The document provides a detailed overview of the brutal Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia from 1975-1979 led by Pol Pot. It describes how Pol Pot rose to power and sought to transform Cambodia into an agrarian utopian society, declaring "year zero" and purging the country of influences from the past. The Khmer Rouge forcibly evacuated cities, established labor camps, and systematically killed millions perceived as enemies of the state through starvation, overwork, and execution. While the exact death toll is uncertain, most estimates range from 1.5-2 million killed through genocide and its aftermath. The international community largely ignored or disregarded the atrocities as they occurred. Pol Pot and other Khmer Rouge leaders evaded prosecution and maintained
Pol Pot rose to power in Cambodia in the 1970s and imposed a brutal communist regime. He forced all citizens to work on collective farms and killed anyone who objected, including intellectuals. Pol Pot outlawed religion, closed schools and hospitals, and murdered thousands seeking to transform Cambodian society entirely. Life under the Khmer Rouge was harsh, with long labor camps that provided little food or pay, leading many to starve or fall ill with no treatment. Vietnam eventually invaded Cambodia in 1978 to remove Pol Pot's China-aligned regime, though he remained in the jungles and conflict continued for years after.
The North Vietnamese launched the Tet Offensive in January 1968, attacking cities across South Vietnam in an attempt to spark uprising. Although the offensive was a military failure that inflicted heavy losses, it undermined the U.S. public's confidence in the war by showing the vulnerability of U.S. forces. This psychological victory for North Vietnam gave momentum to growing anti-war protests in the U.S. and prompted questions about the relevance of continued American involvement in the war.
The communist regime in Poland carried out widespread repression against Polish citizens from 1944 to the 1980s. This included mass arrests and death sentences from 1944 to 1956. Later repressions included censorship, obstacles to employment, and the forced emigration of Polish Jews in 1968. The culmination of repression was the imposition of martial law in 1981, which suspended civil rights and saw thousands imprisoned. Poles faced varying levels of repression throughout the entire communist period in Poland.
The document provides background information on North Korea, including:
1) North Korea is a socialist one-party state governed by the Korean Workers' Party, with a highly centralized and state-owned economy.
2) After decades of support from communist allies, North Korea suffered economic collapse and famine in the 1990s following the fall of the Soviet Union.
3) Personal accounts describe the widespread effects of malnutrition and food shortages on North Korean citizens during this time period.
The document summarizes the Cambodian genocide that occurred from 1975-1979 under the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot, in which approximately 1.7-2.4 million Cambodians died. It discusses the proposed Sleuk Rith Institute that would provide a place for survivors to share their stories, heal, and educate future generations to prevent future genocides. The institute would include a research library, performance theater, and memorial and be located in Phnom Penh near the site of a former prison to serve as a vessel for healing and remembering the tragedy of the Cambodian genocide.
Pol Pot rose to power in Cambodia in the 1970s and imposed a brutal communist regime. He forced all citizens to work on collective farms and killed anyone who objected, including intellectuals. Pol Pot outlawed religion, closed schools and hospitals, and murdered thousands seeking to transform Cambodian society entirely. Life under the Khmer Rouge was harsh, with long labor camps that provided little food or pay, leading many to starve or fall ill with no treatment. Vietnam eventually invaded Cambodia in 1978 to remove Pol Pot's China-aligned regime, though he remained in the jungles and conflict continued for years after.
The North Vietnamese launched the Tet Offensive in January 1968, attacking cities across South Vietnam in an attempt to spark uprising. Although the offensive was a military failure that inflicted heavy losses, it undermined the U.S. public's confidence in the war by showing the vulnerability of U.S. forces. This psychological victory for North Vietnam gave momentum to growing anti-war protests in the U.S. and prompted questions about the relevance of continued American involvement in the war.
The communist regime in Poland carried out widespread repression against Polish citizens from 1944 to the 1980s. This included mass arrests and death sentences from 1944 to 1956. Later repressions included censorship, obstacles to employment, and the forced emigration of Polish Jews in 1968. The culmination of repression was the imposition of martial law in 1981, which suspended civil rights and saw thousands imprisoned. Poles faced varying levels of repression throughout the entire communist period in Poland.
