A Research Project On Colon Cancer

A Research Project On Colon Cancer
Research Project Outcome
Colon cancer claims the lives of 12 Australians each day and is the second largest cancer killer (1). Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer
in the Australian population after the age of 50. It is essential that Australian men and women are aware of the aggressiveness and severity of the
disease (2) and the primary preventative methods. The Indigenous Australian population, in comparison to the non–indigenous population, have a
higher prevalence of the disease and experience higher mortality rates (3). Due to the lack of medical resources and awareness, men and women living
in rural areas have an increased risk of developing colon cancer (4). For these reasons, I have decided to conduct an investigation on the significance, the
primary preventative methods and the impact they can have on the health and awareness of the Australian population.
I conducted my initial research by investigating the internet and books, both of which encompassed the anatomy of the stomach and allowed me to
gather a greater understanding of Colon Cancer. Bowel cancer is a malignant growth that develops most commonly in the lining of the large bowel.
The vast majority of bowel cancers develop from growths called 'polyps '. Not all polyps become cancerous. The larger that a polyp grows, the more
likely it is to become malignant (cancerous). Polyps can be easily re moved without surgery by a procedure called a colonoscopy (inspection of the
bowel with a
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Nasal Polyps Research Paper
What Are Nasal Polyps: The Signs and Symptoms of Nasal Polyps
What Are Nasal Polyps?
Nasal polyps sound strange but they are actually fairly common. Nasal polyps are noncancerous, teardrop shaped growths that develop on the inside
of your nose and around your sinuses. They are found in areas where the sinuses open up into the nasal cavity. Nasal polyps range in size and
resemble peeled, seedless grapes.
Nasal polyps are associated with asthma and allergies. People who have smaller polyps typically require little to no treatment and might not even
realize they have them. Larger nasal polyps can become a problem. Large nasal polyps can block sinus drainage and make it difficult to breathe. When
nasal polyps block drainage, the accumulation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People who suffer from nasal polyps might also find they have an increased sensitivity to aspirin and yellow dye.
Who Is At Risk of Developing Nasal Polyps?
Anyone can develop nasal polyps. However, nasal polyps are more likely to affect adults over the age of 40. Nasal polyps are rarely found in children
under the age of ten. Men are more likely to develop nasal polyps than women. Nobody is 100% sure why some people are more susceptible to
developing nasal polyps than others. There is a theory that people that are more affected by severe allergies are more likely to develop nasal polyps.
There is also other theories that believe that people affected by asthma are more likely to develop nasal polyps than others.
The Treatment Options for Nasal Polyps
Most of the time, nasal polyps are small and will not cause any issues. However, larger nasal polyps can lead to a large array of problems. If you
suspect that you might have developed nasal polyps, you should make an appointment with your doctor. They will use a tool called a nasal
endoscope to determine if you have nasal polyps. If you have a severe case of nasal polyps, your doctor might decide to do a biopsy because in rare
instances, these polyps could be

Testing Based Fecal Occult Blood Test Sensitivity And...
Guaiac–based Fecal Occult Blood Test Sensitivity and Specificity
Colon cancer The large intestines are a part of the digestive system (Colorectal cancer, 2015). The large intestines (large bowels) are made up of the
colon and the rectum (What is colorectal cancer, 2016). The colon is five feet long muscular tube that makes up the majority of the large bowel (What
is colorectal cancer, 2016). After food goes through the small intestines, of the digestive system, the colon absorbs the salt and water from the food that
remains and the waste matter (feces) is the byproduct (What is colorectal cancer, 2016). The feces is then expelled from the body through the anus
(What is colorectal cancer, 2016).
When a cancer forms in the lining of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The localized stage is stage where cancer is only found in the part of the body where it originated from (Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results
program, n.d.). In Virginia, 39% of colorectal cancers are detected at the localized stage (Cancer in Virginia, 2014). The 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey reported that 69% of Virginia adults age 50 or older reported that they have had a colon cancer screening
(Cancer in Virginia, 2014).
Guaiac–based Fecal Occult Blood Test
The guaiac–based Fecal Occult Blood Test (gFOBT) is a screening test for colorectal cancer (A guide to FOBT, n.d.). The guaiac
–based Fecal Occult
Blood Test uses the chemical reagent guaiac to detect the presence of heme in stool (A guide to FOBT, n.d.). Colorectal neoplasms can cause
blood (heme) in the stool because the blood vessels on the surface of colorectal cancer and/or colorectal polyps have fragile blood vessels that are
easily damaged when feces pass through the large bowel (A guide to FOBT, n.d.). A small amount of blood from the fragile colorectal polyps and
cancer vessels merge with the stool (A guide to FOBT, n.d.). The small amount of blood that is combined with the stool from the colorectal polyps
and cancer vessels is not visibly noticeable in the stool (A guide to FOBT, n.d.). Consequently, Fecal Occult Blood Tests, such as gFOBT, can be used
to detect the small amount of blood that can be found in the stool if a person has colorectal polyps or cancer (A

Colon Cancer Essay
Colon Cancer
What is the disease?
Colon and rectal cancer develop in the digestive tract, which is also called the gastrointestinal, or GI, tract. The digestive system processes food for
energy and rids the body of solid waste matter (fecal matter or stool). Colon cancer and rectal cancer have many features in common. Sometimes they
are referred to together as colorectal cancer.
Over 95% of colorectal cancers are ad enocarcinomas. These are cancers of the glandular cells that line the inside of the colon and rectum. Other, less
common type of tumors may also develop in the colon and rectum. Carcinoid tumors develop from hormone–producing cells of the intestine.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors develop in the connective tissue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The small intestine continues breaking down the food and absorbs most of the nutrients. The liver and the pancreas release bile and enzymes into the
small bowel to aid in this process. The small intestine joins the large intestine or large bowel, a muscular tube about five feet long. The first part of
the large bowel, called the colon continues to absorb water and mineral nutrients from the food matter and serves as a storage place for waste matter.
The waste matter left after this process goes into the rectum, the final 6 inches, or so of the large bowel. From there, it passes out of the body through
the anus.
What are the casual factors for this disease? Colon cancer is expected to be responsible for about 47,700 deaths (23,100 men and 24,600 women)
during 2000. About 8,600 people (4,700 men and 3,900 women) will die from rectal cancer during 2000. The death rate from colorectal cancer has
been going down for the past 20 years. This may be because there are fewer cases, more of the cases are found early, and treatments have improved.
The 5–year relative survival rate is 90% for people whose colorectal cancer is found and treated in an early stage, before it has spread. Nevertheless,
only 37% of colorectal cancers are found at that early stage. Once the cancer has spread to nearby organs or lymph nodes, the 5–year relative survival
rate goes down to 65%. For people whose colorectal cancer has spread to distant parts of the body such as the

