount in US Dollars
How to read the data set: Each row contains information from one household. For instance, the first row of the dataset starting on the next page shows
us that: the head of household is not married and is 53 years old, has an annual household income of $97,681, a family size of 4, annual expenditures of
$56,124, and spends $18,676 on housing, $1,468 on electricity, and $551 on water.
https://www.bls.gov/cex/
UniqueID# SE-MaritalStatus SE-Income SE-AgeHeadHousehold SE-FamilySize USD-AnnualExpenditures USD-Housing USD-Electricity USD-Water
1 Not Married 97681 53 4 56124 18676 1468 551
2 Not Married 96727 39 2 56440 18376 1441 542
3 Not Married 95432 51 1 55120 18391 1458 548
4 Not Married 96928 43 3 55932 18701 1479 520
5 Not Married 94929 59 2 55247 18483 1451 546
6 Not Married 95744 52 4 55963 18435 1465 555
7 Not Married 95366 48 2 57082 18576 1478 538
8 Not Married 96697 49 2 56453 18520 1469 545
9 Not Married 96572 59 2 56515 18648 1480 552
10 Not Married 96653 51 4 56488 18838 1470 535
11 Not Married 96664 53 3 55558 18502 1478 553
12 Not Married 96621 54 2 55746 18149 1455 540
13 Not Married 96886 44 2 55321 18312 1450 523
14 Not Married 96244 56 4 56051 18484 1457 539
15 Not Married 94867 60 1 55512 .
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
www.qnt561genius.com
1. The mean gas mileage for a hybrid car is 56 miles per gallon. Suppose that the gasoline mileage is approximately normally distributed with a standard deviation of 3.2 miles per gallon.
This document is a study guide for the QNT 561 final exam that provides examples of statistical concepts and calculations that may appear on the exam. It includes 30 multiple part questions covering topics like confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, distributions, and other inferential statistics concepts. The questions involve analyzing data from studies, surveys, and experiments to make statistical inferences.
THE U.S. EMPLOYMENT RATE WHEN THE MINIMUM WAGE IS INCREASED / TUTORIALOUTLET ...albert0032
Running Head: MINIMUM WAGE AND EMPLOYMENT RATE 1 Chapter 4
Participants
There are no participants in this research as the entire data set was retrieved from the
government agency websites. The minimum wage rates and the unemployment rate of the years
This document contains information about a student named Vinay Aradhya enrolled in an MBA program. It includes responses to four questions on statistics.
Q1 defines characteristics of statistics such as dealing with numerical data collection and analysis, and being affected by multiple causes. Q2 explains that statistical averages summarize data, facilitate comparison, and provide a basis for decision making. It lists requisites of a good average.
Q3 lists characteristics of the Chi-square test as being based on frequencies, non-parametric, and useful for testing independence between attributes. Q4 defines a cost of living index and discusses methods for its construction, including the aggregate expenditure and family budget methods with an example of each.
STAT200 Introduction to Statistics Dataset for Written Assig.docxwhitneyleman54422
STAT200 Introduction to Statistics
Dataset for Written Assignments
Description of Dataset:
The data is a random sample from the US Department of Labor’s 2016 Consumer Expenditure Surveys (CE) and provides information about the
composition of households and their annual expenditures (https://www.bls.gov/cex/). It contains information from 30 households, where a survey
responder provided the requested information; it is all self-reported information. This dataset contains four socioeconomic variables (whose names start
with SE) and four expenditure variables (whose names start with USD).
Description of Variables/Data Dictionary:
The following table is a data dictionary that describes the variables and their locations in this dataset (Note: Dataset is on second page of this document):
Variable Name Location in Dataset Variable Description Coding
UniqueID# First Column Unique number used to identify each survey
responder
Each responder has a unique
number from 1-30
SE-MaritalStatus Second Column Marital Status of Head of Household Not Married/Married
SE-Income Third Column Annual Household Income Amount in US Dollars
SE-AgeHeadHousehold Fourth Column Age of the Head of Household Age in Years
SE-FamilySize Fifth Column Total Number of People in Family (Both Adults
and Children)
Number of People in Family
USD-Annual Expenditures Sixth Column Total Amount of Annual Expenditures Amount in US Dollars
USD-Housing Seventh Column Total Amount of Annual Expenditure on Housing Amount in US Dollars
USD-Electricity Eighth Column Total Amount of Annual Expenditure on
Electricity
Amount in US Dollars
USD-Water Ninth Column Total Amount of Annual Expenditure on Water Amount in US Dollars
How to read the data set: Each row contains information from one household. For instance, the first row of the dataset starting on the next page shows
us that: the head of household is not married and is 53 years old, has an annual household income of $97,681, a family size of 4, annual expenditures of
$56,124, and spends $18,676 on housing, $1,468 on electricity, and $551 on water.
https://www.bls.gov/cex/
UniqueID# SE-MaritalStatus SE-Income SE-AgeHeadHousehold SE-FamilySize USD-AnnualExpenditures USD-Housing USD-Electricity USD-Water
1 Not Married 97681 53 4 56124 18676 1468 551
2 Not Married 96727 39 2 56440 18376 1441 542
3 Not Married 95432 51 1 55120 18391 1458 548
4 Not Married 96928 43 3 55932 18701 1479 520
5 Not Married 94929 59 2 55247 18483 1451 546
6 Not Married 95744 52 4 55963 18435 1465 555
7 Not Married 95366 48 2 57082 18576 1478 538
8 Not Married 96697 49 2 56453 18520 1469 545
9 Not Married 96572 59 2 56515 18648 1480 552
10 Not Married 96653 51 4 56488 18838 1470 535
11 Not Married 96664 53 3 55558 18502 1478 553
12 Not Married 96621 54 2 55746 18149 1455 540
13 Not Married 96886 44 2 55321 18312 1450 523
14 Not Married 96244 56 4 56051 18484 1457 539
15 Not Married 94867 60 1 55512 .
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
www.qnt561genius.com
1. The mean gas mileage for a hybrid car is 56 miles per gallon. Suppose that the gasoline mileage is approximately normally distributed with a standard deviation of 3.2 miles per gallon.
This document is a study guide for the QNT 561 final exam that provides examples of statistical concepts and calculations that may appear on the exam. It includes 30 multiple part questions covering topics like confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, distributions, and other inferential statistics concepts. The questions involve analyzing data from studies, surveys, and experiments to make statistical inferences.
THE U.S. EMPLOYMENT RATE WHEN THE MINIMUM WAGE IS INCREASED / TUTORIALOUTLET ...albert0032
Running Head: MINIMUM WAGE AND EMPLOYMENT RATE 1 Chapter 4
Participants
There are no participants in this research as the entire data set was retrieved from the
government agency websites. The minimum wage rates and the unemployment rate of the years
This document provides an overview of the evolution of macroeconomics from the Great Depression to modern developments. It discusses key events and theories, including:
- The Great Depression beginning in 1929 and increased unemployment in countries like the UK and US.
- John Maynard Keynes introducing his general theory of employment, interest and money in 1936 to explain mass unemployment.
- The dominance of Keynesian macroeconomics in the 1950s and the development of models like the IS-LM curve and Phillips curve.
- Criticism of Keynesian models in the 1970s by economists like Milton Friedman and Robert Lucas, which challenged the assumptions of those models.
- The development of new classical and
This study examined the relationship between economic fluctuations, as measured by changes in the Dow Jones Index, and rates of hospitalization for myocardial infarction and strokes. Daily hospitalization records from 2006-2012 were grouped by month and compared to the average monthly Dow Jones Index values. Changes in the Index from month to month were correlated with changes in hospitalization rates using Pearson's correlation. Weak negative correlations were found between Index changes and strokes and a very weak positive correlation with heart attacks, suggesting a possible relationship between economic instability and cardiovascular events. The author concluded that while a definitive conclusion could not be drawn, the data provides evidence that economic fluctuations may be associated with risks of acute cardiovascular issues.
This document provides an overview of an analytical methods course for economics and finance. It introduces the course staff and coordinators. It describes how econometrics can be used to answer quantitative questions about economics and business. It also discusses different types of economic data and some basic mathematical and statistical concepts needed for the course, including summation, probability, and random variables. An important note reminds students about class attendance, staff consultation hours, accessing learning materials, and preparing for an upcoming online quiz.
This document discusses scale changes of data. It provides examples of scaling data by multiplying each data point by a scale factor. The key effects of scaling data are:
1. Each measure of center (mean, median) is multiplied by the scale factor.
2. Variance is multiplied by the square of the scale factor.
3. Standard deviation and range are multiplied by the scale factor.
Scaling data in this way allows conversion between different units of measurement, such as converting miles to kilometers by multiplying by 1.61.
International journal of applied sciences and innovation vol 2015 - no 2 - ...sophiabelthome
This document describes using a simulation model to determine the optimal order quantity for a wholesale supplier. Regression analysis was used to forecast quarterly sales for 2007. A simulation model was built in Excel to express the company's sales and inventory schedule. By varying order quantities and simulating demand, profit distributions were found. The order quantities that minimized risk and showed relatively high profit for each quarter were determined to be the optimal order quantities. These were 310,000m for Q1, 270,000m for Q2, 250,000m for Q3, and 440,000m for Q4.
Exam 1 (covers Chapters 1-7)Math 140Show all work! Na.docxSANSKAR20
Exam 1 (covers Chapters 1-7)
Math 140
Show all work! Name:______________________________
Seat number:____________________________
Papers without name and/or seating number will loose 10 points of total possible. Write your complete name and seat number now. Each problem or part has 5 points.
1) Because elderly people may have difficulty standing to have their heights measured, a study looked at predicting overall height from height to the knee. Here are data (in centimeters) for six elderly
Knee height x
57.6
46.4
43.5
44.8
52.2
54.6
Height y
192.1
152.3
146.4
162.7
174.1
177.8
Use your calculator: The correlation between knee height and overall height is about
(a) r =0.08. (b) r =0.89. (c) r =0.74 (d) none of the above
2) The National Association of College and University Business Officers collects data on college endowments. In 2011, 834 colleges and universities reported the value of their endowments. When the endowment values are arranged in order, what are the locations of the median and the quartiles in this ordered list?
Select the correct statement: If a distribution is skewed to the left,
(a) the mean is less than the median.
(b) the mean and median are equal.
(c) the mean is greater than the median.
(d) none of the above
3) A recent study found that consuming more fast food, candy and soda was not correlated with higher body mass index (BMI). This indicates that:
(a) People with higher BMIs tend to consume more fast food than people with lower BMIs
(b) People with higher BMIs tend to consume less fast food than people with lower BMIs
(c) The more fast food a person tends to consume, the higher their BMI tends to be
(d) The more fast food a person tends to consume, the lower their BMI tends to be
(e) None of the above
Use these data for the next two problems: In a usual way to study the brain’s response to sounds is to have subjects listen to pure tones. They fed pure tone and also monkey calls directly to their brains by inserting electrodes.
neuron
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
tone
474
256
241
226
185
174
176
168
161
150
19
20
call
500
138
485
338
194
159
341
85
303
208
66
54
neuron
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
tone
35
145
141
129
113
112
102
100
call
103
42
241
194
123
182
141
118
4) We might expect some neurons to have strong responses to any stimulus and others to have consistently weak responses. There would then be a strong relationship between tone response and call response. From the scatterplot of monkey call response against pure-tone response what would you estimate the correlation r to be?
(a) -0.6 (b) -0.1 (c) 0.1 (d) 0.6
5) Which of the following statements about the scatterplot given above is correct?
(a) There is moderate evidence that pure-tone response cause monkey call response.
(b) There is moderate evidence that monkey call response cause pure-tone response.
