This has a high level overview of the Apache Arrow and how it applies to a time series database, and contains examples written in Rust

1. A Rusty Introduction to Apache
Arrow and how it Applies to a
Time Series Database
December 9, 2020
Andrew Lamb
InfluxData

2. IOx Team at InfluxData
Query Optimizer / Architect @ Vertica
(Columnar Database),
Chief Architect @ DataRobot (Machine
Learning Platform )
Chief Architect @ Nutonian (Machine
Learning Apps
XLST JIT Compiler Team at DataPower

3. Goals + Outline
Goal: ⇒ Arrow is a good basis for a new (time series) Databases ❤
● Opinions and Perspectives of Databases
● Background on Arrow
● Arrow Examples, in Rust

4. Databases -- Trend Towards Specialization
Relational
Key-Value
Timeseries
Graph
Array / Scientific
Document
Stream
Michael Stonebraker and Ugur Cetintemel. 2005. "One Size Fits All": An Idea Whose Time Has Come and Gone. In Proceedings of the 21st
International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE '05). IEEE Computer Society, USA, 2–11. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDE.2005.1
Data Model Deployment
Embedded / Edge
Cloud
Single-Node
Hybrid
Ecosystem
Hadoop
Java
Json / Javascript
AWS
GCP
Azure
Apple Cloud
Use Case
Transactions
Analytics
Streaming
...

5. … and our new database is …
🎉
InfluxDB IOx - The Future Core of InfluxDB Built
with Rust and Arrow

6. Analytic Systems (vs Transactional)
● Transactional (OLTP, Key-value stores, etc)
○ Workload is “lookup a record by id”, “update a record”, “keep data durable and consistent”
○ Examples: Oracle, Postgres, Cassandra, DynamoDB, MongoDB, etc etc
● Analytic (OLAP, “Big Data”, etc)
○ Workload: aggregate many rows to get historical view, bulk loads, rarely updated
○ Examples: ClickHouse, MapReduce, Spark, Vertica, Pig, Hive, InfluxDB, etc etc
⇒ Rest of the talk focused on Analytic Databases

7. So, you want to build a new database… ?
Databases need many features just to look like a database:
● Get Data In and Out
● Store Data and Catalog / Metadata
● Query Store: + Query Language
● Connect: Client API
…
Before you can invest in what makes your database special

8. Implementation timeline for a new Database system
Client
API
In memory
storage
In-Memory
filter + aggregation
Durability /
persistence
Metadata Catalog +
Management
Query
Language
Parser
Optimized /
Compressed
storage
Execution on
Compressed
Data
Joins!
Additional Client
Languages
Outer
Joins
Subquery
support
More advanced
analytics
Cost
based
optimizer
Out of core
algorithms
Storage
Rearrangement
Heuristic
Query
Planner
Arithmetic
expressions
Date / time
Expressions
Concurrency
Control
Data Model /
Type System
Distributed query
execution
Resource
Management
“Lets Build
a
Database”
🤔
“Ok now
this is pretty
good”
😐
“Look mom!
I have a
database!”
😃
Online
recovery

9. Arrow Project Goals
“Build a better open source
foundation for data science”
🤔 How is this related to databases?
https://arrow.apache.org/

10. Arrow == toolkit for a modern analytic databases
match tool_needed {
File Format (persistence) => Parquet
Columnar memory representation => Arrow Arrays
Operations (e.g. add, multiply) => Compute Kernels
Network transfer => Arrow Flight IPC
_ => ... to be continued ...
}

11. InfluxDB line protocol
weather,location=us-east temperature=82,humidity=67 1465839830100400200
weather,location=us-midwest temperature=82,humidity=65 1465839830100400200
weather,location=us-west temperature=70,humidity=54 1465839830100400200
weather,location=us-east temperature=83,humidity=69 1465839830200400200
weather,location=us-midwest temperature=87,humidity=78 1465839830200400200
weather,location=us-west temperature=72,humidity=56 1465839830200400200
weather,location=us-east temperature=84,humidity=67 1465839830300400200
weather,location=us-midwest temperature=90,humidity=82 1465839830400400200
weather,location=us-west temperature=71,humidity=57 1465839830400400200
Line Protocol Tutorial (link)
Measurements
Tags Fields
Timestamp

