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A Nonlinear Mapping Approach to 
Stain Normalization in Digital 
Histopathology Images Using Image- 
Specific Color Deconvolution 
Histopathology diagnosis is based on visual examination of the morphology of histological 
sections under a microscope. With the increasing popularity of digital slide scanners, 
decision support systems based on the analysis of digital pathology images are in high 
demand. However, computerized decision support systems are fraught with problems that 
stem from color variations in tissue appearance due to variation in tissue preparation, 
variation in stain reactivity from different manufacturers/batches, user or protocol variation, 
and the use of scanners from different manufacturers. In this paper, we present a novel 
approach to stain normalization in histopathology images. The method is based on 
nonlinear mapping of a source image to a target image using a representation derived from 
color deconvolution. Color deconvolution is a method to obtain stain concentration values 
when the stain matrix, describing how the color is affected by the stain concentration, is 
given. Rather than relying on standard stain matrices, which may be inappropriate for a 
given image, we propose the use of a color-based classifier that incorporates a novel stain 
color descriptor to calculate image-specific stain matrix. In order to demonstrate the efficacy 
of the proposed stain matrix estimation and stain normalization methods, they are applied to 
the problem of tumor segmentation in breast histopathology images. The experimental 
results suggest that the paradigm of color normalization, as a preprocessing step, can 
significantly help histological image analysis algorithms to demonstrate stable performance 
which is insensitive to imaging conditions in general and scanner variations in particular.

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A nonlinear mapping approach to stain normalization in digital histopathology images using image specific color deconvolution

  • 1. A Nonlinear Mapping Approach to Stain Normalization in Digital Histopathology Images Using Image- Specific Color Deconvolution Histopathology diagnosis is based on visual examination of the morphology of histological sections under a microscope. With the increasing popularity of digital slide scanners, decision support systems based on the analysis of digital pathology images are in high demand. However, computerized decision support systems are fraught with problems that stem from color variations in tissue appearance due to variation in tissue preparation, variation in stain reactivity from different manufacturers/batches, user or protocol variation, and the use of scanners from different manufacturers. In this paper, we present a novel approach to stain normalization in histopathology images. The method is based on nonlinear mapping of a source image to a target image using a representation derived from color deconvolution. Color deconvolution is a method to obtain stain concentration values when the stain matrix, describing how the color is affected by the stain concentration, is given. Rather than relying on standard stain matrices, which may be inappropriate for a given image, we propose the use of a color-based classifier that incorporates a novel stain color descriptor to calculate image-specific stain matrix. In order to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed stain matrix estimation and stain normalization methods, they are applied to the problem of tumor segmentation in breast histopathology images. The experimental results suggest that the paradigm of color normalization, as a preprocessing step, can significantly help histological image analysis algorithms to demonstrate stable performance which is insensitive to imaging conditions in general and scanner variations in particular.