Essay about The Importance and Distinction of Coral Reefs
The Importance and Distinction of Coral Reefs
Nestled in tropical ocean waters, coral reefs provide valuable resources to both human and marine life. Coral reefs are estimated to contain one–quarter
of the undersea world's diverse species while covering less than 0.2 % of the ocean floor. However,coral reefs are in serious danger due to both natural
and man–made causes (Edmonds, 1998).
Population growth and development has altered the coral reef environment. Destructive fishing practices, land–based sources of pollution such as
agricultural runoff, and excessive coastal development all have detrimental effects on delicate reefs. Global warming due to increased concentrations of
greenhouse gases may result in sea–level rise and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It feeds by waving its tentacles through the surrounding water to attract tiny wandering animals called zooplankton, which the polyp stuns with
stinging cells located on its tentacles. When a polyp is feeding or defending its territory, it stretches itself out of its "cup" and spreads its tentacles like
the branches of a tree. At rest, it pulls its tentacles into the cup and closes its mouth tightly (Griggs, 1998).
Corals were once incorrectly classified as plants. They are animals that collect their own food instead of producing it themselves like most plants
do (Griggs, 1998). According to Cousteau, the coral polyps give these brown in color algae a safe haven from predators. The algae in return, is
believed to provide the polyps with a natural sunscreen and additional oxygen. The algae also provides carbon compounds to the coral, which are
used to supplement its zooplankton diet. Coral reefs, for the most part require clear water, bright light, oceanic salts, and water temperatures that
average approximately 70 degrees. Most polyps, rest during the day, while the algae produce energy. The polyps become active at night to gather
food. Corals usually reproduce during the night and at certain times of the year. They generally spawn in response to lunar cycles. The most well
known example of spawning in response to lunar cycles are the mass spawning events in the Pacific and Caribbean stony corals. During this stage,

Gorgonia Research Paper
The class of Gorgonia falls under the Kingdom Animalia and Phylum Cnidaria. Life starts for a Gorgonia when a larvae settles on hard surface in
the ocean and begins to grow in a polyp. Polyps grow on other polyps indefinitely, which in the end creates the various shapes of a Gorgonia body.
Gorgonias are asexual, so they reproduce by the means of fragmentation/cloning. These creatures do not have a reputation for living long. They are
short lived and typically do not die of old age; they die from chemical imbalances, growing too big and detaching, and tumors. Gorgonias are sessile,
meaning they do not move from the one place that they are attached. These creatures are notorious for their fan–like shape. Because of the way it
grows, the Gorgonia is asymmetric, meaning they do not have identical body alignment on either side.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some Gorgonia can be found near tropic or subtropic shores; this helps them more easily feed with the stronger currents and pull of the waves.
Gorgonia have a symbiotic relationship with certain algae to help with having a more ideal consumption rate of plankton, their main food source. In
this symbiotic relationship, the algae benefits from getting a stable home by attaching to the Gorgonia rather than free–floating in the ocean while the
Gorgonia benefit from getting an extra "boost" from the algae. The algae goes through photosynthesis so it gives energy and oxygen to the Gorgonia.
The algae also draws more plankton to the Gorgonia. Although the Gorgonia looks like a plant, it is indeed an animal and digests and uses food just
as any other animal. This creature's way of defending its body from attacks is by chemical defense, which wards off any unwanted creature causing it
harm. Predators are typically

Compare And Contrast Polyp And Hawaii
While most living organisms reproduce during their lifetime, not all have the ability to move freely in order to complete the process of reproduction.
Sessile marine organisms fit the profile of these organisms, as any sessile organism, by definition, is permanently attached or fixed to another surface.
Due to their sessile nature, coral have the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. Coral that reproduce sexually do so most commonly by way
of spawning and brooding, while coral that reproduce asexually do so through budding and fragmentation. Both modes of reproduction, both asexual
and sexual, have their benefits and disadvantages, but both ultimately lead to the production of new coral throughout the world.
Asexually reproducing coral do so primarily though budding and fragmentation. In order ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is considered to be the most common form of asexual reproduction, due to the rather abrupt formation of new polyp buds, many completing the
budding cycle within three to four days, given the proper conditions. Environmental conditions influencing the production of polyps during the budding
process includes temperature and the availability of food and nutrients for the forming polyp. Generally, asexually reproducing coral undergoing the
budding process first start to divide and form two different polyp mouths, which clearly demonstrate where the separation will occur. Once the new
polyp grows into the right size, the two polyps will complete division, ending in two different polyp buds.

Polyp Research Paper
The scientists at this point are unsure which stage came first, and which stage evolved from what. Some believe the Polyp developed first and
evolved to the point of producing Medusa. Others believe the Medusa came into existence first and devolved into a Polyp. Both sets of fossils have
been found over the years from the same time era, so scientists are unsure.
Cnidarians can live in any Marine environment. They can live in freshwater and seawater, but for all groups of Cnidarians very few live in
freshwater. The jellyfish that live in freshwater tend to be less dangerous, as in a less powerful sting from their tentacles, and Sea Anemones that live
in Tropical waters tend to grow to enormous sizes. All three groups of Cnidarians tend to live in the deeper water,... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In regard for how this affects what they eat and where they are placed in the ecosystem; the Cnidarians eat anything. There are types that are Predators
and eat objects such as Phytoplankton, fish, and crustaceans. Others will suck and filter "sea particles", fish eggs or fecal pellets, in if they can not
obtain any prey. There are even some Sea Anemones and Medusa Jellyfish/Hydrozoa will "sit upside down on the bottom and have symbioticalgae
(zooxanthellae) in their tissues, which photosynthesize, and so get much of their energy the way plants do" (The Ocean Portal Team, 2015). The
Cnidarian will gain energy in anyway it can work. Knowing this fact, the Cnidarian does have symbiotic relationships. As mentioned before the
Jellyfish and the Sea Anemone both share a relationship with zooxanthellae or green algae. Both algae "In exchange for providing safe harbor and
exposure to sunlight, the anemone receives oxygen and

Analysis Of The Novel ' Asterios Polyp Color '
Color is commonly used in various art forms as a way to represent feeling and symbolize a greater meaning than a written text or black and white
shading could. In David Mazzucchelli's graphic novel Asterios Polyp color is used to express both emotion and time through his use of the printer
primary colors, cyan, magenta and yellow. Because of Mazzuccehlli's use of color and the abstract form of his comic panels, his comic is considered
an alternative comic. Breaking the barriers of what readers are familiar with when it comes to the aesthetics of a comic, while at the same time being
able to make it not seem vastly unfamiliar. Asterios Polyp takes the reader to a whole other world as they are navigated through the mind and memories
of Asterios by narration from his dead twin brother. Similar to Mazzuccehlli, Paul Thomas Anderson incorporates meaning through color in his film
Punch–Drunk Love (2002). In this essay I will compare the use of color in both Asterios Polyp and Punch–Drunk Love with regards to its significance
in both, and how form is used to express both emotion and time. With regards to form, I will focus on the Mazzuccehlli's eccentric panel distribution
and the variation of space in between the panels, which separates it from most comics. Anderson's film alike separates itself from the classic romantic
movie form through both its plotline and cinematography. Had either Mazzuccehlli or Anderson not incorporated the symbolism of color within their
works, I feel