The document provides background information on North Korea, including:
1) North Korea is a socialist one-party state governed by the Korean Workers' Party, with a highly centralized and state-owned economy.
2) After decades of support from communist allies, North Korea suffered economic collapse and famine in the 1990s following the fall of the Soviet Union.
3) Personal accounts describe the widespread effects of malnutrition and food shortages on North Korean citizens during this time period.
The document summarizes the Cambodian genocide that occurred from 1975-1979 under the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot, in which approximately 1.7-2.4 million Cambodians died. It discusses the proposed Sleuk Rith Institute that would provide a place for survivors to share their stories, heal, and educate future generations to prevent future genocides. The institute would include a research library, performance theater, and memorial and be located in Phnom Penh near the site of a former prison to serve as a vessel for healing and remembering the tragedy of the Cambodian genocide.
A Perfect Reflective Essay Example For Students.Linda Garcia
This document provides instructions for creating an account on a writing assistance website and requesting help with assignments. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes the website stands by providing original, high-quality content or offering refunds for plagiarized work.
Extracurricular Activities Essay Example. How To WrLinda Garcia
The document discusses the psychology of religion perspectives of Ludwig Feuerbach and Sigmund Freud. While both viewed God as a projection of the human mind, their views differed significantly. Feuerbach saw religion as a projection of self-consciousness onto God, but believed studying religion was beneficial to understanding humanity. Freud viewed religion as a form of neurosis stemming from the father complex and infantile helplessness. The key difference was that Feuerbach did not see religion as needing to be destroyed, whereas Freud had a more negative view of religion.
Why Student Athletes Shouldnt Be Paid - Thedrudgereort280.WLinda Garcia
This document provides instructions for a physics lab experiment involving measuring and combining forces. The first part involves measuring three separate forces acting on a ring at rest and determining if their vector sum is zero. The second part uses a dynamometer to measure the different forces acting on an object at rest for varying angles of an inclined plane, then calculates the combined force. The goal is to verify concepts of force combination and equilibrium.
How To Write An Introduction For A Research Paper - HoLinda Garcia
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a request on the HelpWriting.net website for writing assistance services. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete a request form with instructions, sources and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes that original, high-quality work is guaranteed or a full refund will be provided.
Sample Research Paper With In Text CitationsLinda Garcia
The document provides a character analysis of Okonkwo from the novel "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe. It begins by introducing Okonkwo as a respected member of the Umuofia clan, known for his wrestling skills and prowess in war. Okonkwo prided himself on following traditions and being unlike his father, who he resented as the "worst person in the clan." The analysis then explores Okonkwo's character and role in the clan.
The document discusses the silent film "Martyrs of the Alamo" and how it depicts the Battle of the Alamo and perpetuates ethnic stereotypes of Mexicans. The film was meant to build a sense of nationalism in early 1900s America. It portrayed Mexican soldiers negatively through exaggerated physical features and behaviors, contrasting them with noble, courageous depictions of American characters. This was likely done to instill fear in viewers and encourage patriotism and defense of the country.
Music To Listen To While Writing A Paper. Should YoLinda Garcia
1. The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, submitting a request form with instructions and sources, and reviewing bids from writers to select one.
2. A bidding system is used to match requests with writers, with the client selecting a writer based on qualifications, order history, and feedback.
3. Upon receiving a paper, clients can request revisions until satisfied, and plagiarized work results in a full refund.
Writing An Argumentative Essay - The Oscillation BandLinda Garcia
The document discusses externalities of unemployment in Australia. It notes that unemployment is a major cost to an economy through lost production and long-term social costs like increased inequality, poverty, and crime. It provides Australia's current unemployment rate of 5.7% and notes the RBA considers 5% unemployment as a good benchmark.
Model UN Made Easy How To Write A ResolutionLinda Garcia
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the HelpWriting.net website. It describes a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The purpose is to outline the simple process for students to get help writing assignments through the website.
Write An Essay On Democracy In India ShorLinda Garcia
This essay analyzes the character traits of virtue exhibited by characters in the film Gravity. It discusses how the main characters Stone and Kowalski make virtuous decisions that are not based on personal gain or consequences, but rather doing what they feel is right. Their bravery and willingness to sacrifice themselves demonstrate the virtue of courage. The essay also examines how Stone helps to save Kowalski, showing the virtue of compassion even when facing her own tragic backstory. Overall, the film highlights examples of virtues like bravery, compassion, and good character in difficult situations.