(c) There are one or two outliers, and at least one of these may also be influential.
(d) None of the ab ...
The document describes modeling an actuarial valuation in Venezuela to minimize gains and losses and annual expenses. It does this by optimizing the projected benefit obligation using salary increase rates as a decision variable. The results show changing assumptions from an initial valuation that produced a loss to an optimized valuation with a gain and lower liability and next year's expense. Specifically, it reduced the actuarial gain/loss from a loss to a gain of -$14,113.97 and lowered the annual expense from $1,186,723.20 to $984,906.36.
The document describes modeling an actuarial valuation in Venezuela to minimize gains and losses and annual expenses. It does this by optimizing the projected benefit obligation using salary increase rates as a decision variable. The results show changing assumptions from an initial valuation that produced a loss to an optimized valuation with a gain and lower liability and next year's expense. Specifically, it reduced the actuarial gain/loss from a loss to a gain of -$14,113.97 and lowered the annual expense from $1,186,723.20 to $984,906.36.
The document provides sample problems and discussion questions for each week of an economics course, including problems related to production functions, demand and elasticity, forecasting, and the global economy. Students are asked to analyze scenarios and data, calculate economic measures, and discuss how managers could apply the economic concepts when making business decisions to maximize profitability.
This document provides an overview of the course materials and assignments for ECO 550 at Strayer University. It includes sample problems from chapters 1-3 and 5-6 that focus on topics like the principal-agent problem, elasticity, demand and supply analysis, and forecasting models. Students are asked to complete problems, discussions, and a quiz on these economics fundamentals each week. The course uses managerial decision-making scenarios to explore how businesses use economic analysis for issues like pricing, costs, demand estimation and forecasting.
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
www.qnt561nerd.com
QNT 561 Final Exam Guide (New, 2017)
QNT 561 Week 1 Assignment Statistics Concepts and Descriptive Measures Instructions (Financial Data)
QNT 561 Week 1 Assignment Statistics Concepts and Descriptive Measures Instructions (Consumer Food)
QNT 561 Week 2 Case Study MBA Schools in Asia Pacific (2 Papers)
QNT 561 Week 3 Case Study SuperFun Toys (2 Papers)
QNT 561 Week 3 Assignment Expansion Strategy and Establishing a Re-Order Point
QNT 561 Week 4 Case the Payment Time
QNT 561 Week 5 Spicy Wings Case Study
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
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1. The mean gas mileage for a hybrid car is 56 miles per gallon. Suppose that the gasoline mileage is approximately normally distributed with a standard deviation of 3.2 miles per gallon.
This document provides a summary of the QNT 561 Final Exam Guide, which includes 29 multiple choice questions covering topics in statistics. Some of the questions assess confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, distributions, and analyses of variance. For example, Question 1 provides information to calculate a 95% confidence interval for the mean training time of bank tellers. Question 29 involves an analysis of variance comparing road rage scores and income levels. The exam guide is intended to help students prepare for the QNT 561 final exam by reviewing common statistical concepts and techniques.
This thesis aims to test the Burnside and Dollar (2000) hypothesis that aid is more effective in countries with good economic policies than poor policies. The author constructs a policy index using current account balance, inflation, and trade openness and tests the impact of an interaction between aid and policy on growth in developing countries from 1980-2007. The main findings are that aid has a negative impact on growth and there is no significant relationship between the aid-policy interaction term and growth. The author argues these differences from Burnside and Dollar's findings may be due to natural resource exploitation, policy index specification, and differences in sample size and income groups between the studies.
Stat170 - Introductory Statistics
Semester 2, 2015 Assignment 2
Instructions:
1. Type your answers directly into this document.
2. The answers to all questions are to be word processed. You can either type formulae into your solution or you can use the equation editor in Word or you may include hand-written equations and diagrams by photographing them so that you have the image saved as a picture file and then pasting (inserting) the image/s into your solution.
3. Your assignment should be uploaded as a Word (.doc or .docx) or PDF file (created from a Word processed document) ONLY. Other formats, including a PDF created from an image, will not be accepted by the system.
Information:
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Total
10
13
10
17
50
1) Question 1 (10 marks)
Include an appropriate diagram for each part of this question. You can sketch these diagrams and paste in a photo of your sketch, along with your solutions.
a. BranCrunch is a new breakfast cereal. Boxes of BranCrunch are labelled ‘ 675 grams’ but there is some variation. The actual mean weight is 675 grams with a standard deviation of 21 grams.
i. Dan’s Discount Store sells BranCrunch in mega-packs of 8 boxes. Assuming the weights of boxes of BranCrunch are normally distributed, find the probability that the average weight of a mega-pack of BranCrunch is higher than 665 grams.
ii. Louie’s Convenience Store receives a shipment of 30 boxes of BranCrunch. Louie’s will complain to the manufacturers if the total weight of this shipment is lower than 20 kg. Find the probability that Louie’s Convenience Store will complain about the shipment and explain why the information about the weights of BranCrunch following a normal distribution is not necessary to answer this part of the question.
b. In 2014 the Department of Social Services reported that 32% of current marriages in Australia were expected to end in divorce.
Find the probability that more than 8 marriages out of a random sample of 20 marriages which were current in 2014 would end in divorce.
Question 2 (13 marks)
Lean body mass is the amount of weight carried on the body that is not fat. Metabolic rate is the rate at which the body consumes energy. The following Minitab output was constructed using data recorded in a fitness study which was designed to compare the lean body masses and also the metabolic rates of adolescent males and adolescent females. Use this output to answer the questions which follow.
Two-sample T for LeanBodyMass
Sex N Mean StDev SE Mean
Male 75 52.63 6.66 0.77
Female 75 43.42 6.05 0.70
Difference = μ (Male) - μ (Female)
Estimate for difference: 9.21
95% CI for difference: (****, ****)
T-Test of difference = 0 (vs ≠): T-Value = **** P-Value = **** DF = ****
Both use Pooled StDev = 6.3633
Two-sample T for MetRate
SE
Sex N Mean StDev Mean
Male 75 1626 227 26
Female 75 1258 172.
This document provides answers to questions from a FIN 200 CheckPoint Week Eight Quiz. It includes 8 multiple choice questions related to finance topics like hedging interest rate risk, LIBOR rates, corporate bonds, commercial paper, present and future value of money, and asset-backed securities. A link is provided to download the full tutorial.
AFRICAResearch Paper AssignmentInstructionsOverview.docxSALU18
AFRICA
Research Paper Assignment
Instructions
Overview
In developing your expertise in transnational
organized crime (TOC) you will be writing a series of research papers. All
together the writing contained in all these papers combined would be quite
significant project! You will find that in some modules, the research papers
mimic our readings with respect to subject matter and some modules, the
research papers do not mimic the reading. Again, the goal of these research
papers is to stretch the depth and breadth of your knowledge. You should feel
well prepared to teach a course in TOCs after completing this course. The
research papers and PowerPoints you create could serve as the basis for such
class. Additionally, you will find that this course and the course CJUS701
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems complement each other very well.
Instructions
·
Each
research paper should be a minimum of 6 to 8 pages.
·
The
vast difference in page count is because some countries and/or crime/topics are
quite easy to study and some countries and/or crime/topics have very limited
information.
·
In
some instances, there will be a plethora of information and you must use
skilled writing to maintain proper page count.
·
Please
keep in mind that this is doctoral level analysis and writing – you are to take
the hard-earned road – the road less travelled – the scholarly road in forming
your paper.
·
The
paper must use current APA style, and the page count does not include the title
page, abstract, reference section, or any extra material.
·
The
minimum elements of the paper are listed below.
·
You
must use a
minimum
of 8 recent (some
countries/crimes/topics may have more recent research articles than others),
relevant, and academic (peer review journals preferred and professional
journals allowed if used judiciously) sources, at least 2 sources being the
Holy Bible, and one recent (some countries/crime/topics have more recent than
others) news article. Books may be used
but are considered “additional: sources beyond the stated minimums. You may use
.gov sources as your recent, relevant, and academic sources if the writing is
academic in nature (authored works). You may also use United Nations and
Whitehouse.gov documents as academic documents.
·
Again,
this paper must reflect graduate level research and writing style. If you need to go over the maximum page count
you must obtain professor permission in advance! Please reference the Research
Paper Rubric when creating your research paper.
These are minimum guidelines – you may expand the
topics covered in your papers.
1)
Begin
your paper with a
brief
analysis of the following elements:
a.
Country
analysis
i.
Introduction
to the country
ii.
People
and society of the country
iii.
What
is the basic government structure?
2)
Analyze
the nature of organized crime in the assigned area (you may narrow the scope of
your analysis through your introduction or thesis stat.
Adversarial ProceedingsCritically discuss with your classmates t.docxSALU18
Adversarial Proceedings
Critically discuss with your classmates the claim that adversarial proceedings can be distinguished as relying more on the government’s ability to prove guilt (following specific rules of criminal procedure the defendant’s guilt whereas the inquisitorial process spends more time on investigations to determine if the defendant truly committed the crime).
.
Advances In Management Vol. 9 (5) May (2016)
1
Generation Gaps: Changes in the Workplace due to
Differing Generational Values
Carbary Kelly, Fredericks Elizabeth, Mishra Bharat and Mishra Jitendra*
Management Department, Grand Valley State University, 50 Front Ave, SW Grand Rapids Michigan 49504-6424, USA
*[email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to discuss the
generational gaps that are found in the workplace
today. With multiple generations working together,
and the oldest generation having to work longer and
retire later, generational changes are occurring in the
workplace and for management. There is a lack of
communication and understanding between the
different generations caused through differing values
and goals. Younger generations are also entering
different fields than those that were popular for older
generations. There is a serious new problem in the
workplace, and it has nothing to do with downsizing,
global competition, pointy-haired bosses, stress or
greed. Instead, it is the problem of distinct
generations — the Veterans, the Baby Boomers, Gen
X and Gen Y — working together and often colliding
as their paths cross.
Individuals with different values, different ideas,
different ways of getting things done and different
ways of communicating in the workplace have always
existed. So, why is this becoming a problem now? At
work, generation differences can affect everything
including recruiting, building teams, dealing with
change, motivating, managing, and maintaining and
increasing productivity All of these ideas are
explored, discussed, and evaluated, through looking
at current research on the topic and case studies that
have been conducted not only in the United States but
around the world.
Keywords: Generation gap, workplace, values.
Introduction
Throughout the years, as the population has continued to
both grow and age, it has caused generational changes to
take place in the various aspects of life. With the changes in
the demographics of the world’s population, there have also
been changes in how each group thinks and what they
value. This not only affects the way people behave in their
personal lives, but it also affects the workplace. As
generational changes occur in the workplace, a lack of
communication has caused adisconnect to occur between
the values and goals present among the different age groups
along with newer generations choosing different career
paths.
* Author for Correspondence
In order to understand where these differences stem from,
you need to analyze how each generation is different when
it comes to their beliefs and values. So, it is best to identify
the different groups present in workplace which range from
those born in 1922 to those born in the early 1990’s.
Moving chronologically, the fi.
African-American Literature An introduction to major African-Americ.docxSALU18
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Advocacy & Legislation in Early Childhood EducationAdvocacy & Le.docxSALU18
Advocacy & Legislation in Early Childhood Education
Advocacy & Legislation in Early Childhood Education
Advocating for Early Childhood Education
Rasmussen College
COURSE#: EEC 4910
Doreen Anzalone
July 15, 2019
Advocating for Early Childhood Education
· What is advocacy?
Advocacy is how we support our children. We as teachers give advice for our children or we listen. We let the children and families know that we believe in them and we will be there for them. Teachers, admin, staff can advocate for children as long as they are in school. Advocates are also trained people and they are not lawyers. One of their responsibility is to stay up to date with the regulations of the educational laws.