The Cannonball Jellyfish : The Cannonball Jellyfish
Sierra Barrett
Research Paper
Kimberly Scubacz
Biology 1010
The Cannonball Jellyfish It is a sweltering summer day and you are at the beach with your closest friends and family. It is now time for you to get
some relief from the sun and hurdle into the cool, salty water. You stand up on the float that you were floating on, leap into the air, bring your knees
towards your chest while wrapping your arms around your now balled up body and shout "CANNONBALL!" at the top of your lungs. As you fall into
the water, you feel something slimy brush past your leg. Ironically, your stunt was not the only Cannonball that was going for a swim. In fact, there are
thousands of them. Stomolophus meleagris, more commonly known as the Cannonball Jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish in the family Stomolophidae.
The Cannonball Jellyfish earned its name because of its resemblance to a cannonball. This fascinating creature is also less officially known as a
Cabbagehead Jellyfish – which also derives from its resemblance. The Cannonball Jellyfish is a member of the Jellyfish family. A jellyfish is a marine
invertebrate belonging to the Schyphoan class of the Cnidaria phylum. A fully matured jellyfish possesses a medusa body form, meaning that their
body is shaped similarly to an umbrella or a bell. Given that there are over 200 species of jellyfish, they all have unique shaped bodies. Though there
are so many distinct species of jellies, the Cannonball Jellyfish is by one of the most common

Colon Cancer Research Paper
The most common diagnosed cancer is colon cancer (also known as colorectal cancer). In the United States, it's second leading cause of death related
to cancer. Is there a difference between colon cancer and colorectal cancer? Having proper education and understanding of the disease is important to
the patient." Colon cancer is malignancy that begins in the colon or large intestine. The tube–like organ near the end of the digestive system." (http:/
/coloncancercoalition.org/get–educated) Colorectal cancer is part of the colon and the rectum, at the end of the large intestine is the rectum. Where the
body expel waste product through the anus. In the large intestine polyps can appear flat or knob–like growths. (http://coloncancercoalition.org
/get–educated) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some surgeons may want to remove any or all polyps. If a family history exists the surgeon may want to start chemotherapy or radiation therapy. "
Occasionally, the growths produce symptoms such as bleeding, constipation or blood in the stool." (http://coloncancercoalition.org/get–educated) There
could be a chance that you may not even know that polyps exist. Often the cells produce no symptoms at all it could be years before you know that
cancer exists within you. That's why it's important to have a colonoscopy done by age 50 with no family history of colon cancer or colorectal
cancer. If there is a history within the family a colonoscopy should be completed before age 50. A Proper diet that has fruits and vegetables and
daily exercise can help in the process of limiting new growth or lower the risk of cancer. Using aspirin could aid in the prevention of polyps.
Having surgery will rid of colorectal cancer and prevent new growth if caught in the early stages. Different stages of colon cancer and colorectal
cancer have a life expectancy as the stage of cancer is known. The earlier the diagnosis the greater life expectancy

Caribbean Sea Lizards Research Paper
In the Caribbean Sea, there are more than 700 islands, all have different sizes but have a similar environment, within these islands, and there are 150
species of lizards under the genus name of Anolis. These lizards are widely spread out over the islands in the Caribbean, these Anolis have similar
habitat, niche, morphology, and behavior but they are not closely related, which this is defined as the ectomorph. This means we can found several
different species living in the same environment, but they share different habitats, some of them live on the ground, on the grass and some live on
different part of the tree, which they are spread out in different niches and hunt their food there. In addition, the scientist also found out even though,

Colon Cancer Risk Factor : Genetics
Colon Cancer Risk Factor: Genetics
Ayva Rodriguez
Felician College
BIO
307
Dr. Gaby Fahmy
November 05, 2014 Abstract
In the United States, colorectal cancer affecting both men and women ranks high as a deadly cancer to individuals older than 50 years old. It was
estimated in 2011 that 135,260 people diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 51,783 deaths. With an improved preventative measure of an early
detection of precancerous lesions such as polyps, the prevalence of colorectal cancer and deaths will be decreased. There are several risk factors known
to increase an individuals' possibility of developing this disease. Most malignant neoplasms develop from adenomatous polyps if left untreated. The
inactivation of APC gene caused the acceleration of the cell progression. Classical familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and attenuated familial
adenomatous polyposis (AFAP) both inherited disorder that was caused by the APC gene mutation that resulted in the development of premalignant
lesion and became invasive adenocarcinoma.
Colon Cancer Risk Factor: Genetics
In the United States, colorectal cancer affecting both men and women ranks high as a fatal cancer in individuals older than 50 years old (Gould &
Dyer, 2011, p. 426). It was estimated in 2011 that 135,260 people diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 51,783 deaths ("Statistics," 2014). With an
improved preventive measure of an early detection of precancerous lesions such as polyps, the prevalence of colorectal

Source Summary: Clownfish Mating
Victoria Bloodworth BISC 163, Section 1 Source Summary 1 Clownfish Mating Clownfish are grouped with other anemone fish in describing
their mating behavior. Although these fish may live in groups of up to 6, only two fish in each colony will be engaged in reproduction. The
dominant, largest fish in the group will be the female and the next largest will be the male involved in reproducing. This article describes
specifically the process of egg laying and will be used to describe the oviparous nature of clownfish mating in the presentation. The clownfish male
will aggressively pursue the female and "chase" her to the nest he has previously built prior to spawning. During this period of "courtship" erection of
the dorsal fin will also occur and the female body protrudes, filling with eggs. When the female prepares to lay the eggs, the ovipositor appears,
allowing eggs to float down from her belly, through the tube–like structure, and into the nest as she... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The male swims over the freshly lain eggs, fertilizing them externally in the water, and stays in the nest to protect the eggs. He will eat those that
fail to be fertilized successfully or become useless for any other reason. The eggs are attached to the nesting site, but it is not a strong hold, thus the
need for the male to stay for protection from predators. The eggs will remain in the site for an incubation period that averages about one week. The
actual number of days is dependent upon how hot or cold the water surrounding the eggs becomes and how rich in nutrients the chosen nest area is. In
general, colder water will produce a lengthier nesting time. Using his "pectoral fins," the male will "fan" the eggs and "aerate with his mouth" in order
to provide an optimal environment for the eggs to survive incubation. After this period, the eggs will hatch and spend about 10 days as larvae. Then, the
reproduction stage has

Oil And Oil : The Harmful Effects On Coral Reefs
Coral reefs cover 1% of the ocean, and are home to thousands of creatures. Over the past few years there have been many studies based around the
damaging effect oil does to coral reef ecosystems. Oil is one of the world's most important resources; however oil can be very dangerous when
released into the environment. Oil can reduce a whole coral reef to nothing after being exposed to the harsh chemicals in oil. Coral reefs are homes for
many different living organisms, but mainly coral; therefore it is important to realize the effects oil spills have on coral reefs, and how to keep them
alive after being exposed to oil.
Basic coral, also known as gorgonians, were greatly damaged after the oil spill that took place in the Gulf of Mexico. According to Peter Etnoyers
study, "After the oil spill 38–50% of large gorgonians were damaged by oil"(81). It is evident that the oil spill affected a large population of coral
reefs. "scientist took 53 samples and observed that the coral that had been exposed to oil had abnormal polyps, bare branches and severe
discoloration"(Etnoyer). After the spill, observations were taken and it has become clear that the reefs were damaged. For example, the evidence states
the reefs had abnormal polyps, coral polyps are tiny soft bodied organisms that form the structure of coral reefs when they turn abnormal some of the
main functions of the polyp shut down as in the ability to eat, leading to death for the coral reefs. Therefore, oil spills play a big role in the death coral
reefs. Oil spills can cause a lot of harm to a coral reef and researchers have been studying the effects of the Macondo oil spill to determine what this
spill in particular has done to the coral reefs in the Gulf of Mexico.
The Macondo oil spill, was a major incident that stressed the coral reefs causing them to start to die. The Macondo oil spill was known for having a
large quantity of oil and gas spill into the Ocean. In the article,"coral communities as indicators of ecosystem–level impacts of Deepwater Horizon
Spill," it states,"over half of the corals were partially covered by a brown flocculent material, and many colonies exhibited additional signs of stress,
including tissue loss and excess mucus production.

