My presentation at Fifth Annual Meeting of the Society for Environmental Law and Economics (22-23 May 2013, University of Bar Ilan, Israel). Original paper available at http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1972949
<abstract>
The hedonic method is an econometric tool to calculate implicit evaluation of environmental factors by employing the fact that preference of residents is capitalized into housing price. This paper utilizes the change of land price after the radiation contamination caused by the accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant to calculate the amount of damages under Japanese tort law. The paper argues that the hedonic estimates can be used not only as proprietary loss of land owners but also as nonproprietary loss of residents in the radiation contaminated area. The hedonic method can be employed in other environmental nuisance cases, such as noise nuisance lawsuits and air pollution lawsuits.
Can Australia lead the way with an effective climate action program?
Why is local and global action on climate change taking so long? Why are politicians, the media, scientists and industry chasing each other’s tails on the urgent issue of reducing carbon dioxide pollution? Almost two years on from the anticlimactic Copenhagen climate change summit, CO2 emissions are still rising. Why aren’t Australians willing to invest in protecting the future survival of their descendents?
This interactive forum takes stock of the current CO2 emissions and carbon tax debate and considers how a positive climate action program could work with the big polluters as well as foster community groups and households to be powerful change agents.
Speakers:
Dr Ian McGregor
Ian McGregor is a Lecturer in the UTS School of Management and researcher in the global politics of climate change, with a particular focus on the Copenhagen Climate Summit in 2009 and Cancun Climate Summit in 2010. He is also part of the Steering Committee of Climate Action Network Australia and works closely with Climate Action Network International on a variety of global climate change policy issues.
Associate Professor James Goodman
James Goodman conducts collaborative research into social movements that pursue global justice and climate justice. He is a political sociologist concerned with ecological change and how societies respond to it. His current work puts special emphasis on the role of grassroots mobilisation in addressing the climate crisis.
Dr Chris Riedy
Chris Riedy is a Research Director at the Institute for Sustainable Futures and President of the Climate Action Network Australia. He has particular expertise in energy policy, climate change response and socio-cultural change. He works as a facilitator and change agent to help deliver personal, organisational, systemic and cultural responses to sustainability challenges.
UTSPEAKS: is a free public lecture series presented by UTS experts discussing a range of important issues confronting contemporary Australia.
Use the hashtag #utspeaks to tweet about the lecture on Twitter.
Corporate Law Reform and Political Environment: An Empirical Analysis Employi...Hatsuru Morita
Corporate law shapes the fundamental business environment and affects various stakeholders such as shareholders, managers, employees, and creditors. Each stakeholder has an incentive to influence on the reform process of corporate law. The many corporate law reforms in Japan reflect its rapidly-changing business environment. It is possible to determine the behavior of various stakeholders by examining the politics of the reform process of corporate law. In order to understand the corporate law reform process, this paper uses the notice-and-comment procedure (``public comment procedure''), which was introduced by the Administrative Procedure Act in 1993. The Administrative Procedure Act requires every reform of law or order proposed by a government agency to undergo a public comment procedure. Under this procedure, people submit comments to the Ministry of Justice; some of these comments are reflected in the final bill, whereas others are not. The paper performs a quantitative analysis of a hand-collected dataset from two recent public comment procedures of corporate law reform. By analyzing the comments with respect to the issues, we can understand the mechanism of the corporate law reform process, particularly the relative political power of various interest groups. The results showed that the bureaucrats are rigid and not willing to take public comments seriously. However, in some technical issues, legal academics and legal professionals, such as courts and law firms, influence the behavior of the bureaucrats. The results showed that the bureaucrats employed these comments to counterbalance the interests of politically powerful interest groups and to honor the technical views of professionals. In other cases, corporate managers significantly influence the reform process.
This document discusses land use planning and regulation in China in response to farmland loss. It notes that China placed a national moratorium on converting farmland to urban uses in 1997 and imposed strict regulations in 1998 to limit urban encroachment on agricultural lands. The author aims to estimate the causal impact of the 1998 farmland protection regulation on urban land development across China using satellite data on land change before and after the policy change. The analysis exploits a feature of the regulation's "no net loss" rule, which provides a discontinuity in how strictly the regulation is applied between provinces. The results could shed light on the efficacy of China's farmland protection efforts.
This document discusses how systems thinking can help address climate change as a wicked problem. It first identifies issues with proposed solutions like phasing out fossil fuels, such as high costs and impacts on jobs. It then explains why climate change is a wicked problem due to those contributing to it also causing it, time running out, and lack of global leadership. Finally, it proposes a solution using a systems thinking approach - a multi-scale visualization framework, carbon capture and storage, and government/industry support could work together to stop climate change without drastic changes.