· Why is advocacy important to early childhood education?
Its important to help the families because they might be vulnerable in society. We as teachers need to make sure our children and families are being heard. We as teachers need to make sure their wishes and views are being considered when it’s about their child or family. Its because we are helping the family make life decisions about their children and even their family life. Its also important to make sure we are not judging the family or having or our own personal opinions about what is going on when we are helping advocate for the family, we need to make sure we are stating the facts for the family.
· What is your role as an early childhood educator in making legislative changes?
Our role is to be able to email them or decide how to get a hold of them and let them know our questions, comments or suggestions on things that need to be changed, updated. We need to let them know so we can support our school, children, and families. It is our role as educators to stay aware of the laws. The Federal laws we need to make sure we are aware of the
· Family Education Rights & Poverty Act
· The No Child Left Behind
· Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
With these laws and many more they need to hear from schools in the United States. The federal laws mean we need to address the issues. These issues usually involve infringement of the student’s rights and they are to protect the rights. The state laws depend on the state you are in. The state laws this is where you would go if you have a problem or need to voice about
· Teacher Retirement
· Teacher evaluations
· Charter schools
· State Testing requirements
· The required learning standards
· Much more
Your school board is also a great place to help with policies and regulations and any revisions that need to be done.
· What ethical issues must early childhood education professionals consider related to advocacy and why do those issues exit?
In NAEYC the code of Ethical Conduct and in their it describes how any educator is required to act and what they do and not to do. At times as an educator as staff we tend to do what is the simplest or sometimes, we want to please others but when it comes to this, we must remember to follow our responsi.
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This document provides an overview of the evolution of macroeconomics from the Great Depression to modern developments. It discusses key events and theories, including:
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- John Maynard Keynes introducing his general theory of employment, interest and money in 1936 to explain mass unemployment.
- The dominance of Keynesian macroeconomics in the 1950s and the development of models like the IS-LM curve and Phillips curve.
- Criticism of Keynesian models in the 1970s by economists like Milton Friedman and Robert Lucas, which challenged the assumptions of those models.
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This study examined the relationship between economic fluctuations, as measured by changes in the Dow Jones Index, and rates of hospitalization for myocardial infarction and strokes. Daily hospitalization records from 2006-2012 were grouped by month and compared to the average monthly Dow Jones Index values. Changes in the Index from month to month were correlated with changes in hospitalization rates using Pearson's correlation. Weak negative correlations were found between Index changes and strokes and a very weak positive correlation with heart attacks, suggesting a possible relationship between economic instability and cardiovascular events. The author concluded that while a definitive conclusion could not be drawn, the data provides evidence that economic fluctuations may be associated with risks of acute cardiovascular issues.
This document provides an overview of an analytical methods course for economics and finance. It introduces the course staff and coordinators. It describes how econometrics can be used to answer quantitative questions about economics and business. It also discusses different types of economic data and some basic mathematical and statistical concepts needed for the course, including summation, probability, and random variables. An important note reminds students about class attendance, staff consultation hours, accessing learning materials, and preparing for an upcoming online quiz.
This document discusses scale changes of data. It provides examples of scaling data by multiplying each data point by a scale factor. The key effects of scaling data are:
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Math 140
Show all work! Name:______________________________
Seat number:____________________________
Papers without name and/or seating number will loose 10 points of total possible. Write your complete name and seat number now. Each problem or part has 5 points.
1) Because elderly people may have difficulty standing to have their heights measured, a study looked at predicting overall height from height to the knee. Here are data (in centimeters) for six elderly
Knee height x
57.6
46.4
43.5
44.8
52.2
54.6
Height y
192.1
152.3
146.4
162.7
174.1
177.8
Use your calculator: The correlation between knee height and overall height is about
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Select the correct statement: If a distribution is skewed to the left,
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Use these data for the next two problems: In a usual way to study the brain’s response to sounds is to have subjects listen to pure tones. They fed pure tone and also monkey calls directly to their brains by inserting electrodes.
neuron
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
tone
474
256
241
226
185
174
176
168
161
150
19
20
call
500
138
485
338
194
159
341
85
303
208
66
54
neuron
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
tone
35
145
141
129
113
112
102
100
call
103
42
241
194
123
182
141
118
4) We might expect some neurons to have strong responses to any stimulus and others to have consistently weak responses. There would then be a strong relationship between tone response and call response. From the scatterplot of monkey call response against pure-tone response what would you estimate the correlation r to be?
(a) -0.6 (b) -0.1 (c) 0.1 (d) 0.6
5) Which of the following statements about the scatterplot given above is correct?
(a) There is moderate evidence that pure-tone response cause monkey call response.
(b) There is moderate evidence that monkey call response cause pure-tone response.
(c) There are one or two outliers, and at least one of these may also be influential.
(d) None of the ab ...
The document describes modeling an actuarial valuation in Venezuela to minimize gains and losses and annual expenses. It does this by optimizing the projected benefit obligation using salary increase rates as a decision variable. The results show changing assumptions from an initial valuation that produced a loss to an optimized valuation with a gain and lower liability and next year's expense. Specifically, it reduced the actuarial gain/loss from a loss to a gain of -$14,113.97 and lowered the annual expense from $1,186,723.20 to $984,906.36.
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The document provides sample problems and discussion questions for each week of an economics course, including problems related to production functions, demand and elasticity, forecasting, and the global economy. Students are asked to analyze scenarios and data, calculate economic measures, and discuss how managers could apply the economic concepts when making business decisions to maximize profitability.
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This thesis aims to test the Burnside and Dollar (2000) hypothesis that aid is more effective in countries with good economic policies than poor policies. The author constructs a policy index using current account balance, inflation, and trade openness and tests the impact of an interaction between aid and policy on growth in developing countries from 1980-2007. The main findings are that aid has a negative impact on growth and there is no significant relationship between the aid-policy interaction term and growth. The author argues these differences from Burnside and Dollar's findings may be due to natural resource exploitation, policy index specification, and differences in sample size and income groups between the studies.
Stat170 - Introductory Statistics
Semester 2, 2015 Assignment 2
Instructions:
1. Type your answers directly into this document.
2. The answers to all questions are to be word processed. You can either type formulae into your solution or you can use the equation editor in Word or you may include hand-written equations and diagrams by photographing them so that you have the image saved as a picture file and then pasting (inserting) the image/s into your solution.
3. Your assignment should be uploaded as a Word (.doc or .docx) or PDF file (created from a Word processed document) ONLY. Other formats, including a PDF created from an image, will not be accepted by the system.
Information:
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Total
10
13
10
17
50
1) Question 1 (10 marks)
Include an appropriate diagram for each part of this question. You can sketch these diagrams and paste in a photo of your sketch, along with your solutions.
a. BranCrunch is a new breakfast cereal. Boxes of BranCrunch are labelled ‘ 675 grams’ but there is some variation. The actual mean weight is 675 grams with a standard deviation of 21 grams.
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Find the probability that more than 8 marriages out of a random sample of 20 marriages which were current in 2014 would end in divorce.
Question 2 (13 marks)
Lean body mass is the amount of weight carried on the body that is not fat. Metabolic rate is the rate at which the body consumes energy. The following Minitab output was constructed using data recorded in a fitness study which was designed to compare the lean body masses and also the metabolic rates of adolescent males and adolescent females. Use this output to answer the questions which follow.
Two-sample T for LeanBodyMass
Sex N Mean StDev SE Mean
Male 75 52.63 6.66 0.77
Female 75 43.42 6.05 0.70
Difference = μ (Male) - μ (Female)
Estimate for difference: 9.21
95% CI for difference: (****, ****)
T-Test of difference = 0 (vs ≠): T-Value = **** P-Value = **** DF = ****
Both use Pooled StDev = 6.3633
Two-sample T for MetRate
SE
Sex N Mean StDev Mean
Male 75 1626 227 26
Female 75 1258 172.
This document provides answers to questions from a FIN 200 CheckPoint Week Eight Quiz. It includes 8 multiple choice questions related to finance topics like hedging interest rate risk, LIBOR rates, corporate bonds, commercial paper, present and future value of money, and asset-backed securities. A link is provided to download the full tutorial.
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AFRICA
Research Paper Assignment
Instructions
Overview
In developing your expertise in transnational
organized crime (TOC) you will be writing a series of research papers. All
together the writing contained in all these papers combined would be quite
significant project! You will find that in some modules, the research papers
mimic our readings with respect to subject matter and some modules, the
research papers do not mimic the reading. Again, the goal of these research
papers is to stretch the depth and breadth of your knowledge. You should feel
well prepared to teach a course in TOCs after completing this course. The
research papers and PowerPoints you create could serve as the basis for such
class. Additionally, you will find that this course and the course CJUS701
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems complement each other very well.
Instructions
·
Each
research paper should be a minimum of 6 to 8 pages.
·
The
vast difference in page count is because some countries and/or crime/topics are
quite easy to study and some countries and/or crime/topics have very limited
information.
·
In
some instances, there will be a plethora of information and you must use
skilled writing to maintain proper page count.
·
Please
keep in mind that this is doctoral level analysis and writing – you are to take
the hard-earned road – the road less travelled – the scholarly road in forming
your paper.
·
The
paper must use current APA style, and the page count does not include the title
page, abstract, reference section, or any extra material.
·
The
minimum elements of the paper are listed below.
·
You
must use a
minimum
of 8 recent (some
countries/crimes/topics may have more recent research articles than others),
relevant, and academic (peer review journals preferred and professional
journals allowed if used judiciously) sources, at least 2 sources being the
Holy Bible, and one recent (some countries/crime/topics have more recent than
others) news article. Books may be used
but are considered “additional: sources beyond the stated minimums. You may use
.gov sources as your recent, relevant, and academic sources if the writing is
academic in nature (authored works). You may also use United Nations and
Whitehouse.gov documents as academic documents.
·
Again,
this paper must reflect graduate level research and writing style. If you need to go over the maximum page count
you must obtain professor permission in advance! Please reference the Research
Paper Rubric when creating your research paper.
These are minimum guidelines – you may expand the
topics covered in your papers.
1)
Begin
your paper with a
brief
analysis of the following elements:
a.
Country
analysis
i.
Introduction
to the country
ii.
People
and society of the country
iii.
What
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2)
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.
Advances In Management Vol. 9 (5) May (2016)
1
Generation Gaps: Changes in the Workplace due to
Differing Generational Values
Carbary Kelly, Fredericks Elizabeth, Mishra Bharat and Mishra Jitendra*
Management Department, Grand Valley State University, 50 Front Ave, SW Grand Rapids Michigan 49504-6424, USA
*[email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to discuss the
generational gaps that are found in the workplace
today. With multiple generations working together,
and the oldest generation having to work longer and
retire later, generational changes are occurring in the
workplace and for management. There is a lack of
communication and understanding between the
different generations caused through differing values
and goals. Younger generations are also entering
different fields than those that were popular for older
generations. There is a serious new problem in the
workplace, and it has nothing to do with downsizing,
global competition, pointy-haired bosses, stress or
greed. Instead, it is the problem of distinct
generations — the Veterans, the Baby Boomers, Gen
X and Gen Y — working together and often colliding
as their paths cross.
Individuals with different values, different ideas,
different ways of getting things done and different
ways of communicating in the workplace have always
existed. So, why is this becoming a problem now? At
work, generation differences can affect everything
including recruiting, building teams, dealing with
change, motivating, managing, and maintaining and
increasing productivity All of these ideas are
explored, discussed, and evaluated, through looking
at current research on the topic and case studies that
have been conducted not only in the United States but
around the world.