A Short Note On A Functional Laryngeal Disorder
Case Study #1
A functional laryngeal disorder is one that does not have a known physical cause. Functional laryngeal disorders are recognized as the misuse of the
laryngeal apparatus or the larynx being used in an abusive manner. One type of a functional laryngeal disorder is a vocal fold polyp. A vocal fold
polyp is a singular occurrence on one vocal cord or both. A polyp is a growth which resembles a blister like bump. In addition, a hemorrhage is a blood
vessel that ruptures which causes a collection of blood within the layers of the vocal cord, this can be seen as a bruise on the vocal cord. Adele has
suffered from a vocal fold polyp with hemorrhage.
There is no known specific cause for the development of polyps, but there are several risk factors. The two most common factors that contribute to a
polyp's formation are vocal abuse and misuse; they can also form from one simple traumatic event. Polyps can develop from allergies, singing, yelling,
chronic coughing, talking loudly, inhaling irritating substances, and long term smoking or drinking. For example, the vocal folds vibrate at an immense
rate where they then come in contact with each other causing stress on the vocal folds. Speaking, yelling or singing for a prolonged period can cause
them to swell. If you do not rest and continue to use your voice the swelling can turn into a polyp, this is an example of vocal abuse. Vocal fold polyps
are known to be benign meaning they are noncancerous and noncontagious. In

Factors Of Feminist Cancer
Risk factors of endometrial polyps in Tamoxifen treated postmenopausal breast cancer patients
Background: Endometrial polyps are the most common endometrial pathology associated with postmenopausal tamoxifen exposure. Up to 3% of these
polyp may show malignant changes. Objective is the endometrial cancer has predisposition or risk factors in postmenpausal tamoxifen receiving breast
cancer patients risk factors for endometrial polyps. Methods: This is prospective study done at El–Hussien and Sayed Galal University hospitals the
data were collected from medical records after the patient consent to be involved in this study we have two groups group I in which the hystrescope
reveals the endometrial polyp at 6 months of tamoxifen receiving in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study includes two groups, group I in which the hystrescopy reveals endometrial polyps after 6 months of tamoxifen treatment. Group ll in which
with the hystrescope reveals no polpys after 6 months of tamoxifen taking in postmenopausal breast carcinoma patients.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This is prospective study done at El–Hussien and Sayed Galal University hospitals. The data were collected from medical records after consent of the
patient to be involved in this study we have two groups group I in which the hystrescope reveals the endometrial polyp at 6 months of tamoxifen
receiving in postmenopausal breast carcinoma patients.
Group II in which the hystrescope reveals nothing. Each group has 20 patients and follow up for one year.
This study was done at January 2008 to January 2009 at El–Hussien and Sayed Galal University hospitals at Gynecology and Obstetric departments.
The informed consent was obtained from each patient after the nature of the study was explained.
Evaluation of the patients included gynaecologic examination, pap tests, transvaginal ultrasonographic (TVUS) evaluation; diagnostic hystrescopy
with endometrial sampling was obtained using suction, dilatation and curettage. Later on endometrial tissue was sampled during diagnostic
hystrescopy or by operative hystrescopy in patients who received a diagnosis by SHG as having endometrial echogenic mass.
The same diagnostic procedures

Essay On Colonoscopy
The American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines recommend colonoscopy,as the preferred cancer screening test for patients 50 years and
older(Rex 2017). The technique of Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR) was developed for removingsessile or flat lesions confined to the superficial
layers (mucosa and submucosa) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the colon, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. EMR with submucosal
injection helps facilitate complete resection of polyps (Hwang 2015; Fyock 2010; Steele 2013), which is critical, as incomplete resections may
contribute to the development of colon cancer in patients despite being on a colonoscopy screening/surveillance pathway (i.e. interval cancers). (von
Renteln 2017; Bujanda 2010; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Hwang 2015). This is typically controlled by snare tip soft coagulation (STSC), a technique involving protruding the snare tip 2–3 mm beyond the
catheter, followed by application of coagulating current while lightly touching the tip directly onto the bleeding point. Vigorous irrigation with the
foot pump clears the resection field of blood and helps localize the bleeding vessel. In the minority of cases where STSC does not achieve
hemostasis, coagulating forceps or through the scope (TTS) clips may be used, both of which have been associated with a low rate of re–bleeding and
complications. (Ma 2016)
Delayed post–polypectomy bleeding (DPPB) is rare after cold snare polypectomy and is usually related to thermal injury following hot snare
polypectomy, occurring in 1–2% of patients with sessile polyps <20mm in size. The risk of DPPB is directly related to polyp size (risk increases by
9% to 13% for every 1 mm in polyp diameter), right colon lesions, pedunculated morphology, and polyp pathology. For pedunculated polyps, the
increased risk of DPPB is associated with a stalk exceeding 5 mm, polyp head >20 mm in size, location in right colon, and the presence of
malignancy. Most DPPB cases can be managed endoscopically., In many cases bleeding resolves spontaneously. Options for endoscopic hemostasis in
the event of active bleeding include forceps coagulation or endoclips. The method selected is based on lesion location, endoscopist

Difference Between Polyp And Medusa
Introduction
In this practical assignment I will discuss what are the morphological differences between a polyp and medusa and how does the respective
morphology affect the ecology of these body forms. I will construct a hypothesis, write down my results, I will have a discussion and there after a
conclusion. My hypothesis I that morphological differences between polyp and medusa will give them different ecological roles.
Discussion
According to (Miller and Harley, 2016, p157) many cnidarians have two body forms, namely polyp and medusa. Polyps are usually sessile, they attach
to substrates like rocks at their aboral end (the end furthest form the mouth). They have a cylindrical body shape, they do not possess gonads, while
cnidarians are in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to (Foundation, n.d.) most jellyfish feed on crustaceans (crayfish, shrimp), but many also consume plankton, other invertebrates, fish eggs
and larvae. Species that consume fish eggs and larvae can sometimes have an impact on the human and other predator's food supply by causing low
fish population levels. This can be extreme when large swarms of jellyfish are present. Next, I will describe anthozoan ecology. Anthozoans are mostly
found in reefs (shallow regens in warm tropical oceans). According (Anon, n.d.) coral reefs consist of many cnidarians, they also say that coral reefs
are home to a large biodiversity. Coral reefs plays a role in breeding for many species. It is also said that cnidarians can form symbiotic relationships
with microorganisms such as algae. The algae lives in the coral body, they photosynthesis and produce oxygen and other substances which the coral can
use as nutrients. Finally, I will describe hydrozoan ecology. According (Foundation, n.d.) hydrozoans live in almost all aquatic environments. Many
polyps form symbiotic relationships with microorganisms (algae) that live inside them or with larger organisms such as crustaceans (crabs, lobsters,
shrimps etc.) they are