Top-Ranked Legitimate Write My Essay Website For StudentsLinda Garcia
The Beat Generation was a literary movement started in the 1950s by writers who rebelled against social conformity and middle-class values. Key figures included Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, Neal Cassady, and William S. Burroughs. They rejected restrictive moral codes and embraced spontaneity, drugs, and Eastern spirituality. Through their unconventional writings, the Beat Generation helped shape counterculture values of the 1960s, promoting free expression, anti-establishment views, and experimentation with sex and mind-altering substances.
ENGLISH ADVANCED LEVEL 2 (Aka NA2) FormLinda Garcia
The document provides instructions for using a writing service called HelpWriting.net, explaining that users must first create an account, then can submit a request for paper writing help by filling out a form with details. The service uses a bidding system where writers submit bids and users can choose a writer based on qualifications to work on their assignment, with the option to request revisions until satisfied.
The loyalists played an important role in the American Revolution and its aftermath. During the war, loyalists opposed American independence and supported Britain. After the war, many loyalists fled to Canada where they helped establish early Canadian settlements and played a role in founding the country. The passage discusses how the loyalists impacted events before, during, and after the Revolutionary War.
Mla Citation Template Works Cited Page Mla Writing Commons Type My ...Linda Garcia
The document outlines 5 steps to request a paper writing service from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4. Receive the paper and authorize payment if pleased. Free revisions are allowed.
5. Request multiple revisions to ensure satisfaction. Plagiarized papers receive a full refund.
The document discusses child poverty in the United States. It notes that according to statistics, 21% of children live in families considered poor, even if they have a roof over their head each night. The document argues that society needs to be more aware of this issue and take action to help reduce child poverty. It aims to change the common perception that child poverty only refers to homeless children and highlight that many kids suffering from poverty have homes.
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a form with paper details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review writer bids and qualifications to select a writer. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the paper. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds for plagiarized work.
Dreaded Essay Rubric Middle School ThatsnotusLinda Garcia
The document discusses how to create an account and place an order on the website HelpWriting.net to request that a writer complete an assignment. It explains a 4 step process: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete an order form providing instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. The website utilizes a bidding system from writers and allows customers to request revisions to ensure satisfaction.
Plato Theory Of Knowledge Essay Example For Free - 1Linda Garcia
The document discusses Giuseppe Mazzini and his contributions to the unification of Italy between 1830 and 1870. Mazzini helped organize and unite Italians who wanted to change Italy's divided government and end rule by foreign powers. He formed a secret society called Young Italy to promote Italian unity and independence. Mazzini's nationalist ideas inspired other revolutionaries and helped spark the revolutions that ultimately led to Italy becoming a unified nation.
Mr. P presented with chest discomfort, irregularly irregular heart rate of 106 beats per minute, and increased work of breathing. His vital signs showed elevated blood pressure of 167/95 mmHg and 98/170 mmHg, and he was dyspneic with a respiratory rate of 28. Physical examination found him to be overweight but otherwise in no acute distress, with normal oxygen saturation and blood sugar level.
Spiral Notebook With Autumn Leaves Blue Paper CraneLinda Garcia
This document discusses homelessness and argues that it involves more than just a lack of housing. It negatively impacts people's sense of identity, belonging, and emotional well-being by causing social exclusion. While homelessness was declining, the economic downturn led to rising homelessness. Over 70% of homeless people suffer physical health issues. Homelessness can be caused by a lack of affordable housing, job loss, divorce, illness, substance abuse, or domestic abuse. The government provides some assistance but not enough to help all homeless people.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A Perfect Reflective Essay Example For Students.Linda Garcia
This document provides instructions for creating an account on a writing assistance website and requesting help with assignments. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes the website stands by providing original, high-quality content or offering refunds for plagiarized work.
Extracurricular Activities Essay Example. How To WrLinda Garcia
The document discusses the psychology of religion perspectives of Ludwig Feuerbach and Sigmund Freud. While both viewed God as a projection of the human mind, their views differed significantly. Feuerbach saw religion as a projection of self-consciousness onto God, but believed studying religion was beneficial to understanding humanity. Freud viewed religion as a form of neurosis stemming from the father complex and infantile helplessness. The key difference was that Feuerbach did not see religion as needing to be destroyed, whereas Freud had a more negative view of religion.