Keywords: Generation gap, workplace, values.
Introduction
Throughout the years, as the population has continued to
both grow and age, it has caused generational changes to
take place in the various aspects of life. With the changes in
the demographics of the world’s population, there have also
been changes in how each group thinks and what they
value. This not only affects the way people behave in their
personal lives, but it also affects the workplace. As
generational changes occur in the workplace, a lack of
communication has caused adisconnect to occur between
the values and goals present among the different age groups
along with newer generations choosing different career
paths.
* Author for Correspondence
In order to understand where these differences stem from,
you need to analyze how each generation is different when
it comes to their beliefs and values. So, it is best to identify
the different groups present in workplace which range from
those born in 1922 to those born in the early 1990’s.
Moving chronologically, the fi.
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Advocacy & Legislation in Early Childhood Education
Advocating for Early Childhood Education
Rasmussen College
COURSE#: EEC 4910
Doreen Anzalone
July 15, 2019
Advocating for Early Childhood Education
· What is advocacy?
Advocacy is how we support our children. We as teachers give advice for our children or we listen. We let the children and families know that we believe in them and we will be there for them. Teachers, admin, staff can advocate for children as long as they are in school. Advocates are also trained people and they are not lawyers. One of their responsibility is to stay up to date with the regulations of the educational laws.
· Why is advocacy important to early childhood education?
Its important to help the families because they might be vulnerable in society. We as teachers need to make sure our children and families are being heard. We as teachers need to make sure their wishes and views are being considered when it’s about their child or family. Its because we are helping the family make life decisions about their children and even their family life. Its also important to make sure we are not judging the family or having or our own personal opinions about what is going on when we are helping advocate for the family, we need to make sure we are stating the facts for the family.
· What is your role as an early childhood educator in making legislative changes?
Our role is to be able to email them or decide how to get a hold of them and let them know our questions, comments or suggestions on things that need to be changed, updated. We need to let them know so we can support our school, children, and families. It is our role as educators to stay aware of the laws. The Federal laws we need to make sure we are aware of the
· Family Education Rights & Poverty Act
· The No Child Left Behind
· Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
With these laws and many more they need to hear from schools in the United States. The federal laws mean we need to address the issues. These issues usually involve infringement of the student’s rights and they are to protect the rights. The state laws depend on the state you are in. The state laws this is where you would go if you have a problem or need to voice about
· Teacher Retirement
· Teacher evaluations
· Charter schools
· State Testing requirements
· The required learning standards
· Much more
Your school board is also a great place to help with policies and regulations and any revisions that need to be done.
· What ethical issues must early childhood education professionals consider related to advocacy and why do those issues exit?
In NAEYC the code of Ethical Conduct and in their it describes how any educator is required to act and what they do and not to do. At times as an educator as staff we tend to do what is the simplest or sometimes, we want to please others but when it comes to this, we must remember to follow our responsi.
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What are the different forms of advertising?
Modern media comes in many different formats, including print media (books, magazines, newspapers), television, movies, video games, music, cell phones, various kinds of software, and the Internet. Each type of media involves both content and also a device or object through which that content is delivered.
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The objectives: What role does the ad play in the economy?
The audience: Is it targeted to a group that could be considered vulnerable?
Effectiveness: Does it promote something that is socially desirable?
Role in marketing mix: What role does the ad play in the economy?
Image, product differentiation and branding: Is the ad misleading?
Other promotion factors
The unique selling proposition.
The basis for the appeal(s).
How would you make improvements?
The creative philosophy
The slogan
Secondary or supporting points or claims
The tone or mood and manner: Is the ad misleading?
Type of presenter
The motivational appeal: Does it promote something that is socially desirable?
Executional style
Each TEAM will develop a
15 minute class presentation
about their researched area. You have
options to use
power points, maps, videos, and other resources that will help educate your audience about your research.
Your Presentation should include:
A Power Point, the media piece or some type of visual presentation~~
A Question and Answer {Q & A} & Interactive session, quiz,.
Adult Health 1 Study GuideSensory Unit Chapters 63 & 64.docxSALU18
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Sensory Unit
Chapters 63 & 64
Remember that assigned textbook readings should be supplemental to reviewing & studying the Powerpoint presentations. Answers to these study guide questions can be obtained from the textbook chapters, Powerpoint presentations, as well as class lectures & in-class activities.
Chapter 63: Assessment & Management of Patients with Eye & Vision Disorders
Conditions to Know
: Glaucoma, Cataracts, Retinal Detachment, Macular Degeneration, Conjunctivitis, Eye trauma
· Know the basic structures & functions of the eye – lens, pupil, iris, cornea, conjunctiva, retina, and sclera
· Questions to ask patients regarding issues with the eyes/vision – Chart 63-1
· Snellen Chart is used to assess visual acuity – 20/20 is considered perfect vision (patient can read line 20 of chart while standing 20 feet away) – this is tested in each eye
1. What are some of the most common causes of blindness?
2. What is responsible for the damage to the optic nerve in patients diagnosed with glaucoma?
3. Glaucoma can lead to what primary complication if not treated properly?
4. What are the differences between open-angle & closed-angle glaucoma?
5. What are the primary signs & symptoms of glaucoma?
6. What are the primary treatment goals for patients with glaucoma?
7. What is the first line treatment of glaucoma? What medication teaching points would you want to include in your patient education?
8. What are some common risk factors for the development of cataracts? See Chart 63-7.
9. What are the primary signs & symptoms of cataracts?
10. The most common treatment for cataracts is outpatient surgery, in which the lens affected by the cataract is replaced with a man-made one. Explain the pre and post-operative nursing management & education that is needed for patients undergoing cataract surgery. See Chart 63-8.
11. Retinal detachment is considered a medical emergency. What happens during retinal detachment?
12. What are some symptoms of retinal detachment?
13. Macular degeneration is the most common cause of vision loss in people > 60 years old. What is macular degeneration?
14. What are some risk factors for dry macular degeneration?
15. What are some signs and symptoms of macular degeneration?
16. Nursing management for patients diagnosed with macular degeneration focus on safety & supportive measures. What are some accommodations we should make or educate patients on regarding how to help improve their vision & ADLs when they have this condition?
17. Conjunctivitis is also called “pink eye”. What are the different types of conjunctivitis and what are some symptoms of this condition? Are any of these types considered contagious?
18. What are some teaching points to include when educating a patient diagnosed with viral conjunctivitis? See Chart 63-11.
19. Explain the emergency nursing treatment needed when a patient presents with eye trauma.
Chapter 64: Assessment & Manag.
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Adopt-a-Plant Project guidelines
Overview:
The purpose of this project is for you to choose a plant, conduct online research into the biology of the plant, and communicate what you have learned. You will be preparing an annotated bibliography on the plant you choose. The entire project is worth 50 points
Annotated Bibliography (50 points)
You will prepare an annotated bibliography with a list of the top 10 most interesting facts about your plant.
· Each fact should be paraphrased (i.e. written in your own words, no quotations allowed).
· Then tell me why this is interesting to you – make connections to your life or to currents issues in our world.
· Finally, give a full citation and tell me why you think this is a reliable, trustworthy source. Use this libguide to help you come up with reasons why your source is trustworthy.
· At least one of your sources should be from a peer-reviewed, science journal article.
Here is an example:
Fact 1: Taxol is a chemotherapy agent derived from the bark of the Pacific Yew Tree. The chemical itself is derived from a fungal endophtye within the bark. I thought this was very interesting, because the Pacific Yew tree is native to the state of Washington, and my aunt Jane received Taxol while undergoing chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. I also thought it was interesting because of the mutualistic relationship between the plant and the fungus.Citation: Plant natural products from cultured multipotent cells
Roberts, Susan; Kolewe, Martin. Nature Biotechnology28.11 (Nov 2010): 1175-6.
This is a reliable source because it is published in a peer-reviewed science journal article, written by two PhDs that are providing a review of the current literature on the topic
To complete the assignment, you should first choose a plant, gather articles discussing your plant, read the articles sufficiently enough to discuss the plant, and finally write the annotated bibliography. You are expected to produce original work, and any plagiarism will receive a zero. The paper should be double-spaced, and typed in 12 point font size, with normal margins. The instructions for how to properly cite your sources are at the end of this handout.
*** Reminder: The scientific name of a plant should always be typed in italics, with the first letter of the Genus capitalized. For ex.: Digitalis lanata. When you search for information on your plant online, make sure to use the scientific name, which will bring back a wider variety of results
The bibliography is worth 50 points and will be graded on:
1. Effort
• Quality of references
•Depth/breadth/quality of material covered
2. Following directions/ requirements
I will use the following rubric to grade your bibliography:
Research, Critical Reading and Documentation
Balanced, authoritative sources; correctly cited sources; effectively integrated outside sources. Most sources from science journals
10 pts
Effective sources, correctly cited, Could have a few more.
ADM2302 M, N, P and Q Assignment # 4 Winter 2020 Page 1 .docxSALU18
ADM2302 M, N, P and Q Assignment # 4
Winter 2020 Page 1
Assignment # 4
Decision Analysis and Project Scheduling
ADM2302 students are reminded that submitted assignments must be typed (i.e. can NOT be hand
written), neat, readable, and well-organized. Assignment marks will be adjusted for sloppiness, poor
grammar, spelling, for technical errors as well as if you submit a PDF file.
The assignment is to be submitted electronically as a single Word Document file via Brightspace by
Friday April 3rd prior to 23:59. Front page of the Word document has to include title of the assignment,
course code and section, student name and student number. Second page is the individual/group
statement of integrity that must be signed.
E-mail questions related to the assignment should be sent to the Teaching Assistant or posted on the
Brightspace course website “Discussion page” (viewed by all).
Section M: Parisa Keshavarz ([email protected])
Section N: : Niki Khorasanizadeh ([email protected])
Section P: Makbule Kandakoglu ([email protected])
Section Q: Afshin Kamyabniya ([email protected])
Problem 1: Payoffs/Decision Table (13 points)
A small building contractor has recently experienced two successive years in which work opportunities
exceeded the firm’s capacity. The contractor must now make a decision on capacity for next year.
Estimated profits (in $ thousands) under each of the two possible states of nature are as shown in the
table below.
NEXT YEAR’S DEMAND
Alternative Low High
Do nothing
Expand
Subcontract
$50**
20
40
$60
80
70
** Profit in $ thousands.
Which alternative should be selected if the decision criterion is:
a. The optimistic approach? (3 points)
b. The conservative approach? (3 points)
c. Minimize the regret? (7 points)
Problem 2: Payoffs/Decision Table (15 points)
Dorothy Stanyard has three major routes to take to work. She can take Tennessee Street the entire way,
she can take several back streets to work, or she can use the expressway. The traffic patterns are,
however, very complex. Under good conditions, Tennessee Street is the fastest route. When Tennessee
is congested, one of the other routes is preferable. Over the past two months, Dorothy has tried each of
route several times under different traffic conditions. This information is summarized in minutes of
travel time to work in the following table:
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
ADM2302 M, N, P and Q Assignment # 4
Winter 2020 Page 2
No Traffic Congestion
(Minutes)
Mild Traffic
Congestion
(Minutes)
Severe Traffic
Congestion
(Minutes)
Tennessee Street
Back roads
Expressway
15
20
30
30
25
30
45
35
30
In the past 60 days, Dorothy encountered severe traffic congestion 10 days and mild traffic congestion
20 days. Assume that the past 60 days are typical of traffi.