Can Australia lead the way with an effective climate action program?
Why is local and global action on climate change taking so long? Why are politicians, the media, scientists and industry chasing each other’s tails on the urgent issue of reducing carbon dioxide pollution? Almost two years on from the anticlimactic Copenhagen climate change summit, CO2 emissions are still rising. Why aren’t Australians willing to invest in protecting the future survival of their descendents?
This interactive forum takes stock of the current CO2 emissions and carbon tax debate and considers how a positive climate action program could work with the big polluters as well as foster community groups and households to be powerful change agents.
Speakers:
Dr Ian McGregor
Ian McGregor is a Lecturer in the UTS School of Management and researcher in the global politics of climate change, with a particular focus on the Copenhagen Climate Summit in 2009 and Cancun Climate Summit in 2010. He is also part of the Steering Committee of Climate Action Network Australia and works closely with Climate Action Network International on a variety of global climate change policy issues.
Associate Professor James Goodman
James Goodman conducts collaborative research into social movements that pursue global justice and climate justice. He is a political sociologist concerned with ecological change and how societies respond to it. His current work puts special emphasis on the role of grassroots mobilisation in addressing the climate crisis.
Dr Chris Riedy
Chris Riedy is a Research Director at the Institute for Sustainable Futures and President of the Climate Action Network Australia. He has particular expertise in energy policy, climate change response and socio-cultural change. He works as a facilitator and change agent to help deliver personal, organisational, systemic and cultural responses to sustainability challenges.
UTSPEAKS: is a free public lecture series presented by UTS experts discussing a range of important issues confronting contemporary Australia.
Use the hashtag #utspeaks to tweet about the lecture on Twitter.
Corporate Law Reform and Political Environment: An Empirical Analysis Employi...Hatsuru Morita
Corporate law shapes the fundamental business environment and affects various stakeholders such as shareholders, managers, employees, and creditors. Each stakeholder has an incentive to influence on the reform process of corporate law. The many corporate law reforms in Japan reflect its rapidly-changing business environment. It is possible to determine the behavior of various stakeholders by examining the politics of the reform process of corporate law. In order to understand the corporate law reform process, this paper uses the notice-and-comment procedure (``public comment procedure''), which was introduced by the Administrative Procedure Act in 1993. The Administrative Procedure Act requires every reform of law or order proposed by a government agency to undergo a public comment procedure. Under this procedure, people submit comments to the Ministry of Justice; some of these comments are reflected in the final bill, whereas others are not. The paper performs a quantitative analysis of a hand-collected dataset from two recent public comment procedures of corporate law reform. By analyzing the comments with respect to the issues, we can understand the mechanism of the corporate law reform process, particularly the relative political power of various interest groups. The results showed that the bureaucrats are rigid and not willing to take public comments seriously. However, in some technical issues, legal academics and legal professionals, such as courts and law firms, influence the behavior of the bureaucrats. The results showed that the bureaucrats employed these comments to counterbalance the interests of politically powerful interest groups and to honor the technical views of professionals. In other cases, corporate managers significantly influence the reform process.
This document discusses land use planning and regulation in China in response to farmland loss. It notes that China placed a national moratorium on converting farmland to urban uses in 1997 and imposed strict regulations in 1998 to limit urban encroachment on agricultural lands. The author aims to estimate the causal impact of the 1998 farmland protection regulation on urban land development across China using satellite data on land change before and after the policy change. The analysis exploits a feature of the regulation's "no net loss" rule, which provides a discontinuity in how strictly the regulation is applied between provinces. The results could shed light on the efficacy of China's farmland protection efforts.
This document discusses how systems thinking can help address climate change as a wicked problem. It first identifies issues with proposed solutions like phasing out fossil fuels, such as high costs and impacts on jobs. It then explains why climate change is a wicked problem due to those contributing to it also causing it, time running out, and lack of global leadership. Finally, it proposes a solution using a systems thinking approach - a multi-scale visualization framework, carbon capture and storage, and government/industry support could work together to stop climate change without drastic changes.
Resilience in Italian Inner Areas - Alessandra Faggian, Marco Modica and Giul...OECD CFE
Presentation of Marco Modica, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy at the third meeting of the Spatial productivity Lab of the OECD Trento Centre held on 7 February 2019.
More info http://oe.cd/SPL
This paper incorporates taste heterogeneity and amenities into an international trade model to analyze their impact on city size and trade openness. Three main predictions arise: 1) The breakpoint for trade openness triggering urban agglomeration is higher when taste heterogeneity is considered. 2) For low trade openness, urban agglomeration is reduced with taste heterogeneity. 3) The dispersed equilibrium is not possible with both taste heterogeneity and amenities. The paper presents a numerical analysis comparing outcomes with and without these additional factors.