Why Student Athletes Shouldnt Be Paid - Thedrudgereort280.WLinda Garcia
This document provides instructions for a physics lab experiment involving measuring and combining forces. The first part involves measuring three separate forces acting on a ring at rest and determining if their vector sum is zero. The second part uses a dynamometer to measure the different forces acting on an object at rest for varying angles of an inclined plane, then calculates the combined force. The goal is to verify concepts of force combination and equilibrium.
How To Write An Introduction For A Research Paper - HoLinda Garcia
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a request on the HelpWriting.net website for writing assistance services. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete a request form with instructions, sources and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes that original, high-quality work is guaranteed or a full refund will be provided.
Sample Research Paper With In Text CitationsLinda Garcia
The document provides a character analysis of Okonkwo from the novel "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe. It begins by introducing Okonkwo as a respected member of the Umuofia clan, known for his wrestling skills and prowess in war. Okonkwo prided himself on following traditions and being unlike his father, who he resented as the "worst person in the clan." The analysis then explores Okonkwo's character and role in the clan.
The document discusses the silent film "Martyrs of the Alamo" and how it depicts the Battle of the Alamo and perpetuates ethnic stereotypes of Mexicans. The film was meant to build a sense of nationalism in early 1900s America. It portrayed Mexican soldiers negatively through exaggerated physical features and behaviors, contrasting them with noble, courageous depictions of American characters. This was likely done to instill fear in viewers and encourage patriotism and defense of the country.
Music To Listen To While Writing A Paper. Should YoLinda Garcia
1. The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, submitting a request form with instructions and sources, and reviewing bids from writers to select one.
2. A bidding system is used to match requests with writers, with the client selecting a writer based on qualifications, order history, and feedback.
3. Upon receiving a paper, clients can request revisions until satisfied, and plagiarized work results in a full refund.
Writing An Argumentative Essay - The Oscillation BandLinda Garcia
The document discusses externalities of unemployment in Australia. It notes that unemployment is a major cost to an economy through lost production and long-term social costs like increased inequality, poverty, and crime. It provides Australia's current unemployment rate of 5.7% and notes the RBA considers 5% unemployment as a good benchmark.
Model UN Made Easy How To Write A ResolutionLinda Garcia
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the HelpWriting.net website. It describes a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The purpose is to outline the simple process for students to get help writing assignments through the website.
Write An Essay On Democracy In India ShorLinda Garcia
This essay analyzes the character traits of virtue exhibited by characters in the film Gravity. It discusses how the main characters Stone and Kowalski make virtuous decisions that are not based on personal gain or consequences, but rather doing what they feel is right. Their bravery and willingness to sacrifice themselves demonstrate the virtue of courage. The essay also examines how Stone helps to save Kowalski, showing the virtue of compassion even when facing her own tragic backstory. Overall, the film highlights examples of virtues like bravery, compassion, and good character in difficult situations.
Top-Ranked Legitimate Write My Essay Website For StudentsLinda Garcia
The Beat Generation was a literary movement started in the 1950s by writers who rebelled against social conformity and middle-class values. Key figures included Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, Neal Cassady, and William S. Burroughs. They rejected restrictive moral codes and embraced spontaneity, drugs, and Eastern spirituality. Through their unconventional writings, the Beat Generation helped shape counterculture values of the 1960s, promoting free expression, anti-establishment views, and experimentation with sex and mind-altering substances.
ENGLISH ADVANCED LEVEL 2 (Aka NA2) FormLinda Garcia
The document provides instructions for using a writing service called HelpWriting.net, explaining that users must first create an account, then can submit a request for paper writing help by filling out a form with details. The service uses a bidding system where writers submit bids and users can choose a writer based on qualifications to work on their assignment, with the option to request revisions until satisfied.
The loyalists played an important role in the American Revolution and its aftermath. During the war, loyalists opposed American independence and supported Britain. After the war, many loyalists fled to Canada where they helped establish early Canadian settlements and played a role in founding the country. The passage discusses how the loyalists impacted events before, during, and after the Revolutionary War.