Adlerian-Based Positive Group Counseling Interventions w ith.docxSALU18
This summarizes an Adlerian-based positive group counseling program for emotionally troubled youth that integrated positive psychology interventions. The 12-week program used interventions from positive psychotherapy curriculum to increase positive emotion, engagement, and meaning by emphasizing strengths. Sessions focused on identifying signature strengths, cultivating strengths through goals, developing gratitude, processing good and bad memories, and expressing forgiveness as a way to increase social interest. The positive interventions aligned well with Adlerian principles of emphasizing strengths, social interest, and encouragement to help youth overcome problems.
After completing the assessment, my Signature Theme Report produ.docxSALU18
After completing the assessment, my Signature Theme Report produced the following results: Communication, Relator, Individualization, Consistency, and Strategic. When I first saw the themes presented, I was a little skeptical at first but after reading the detailed descriptions I felt like it made a lot of sense and mirrored a lot of what I had already thought about myself.
A core value that I would like to continue to strengthen would be the value of acceptance. One of my top five themes was relator which explained that I have a comfortability with gravitating towards people I already know and building relationships from there. I don’t have issues with making new relationships, but I can see that sometimes I close myself off initially to embracing new ones. With acceptance, you have to understand that there are some situations you can control and some that you can’t but embracing the latter can lead to new experiences that could be beneficial (Riley, 2021). Another core value that I would like to improve upon would be calmness. This fits in well with my theme of consistency. While I am a firm believer of things being fair and consistent, I can get easily upset when things don’t balance out like they are expected to. I know that working on being calm in tense situations will help me adapt easier when things don’t always work out as they should.
One of the strengths that I would like to embrace fully and continue to improve upon is communication. It was no surprise to me that communication was at the top of my list for my themes. When I am in a position of leadership at work, I make it a priority to keep my staff updated on everything that is going on for that night and it is something I expect from my charge nurse when I am working the floor also. A communicator is only effective when they are aware of their style of communicating and how others perceive or respond to it (Marshall & Broome, 2021). As a communicator I know that I can always work on how I communicate non-verbally and with body language especially. The other strength that I would like to continue to work on is of being strategic. The report explained that the strategic theme fit me because I am able to sort through the clutter and find the best route when I am trying to accomplish something. I really believe this about myself because when I have a task I need to accomplish, whether I am in a leader position or not, I will break everything down and reorganize it to make sure I have come up with the best solution. I feel like the best way to do something is the way that makes it concise and without a lot of excess getting in the way.
A characteristic of mine that I would like to strengthen would be that of instinct. My theme of individualization points out that I have an instinct about others and how they work and function. I have always felt that I easily read people and can get a sense of who they truly are and for example in the workplace how they are as a staff member. S.
After careful reading of the case material, consider and fully answe.docxSALU18
After careful reading of the case material, consider and fully answer the following questions:
1. What were the primary reasons for changing the current system at Butler?
2. What role did Butler's IS department play?
3. List the objectives of the pilot. Were there any problems?
4. Do you think Butler made the right decision to utilize this new technology? What implications does this decision hold for Butler's IT department in the long run?
NOTE: Butler refers to it's IT department as IR. You may consider these two acronyms as synonymous (i.e. IT = IS = IR for purposes of this assignment)
.
Affluent
Be unique to
Conform
Debatable
Dominant
Enforce
Ethnic
Internalize
Rank
Restrict
You will write your own sentences using each of the vocabulary words. The sentence
must be an
original sentence
created by you, AND it must use the vocabulary word correctly.
Your sentence
MUST
demonstrate that you understand the meaning of the word.
.
Advanced persistent threats (APTs) have been thrust into the spotlig.docxSALU18
Advanced persistent threats (APTs) have been thrust into the spotlight due to their advanced tactics, techniques, procedures, and tools. These APTs are resourced unlike other types of cyber threat actors.
Your chief technology officer (CTO) has formed teams to each develop a detailed analysis and presentation of a specific APT, which she will assign to the team.
.
Your report should use
The Cybersecurity Threat Landscape Team Assignment Resources
to cover the following five areas:
Part 1: Threat Landscape Analysis
Provide a detailed analysis of the threat landscape today.
What has changed in the past few years?
Describe common tactics, techniques, and procedures to include threat actor types.
What are the exploit vectors and vulnerabilities threat actors are predicted to take advantage of?
Part 2: APT Analysis
Provide detailed analysis and description of the APT your group was assigned. Describe the specific tactics used to gain access to the target(s).
Describe the tools used. Describe what the objective of the APT was/is. Was it successful?
Part 3: Cybersecurity Tools, Tactics, and Procedures
Describe current hardware- and software-based cybersecurity tools, tactics, and procedures.
Consider the hardware and software solutions deployed today in the context of defense-in-depth.
Elaborate on why these devices are not successful against the APTs.
Part 4: Machine Learning and Data Analytics
Describe the concepts of machine learning and data analytics and how applying them to cybersecurity will evolve the field.
Are there companies providing innovative defensive cybersecurity measures based on these technologies? If so, what are they? Would you recommend any of these to the CTO?
Part 5: Using Machine Learning and Data Analytics to Prevent APT
Describe how machine learning and data analytics could have detected and/or prevented the APT you analyzed had the victim organization deployed these technologies at the time of the event. Be specific.
Part 6: Ethics in Cybersecurity.
Ethical issues are at the core of what we do as cybersecurity professionals. Think of the example of a cyber defender working in a hospital. They are charged with securing the network, medical devices, and protecting sensitive personal health information from unauthorized disclosure. They are not only protecting patient privacy but their health and perhaps even their lives. Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability - the C-I-A triad - and many other cybersecurity practices are increasingly at play in protecting citizens in all walks of life and in all sectors. Thus, acting in an ethical manner is one of the hallmarks of cybersecurity professionals.
Do you think the vulnerability(ies) exploited by the APT constitutes an ethical failure by the defender? Why or why not?
For the APT scenario your group studied, were there identifiable harms to privacy or property? How are these harms linked to C-I-A? If not, what ethically si.
Advanced persistent threatRecommendations for remediation .docxSALU18
Advanced persistent threat
Recommendations for remediation of the threat
Research the use of network security controls associated to your threat and industry
Do Not use topics network security,VPN,FIREWALL,ETC
10-12 pages. Double spaced APA style
At least 10 REFERENCES
5 ATLEASt PEER REVIEWED SCHOLARLY
.
Adultism refers to the oppression of young people by adults. The pop.docxSALU18
Adultism refers to the oppression of young people by adults. The popular saying "children should be seen and not heard" is used as a way to remind a child of his or her place and reaffirm the adult's power in the relationship. The saying suggests that children's voices are not as important or as valid as an adult's and they should remain quiet. Children are often relegated to subordinate positions due to socially constructed beliefs about what they can or cannot accomplish or what they should or should not do; this in turn compromises youth's self-determination. This oppression is further highlighted when considering the intersection of age with race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sexual orientation. You will be asked to consider all of these when reviewing the Logan case and Parker case.
By Day 3
Post
an analysis of the influence of adultism in the Logan case. Then, explain how gender, race, class, and privilege interact with adultism to influence the family's discourse related to Eboni's pregnancy as well as other family dynamics.
.
ADVANCE v.09212015
•
APPLICANT DIVERSITY STATEMENT IN FACULTY SEARCH PROCESS
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
1) How does University of California define “diversity?”
A: The academic senate adopted in 2009 the following broad definition of diversity:
Diversity - defining features of California past, present and future - refers to a variety of
personal experiences, values, and worldviews that arise from differences of culture and
circumstance. Such differences include race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, language,
abilities/disabilities, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, geographic region and more.
2) Why does UC Irvine expect a diversity statement from applicants for faculty positions?
A: UC Irvine’s commitment to inclusive excellence is integral to our ascendancy among globally
preeminent universities. It provides applicants with an opportunity to discuss how their past or
future contributions will advance this enduring campus commitment. For more information,
please see the Provost’s memo on Inclusive Excellence.
3) Is the diversity statement consistent with University of California policy?
A: Yes. APM 210.1-d, which governs appointment, appraisal and promotion, recommends that
faculty be both encouraged and rewarded for activity that promotes inclusive excellence:
“The University of California is committed to excellence and equity in every facet of its mission.
Teaching, research, professional and public service contributions that promote diversity and
equal opportunity are to be encouraged and given recognition in the evaluation of the
candidate's qualifications. These contributions to diversity and equal opportunity can take
a variety of forms including efforts to advance equitable access to education, public
service that addresses the needs of California's diverse population, or research in a
scholar's area of expertise that highlights inequities.”
4) Is UC Irvine alone among UC campuses in adopting this statement?
A: No. UC San Diego adopted this statement in 2010.
5) How will applicants learn about the diversity statement expectation?
A: Per Provost Gillman’s memo of June 2014, all ads for faculty positions will include the following
sentence: “Applicants are encouraged to share how their past and/or potential contributions to
diversity, equity and inclusion will advance UC Irvine’s commitment to inclusive excellence.”
6) How do applicants provide their diversity statement?
A: There is a dedicated field in UC Recruit for applicants to submit their diversity statement.
7) If an applicant does not provide a diversity statement, will his or her application be considered
incomplete?
A: Yes
http://www.provost.uci.edu/news/InclusiveExcellence.html
http://www.ucop.edu/academic-personnel/_files/apm/apm-210.pdf
http://www.provost.uci.edu/news/Diversity-Statement-June-2014.html
ADVANCE v.09212015
8) What are the components of a diversity statement?
.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. A. Section 7.1
Use Table 7-7 to complete the Exercise.
What day of the week had the highest amount in sales? What
day had the lowest amount in sales?
B. Section 7.2
Salaries for the research and development department of
Richman Chemical are given as $48,397;
$27,982; $42,591; $19,522; $32,400; and $37,582.
a. Find the mean rounded to the nearest dollar.
b. Find the median.
c. Find the mode.
d. Write a statement about the data set based on your findings.
2. C. Section 7.3
The data shows the total number of employee medical leave
days taken for on-the-job accidents in the
first six months of the year: 12, 6, 15, 9, 18, 12. Use the data
for the Exercise.
Find the mean number of days taken for medical leave each
month.
MAT105 – Quantitative Methods
Unit 5 DB Assignment
D. Section 7.1
Use Figure 7-15 for the Exercise.
What speed gave the highest gasoline mileage for both types of
automobiles?
E. Section 7.2
Accountants often use the median when studying salaries for
various jobs. What is the median of the
following salary list: $32,084; $21,983; $27,596; $43,702;
$38,840; $25,997?
F. Section 7.1
3. Use Figure 7-15 for the Exercise.
At what speed did the first noticeable decrease in gasoline
mileage occur? Which car showed this
decrease?
G. Section 7.3
The data shows the total number of employee medical leave
days taken for on-the-job accidents in the
first six months of the year: 12, 6, 15, 9, 18, 12. Use the data
for the Exercise.
Find the sum of squares of the deviations from the mean.
H. Section 7.1
Use Figure 7-16 for the Exercise. Round to the nearest tenth of
a percent.
Figure 7-16 Dale Crosby’s Salary History
Calculate the amount and percent of increase in Dale’s salary
from 2014 to 2015.
I. Section 7.2
4. The following grades were earned by students on a midterm
business math exam:
75 82 63 88 94
81 90 72 84 87
98 93 85 68 91
78 86 91 83 92
Make a frequency distribution of the data using the intervals
60–69, 70–79, 80–89, and 90–99.
J. Section 7.3
The data shows the total number of employee medical leave
days taken for on-the-job accidents in the
first six months of the year: 12, 6, 15, 9, 18, 12. Use the data
for the Exercise.
Find the standard deviation.
K. Section 7.1
5. Use Figure 7-16 for the Exercise. Round to the nearest tenth of
a percent.
Figure 7-16 Dale Crosby’s Salary History
If the cost-of-living increase was 10% from 2011 to 2016,
determine if Dale’s salary for this period of
time kept pace with inflation.