Colon Polyps Research Paper
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My Doctor Found Polyps, Now What?
Doctors recommend having regular colonoscopy screenings beginning at age 50, because being over that age is the greatest single risk factor for
developing colon polyps. In fact, the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (http://www.asge.org/patients/patients.aspx?id=396) estimates
that one out of every four seniors has at least one polyp. And that excludes those who have other risk factors for developing colon cancer or other
growths. This means about 25 percent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During these lab tests, specially trained technicians will be able to determine if they contain cancer, have a potential to develop into malignant masses
or if their characteristics indicate other polyps may form in the same area in the future.
A polypectomy is considered a routine part of a colonoscopy, and does not typically complicate the outpatient screening. While very rare, there are a
few possible complications that can occur as a result of having a polyp removed. These are usually minor, and can often be corrected during the
colonoscopy. They include bleeding from the site where the polyp was removed, and the possibility of perforating the colon. Although a colonoscopy
can identify about 95 percent of all polyps (http://www.medicinenet.com/colon_polyps/page4.htm#how_are_colon_polyps_diagnosed), some polyps
may be too large or dangerous to remove during the screening. In some cases, the growths will be biopsied to determine if they could be cancerous.
Treatment of non–cancerous polyps may include endoscopic removal spread over several colonoscopies. Cancerous, precancerous or symptomatic
polyps may require surgical

George Hall Case Study Essay
George Hall is a 49–year–old male, who is a practicing Hindu. After being diagnosed with metastatic colon cancer, George had a surgical colon
resection. Currently he is 36 hours post–operation, George is on a clear liquid diet, and continuing intravenous fluid replacement. A colostomy bag
and nasogastric tube are being utilized right now as well. The use of the colostomy bag is to collect intestinal waste, allowing the bowel to heal
properly. Mr. Hall's diet will be progressed to continuous tube feedings once he is able to tolerate the clear liquid diet. The continuous tube feedings
will go through the nasogastric tube and pumped at a constant pace throughout the course of a day. Utilizing continuous feedings will prevent risks of
intolerance, and aspiration of the formula.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After surgery Mr. Hall was placed on a clear liquid, which does not provide ample nutrients. The use of this diet should not exceed more than a few
days, for its purpose is primarily for hydration, and it is easy on the gastrointestinal tract. His diet will progress to continuous feedings when there are
no signs of gastrointestinal discomfort, and regular sounds of the stomach are present. Continuous tube feedings will be most beneficial with the use
of a colostomy to prevent large gastric residuals, and aspiration. While Mr. Hall is in the hospital, his nurse will do the following to prevent any
complications; keep the head of the bed at a 30–45–degree angle, flush the tube every four hours, flush the tube before and after administering
medications, monitor gastric residuals, consult with pharmacist, assess the osmolality of the formula, keep feedings at room temperature, and use
proper hygiene when handling the formula or equipment (Tucker & Dauffenback, 2011, p.

Lithotomy Case Studies
PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:
(___) uterine bleeding and cervical polyps.
POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:
(___) uterine bleeding and cervical polyps.
PROCEDURE:
D&C hysteroscopy and a endometrial biopsy, and cervical polypectomy.
Procedure (___) consent patient was taken to the operating room. When adequate anesthesia was obtained, the patient was placed in dorsal lithotomy
position. Patients vaginal (peroneal) area was prepped with betadine solution and draped in normal sterile fashion. A rubber catheter was used to
empty the bladder. Cavity exam was then performed (under) anesthesia and a (___) placed on the posterior vagina. An (___) clamp was placed on the
anterior lip of the cervix. Uterus was (___) to approximately 4 cm (___). The cervical

Marine Ecosystems: Coral Reefs
Declan de Mamiel (1033575)
Coral reefs are the oldest of marine ecosystems, the youngest approximately 10,000 years old, and are often referred to as the rain forests' of the
ocean. Found commonly in tropical waters less than deep, these areas have a high availability of nutrients and access to sunlight required for the
process of photosynthesis. Coral reefs are amongst the most complex and bio–diverse ecosystems, spanning approximately 284,300 km2 (Spalding &
Ravilious et al., 2001) providing a home for 25% of all marine life. An increase in greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere is occurring due to the
increase in population and burning of fossil fuels, this is a major cause of climate change. The average global temperature is rising, with ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The common depth to find coral reefs is in this top ten per cent. As the carbon dioxide is absorbed into the water, it affects the carbonate chemistry of
the water by bonding together to form a carbonic acid (Kleypas & Yates, 2009). This results in a decrease in pH of the water, reduces the amount of
carbonate ions present and increase the amount of bicarbonate ions. These free carbonate ions would normally be free for the marine animals such a
Polyp to use to build their calcium carbonate skeletons, instead they are increasing the acidity of the water. This whole process is known as ocean
acidification.
With the carbonate ions not available for Polyp, reef growth rates are being diminished. Not being able to recover from the stressors such as
temperature, commercial fishing, marine life population and increased acidity, will result in reefs decreasing in size and eventually not existing.
Constantly under the stress of erosion, the Polyp needs to repair and grow their calcium carbonate skeleton so that they will not be exposed to the
elements directly. The Zooxanthellae are very susceptible to stress and don't not adapt well over a short period of time, it is important the polyp keep
producing their calcium carbonate skeleton to protect the source of food. Through ocean acidification though, there is not enough free carbonate ions
available to sustain themselves. When under large amounts of stress or unsuitable

Write An Essay On Puertarnalis
1.Vampyroteuthis infernalis falls under the Mollusca phylum, class Cephalopoda, order Vampyromorphida, and family Vampyroteuthidae. 2.Phylum
Mollusca (originating from the Latin word for "soft") includes organisms such as snails, octopi, squids, clams, and oysters. They are organisms that
have soft bodies typically composed of a head and foot region. The dorsal epidermal tissue surrounding the body is called the mantle, and some
organisms have specialized glands that secrete excretions that form their hard exoskeletons, like in clams and snails. Class Cephalopoda are considered
one of the most intelligent, most mobile, and the largest of all the molluscs. These organisms include the octopi, squid, cuttlefish, and the
Vampyroteuthis infernalis.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
infernalis have two dorsal fins on its mantle that are used for swimming in addition to their jet propulsion locomotive ability, but its low metabolism
and weaker musculature does not allow for long distances. While it cannot change colours, this animal is covered with photophores, with the larger
and more complex ones at the tips of the arms and at the base of its fins, which contributes to its bioluminescent ability. When turned off, the animal is
invisible in the dark waters, and when the photophores are turned on, V. infernalis have the ability to modulate the intensity of the light and create
patterns by moving its arms, confusing predators or attracting prey. When threatened, this animal can spread its webbed arms over its head and
mantle, a position known as the "pineapple posture". This protects the animal's head and mantle from injury, can fool predators into thinking it's a
different animal, and its black underside allows it to blend in to the inky sea depths. In lieu of an ink sac, it can also eject a luminescent mucous cloud
from the tips of its arms to escape predators. For the V. infernalis's mode of reproduction, it is estimated that males transfer spermatophores to the
female from their funnel. The female discharges fertilized eggs into the water, and these opaque, matured eggs (3–4mm in diameter) are often found
free–floating in small masses in deep water. Once the eggs hatch, they resemble the adult form but lack the webbing between the arms and have smaller