IRJET- Impact of Urbanization on EnvironmentIRJET Journal
This document discusses the impact of urbanization on the environment. It begins by defining urbanization as the movement of people from rural to urban areas, leading to increased population and industrialization in cities. Uncontrolled urbanization in India has led to environmental degradation through issues like land degradation, worsening water quality, air pollution, noise, and waste disposal problems. The document examines the effects of urbanization on various environmental components such as public health, climate, biosphere, land, and water resources. It provides a case study of urbanization in India and its causes of environmental damage. While urbanization cannot be stopped, the document stresses the need to ensure it is managed sustainably to minimize environmental impacts.
The document discusses conflicts that can arise between Local Government Units (LGUs) in Indonesia following decentralization reforms that gave LGUs more autonomy. It identifies 5 common patterns of conflicts over cross-border assets/affairs, occupations, need for assets in other regions, overlapping authorities, and regional development issues. During the centralized New Order era, the national government played a dominant role in resolving conflicts. But now with less central control, LGUs need to establish agreements and consensus-based processes to resolve disputes themselves, opening possibilities for arbitration and other alternative dispute resolution approaches in the public sector.
Climate Change, Public Debt and Financial Crises: an Agent-based Modelling An...OECD Environment
Presentation given during the OECD Expert workshop on Economic Modelling of Climate and Related Tipping Points by Francesco Lamperti, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna and RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment
Cities are both major contributors to climate change and highly vulnerable to its impacts. They generate over 70% of global CO2 emissions through industries, vehicles, energy use and waste. However, cities will also face many dangerous consequences of climate change like flooding, stronger storms, disease spread and sea level rise which threatens coastal cities. While cities cannot control climate change's impacts, they can take mitigation and adaptation actions to reduce their contributions and strengthen infrastructure. Many cities already aim to become more energy efficient, use renewable energy and reduce emissions. If well-planned and equipped, cities can lead initiatives to combat climate change through low-carbon practices and sustainable development.
This study develops carbon footprints of household consumption for 177 regions in 27 EU countries. It finds wide variation in footprints across regions, from 0.6 to 6.5 tons of CO2 equivalent per capita. Income is the main driver of footprints, but factors like household size, urbanization, education, spending patterns, climate, resources, and electricity sources also influence footprints. By quantifying regional footprints, the study aims to incorporate consumption-based accounting into local decision-making on climate policy within the EU.
Community greening in pre and post climate change knowledge era in third worl...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on community greening efforts in Lagos, Nigeria before and after awareness of climate change. It finds that the government has made more efforts to provide and maintain green spaces in recent years, creating 14 parks and 128 gardens covering over 77 acres in the past 6 years. A new agency was also established to promote green areas, and fines and imprisonment were introduced for cutting trees. Over 300,000 trees were planted from 2009-2010. In contrast, greening efforts were less prioritized before awareness of climate change impacts. The study recommends further greening and discouraging hard landscaping to adapt to climate impacts like flooding and rising temperatures in Lagos.
The document is a workshop presentation on knowledge and appropriate technologies for sustainability and resilience in urban planning. It includes:
- An agenda for the 2014 workshop organized by Luca Marescotti and the School of Architecture and Society at Laurea Magistrale.
- A presentation by Funda Atun on March 5th, 2014 about the transportation system in Istanbul being prone to earthquakes.
- The presentation includes definitions of concepts like hazard, vulnerability, and risk management in the context of urban planning and disasters. It also discusses Istanbul's rapid growth and the city's exposure to earthquake hazards.
Experts profiling on a healthier built environment: Lowering the threat of cl...AgboolaPaul3
There are indications that climate change and its
consequences are already creating threats to the built environment in Nigeria. These
environmental threats have negative implications for healthy, well-being, and urban
sustainability. This empirical study aim to identify how climate change has influenced the
built environment in Nigeria’s South-Western region, considering the following objectives:
to explore the reasons for climate change in South-western, Nigeria, to determine the
consequences of environmental issues on inhabitant health in South-western, Nigeria; and
to critically determine the key measures of climate change mitigation and adaptation to
enhance the environmental sustainability of the Southwestern region of Nigeria.