L. Section 7.2
The 7th Inning wants to group a collection of autographed
photos by price ranges. Make a relative
frequency distribution of the prices using the intervals $0–
$9.99, $10–$19.99, $20–$29.99, $30–$39.99,
and $40–$49.99.
$2.50 $3.75 $1.25 $21.50 $43.00 $15.00
$26.00 $14.50 $12.75 $35.00 $37.50 $48.00
$7.50 $6.50 $7.50 $8.00 $12.50 $15.00
$9.50 $8.25 $14.00 $25.00 $18.50 $45.00
$32.50 $20.00 $10.00 $17.50 $6.75 $28.50
Using the frequency distribution of the prices, what percent of
the collection is priced $40 or over?
6. M. Section 7.3
Use the sample ACT test scores 24, 30, 17, 22, 22.
Find the range.
N. Section 7.1
Match the dollar values with the names in the circle graph of
Figure 7-17 by visually selecting the
largest portion on the graph, then the next largest, and so on:
$192, $144, $96, $72, $72.
Figure 7-17 Daily Sales by Salesperson
O. Section 7.2
Find the mean for the scores: 3,850; 5,300; 8,550; 4,300; 5,350.
P. Section 7.3
Use the sample ACT test scores 24, 30, 17, 22, 22.
Find the deviations from the mean.
7. Q. Section 7.1
The family budget is illustrated in Figure 7-18.
Figure 7-18 Distribution of Family Monthly Take-Home Pay
Using Figure 7-18, what percent of the take-home pay is
allocated for food?
R. Section 7.2
Find the mean for the amounts: $17,485; $14,978; $13,592;
$14,500; $18,540; $14,978. Round to the
nearest dollar.
S. Section 7.1
Use Figure 7-14 for this Exercise.
Figure 7-14 Quarterly Dollar Volume of Batesville Tire
Company
8. Which quarter had the highest dollar volume?
T. Section 7.2
Find the median for the scores: 92, 68, 72, 83, 72, 95, 88, 76,
72, 89, 89, 96, 74, 72.
U. Section 7.3
Use the sample ACT test scores 24, 30, 17, 22, 22. Find the
variance.
V. Section 7.1
Use Figure 7-14 for this Exercise.
Figure 7-14 Quarterly Dollar Volume of Batesville Tire
Company
What was the percent of increase in sales from the first to the
second quarter?
9. W. Section 7.2
Find the mode for the scores: 3,850; 5,300; 8,550; 4,300; 5,350.
X. Section 7.3
In a set of 100 ACT scores that are normally distributed and
with a mean of 23 and standard deviation of
4.69,
a. How many scores are expected to be lower than 18.31 (one
standard deviation below the mean)?
b. How many of the 100 scores are expected to be below 32.38
(two standard deviations above the
mean)?
Y. Section 7.1
Use Table 7-7 to complete the Exercise.
Construct a bar graph showing total sales by salesperson for
10. Happy’s Gift Shoppe in Table 7-7.
Z. Section 7.2
Find the mode for the amounts: $17,485; $14,978; $13,592;
$14,500; $18,540; $14,978.
American Economic Association
Confronting the Environmental Kuznets Curve
Author(s): Susmita Dasgupta, Benoit Laplante, Hua Wang,
David Wheeler
Reviewed work(s):
Source: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 16, No. 1
(Winter, 2002), pp. 147-168
Published by: American Economic Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2696580 .
Accessed: 10/01/2012 16:38
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Journal of Economic Perspectives-Volume 16, Number 1-Winter
2002-Pages 147-168
Confronting the Environmental
Kuznets Curve
Susmita Dasgupta, Benoit Laplante,
Hua Wang and David Wheeler
T he environmental Kuznets curve posits an inverted-U
relationship be-
tween pollution and economic development. Kuznets's name was
appar-
ently attached to the curve by Grossman and Krueger (1993),
12. who noted
its resemblance to Kuznets's inverted-U relationship between
income inequality
and development. In the first stage of industrialization,
pollution in the environ-
mental Kuznets curve world grows rapidly because people are
more interested in
jobs and income than clean air and water, communities are too
poor to pay for
abatement, and environmental regulation is correspondingly
weak. The balance
shifts as income rises. Leading industrial sectors become
cleaner, people value the
environment more highly, and regulatory institutions become
more effective.
Along the curve, pollution levels off in the middle-income
range and then falls
toward pre-industrial levels in wealthy societies.
The environmental Kuznets curve model has elicited conflicting
reactions
from researchers and policymakers. Applied econometricians
have generally ac-
cepted the basic tenets of the model and focused on measuring
its parameters.
Their regressions, typically fitted to cross-sectional
observations across countries or
regions, suggest that air and water pollution increase with
development until per
capita income reaches a range of $5000 to $8000. When income
rises beyond that
level, pollution starts to decline, as shown in the "conventional
EKC" line in
Figure 1. In developing countries, some policymakers have
interpreted such results
13. as conveying a message about priorities: Grow first, then clean
up.
Numerous critics have challenged the conventional
environmental Kuznets
curve, both as a representation of what actually happens in the
development
process and as a policy prescription. Some pessimistic critics
argue that cross-
sectional evidence for the environmental Kuznets curve is
nothing more than a
v Susmita Dasgupta, Benoit Laplante, Hua Wang, and David
Wheeler are Economists,
Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, D. C.
148 Journal of Economic Perspectives
Figure 1
Environmental Kuznets Curve: Different Scenarios
Pollution
New Toxics
Race to the Bottom
Conventional EKC
Revised EKC
$ 5000 $ 8000
Income Per Capita
14. snapshot of a dynamic process. Over time, they claim, the curve
will rise to a
horizontal line at maximum existing pollution levels, as
globalization promotes a
"race to the bottom" in environmental standards, as shown in
Figure 1. Other
pessimists hold that, even if certain pollutants are reduced as
income increases,
industrial society continuously creates new, unregulated and
potentially toxic pol-
lutants. In their view, the overall environmental risks from
these new pollutants may
continue to grow even if some sources of pollution are reduced,
as shown by the
"new toxics" line in Figure 1. Although both pessimistic schools
make plausible
claims, neither has bolstered them with much empirical
research.
In contrast, recent empirical work has fostered an optimistic
critique of the
conventional environmental Kuznets curve. The new results
suggest that the level
of the curve is actually dropping and shifting to the left, as
growth generates less
pollution in the early stages of industrialization and pollution
begins falling at
lower income levels, as shown by the "revised EKC" in Figure
1.
The stakes in the environmental Kuznets curve debate are high.
Per capita
GDP in 1998 (in purchasing power parity dollars) was $1440 in
the nations of
sub-Saharan Africa, $2060 in India, $2407 in Indonesia, and
15. $3051 in China (World
Bank, 2000). Since these societies are nowhere near the income
range associated
with maximum pollution on the conventional environmental
Kuznets curve, a
literal interpretation of the curve would imply substantial
increases in pollution
during the next few decades. Moreover, empirical research
suggests that pollution
costs are already quite high in these countries. For example,
recent World Bank
estimates of mortality and morbidity from urban air pollution in
India and China
suggest annual losses in the range of 2-3 percent of GDP (Bolt,
Hamilton, Pandey
and Wheeler, 2001).
The stakes are not trivial for industrial societies, either. Those
who believe in
the "race to the bottom" model repeatedly advocate trade and
investment restric-
Susmita Dasgupta, Benoit Laplante, Hua Wang and David
Wheeler 149
tions that will eliminate the putative cost advantage of
"pollution havens" in the
developing world. If their assessment of the situation is correct,
then industrial
society faces two unpalatable options: Protect environmental
gains by moving back
toward autarky, but reducing global income in the process, or
accept much higher
global pollution under unrestrained globalization. Moreover,
16. industrialized coun-
tries surely must consider the daunting possibility that they are
not actually making
progress against pollution as their incomes rise, but instead are
reducing only a few
measured and well-known pollutants while facing new and
potentially greater
environmental concerns.
In this paper, we review the arguments and the evidence on the
position, shape
and mutability of the environmental Kuznets curve. We
ultimately side with the
optimists-but with some reservations.
Theory and Measurement of the Relationship between Economic
Development and Environmental Quality
Numerous theoretical and empirical papers have considered the
broad rela-
tionship between economic development and environmental
quality. The focus of
the theoretical papers has mainly been to derive transition paths
for pollution,
abatement effort and development under alternative assumptions
about social
welfare functions, pollution damage, the cost of abatement, and
the productivity of
capital. This theoretical work has shown that an environmental
Kuznets curve can
result if a few plausible conditions are satisfied as income
increases in a society:
specifically, the marginal utility of consumption is constant or
falling; the disutility
of pollution is rising; the marginal damage of pollution is
rising; and the marginal
17. cost of abating pollution is rising. Most theoretical models
implicitly assume the
existence of public agencies that regulate pollution with full
information about the
benefits and costs of pollution control. In addition, they assume
that the pollution
externality is local, not cross-border. In the latter case, there
would be little local
incentive to internalize the externality.
L6pez (1994) uses a fairly general theoretical model to show
that if producers
pay the social marginal cost of pollution, then the relationship
between emissions
and income depends on the properties of technology and
preferences. If prefer-
ences are homothetic, so that percentage increases in income
lead to identical
percentage increases in what is consumed, then an increase in
output will result in
an increase in pollution. But if preferences are nonhomothetic,
so that the pro-
portion of household spending on different items changes as
income rises, then the
response of pollution to growth will depend on the degree of
relative risk-aversion
and the elasticity of substitution in production between
pollution and conventional
inputs.
Selden and Song (1995) derive an inverted-U curve for the
relationship
between optimal pollution and the capital stock, assuming that
optimal abatement
is zero until a given capital stock is achieved, and that it rises
thereafter at an
18. 150 Journal of Economic Perspectives
increasing rate. John and Pecchenino (1994), John, Pecchenio,
Schimmelpfennig
and Schreft (1995), and McConnell (1997) derive similar
inverted-U curves by
using overlapping generations models. Recent analytical work
by L6pez and Mitra
(2000) suggests that corruption may also account for part of the
observed relation-
ship between development and environmental quality. Their
results show that for
any level of per capita income, the pollution level
corresponding to corrupt
behavior is always above the socially optimal level. Further,
they show that the
turning point of the environmental Kuznets curve takes place at
income and
pollution levels above those corresponding to the social
optimum.
Numerous empirical studies have tested the environmental
Kuznets curve
model. The typical approach has been to regress cross-country
measures of ambient
air and water quality on various specifications of income per
capita. For their data
on pollution, these studies often rely on information from the
Global Environmen-
tal Monitoring System (GEMS), an effort sponsored by the
United Nations that has
gathered pollution data from developed and developing
countries. The GEMS
19. database includes information on contamination from commonly
regulated air and
water pollutants. Stern, Auld, Common and Sanyal (1998) have
supplemented the
GEMS data with a more detailed accounting of airborne sulfur
emissions. Although
greenhouse gases have not been included in the GEMS database,
carbon dioxide
emissions estimates for most developed and developing
countries are available
from the U.S. Oak Ridge National Laboratories (Marland,
Boden and Andres,
2001).
Empirical researchers are far from agreement that the
environmental Kuznets
curve provides a good fit to the available data, even for
conventional pollutants. In
one of the most comprehensive reviews of the empirical
literature, Stern (1998)
argues that the evidence for the inverted-U relationship applies
only to a subset of
environmental measures; for example, air pollutants such as
suspended particulates
and sulfur dioxide. Since Grossman and Krueger (1993) find
that suspended
particulates decline monotonically with income, even Stern's
subset is open to
contest. In related work, Stern, Auld, Common and Sanyal
(1998) find that sulfur
emissions increase through the existing income range. Results
for water pollution
are similarly mixed.