Adenomatous Polyps Theory
Randomized patients, whose colonoscopy revealed the presences of adenomatous polyps, viewed a power point presentation that documented the
precancerous nature of adenomatous polyps and associated an increased risk with immediate family members. Additionally, a randomized portion of
the adenomatous positive population received a one page personalized letter reinforcing the information contained in the Computer Based Education
Program (CBEP). Furthermore, each patient received a follow–up telephone survey to quantify how well they absorbed the information concerning
adenomatous polyps. Access the full study @ https://rtips.cancer.gov/rtips/programDetails.do?programId=1472737 . Beneficiaries of the CBEP and the
personalized letter, attained... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the social marketing conceptual framework, there are three categories of products: actual products, core products, and augmented
products. Actual products, in this instance, are the colorectal screenings marketed to adenomatous positive patients and their family members.
Benefits of colonoscopy participation (core products) include decreased risk of developing cancer, life, and the added benefit (augmented product) of
saving loved ones from cancer diagnoses. With respect to colonoscopies, the price is a perceived loss of dignity, embarrassment, and pride
(Mikocla–Walus, 2012). Post recovery, adenomatous positive patients viewed an educational video regarding precancerous polyps, therefore the
marketing strategy takes place in the recovery room; and The Computer Based Education Program and the one paged, personalized, letter of
reinforcement are the tools used to promote awareness of adenomatous polyps and the importance of colorectal

What Is Coral Bleaching?
Known as the rainforest of the ocean, corals are beyond vital for our oceans and for our Earth as a whole. Corals supply a variety of sea life species
with food, shelter, and protection which affect our ecosystem including humans. However, these vital creatures are being negatively affected by natural
and human caused disasters. These disasters include, temperature and acidity fluctuations, run off, known as pollution, storms, and overfishing. These
disasters are what cause coral bleaching. The extent of coral bleaching is only increasing and we must preserve corals before they become extinct.
However, the coral that has already been bleached by these disasters are not completely hopeless. There is a possibility to reverse coral bleaching if
watched and treated carefully. Although having a plant like appearance, corals are marine invertebrates in the class Anthozoa of the phylumCnidaria.
There are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These animals live in compact colonies of many identical individual polyps which have soft–bodies. At their base is a hard, protective limestone
skeleton composed of calcium carbonate. The reef begins when a polyp attaches itself to a rock on the sea floor, then divides, or buds into thousands
of clones (National Geographic). The skeletal structure of hard corals are normally white, but due to zooxanthellae algae which reside within the soft
tissues of corals, corals obtain color. The most prolific corals live above 90 feet, close to the surface in tropical waters where the sun's rays can reach
the algae, noted by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). During the day the zooxanthellae, also known as algae,
photosynthesize. It is a mutualistic relationship between coral and algae. The algae benefits from photosynthesis because the nitrogen, phosphorous,
and carbon dioxide which is respired from the coral polyp is needed to grow. The coral itself benefits from the energy the algae provides. By night the
polyps can feed

Coral Growth
As mentioned several times above, coral growth is the key to a formation of any type of reef. Free–swimming coral larvae find homes on submerged
rocks or stable surfaces nearby the edges of land. Colonies of coral form as calcium carbonate skeletons accumulate and begin to be bounded by
surrounding corals. The polyps continues to secrete calcareous skeletons that form protective structures they will reside in. The protective structure is
like a sort of cup the polyp sits under, and new hard skeletons grow/forms as the coral polyp lifts and releases new calcium carbonate framework.
Coral reproduces asexually, the polyp buds and new, genetically identical coral polyps develop. The cycle continues and the coral spreads over a
relatively short period of time. The first formation of coral begins a platform for other new coral to settle and form. These skeletons make up a
majority of the reefs framework, however these are other small organisms that contribute to the formation. Fire corals, which are more closely related to
hydrozoans than actual corals, also deposit large amounts of calcium carbonate that add to the construction. Calcareous algae that live on the actual
coral, begin to deposit calcium carbonate within their tissue. As they die ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are by far the most numerous and diverse. Fish are critical to the health of a coral reef. The physical structure of a coral reef is very different from
that of the surrounding open ocean. Therefore, fish that reside in these reefs must have evolved many specialized traits that allow them to flourish in
that environment. Reef fish bodies differ in many ways from most other fishes. These animals dwell on coral reefs and therefore have evolved thin, flat
bodies that can easily be maneuvered to make the necessary sharp turns. Furthermore, the pectoral and pelvic fins positioning enhances the functionality
of the pancake–like

Colon Cancer Research Paper
Colon cancer has an excellent prognosis when diagnosed early, with 92 percent of patients living longer than five years who were diagnosed during
Stage 1. Preventing colon cancer through a healthy diet and getting regular colonoscopies is crucial in diagnosing the cancer at an early stage.
Cancers of the large intestine, or colon, and cancers of the rectum are lumped together as colorectal cancer. It often begins from benign clumps of cells
called polyps. As time passes, the polyps sometimes become cancerous.
Symptoms
Though signs of colon cancer don't typcally occur until it is further advanced, the symptoms include:
rectal bleeding or blood in the stool persistant abdominal pain increased pain from gas or cramps change in bowel habits, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Family history or symptoms may make this screening occur earlier. There are several ways to diagnose the cancer. In a colonoscopy, the doctor inserts
a small, flexible viewing tube into the rectum. Any polyps that are found can be removed and sent to a pathologist to be examined. A barium enema
involves patients drinking a white substance containing barium that helps the intestines to show up on x–rays. A blood test that tests for tumor markers
of colon cancer may also be performed.
Treatment
Surgery is often the initial treatment for the cancer. The tumor, a portion of the intestines and lymph nodes are surgically removed and sent to a
pathologist for examination. The healthy portion of the intestines are then re–attached. If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, chemotherapy is
used to kill the remaining cancer cells.
Prevention
The best way to prevent cancer from developing is removing polyps while they are benign or precancerous. Regular screenings are required to find the
polyps. Additionally, doctors recommend that all patients 40 and over have their stool tested for blood and have their rectum physically examined on

an annual

Symptoms Of Polyps Research Paper
Symptoms of polyps in uteru
In the nose: chronic difficulty in breathing through the nose.
In the colon: Bleeding or a mucous drainage from the rectum are common symptoms.
In the bladder: Blood in the urine.
In the cervix: A heavy watery, bloody, discharge from the vagina. Bleeding may occur after intercourse, between periods, and after menopause.
CAUSES
Polyps (polyposis) are growths of various sizes, and are especially found in certain portions of the mucous membranes: the nose, large intestine (colon),
bladder, and cervix. They are especially common in the rectum and the portion of the colon just above that (the sigmoid).
These growths are benign (that is, not cancerous) and, growing on stalk–like structures, look something like narrow ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A colectomy is the surgical removal of these polyps, but is generally done, not by cutting out the polyps, but by removing part of the colon!
Sometimes the rectum is left in place and the small intestine is connected to it. But, whether this drastic operation is performed or not, the polyps
generally return. Bleeding from the colon can be a sign of polyps or of cancer.
Bladder polyps: The medical route is a removal of the bladder. Unless they are removed, by natural methods or unnatural, bladder cancer may result.
Cervical polyps: These polyps line the inside of the cervix of the uterus and are more common in women who have not had children. They rarely return
after being removed.
TREATMENT HOME REMEDIES