This document discusses how geographic information technology (GIT) can help plan a green, low-carbon sustainable city. GIT tools like GIS allow planners to integrate spatial data on factors like population, land use, wind patterns and more to evaluate suitable locations for renewable energy projects. For example, GIS could be used to identify regions with high energy demand and steady winds for a potential wind farm by overlaying wind data with population and land use maps. GIT also enables simulation of scenarios to test things like voltage fluctuation from wind turbines. The document also discusses how building design can promote sustainability through better ventilation and consideration of building height and density to reduce urban heat islands.
The world today has been witnessing phenomenal outgrowth in all fields during the past few decades. This augmentation has been largely stimulated by information and communication technologies (ICT). However, the inexorable evolution of technology and global economic development are being pursued at an ever-increasing societal cost with a snowballing potentially negative impact on the environment. Hence, one of the important challenges modern society faces is sustainability. This article attempts to explore the existing body of knowledge to provide a better understanding of the impact of ICT and digital revolutions on global carbon footprint and emissions. It also attempts to explore the presence of environmental sustainability initiatives in e-government programs worldwide. It presents some thoughts about how governments may address sustainability requirements in their e-government programs and enact responsible ICT-enabled transformation.
Environmental Adaption and Mitigation Strategies for Upgrading Industrial slu...IRJET Journal
This document discusses environmental adaptation and mitigation strategies for upgrading industrial slum areas, using the Shubra district of Cairo, Egypt as a case study. It begins by outlining the urban and environmental problems prevalent in slums, including lack of infrastructure, high population density, and pollution from nearby industrial activities. The study area of Shubra contains many slums and is a major industrial zone, home to oil refineries and other factories. GIS analysis is used to map and classify industries in the area according to their environmental impacts. The goal is to identify adaptation and mitigation mechanisms to reduce health effects on residents from industrial pollution and improve the environment.
This document summarizes key environmental, social, and governance (ESG) challenges facing the global infrastructure industry. It discusses how corruption and lobbying are common issues that can influence project outcomes. It also notes that infrastructure projects can have significant environmental impacts during construction and operations through their consumption of resources and emissions. Additionally, infrastructure development often faces social challenges due to controversial land acquisition and impacts on local communities.
This document summarizes a study on the link between wildfire risk salience and housing development in wildfire-prone areas. There are two main findings:
1. Evidence shows that recent large wildfires deter the rate of new home construction in high-risk fire areas compared to low-risk areas for about a year after the fire.
2. However, these effects are short-lived, as development rates in high-risk areas return to pre-fire levels within about two years. This suggests risk perceptions diverge from actual risks in the absence of a recent fire.
The study also estimates that policy interventions aimed at increasing risk salience could potentially reduce housing in at-risk areas, though the
http://assignment-partner.com/ .That's a sample paper - essay / paper on the topic "Organizational development and change" created by our writers!
Disclaimer: The paper above have been completed for actual clients. We have acclaimed personal permission from the customers to post it.
Study on the Impact of Economic Growth on Meteorological Disaster Losses in C...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Restoring Earth
Despite heightened awareness of global warming, the proliferation of long-term commitments combined with short-term actions are failing to prevent the spiral towards catastrophic climate change and the continued collapse of biodiversity. As reality bites so does the pressure for more effective collective action to dramatically evolve politics, business and consumption.
This Future Agenda insight explores the challenges ahead and argues that, rather than focusing on the treating the symptoms it would be wiser to tackle the root causes of climate change. For example, by re-thinking mainstream economic principles which are not yet set up to account for the environmental damage that is being created. It suggests that a fundamental new form of measurement is required to ensure that we live within our planetary boundaries.
For more details https://www.futureagenda.org/foresights/restoring-earth/
This document summarizes a UNESCO project on building codes and disaster risk reduction. It discusses the objectives of the project to raise awareness of policymakers in earthquake-prone countries. It also analyzes questionnaires received from 31 countries on their building legislation, codes, and retrofitting policies. Key findings include that Central/South American countries have adopted a wide range of policies while Asian countries' policies are less balanced. The document concludes with recommendations for holistic, cross-border approaches and continuous improvement of building safety systems.
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
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1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
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Resilience in Italian Inner Areas - Alessandra Faggian, Marco Modica and Giul...OECD CFE
Presentation of Marco Modica, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy at the third meeting of the Spatial productivity Lab of the OECD Trento Centre held on 7 February 2019.
More info http://oe.cd/SPL
This paper incorporates taste heterogeneity and amenities into an international trade model to analyze their impact on city size and trade openness. Three main predictions arise: 1) The breakpoint for trade openness triggering urban agglomeration is higher when taste heterogeneity is considered. 2) For low trade openness, urban agglomeration is reduced with taste heterogeneity. 3) The dispersed equilibrium is not possible with both taste heterogeneity and amenities. The paper presents a numerical analysis comparing outcomes with and without these additional factors.