12. IOx Data Model
weather,location=us-east temperature=82,humidity=67 1465839830100400200
weather,location=us-midwest temperature=82,humidity=65 1465839830100400200
weather,location=us-west temperature=70,humidity=54 1465839830100400200
weather,location=us-east temperature=83,humidity=69 1465839830200400200
weather,location=us-midwest temperature=87,humidity=78 1465839830200400200
weather,location=us-west temperature=72,humidity=56 1465839830200400200
weather,location=us-east temperature=84,humidity=67 1465839830300400200
weather,location=us-midwest temperature=90,humidity=82 1465839830400400200
weather,location=us-west temperature=71,humidity=57 1465839830400400200
location
"us-east"
"us-midwest"
"us-west"
"us-east"
"us-midwest"
"us-west"
"us-east"
"us-midwest"
"us-west"
temperature
82
82
70
83
87
72
84
90
71
humidity
67
65
54
69
78
56
67
82
57
timestamp
2016-06-13T17:43:50.1004002Z
2016-06-13T17:43:50.1004002Z
2016-06-13T17:43:50.1004002Z
2016-06-13T17:43:50.2004002Z
2016-06-13T17:43:50.2004002Z
2016-06-13T17:43:50.2004002Z
2016-06-13T17:43:50.3004002Z
2016-06-13T17:43:50.3004002Z
2016-06-13T17:43:50.3004002Z
Table: weather

13. Code Examples
Thesis: “When writing an analytic database, you will end up implementing the
Arrow feature set”
(Ecosystem integration is another major benefit of Arrow, subject of a future talk)
+
* Take performance comparisons with a large grain of salt
Compare Plain Rust and Rust using the Arrow library

14. Motivating Example
“Find the rows that are not in `us-west`”

15. Create the Array
let string_vec: Vec<String> =
(0..NUM_TAGS)
.map(|i| {
match i % 3 {
0 => "us-east",
1 => "us-midwest",
2 => "us-west",
}.into()
})
.collect();
let mut builder =
StringBuilder::new(NUM_TAGS);
(0..NUM_TAGS).enumerate()
.for_each(|(i, _)| {
let location = match i % 3 {
0 => "us-east",
1 => "us-midwest",
2 => "us-west",
};
builder.append_value(location)
.unwrap()
});
let array = builder.finish();
> created array with 10000000 elements
~600ms
> created array with 10000000 elements
~400ms
+

16. Memory Footprint
let size =
size_of::<Vec<String>>() +
string_vec
.iter()
.fold(0, |sz, s| {
sz + size_of::<String>() + s.len()
});
println!("total size: {} bytes", size);
println!("total size: {} bytes",
array.get_array_memory_size());
> total size: 320000023 bytes
~320 MB *
> total size: 149206128 bytes
~150 MB
+

17. Find Rows != “us-west”
let not_west_bitset: Vec<bool> =
string_vec
.iter()
.map(|s| s != "us-west")
.collect();
let num_not_west = not_west_bitset
.iter()
.filter(|&&v| v)
.count();
let not_west_bitset =
neq_utf8_scalar(
&array,
"us-west"
).unwrap();
let num_not_west = not_west_bitset
.iter()
.filter(|v| matches!(v, Some(true)))
.count();
> Found 6666667 not in west
~50ms
> Found 6666667 not in west
~120ms
+

18. Find Rows != “us-west” (with null handling)
let string_vec: Vec<Option<String>> = ...;
let not_west_bitset: Vec<bool> =
string_vec
.iter()
.map(|s| {
s.as_ref()
.map(|s| s != "us-west")
.unwrap_or(false)
})
.collect();
let num_not_west = not_west_bitset
.iter()
.filter(|&&v| v)
.count();
+
Same as previous
> Found 6666667 not in west
~50ms