A Wisconsin research team discovered that the polyps in most of their patients either lessened or disappeared entirely when they were placed on a
high vitamin C diet. The body is attempting to get rid of various waste products; it needs help doing the job.
Vitamin C; more water drinking; nutritious food; a high–fiber diet; and the elimination of processed, fried, and junk foods greatly helps. Take some
type of supplemental fiber daily. Be sure to increase your water intake at the same time you increase your fiber

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Syndrome Essay
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Syndrome
Imagine having an almost 100% chance of developing colon cancer. That is what people are told with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) if
they do not have their over 100 polyps, or growths, removed. FAP is a genetic disorder where normal cells that line your large intestine can grow into
cancerous tumors. These tumors must be removed before they become cancerous. This disorder is passed down from parents on the APC gene which
is on your fifth chromosome. If the APC gene is mutated you are more likely to develop these growths which lead to cancer in your lifetime. This
disorder has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, which means if either parent has just one dominant mutated APC gene you have a 50%
chance of inheriting it. Symptoms of FAP do not just include the growths in your colon. They can also include skin changes, osteomas or bone
growths, and extra or missing teeth. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis is typically diagnosed when a doctor finds multiple polyps in your colon or
large intestine. A person with more than 100 polyps is considered to have FAP. A blood test is then done to look for the mutated APC gene. Since you
have an almost 100% chance of getting cancer from the growths the treatment is to have them ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The annual tests and polyp removals take time and money. There is also a constant fear that one of the polyps may be missed and turn into cancer.
Exercise can help keep your stress level down. In the United States, it is estimated that 1 in 6,850 – 31,250 people will get FAP. A child who has a
parent with the mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting FAP since it is a dominant disorder. This is definitely a negative mutation as it increases your
chances of getting cancer in your lifetime. Many people die from cancer each year. If you ever find out you have numerous colon growths, be sure to
have them checked out so see if you have Familial Adenomatous

Keys National Marine Sanctuary
I am writing about the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The natural marine sanctuary has been In Florida. There are much fish In the sanctuary,
but there is only one kind of species that Is really important to the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The thing that is really popular or important
is the coral polyps. Now the coral polyps is a flower. It has tiny, soft sea anemone. Just like animals that make a cup of calcium carbonate around
themselves for their own protection. Thousands and thousands of these tiny polyps build all their skeletons together to form a colony. They keep
building the skeletons on top of each other and sometimes It grows up to hundreds of meters tall. Did you know there are four main types of coral
habitat in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary? The coral polyps are the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some large school of fish can be found looking for food, such as the schoolmasters and the sergeant majors. During the day that is when the coral
polyps are the busiest, because the spiny lobsters and long–spined black urchins hide In It. At the night time, that is when they come out to get their
own food. Fish that live near the coral polyps are usually very colorful. There are lagoons in between barrier reef and the shoreline. The lagoon has
calm water and has sand on the bottom. Lagoons are usually covered in turtle grass and green algae. But enough talking about lagoons. The coral
polyps issue is the death of the corals worldwide.
The reason that the coral polyps are dying is because of the diseases overfishing, It's basically a fancy way of saying coral bleaching. One–quarter of all
marine species is found in coral reefs. The coral reefs are food to most species. The organisms that live in the coral polyps are being studied for new
medicines. Each organism fits into the food web because well something eats them and then that species that is being eaten will be eating another

Symptoms And Treatment Of The Vocal Fold Polyps
Introduction Vocal fold polyps are common in the general population. They affect the vibratory vocal fold function resulting in significant dysphonia
which are often surgically correctable. They are confined to the superficial lamina propria (SLP) of the vocal folds . Nowadays , phonomicrosurgery
is the most common treatment of vocal fold polyps , and became a new standard of care to remove pathology in these cases without scar formation .
The term phonomicrosurgery was introduced in 1994 , the principle of which lies in maximal preservation of the layered microstructure of the vocal
folds , that is the epithelium and superficial lamina propria (SLP) . Physicians prescribe antireflux therapy in the form of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
after phonomicrosurgery for vocal fold polyps depending on the base that laryngopharyngeal reflux(LPR) plays an important role in pathogenesis of
benign vocal fold mucosal lesion including polyps. Liquid alginate has been used in the treatment of symptoms of reflux disease with promising results
for many years, sometimes in combination with H2–receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It is effective by producing a mechanical
antireflux barrier within the fundus of the stomach.. The formation of barrier reduces the risk of further symptoms due to reflux of gastric contents into
the oesophagus so , combination of proton pump inhibitors ( PPIs) and liquid alginate is expected to give

Vocal Cords Research Paper
Vocal Cord Polyps and Nodules
Polyps and nodules are noncancerous (benign) growths that can develop on the vocal cords. You have two vocal cords in your voice box (larynx).
The vocal cords produce the sound of your voice when air from your lungs passes over them. Polyps or nodules can cause your voice to change. They
will often make your voice sound more hoarse or husky.
A vocal cord nodule is like a small, hard callus. Vocal cord polyps are usually larger and softer. They can be different shapes and sizes. Polyps usually
develop on just one vocal cord. Polyps and nodules do not go away without some type of treatment.
CAUSES
Vocal cord polyps or nodules may be caused by:
Using your voice too much. This is the most common cause. It can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A physical exam.
Various methods to examine your vocal cords:
в—‹ Indirect laryngoscopy. The health care provider looks at your vocal cords by holding a small mirror at the back of your throat.
в—‹ Fiber–optic laryngoscopy. The health care provider looks at your vocal cords by inserting a thin tube with a tiny camera at the end (laryngoscope)
into your throat.
в—‹ Videostrobolaryngoscopy. The health care provider uses a scope with a type of light that allows him or her to see how your vocal cords vibrate.
TREATMENT
Treatment varies and may include:
Medicines to treat the cause of the polyps or nodules. This may be medicines for coughs, allergies, GERD, or thyroid problems.
Voice therapy. This includes resting your voice and working with a speech therapist. The speech therapist can show you how to use your voice more
safely.
Lifestyle changes, such as:
в—‹ Quitting smoking.
в—‹ Reducing stress.
в—‹ Taking steps to help control GERD symptoms.

Surgery to remove the nodules or polyps. This may be needed if other treatments do not work.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
Rest your voice as told by your health care provider or speech

Colorectal Cancer : The Third Most Common Type Of Cancer
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the third most common type of cancer in women. Furthermore, it is the fourth most dominant kind of cancer in
men recorded all over the world. Consequently, CRC accounts for over a million new cases and more than half a million deaths every year.
Colonoscopy allows early discovery and removal of precancerous lesions and may, therefore, effectively prevent or reduce the risk of Colorectal cancer.
Although studies under hugely standardized conditions have shown that colonoscopy is linked with a 76% to 90% risk reduction of colorectal cancer in
individuals with colorectal polyps, its effectiveness in preventing this type of cancer, especially in the community environment, is not clear. The aim...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Biases
The main bias noted in the research investigation was the selection of the respondents, which had limitations and restrictions on age, sex, and previous
colonoscopy results. Essentially, such considerations ended up biasing the research investigation.
Confounding
The study had a higher possibility of a residual confounding bias because the measure of association between the use of previous colonoscopy results
was bound to be mixed up other factors under investigation that could not give an opportunity for getting the most accurate results. In this study, the
conclusions indicated that risk reduction of colorectal cancer was observed for both the right–sided and left–sided colon cancer.
Methods
Study Design, Sample, and Population. The study employed a case–control and population–based design that was carried out in the Rhine–Neckar
region in the southwestern part of Germany that has a population of more than two million individuals. Initially, the study required eligible patients
aged 30 years or older, had experienced their first diagnosis of invasive primary colorectal cancer, were able to communicate in German, and were
mentally and physically capable to participate in the study. The report of the study was based on an enormous number of control patients (n _ 1945)
and case patients (n _ 2399) who were recruited from January 2003 to December 2007. Furthermore, a total of 22