Mla Citation Template Works Cited Page Mla Writing Commons Type My ...Linda Garcia
The document outlines 5 steps to request a paper writing service from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4. Receive the paper and authorize payment if pleased. Free revisions are allowed.
5. Request multiple revisions to ensure satisfaction. Plagiarized papers receive a full refund.
The document discusses child poverty in the United States. It notes that according to statistics, 21% of children live in families considered poor, even if they have a roof over their head each night. The document argues that society needs to be more aware of this issue and take action to help reduce child poverty. It aims to change the common perception that child poverty only refers to homeless children and highlight that many kids suffering from poverty have homes.
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a form with paper details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review writer bids and qualifications to select a writer. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the paper. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds for plagiarized work.
Dreaded Essay Rubric Middle School ThatsnotusLinda Garcia
The document discusses how to create an account and place an order on the website HelpWriting.net to request that a writer complete an assignment. It explains a 4 step process: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete an order form providing instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. The website utilizes a bidding system from writers and allows customers to request revisions to ensure satisfaction.
Plato Theory Of Knowledge Essay Example For Free - 1Linda Garcia
The document discusses Giuseppe Mazzini and his contributions to the unification of Italy between 1830 and 1870. Mazzini helped organize and unite Italians who wanted to change Italy's divided government and end rule by foreign powers. He formed a secret society called Young Italy to promote Italian unity and independence. Mazzini's nationalist ideas inspired other revolutionaries and helped spark the revolutions that ultimately led to Italy becoming a unified nation.
Mr. P presented with chest discomfort, irregularly irregular heart rate of 106 beats per minute, and increased work of breathing. His vital signs showed elevated blood pressure of 167/95 mmHg and 98/170 mmHg, and he was dyspneic with a respiratory rate of 28. Physical examination found him to be overweight but otherwise in no acute distress, with normal oxygen saturation and blood sugar level.
Spiral Notebook With Autumn Leaves Blue Paper CraneLinda Garcia
This document discusses homelessness and argues that it involves more than just a lack of housing. It negatively impacts people's sense of identity, belonging, and emotional well-being by causing social exclusion. While homelessness was declining, the economic downturn led to rising homelessness. Over 70% of homeless people suffer physical health issues. Homelessness can be caused by a lack of affordable housing, job loss, divorce, illness, substance abuse, or domestic abuse. The government provides some assistance but not enough to help all homeless people.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
1. Lisa Spears
The Cold War
Prof. Arne Kislenko, Freie Universitat Berlin
15 August 2008
The Khmer Rouge Regime (1975-1979)
“My conscience is clear.” So states an old and frail Pol Pot, former leader of the Khmer Rouge and the
man responsible for the deaths of millions of people in the Cambodian genocide. In his last public
appearance, he claims that he made mistakes but could not be held accountable for them. A fairly
unrecognized and exceedingly enigmatic regime, the Khmer Rouge orchestrated one of the most brutal
genocides of the twentieth century, one which still directly affects Cambodia today.
Much of Pol Pot’s biography remains unfathomable. A radio announcement in Korea stated he was
born as Saloth Sar in May, 1925, while French colonial records state he was born in May, 1928. His
parents were both well-off and well-respected, with multiple connections to the royal palace. His
cousin, Meak, held the position entitled “lady in charge of the women,” and his brother, Loth Suong,
was a clerk in the palace. When he was twenty-one, he joined the Indochinese Communist Party, a
resistance movement against the French occupation of Vietnam. Shortly afterwards, Pol Pot studied
radio electricity in France and joined the French Communist Party. He became obsessed with Marxism,
neglected his studies, and lost his scholarship. Instead, he spent time writing and publishing ferocious
criticisms of the Cambodian monarchy, calling it “an unjust doctrine, a malodorous running sore that
just people must eliminate.” Returning to Cambodia to teach history and geography, he then became
an active member of Kampuchean People’s Revolutionary Party. He slowly climbed the ranks of this
Communist movement, and in 1963, he became the commander of the Worker’s Party of Kampuchea.
Pol Pot spent the next several years building a guerilla army.