19. Materialize rows for future processing
let not_west: Vec<String> = not_west_bitset
.iter()
.enumerate()
.filter_map(|(i, &v)| {
if v {
Some(string_vec[i].clone())
} else {
None
}
})
.collect();
let not_west = filter(
&array,
&not_west_bitset
).unwrap();
> Made array of 6666667 Strings not in west
~450 ms
> Made array of 6666667 Strings not in west
~50 ms
+

20. More efficient encoding (dictionary)
let vb = StringBuilder::new();
let kb = Int8Builder::new();
let mut builder =
StringDictionaryBuilder::new(vb,kb);
(0..NUM_TAGS)
.enumerate()
.for_each(|(i, _)| {
let location = match i % 3 {
0 => "us-east",
1 => "us-midwest",
2 => "us-west",
};
builder.append(location).unwrap();
});
let array = builder.finish();
> total size: 10000688 bytes
10MB
250 ms
+
dictionary
"us-east"
"us-midwest"
"us-west"
Location
0
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
[0]
[1]
[2]
[u8]

21. SIMD Anyone?
let output = gt(
&left,
&right
).unwrap();
+
10
20
17
5
23
5
9
12
4
5
76
2
3
5
2
33
2
1
6
7
8
2
7
2
5
6
7
8
left right output
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
>
>
>
>

22. SIMD Implementation
#[cfg(all(any(target_arch = "x86", target_arch = "x86_64"),
feature = "simd"))]
fn simd_compare_op<T, F>(left: &PrimitiveArray<T>,
right: &PrimitiveArray<T>, op: F) -> Result<BooleanArray>
where
T: ArrowNumericType,
F: Fn(T::Simd, T::Simd) -> T::SimdMask,
{
// use / error checking elided
let null_bit_buffer = combine_option_bitmap(
left.data_ref(), right.data_ref(), len
)?;
let lanes = T::lanes();
let mut result = MutableBuffer::new(
left.len() * mem::size_of::<bool>()
);
let rem = len % lanes;
for i in (0..len - rem).step_by(lanes) {
let simd_left = T::load(left.value_slice(i, lanes));
let simd_right = T::load(right.value_slice(i, lanes));
let simd_result = op(simd_left, simd_right);
T::bitmask(&simd_result, |b| {
result.write(b).unwrap();
});
}
Source: arrow/src/compute/kernels/comparison.rs
if rem > 0 {
let simd_left = T::load(left.value_slice(len - rem, lanes));
let simd_right = T::load(right.value_slice(len - rem, lanes));
let simd_result = op(simd_left, simd_right);
let rem_buffer_size = (rem as f32 / 8f32).ceil() as usize;
T::bitmask(&simd_result, |b| {
result.write(&b[0..rem_buffer_size]).unwrap();
});
}
let data = ArrayData::new(
DataType::Boolean,
left.len(),
None,
null_bit_buffer,
0,
vec![result.freeze()],
vec![],
);
Ok(PrimitiveArray::<BooleanType>::from(Arc::new(data)))
}

23. Other things needed in a database
Vec<Option<String>> to support nulls
Handle other data types with same code
Vectorized implementations of filter, aggregate, etc
Persist it to storage
Send data over the network
Ecosystem compatibility
...

24. Rust / Arrow Community: Good and Getting better
Major Roadmap Items (see also Apache Arrow (Rust) 2.0.0)
1. Support Stable Rust
2. Improved DictionaryArray support and performance
3. Improved compute kernel performance
4. SQL: Joins
5. Parallel CPU-bound operations; Additional platform support (e.g. ARMv8)
InfluxData specifically is investing in:
1. Flight IPC
2. Improved Dictionary and Date/Time support
3. Data Fusion (some other tech talk)

25. Thank You
Find us online
Github: https://github.com/influxdata/influxdb_iox
Slack: https://influxdata.com/slack
It is early days; there are many cool things left to implement
And we are hiring (Senior IOx Engineer Job Posting)