Empirical work in this area is proceeding in a number of
directions. First,
20. international organizations such as the United Nations
Environment Programme
and the World Bank are sponsoring collection of more data on
environmental
quality in developing countries. As more data is collected, new
opportunities will
open up for studying the relationship between economic
development and envi-
ronmental quality. In the meantime, it is useful to think about
how to compensate
for incomplete monitoring information. For example, Selden
and Song (1994)
develop estimates of air emissions based on national fuel-use
data and fuel-specific
pollution parameters that are roughly adjusted for conditions in
countries at
varying income levels.
A second issue is that for many pollutants data is scarce
everywhere, not just in
developing countries. The GEMS effort has focused on a few
"criteria" pollutants,
so-designated because legal statutes have required regulators to
specify their dam-
Confronting the Environmental Kuznets Curve 151
aging characteristics. Criteria air pollutants, for example, have
generally included
ozone, carbon monoxide, suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide,
lead and nitrogen
oxide. A far broader class of emissions, known as toxic
pollutants, includes mate-
rials that cause death, disease or birth defects in exposed
21. organisms. Among the
hundreds of unregulated toxic pollutants that have been
subjected to laboratory
analysis, the quantities and exposures necessary to produce
damaging effects have
been shown to vary widely. Literally thousands of potentially
toxic materials remain
untested and unregulated.
Data gathering in this area has started, as some countries have
mandated
public reports of toxic emissions by industrial facilities. For
example, the United
States has a Toxic Release Inventory; Canada has a National
Pollutant Release
Inventory; the United Kingdom has a Pollutant Inventory; and
Australia has a
National Pollutant Inventory. Using sectoral estimates of toxic
emissions relative to
level of output, developed from U.S. data by Hettige, Martin,
Singh and Wheeler
(1995), researchers have estimated toxic emissions in eastern
Europe (Laplante
and Smits, 1998) and Latin America (Hettige and Wheeler,
1996; Dasgupta,
Laplante and Meisner, 2001). However, the underlying scarcity
of data has as yet
made it impossible to do more than speculate about the shape of
an environmental
Kuznets curve for toxics.
A third empirical issue involves thinking about the curvature of
the environ-
mental Kuznets curve. In most cases, the implied relationship
between income
growth and pollution is sensitive to inclusion of higher-order
22. polynomial terms in
per capita income whose significance varies widely.
Fourth, it is useful to compare the results of time series studies
where the
environmental evidence is available. De Bruyn, van den Bergh
and Opschoor
(1998) estimate time series models individually for Netherlands,
Germany, the
United Kingdom and the United States and show that economic
growth has had a
positive effect on emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
and sulfur dioxide.
They argue that conventional cross-section estimation
techniques have generated
spurious estimates of the environmental Kuznets curve because
they do not ade-
quately capture the dynamic process involved.
Given the data limitations, concerns over appropriate functional
forms, and
choices between cross-section and time series analysis,
structural interpretations of
the environmental Kuznets curve have remained largely ad hoc.
In view of these
uncertainties, few researchers have taken the next step and
begun to study the
sources of change in the marginal relationship between
economic development
and pollution.
How the Environmental Kuznets Curve Can Become Lower and
Hatter
Research on the environmental Kuznets curve has suggested that
its shape is
23. not likely to be fixed. Instead, the relationship between growth
in per capita
152 Journal of Economic Perspectives
income and environmental quality will be determined by how
many parties react to
economic growth and its side effects-including citizens,
businesses, policymakers,
regulators, nongovernmental organizations, and other market
participants. A body
of recent research has investigated these connections. The
theme that emerges
from this research is that it is quite plausible for developing
societies to have
improvements in environmental quality. It also seems likely that
because of growing
public concern and research knowledge about environmental
quality and regula-
tion, countries may be able to experience an environmental
Kuznets curve that is
lower and flatter than the conventional measures would suggest.
That is, they may
be able to develop from low levels of per capita income with
little or no degradation
in environmental quality, and then at some point to experience
improvements in
both income and environmental quality.
The Primary Role of Environmental Regulation
In principle, observed changes in pollution as per capita income
rises could
come from several different sources: shifts in the scale and
24. sectoral composition of
output, changes in technology within sectors, or the impact of
regulation on
pollution abatement (Grossman and Krueger, 1993). The
absence of appropriate
microdata across countries has precluded a systematic empirical
approach to this
decomposition. However, the available evidence suggests that
regulation is the
dominant factor in explaining the decline in pollution as
countries grow beyond
middle-income status.
For instance, Panayotou (1997) estimates a decomposition
equation for a
sample of 30 developed and developing countries for the period
1982-1994. He
incorporates policy considerations into the income-environment
relationship while
decomposing it into scale, sectoral composition and pollution
intensity (or pollu-
tion per unit of output) effects. His main finding, at least for
ambient sulfur dioxide
levels, is that effective policies and institutions can
significantly reduce environ-
mental degradation at low income levels and speed up
improvements at higher
income levels, thereby lowering the environmental Kuznets
curve and reducing the
environmental cost of growth. However, the estimated equation
is not derived from
any formal structural equation. In addition, in the absence of
actual measures of
environmental regulation, Panayotou uses indices of contract
enforcement and
bureaucratic efficiency as proxies. De Bruyn (1997) decomposes
25. the growth-
environment relationship in a sample of OECD and former
socialist economies,
using a divisia index methodology. Analyzing changes in sulfur
dioxide pollution,
he finds a significant role for environmental policy, but not for
structural change
in the economy. In a cross-country study of water pollution
abatement, Mani,
Hettige and Wheeler (2000) find that while some of the
improvement in water
quality with increases in per capita income is attributable to
sectoral composition
and technology effects, the main factor is stricter environmental
regulation.
There appear to be three main reasons that richer countries
regulate pollution
more strictly. First, pollution damage gets higher priority after
society has com-
pleted basic investments in health and education. Second,
higher-income societies
have more plentiful technical personnel and budgets for
monitoring and enforce-
Susmita Dasgupta, Benoit Laplante, Hua Wang and David
Wheeler 153
Figure 2
Air Pollution Regulation and Income Per Capita in 31 Countries
2.6 -
$ 2.4-
26. 2.2 -
2 -
1.8-
O 1.6-
k 1.4-
1.2 -
1 I I I I
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Log (Income Per Capita)
Source: Dasgupta, Mody, Roy and Wheeler (2001).
ment activities. Third, higher income and education empower
local communities
to enforce higher environmental standards, whatever stance is
taken by the national
government (Dasgupta and Wheeler, 1997; Pargal and Wheeler,
1996; Dean, 1999).
The result of these mutually reinforcing factors, as shown in
Figure 2, is a very close
relationship between national pollution regulation and income
per capita (Das-
gupta, Mody, Roy and Wheeler, 2001).
Economic Liberalization
During the past two decades, many countries have liberalized
their economies
27. by reducing government subsidies, dismantling price controls,
privatizing state
enterprises and removing barriers to trade and investment.
Easterly (2001) pro-
vides strong evidence that measures of financial depth and price
distortion have
improved significantly for developing countries since 1980. The
result has been an
adjustment toward economic activities that reflect comparative
advantage at undis-
torted factor and product prices, which in turn can affect the
level of pollution in
an economy by shifting the sectoral composition.
One result has been growth of labor-intensive assembly
activities such as
garment production. These activities are seldom pollution-
intensive, although
there are some notable exceptions such as electronics assembly
that employs toxic
cleaning solvents and fabric production that generates organic
water pollution and
toxic pollution from chemical dyes (Hettige, Martin, Singh and
Wheeler, 1995).
Another likely area of comparative advantage is information
services with relatively
low skill requirements, such as records maintenance for
internationally distributed
information-processing services. Such activities are typically
not very polluting.
More environmentally sensitive areas of comparative advantage
include large-scale
agriculture and production that exploits local natural resources
such as forest
28. 154 Journal of Economic Perspectives
products, basic metals and chemicals (Lee and Roland-Holst,
1997). These indus-
tries are often heavy polluters, because they produce large
volumes of waste
residuals and frequently employ toxic chemicals.
Elimination of government subsidies often has an
environmentally beneficial
effect in this context. The heaviest polluters often receive
subsidies, because they
operate in sectors such as steel and petrochemicals where state
intervention has
been common. Privatization and reduction of subsidies tend to
reduce the scale of
such activities, while expanding production in the assembly and
service sectors that
emit fewer pollutants (Dasgupta, Wang and Wheeler, 1997;
Lucas, Hettige and
Wheeler, 1992; Jha, Markandya and Vossenaar, 1999; Birdsall
and Wheeler, 1993).
Elimination of energy subsidies increases energy efficiency,
shifts industry away
from energy-intensive sectors, and reduces demand for
pollution-intensive power
(Vukina, Beghin and Solakoglu, 1999; World Bank, 1999).
However, higher energy
prices also induce shifts from capital- and energy-intensive
production techniques
to labor- and materials-intensive techniques, which are often
more pollution-
intensive in other ways (Mani, Hettige and Wheeler, 2000).
Economic liberalization also has a common effect, at least in
29. pollution-
intensive sectors, of enlarging the market share of larger plants
that operate at
more efficient scale (Wheeler, 2000; Hettige, Dasgupta and
Wheeler, 2000). This
change often involves a shift toward publicly held firms at the
expense of family
firms. The improvement in efficiency means less pollution per
unit of production,
although larger plants may also concentrate pollution in a
certain locality (Lucas,
Dasgupta and Wheeler, 2001). In China, state-owned enterprises
have much higher
costs for reducing air pollution because they are operated less
efficiently. Figure 3
displays recent econometric estimates of control costs for sulfur
dioxide air pollu-
tion in large Chinese factories (Dasgupta, Wang and Wheeler,
1997).1
The level of polluting emissions also reflects managers'
technology decisions.
In the OECD countries, innovations have generated significantly
cleaner technol-
ogies that are available at incremental cost to producers in
developing countries.
Even in weakly regulated economies, many firms have adopted
these cleaner
technologies because they are more profitable. Increased
openness to trade also
tends to lower the price of cleaner imported technologies, while
increasing the
competitive pressure to adopt them if they are also more
efficient (Reppelin-Hill,
1999; Huq, Martin and Wheeler, 1993; Martin and Wheeler,
1992). Thus, firms in
30. relatively open developing economies adopt cleaner
technologies more quickly
(Birdsall and Wheeler, 1993; Huq, Martin and Wheeler, 1993).
While liberalization can certainly improve environmental
conditions, it is no
panacea. The evidence suggests that in a rapidly growing
economy, the effect of
lower pollution per unit of output as a result of greater
efficiency is generally
1 Xu, Gau, Dockery and Chen (1994) have shown that
atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentrations are
highly correlated with damage from respiratory disease in
China. Sulfur dioxide and other oxides of
sulfur combine with oxygen to form sulfates and with water
vapor to form aerosols of sulfurous and
sulfuric acid. Much of the health damage from sulfur dioxide
seems to come from fine particulates in
the form of sulfates.
Confronting the Environmental Kuznets Curve 155
Figure 3
Sulfur Dioxide Marginal Abatement Costs: Large Chinese
Factories
300
250
z 200 -_/
E --- Non-state-owned enterprises 150
31. ;- State-owned enterprises
f
100
50
0 t I I t
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Rate of Abatement
Source: World Bank (1999).
overwhelmed by the rise in overall pollution as a result of rising
output (Beghin,
Roland-Holst and van der Mensbrugghe, 1997; Dessus and
Bussolo, 1998; Lee and
Roland-Holst, 1997). Thus, total pollution will grow unless
environmental regula-
tion is strengthened (Mani, Hettige and Wheeler, 2000).