In 1954, Cambodia achieved independence from France, and a royal monarchical government was
established. The leader of Cambodia, Prince Norodom Sihanouk, exiled Pol Pot into the jungle, as he
perceived him as a military threat. Over the next several years, Pol Pot’s rural army waged war against
Sihanouk’s government. In 1970, a U.S.-backed military coup ousted Sihanouk from power. Sihanouk
immediately launched a resistance movement against Lon Nol, the new Prime Minister, and Pol Pot
seized this opportunity to form a public alliance (but private resistance) with Sihanouk.
In the jungles of Cambodia in the 1960s, the Khmer Rouge began. Named by Sihanouk himself, it
literally means “Red Cambodians” in French. The Kampuchean army began a violent and aggressive
insurgency against the Cambodian government. Ieng Sary (born Kim Trang), who later became the
Deputy Prime Minister of the Khmer Rouge, and also taught history and geography before joining the
movement, went to Vietnam to seek military aid. North Vietnam and the Viet Kong aided the
communist attack against the government. In 1970, the United States invaded Cambodia in an effort to
expel the North Vietnamese and combat the Kampuchean insurgency. Throughout 1972 and 1973, the
U.S. launched an aerial campaign of B-52s which destroyed nearly all of the Eastern Zone of Cambodia,
resulting in a military and economic destabilization of the country, which in turn garnered growing
support among the public for Pol Pot. By 1975, the Cambodian government lost its military support
from the U.S. The Khmer Rouge seized this opportunity. On January 1, 1975, the Kampuchean Army
2. began an assault on the capitol, Phnom Penh, and by February, the city was completely surrounded. On
April 17, Pol Pot’s troops entered the city and overthrew the government, establishing the Democratic
Kampuchean People’s Republic in its place. The initial public reaction was one of joy and relief; many
people saw this as the end of war and oppression. However, this was short-lived.
Pol Pot had previously visited Communist China, witnessing Mao Zedong’s “Great Leap Forward.” Pol
Pot considered Mao to be a mentor of sorts, a man he greatly admired and wished to emulate. The
Great Leap Forward involved the “cleansing” of class enemies and the evacuation of cities, in an attempt
to purge all class differences from the masses. Pol Pot intended to carry out his own “Great Leap” in
Cambodia. He envisioned a classless, agrarian, utopian society.
Pol Pot had 1975 declared “year zero,” as the mark of a new era. “Year Zero” was an attempt to
distance his new regime not only from Cambodia’s history, but from the entire world. He claimed that
the new Kampuchea would be “purified,” ousting any Western influence, Capitalism, religion, city life, or
foreign influences. He began by banning all foreign languages, shutting down all forms of news and
media, confiscating means of travel, and banning all forms of outside communication, such as
telephones, radios, and mail. All religious and educational institutions were shut down, and all
businesses were closed. Private property and currency were abolished. Parental authority was
eliminated, and children were placed in communes. Many were forced into collective marital
ceremonies involving hundreds of people.
Any individual with potentially middle or upper class standing, with respect to wealth, occupation,
lineage, or education, was immediately exterminated. “Purges” were conducted on a regular basis, and
many people attempted to hide their former occupation in order to avoid execution. Lawyers, police,
teachers, doctors, religious leaders, and government officials, as well as their relatives, were
exterminated. Entire families were killed, including children and babies. Anyone suspected of disloyalty
to Pol Pot was executed as well. Eventually, even high-ranking officials of the Khmer Rouge were killed
due to accusations of disloyalty.
All major cities and urban areas were evacuated, and those who were not immediately killed were
moved into forced labor camps or prisons. 2.5 million people were forced out of Phnom Penh at
gunpoint, and those who refused or were unable to comply (such as those in hospitals) were killed.
Many people, such as the elderly or ill, died along the way. These previously urban people, many of
whom had no experience in hard labor, were forced to work on farms, cultivating rice and fruit. Some
locations fed their workers a lunch of rice porridge or boiled bananas each day, while others had a diet
of one tin of rice every two days. These “killing fields” would produce crops which the workers were not
allowed to eat, and as a result, many people died of starvation or disease. At the end of each day, trucks
would pick up the cultivation. The working conditions consisted of an eighteen-hour day (from sunrise
to midnight), with Khmer Rouge soldiers supervising. Many of these soldiers were only teenagers, and
were eager to kill anyone for the slightest infringement. Every tenth day, workers were allowed to rest,
and during the Khmer New Year, workers were given three days off.