Colonoscopy
Why You Should Have A Colonoscopy And How It's Done
If you're approaching your 50th birthday, your doctor may recommend a baseline colonoscopy. The American Cancer Society recommends that
everyone should begin colon cancer screening tests at 50 years of age. A colonoscopy is one such test your doctor can order for a baseline and then
repeat every ten years thereafter if the tests are negative. If your doctor finds early signs of cancer or polyps, you may need to have more frequent tests
to keep an eye on your condition. Here's a look at why this colon cancer test is important for your health and how it's done.
Early Cancer Detection
A colonoscopy catches cancer in the very early stages. If your doctor sees a polyp or growth during the procedure, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
While it may sound like an uncomfortable experience to endure, you will be sedated during the procedure, so you won't have much discomfort. You
may take a pill the morning of the test, or your doctor may give you a sedative along with pain medications through an IV. The advantage of IV
medications is they work quickly and wear off quickly. Plus, your doctor can adjust the dose to make sure you are kept comfortable.
To perform this test, your doctor uses a flexible scope with a camera to look inside your colon. To get a good view of your colon wall, you'll need to
take laxatives the day before to clean everything out of your system. It's important for your colon to be as clean as possible so your doctor doesn't
overlook any tiny polyps.
If your doctor sees a polyp, he or she can snip it out and send it to the lab to be tested for cancer. You may not have any polyps, but you could have
one or several. They may or may not be cancerous. The frequency of your future testing will depend on the size, number, and cell characteristics of the
polyps removed during your baseline colonoscopy.
A colonoscopy isn't the only colon cancer test you can have, but it is often recommended. The advantage of this test is your doctor can look for
growths and remove them at the same

Menorrhagia Research Paper
Introduction
Menorrhagia, or heavy menstrual flow, is one of the greatest common complaints met by primary care doctors and gynecologists. It is defined as
menstrual loss of more than 80 mL. This translates to menses that continues for more than seven days or the use of more than 10 pads or tampons per
day. It is most commonly associated with perimenopause. (1) Although menorrhagia is not fatal, it can cause chronic anemia, pelvic pain and cramping.
The condition also severely influences quality of life by disrupting work, social functioning and family life.(2) The old–style primary management for
menorrhagia caused by submucosal myomas or endometrial polyps involved major surgical procedure, with menorrhagia responsible for almost 20
percent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is quicker, simpler, safer lesion removal. In 2005, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the TRUCLEARв„ў hysteroscopic
morcellator (Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA) as the first motorized morcellator for intrauterine pathology. In 2009, the FDA approved another
hysteroscopic morcellation device–the MyoSureВ® Tissue Removal System (Hologic, Bedford, MA). Similar to the first generation TRUCLEAR, the
second generation MyoSure system depends on a suction–based, mechanical energy, rotating tubular cutter system rather than the high–frequency
electrical energy historically used by resectoscopy systems to eliminate intrauterine tissue.(20) Once placed inside the uterine cavity, the device shaves
off and immediately suctions out any excised tissue that might impair visibility. The ability to remove and instantly suction out tissue fragments means
the hysteroscopy and morcellator are inserted only once, for initial entry. This is a huge advantage from both the physician's and the patient's point of
view. For the physician, the immediate removal of tissue through the probe makes surgery much simpler to perform and requires less surgical time. The
advantage for the patient is a much safer treatment. Shorter operating time means less exposure to general anesthesia and puts the

Contact Ulcers: A Case Study
The best treatments for contact ulcers include vocal rest and surgery. However, studies say that surgery should be avoided because it increases the
chance of recurrence. Techniques have developed in past years with discoveries such as proton pump inhibitor therapy for two to four months (Emami,
1999). Voice therapy is still used and seems to have the same outcome as patients receiving medicinal therapy (Emami, 1999). For people with gastric
reflux, looking to prevent the development of contact ulcers, managing the symptoms by using antacids and seeking medical assistance is important.
As with vocal nodes, professionals should take care and not abuse their voice by not shouting, yelling, and excessively throat clearing.
Vocal polyps are benign tumors usually found on areas of the larynx. They can be attached either directly to the larynx or by a stalk and tend to be
unilateral which makes them extremely prone to hemorrhage (Anderson & Shames, 2011). Symptoms show the placement and type of the vocal polyp.
Someone with this disorder may experience the sensation of having something caught in their throat (Owens, Metz, & Haz, 2007). If the polyp sticks
out from the glottal boarder, it can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This makes the vessel walls more vulnerable, and causes an increase in the level of fluid in the tissue leading to the formation of vocal polyps. It is
important to understand that polyps can form after only one incident of major misuse. Modern medicine has developed new ways such as laser surgery
to treat polyps. However, once a polyp develops, invasive procedures seem to be the only methods for permanent removal. (Anderson & Shames,
2011). Smoking, alcohol, and caffeine should be avoided because they are major factors in vocal polyp development (Kim,

Colorectal Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
Cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the body uncontrollably replicate forming a malignant tumor that invades nearby tissues. It has the capability to
affect any part of the body and spread to tissues throughout the body. There are many different types of cancers including rectal cancer, colon cancer,
breast cancer, lung cancer, and skin cancer. Rectal cancer is a disease in which cancer cells develop and form in the tissues of the rectum. Rectal
cancer is typically classified with colon cancer where they are collectively called colorectal cancer. According to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer–related deaths in the United States and the third most common cancer in men and in
women (CDC, 2014). Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly cancer diagnosed in men and second in females worldwide (Jemal, 2011).
Certain ethnicities such as blacks have an increased chance of having colorectal cancer compared to whites and other races. Colorectal cancer also
has a higher incidence in men versus in women. It has been noted that about 90 percent of colorectal cancers are diagnosed in patients who are at the
age of 50 and older. Two–thirds of these patients that were diagnosed were older than 65 years old. (Haggstrom, 2013). Some of the risk factors of
colorectal cancer include environmental factors and genetic component, high fat, low–fiber diet, diet high in red meats, family history of colorectal
cancer, male

Nasal Polyps Research Paper
Steroid Medication and Nasal Polyps
Nasal Polyp Overview
Nasal polyps are small noncancerous growths that resemble peeled grapes. They range in size with nasal polyps growing large enough to obstruct the
sinuses and the nasal cavity. There are many methods for treating nasal polyps from homeopathic, steroids, and surgery. Nasal polyps can be managed
and often eliminated for short periods of time. Nasal polyps are irritated by severe allergy drainage and are often found in individuals that suffer from
severe allergies and asthma.
Steroid Medications for the Treatment of Nasal Polyps
Steroids are usually the first treatment option that doctors consider when treating nasal polyps. Steroids are a type of medicine that quickly attack the
problem

A Research Project On Colon Cancer

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A Research Project On Colon Cancer