Pervasive Informal Regulation
Low-income communities frequently penalize dangerous
polluters, even when
formal regulation is weak or absent. Abundant evidence from
Asia and Latin
America shows that neighboring communities can strongly
influence factories'
environmental performance (Pargal and Wheeler, 1996; Hettige,
Huq, Pargal and
Wheeler, 1996; Huq and Wheeler, 1992; Hartman, Huq and
Wheeler, 1997).
Where formal regulators are present, communities use the
political process to
32. influence the strictness of enforcement. Where regulators are
absent or ineffective,
nongovernmental organizations and community groups-
including religious insti-
tutions, social organizations, citizens' movements, and
politicians-pursue infor-
mal regulation. Although these pressures vary from region to
region, the pattern
everywhere is similar: Factories negotiate directly with local
actors in response to
threats of social, political or physical sanctions if they fail to
compensate the
community or to reduce emissions.
The response of factories can take many forms. Cribb (1990)
cites the case of
a cement factory in Jakarta that-without admitting liability for
the dust it
generates-"compensates local people with an ex gratia payment
of Rp. 5000 and
a tin of evaporated milk every month." Agarwal, Chopra and
Sharma (1982)
describe a situation where, confronted by community
complaints, a paper mill in
India installed pollution abatement equipment-and to
compensate residents for
remaining damage, the mill also constructed a Hindu temple. If
all else fails,
community action can also trigger physical removal of the
problem. In Rio de
Janeiro, a neighborhood association protest against a polluting
tannery led man-
agers to relocate it to the city's outskirts (Stotz, 1991). Mark
Clifford (1990) has
33. 156 Journal of Economic Perspectives
reported in the Far Easten Economic Review that community
action prevented the
opening of a chemical complex in Korea until appropriate
pollution control
equipment was installed. Indeed, communities sometimes resort
to extreme mea-
sures. Cribb (1990) has recounted an Indonesian incident
"reported from Banjaran
near Jakarta in 1980 when local farmers burned a government-
owned chemical
factory that had been polluting their irrigation channels."
Such examples are not limited to developing countries, of
course. They also
play an important role in the work of Coase (1960), who called
traditional regula-
tion into question by noting that pollution victims, as well as
regulators, can take
action if they perceive that the benefits outweigh the costs. Of
course, the victims
need information about pollution risks to take appropriate
action. In most cases,
such information can only be gathered by public authorities that
have a legal
mandate to collect it. We will return to this issue in our
discussion of public
disclosure as a new regulatory instrument in developing
countries.
Pressure from Market Agents
Market agents can also play an important role in creating
pressures for
34. environmental protection. Bankers may refuse to extend credit
because they are
worried about environmental liability; consumers may avoid the
products of firms
that are known to be heavy polluters.
The evidence suggests that multinational firms are important
players in this
context. These firms operate under close scrutiny from
consumers and environ-
mental organizations in the high-income economies. Investors
also appear to play
an important role in encouraging clean production. Heavy
emissions may signal to
investors that a firm's production techniques are inefficient.
Investors also weigh
potential financial losses from regulatory penalties and liability
settlements. The
U.S. and Canadian stock markets react significantly to
environmental news, gener-
ating gains from good news and losses from bad news in the
range of 1-2 percent
(Muoghalu, Robison and Glascock, 1990; Lanoie and Laplante,
1994; Klassen and
McLaughlin, 1996; Hamilton, 1995; Lanoie, Laplante and Roy,
1998). One recent
study found that firms whose bad environmental press has the
greatest impact on
stock prices subsequently reduce emissions the most (Konar and
Cohen, 1997).
Similar effects of environmental news on stock prices have been
identified in
Argentina, Chile, Mexico and the Philippines (Dasgupta,
Laplante and Mamingi,
2001). …
35. EC 230: Topics in Environmental Economics
Department of Economics, University of Vermont
Donna Ramirez Harrington
([email protected])
GUIDE QUESTIONS
Type your answers below the empty space provided (you may
use more space of course) using BLUE in CALIBRI FONT:
Then upload on designated portal on our course Bb on the date
indicated.
Note we have two different due dates for submission.
These three readings all relate to economic growth-pollution
relationship, but from a macroeconomic standpoint. This is how
the readings and labs are related to each other and to other
modules:
1. The first HW due on this topic is for Pugel and Dasgupta
together. Pugel reading (pages 284-288) provides the
background on the relationship between economic growth and
pollution, the components of those relationships, the shape of
the traditional EKC and what it means. Dasgupta discusses the
how the shape of the EKC can be different from the traditional
EKC and the interventions needed to modify the shape. Note
that these interventions relate to different types of
regulations/interventions that we have discussed (standards,
taxes, permits, VIBAs)
2. For EKC Lab 1: we will be estimating the turning point of the
EKC: i.e., what level of GDP per capita will EKC start to slope
down. The second HW due will be the Excel file that you did to
re-create EKC Lab 1 results.
36. 3. The third HW due date is for Cole which extends the EKC to
incorporate trade. It is this inclusion of trade variables that will
allow us to relate the EKC (the composition effect - see Pugel
reading below) to pollution haven hypothesis (Dechezleprêtre
and Sato reading). Note that the income effect (see below) is
what relates EKC to regulation which is the topic in an earlier
module). Note that Cole explains how inclusion of trade
variables will affect the turning point of the EKC. Once again,
our modules and concepts therein are inter-related and their
linkages will get clearer as we go along.
4. For EKC Lab 2: we will be analyzing whether the coefficients
of the trade variables are as expected based from Cole, and
estimate whether the turning point of the EKC in models with
trade variables will behave as they did in the Cole paper. The
fourth HW due date will be the Excel file that you did to re-
create this EKC Lab 2 results.
Before you get started on the readings watch these:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-USvMNPNKM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXw_X9L_4TQ
PUGEL and DASGUPTA ET AL
Save and post your answers as:
YOURFAMILYNAME_PugelDasgupta.doc
PUGEL
Focus on pages 284-288 for Pugel
1. Define the three possible shapes of the pollution-economic
growth relationship [ /5]
No need to submit now: but you need to be able to draw each
one.
37. 2. Define what EKC stands for and describe what it captures.
Which ones of the shapes above correspond to the EKC.
[ /5]
3. Describe the three “effects” of economic growth on pollution
[ /15]
For each, identify and explain the signs (+ or – or could be
either + or -); Positive (Negative) means that as growth
increases, pollution increases (decrease).
a. Size effect
38. b. Composition effect
c. Income effect
4. Then discuss how the relative sizes of these effects determine
where an economy is on the EKC
[ /10]
DASGUPTA ET AL
1. What are the possible modified shapes of the EKC according
to Dasgupta and why they are “better” or “worse” than a
39. traditional EKC discussed in Pugel [ /15]
2. How does Dasgupta propose we achieve the “more
optimistic” shape of the EKC. [ /15]
Many of them are related to the different types of
regulations/interventions that we have discussed (standards,
taxes, permits, VIBAs). So identify which policy instruments
are implied by each of Dasgupta’s recommendations as you
describe each one.
COLE
Save and post your answers as:YOURFAMILYNAME_Cole.doc
1. Summarize how and why trade and pollution haven
hypothesis (focus of the DS reading) is related to the concept of
EKC (Section1 and Section 2, you can focus on Section 2 until
the top of second column of page 74 and then read all of section
3) [ /10]
40. 2. For EKC Lab 2, we will focus on variables similar to DX and
DM in Equation 3 Section 3 of Cole. Explain what each of
these variable capture in relation to the pollution haven
hypothesis and explain how each is expected to affect pollution,
i.e., thee expected sign of their coefficients, , respectively.
[ /15]
Tip: I pasted Tables 1 and 2 at the end of this document with
some notes to help you answer the questions.
Tip: Make sure you understand this as this will be what we will
discuss in EKC Lab 2 and Quiz 4.
41. 3. There are two sets of results in Section 3: one for air (Table
1) and one for water (Table 2).
Summarize whether the signs of the coefficients of the variables
DX and DM are in each equation and discuss whether they are
consistent with the hypotheses you discussed above. (those
indicated inside the red box in Tables 1 and 2 at the end of this
document) [ /30]
Tip: I pasted Tables 1 and 2 at the end of this document with
some notes to help you answer the questions.
Tip: Make sure you understand this as this will be what we will
discuss in EKC Lab 2 and Quiz 4.
4. The most important part of section 3 that I want us to focus
42. on are whether the inclusion of the trade variables will change
the turning point of EKC (those indicated inside the blue box in
Tables 1 and 2 at the end of this document). Page 78 has the
explanation of how their inclusion is expected to change the
turning point (higher or lower) and why. Explain in your own
word how and why inclusion of the trade variables in estimating
EKCs can change the turning point.
[ /10]
The tables show the coefficients of the variables in the model:
For both Tables 1 and 2:
· The green boxes show the coefficients Y variables,
log(GDPpercapita) variables. The coefficients of the linear,
quadratic and cubic terms are , and , respectively
· The red boxes show the structural and trade variables that will
allow us to test the pollution haven hypothesis. Pay attention to
what the text says the signs of their coefficients are ( and
whether the results above are consistent with the hypothesis.
· The blue box shows the turning points, i.e, the level of
ln(GDPpercapita) that makes EKC turn and slope downward.
That is makes the slope of E with respect to Y zero. For the
quadratic models (NOx, SO2, SPM and CO2), it should be equal
to the exp [Yhat]= exp[- / (2 * )]. We need to take exp[Yhat]
because GDPpercapita is in natural log.
For Table 1 only: the orange box is the results for CO2. We will
be using CO2 data for our lab but it is different from this
dataset since I do not have access to Cole’s detailed data. I
only have country-level data from the WB every five years from
1990-2010 every so our turning point will be very different.
For both Tables 1 and 2:
· The green boxes show the coefficients Y variables,
log(GDPpercapita) variables. The coefficients of the linear,
43. quadratic and cubic terms are , and , respectively
· The red boxes show the structural and trade variables that will
allow us to test the pollution haven hypothesis. Pay attention to
what the text says the signs of their coefficients are ( and
whether the results above are consistent with the hypothesis.
· The blue box shows the turning points, i.e, the level of
ln(GDPpercapita) that makes EKC turn and slope downward.
That is makes the slope of E with respect to Y zero. For the
quadratic models (NOx, SO2, SPM and CO2), it should be equal
to the exp [Yhat]= exp[- / (2 * )]. We need to take exp[Yhat]
because GDPpercapita is in natural log.
Calculating the Turning points of GDP in a quadratic model:
http://www.sterndavidi.com/Publications/EKC.pdf
How to get from (1) to (2):
Take derivative of (1) with respect to ln(GDP/P) (the first
derivative is like taking the slope)
It is equal to beta_1+2*beta2 * ln (GDP/P) (1’)
Equate (3) to zero (slope of ln(E/P) is
zero at its peak)
beta_1+2*beta2 * ln (GDP/P)=0 (1’’)
Solve (1’’) for ln (GDP/P) yields (2).
Note on turning points:
The calculated turning point is descriptive not prescriptive:
Descriptive: It tells us that given the data (geographic region
covered and time period), that was the GDP per capita level
where pollution stats to fall
Not prescriptive: The turning point DOES NOT say that we
need to wait until countries get to that level of per capita
income before economic growth (GDP per capita) can start
yielding lower pollution . The turning point DOES NOT imply
44. that poor countries need to suffer the pollution as cost of
economic growth.
That is why Dasgupta’s article is important: It tells us the
intervention we need to do to make the turning point level of
income lower and the peak level of pollution lower