Suspected enemies of the state were sent to prisons. A former high school, Tuol Sleng, was converted
into “Security Office 21,” or S-21. Records from Tuol Sleng indicate that at least 16,000 people were
tortured and killed. Henry Locard, who has studied Cambodia’s prisons extensively, estimates around
150 such prisons, in which 500,000 people were tortured and executed altogether. People who were
deemed enemies of the state were sent to such prisons, and were photographed and forced to strip to
3. their underwear upon arrival. A former guard describes how he had difficulty controlling his teenage,
hormonal urges at the time, and how there were few female guards. Many female prisoners, therefore,
were subject to sexual violence and humiliation. Prisoners were shackled to the floor and forced to
sleep without any bedding. At S-21, the bottom floor was for single prisoners, and the top floor was for
communal cells. In each cell, the prison rules were posted:
You must answer accordingly to my questions. Do not turn them away.
Do not try to hide the facts by making pretexts of this and that. You are strictly prohibited to contest me.
Do not be a fool for you are a chap who dares to thwart the revolution.
You must immediately answer my questions without wasting time to reflect.
Do not tell me either about your immoralities or the revolution.
While getting lashes or electrification you must not cry at all.
Do nothing. Sit still and wait for my orders. If there is no order, keep quiet. When I ask you to do something, you
must do it right away without protesting.
Do not make pretexts about Kampuchea Krom in order to hide your jaw of traitor.
If you do not follow all of the above rules, you shall get many lashes of electric wire.
If you disobey any point of my regulations, you shall get either ten lashes or five shocks of electric discharge.
The slightest action required permission. If prisoners did not ask permission before changing positions
while sleeping or relieving themselves, they faced a severe beating. Bathing consisted of spraying a
communal cell with a hose sporadically. Prisoners were regularly tortured to evoke a confession, such
as water-boarding, being strapped to iron beds, being hung upside down, and being tormented with
knives. At night, prisoners were led out to the rice fields, where they were shot or bludgeoned to death
(to conserve bullets). Only six people survived the prison.
The overseer of S-21 was Kang Khek Ieu, better known as Duch. Ta Mok, or “Brother Number Two,”
ordered the elimination of the entire intellectual class, but never actually supervised these executions.
In an interview with Valerio Pellizzari, Duch insists that he what did was necessary and that he had no
choice.
“I and everyone else who worked in that place knew that anyone who entered had to be psychologically
demolished, eliminated by steady work, given no way out. No answer could avoid death… If I had tried to flee,
they were holding my family hostage, and my family would have suffered the same fate as the other prisoners in
Tuol Sleng. If I had fled or rebelled it would not have helped anyone.”
This sentiment is echoed in scores of former members of the Khmer Rouge, who describe a sense of
powerlessness over their actions.
In December, 1978, Vietnam launched an attack on Cambodia in an effort to end border clashes since
1977. On January 7, 1979, Vietnam overthrew Phnom Penh and Pol Pot’s regime was defeated.
Vietnam established a government, using Khmer Rouge defectors as officials. This resulted in several
years of a Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia, and the Sino-Vietnamese War. Pol Pot was evacuated
and taken to Thailand by helicopter, while other Khmer Rouge officials fled by train. Over the next
4. several years, Pol Pot continued to command the Khmer Rouge army, and fought guerrilla warfare
against the Vietnamese occupation. After a series of power struggles, however, he lost control of the
Khmer Rouge, and was arrested.
The aftermath of the Khmer Rouge continued long after its defeat. As a result of the killing fields, there
was little food for the remaining people, and cultivating what food was left was quite difficult. Many
people continued to die of starvation and disease. It was not until many years later that Cambodia
received international relief.
The exact death toll of the Khmer Rouge regime is difficult to determine. The number of people
systematically killed in labor camps or prisons is only moderately difficult to calculate; however, the
number of people who died as a result of disease and famine, especially those who died in the
aftermath, is far more unfathomable. The most common estimate is 1.5 million to 1.7 million
altogether; however, repetition does not make this statistic reliable. As Bruce Sharp explains in an
article which seeks to determine the true death toll, “Estimates often gain superficial credibility through
repetition…Dubious statistics about Cambodia abound, often surfacing in books and articles that are
otherwise very carefully researched.” He illustrates how various articles cite other articles to the point
where exact origin of the statistic is unknown. Michael Vickery estimates at less than one million,
whereas Ben Kiernan, in The Pol Pot Regime, estimated 1.5 million based on his own surveys of
Cambodian survivors.
In a household survey done by the Kampuchean government in the 1980s, in which they aimed to
interview the head of every household and determined what exactly happened in their family during the
Pol Pot regime, the numbers yielded over 3 million people. However, analysts later agreed that this
number was most likely too high, as the survey did not account for extended family members being
counted twice. Additionally, a study in which mass graves were actually exhumed and bodies counted
also yielded 3.3 million. The Documentation Center of Cambodia continues to seek out this number, and
currently estimates it at around two million. However, this process is long and any statistic is hardly
reliable.
The international recognition of this genocide is still fairly non-existent. When the statistic of 3 million
deaths was initially released, the West generally disregarded it as Vietnamese propaganda. The West
generally viewed Vietnam as the perpetrator, and believed the Khmer Rouge to be Cambodia’s
legitimate government. The Soviet Union and its allies attempted to relieve some of Cambodia’s famine,
but these efforts were scattered and fell apart during the collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union.
The Paris Peace Agreements in 1991 finally initiated some international relief effort and business
investment, and 1993, hundreds of thousands of refugees in Thailand were repatriated into Cambodia.
Pol Pot maintained his innocence until the end of his life. In an interview, he states, “Look at me now.
Do I seem like a violent person to you?” He explains how he never wanted to kill anyone, and how there
were many people who joined his movement but were not true Kampucheans. He and Ta Mok, Brother
Number One and Brother Number Two, both escaped legal and judicial justice by dying while under
house arrest before the trial could begin. In fact, Pol Pot was never tried for crimes against humanity,
but rather for killing his family.
While the numbers are uncertain, it is an irrefutable fact that the Khmer Rouge conducted large-scale
genocide against both its own people and foreigners. It attempted to erase all individuality, to win over
5. the hearts and minds of the people, and it systematically killed anyone who did not comply. Whether by
starvation, disease, famine, or a bullet in the head, all those who died in this genocide were victims of
the regime. While this should have had a greater impact on international relations, the West chose to
mildly acknowledge it and promptly ignore it, while the East made unenthusiastic relief efforts. Those
most responsible for the atrocities evaded prosecution, and five currently await tribunals. This is rarely
discussed in popular culture or in educational institutions. However, to continue to ignore it is an
affront not only to the victims, but to humanity in general.
6. Bibliography
Chandler, David. Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.
Etcheson, Craig. “The Number: Quantifying Crimes Against Humanity in Cambodia.”
"http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/toll.htm" http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/toll.htm.
Etcheson, Craig. The Rise and Demise of Democratic Kampuchea. Boulder: Westview Press, 1984.
Jackson, Karl D. Cambodia 1975-1978: Rendezvous with Death. New Jersey: Princeton University Press,
1989.
Kiernan, Ben. The Pol Pot Regime. New York: Yale University, 1996.
Kiernan, Ben. How Pol Pot Came to Power: A History of Communism in Kampuchea, 1930-1975.
London: Thetford Press, 1985.
Mak, Kanika. “Genocide and Irredentism under Democratic Kampuchea.” Yale Center for International
and Areas Studies, 2004.
Panh, Rithy. S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine. Cambodia Information Center, 2006.
Pellizzari, Valerio. “Kang Khek Ieu: ‘They all had to be eliminated.’” 2008.
Cambodian Documentation Center.
Ponchaud, Francois. Cambodia: Year Zero. Originally by Editions Rene Julliard; English translation by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, 1977.
Sharp, Bruce. “Counting Hell.” http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/deaths.htm
Thayer, Nate. “The Pol Pot Interview.” Far Eastern Economic Review, 1997.
Vickery, Michael. Cambodia 1975-1982. Boston: South End Press, 1984.
Dith, Pran. Children of Cambodia’s Killing Fields. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997.