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This document discusses the impact of urbanization on the environment. It begins by defining urbanization as the movement of people from rural to urban areas, leading to increased population and industrialization in cities. Uncontrolled urbanization in India has led to environmental degradation through issues like land degradation, worsening water quality, air pollution, noise, and waste disposal problems. The document examines the effects of urbanization on various environmental components such as public health, climate, biosphere, land, and water resources. It provides a case study of urbanization in India and its causes of environmental damage. While urbanization cannot be stopped, the document stresses the need to ensure it is managed sustainably to minimize environmental impacts.
The document discusses conflicts that can arise between Local Government Units (LGUs) in Indonesia following decentralization reforms that gave LGUs more autonomy. It identifies 5 common patterns of conflicts over cross-border assets/affairs, occupations, need for assets in other regions, overlapping authorities, and regional development issues. During the centralized New Order era, the national government played a dominant role in resolving conflicts. But now with less central control, LGUs need to establish agreements and consensus-based processes to resolve disputes themselves, opening possibilities for arbitration and other alternative dispute resolution approaches in the public sector.
Climate Change, Public Debt and Financial Crises: an Agent-based Modelling An...OECD Environment
Presentation given during the OECD Expert workshop on Economic Modelling of Climate and Related Tipping Points by Francesco Lamperti, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna and RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment
Cities are both major contributors to climate change and highly vulnerable to its impacts. They generate over 70% of global CO2 emissions through industries, vehicles, energy use and waste. However, cities will also face many dangerous consequences of climate change like flooding, stronger storms, disease spread and sea level rise which threatens coastal cities. While cities cannot control climate change's impacts, they can take mitigation and adaptation actions to reduce their contributions and strengthen infrastructure. Many cities already aim to become more energy efficient, use renewable energy and reduce emissions. If well-planned and equipped, cities can lead initiatives to combat climate change through low-carbon practices and sustainable development.
This study develops carbon footprints of household consumption for 177 regions in 27 EU countries. It finds wide variation in footprints across regions, from 0.6 to 6.5 tons of CO2 equivalent per capita. Income is the main driver of footprints, but factors like household size, urbanization, education, spending patterns, climate, resources, and electricity sources also influence footprints. By quantifying regional footprints, the study aims to incorporate consumption-based accounting into local decision-making on climate policy within the EU.
Community greening in pre and post climate change knowledge era in third worl...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on community greening efforts in Lagos, Nigeria before and after awareness of climate change. It finds that the government has made more efforts to provide and maintain green spaces in recent years, creating 14 parks and 128 gardens covering over 77 acres in the past 6 years. A new agency was also established to promote green areas, and fines and imprisonment were introduced for cutting trees. Over 300,000 trees were planted from 2009-2010. In contrast, greening efforts were less prioritized before awareness of climate change impacts. The study recommends further greening and discouraging hard landscaping to adapt to climate impacts like flooding and rising temperatures in Lagos.
The document is a workshop presentation on knowledge and appropriate technologies for sustainability and resilience in urban planning. It includes:
- An agenda for the 2014 workshop organized by Luca Marescotti and the School of Architecture and Society at Laurea Magistrale.
- A presentation by Funda Atun on March 5th, 2014 about the transportation system in Istanbul being prone to earthquakes.
- The presentation includes definitions of concepts like hazard, vulnerability, and risk management in the context of urban planning and disasters. It also discusses Istanbul's rapid growth and the city's exposure to earthquake hazards.
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There are indications that climate change and its
consequences are already creating threats to the built environment in Nigeria. These
environmental threats have negative implications for healthy, well-being, and urban
sustainability. This empirical study aim to identify how climate change has influenced the
built environment in Nigeria’s South-Western region, considering the following objectives:
to explore the reasons for climate change in South-western, Nigeria, to determine the
consequences of environmental issues on inhabitant health in South-western, Nigeria; and
to critically determine the key measures of climate change mitigation and adaptation to
enhance the environmental sustainability of the Southwestern region of Nigeria.
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The world today has been witnessing phenomenal outgrowth in all fields during the past few decades. This augmentation has been largely stimulated by information and communication technologies (ICT). However, the inexorable evolution of technology and global economic development are being pursued at an ever-increasing societal cost with a snowballing potentially negative impact on the environment. Hence, one of the important challenges modern society faces is sustainability. This article attempts to explore the existing body of knowledge to provide a better understanding of the impact of ICT and digital revolutions on global carbon footprint and emissions. It also attempts to explore the presence of environmental sustainability initiatives in e-government programs worldwide. It presents some thoughts about how governments may address sustainability requirements in their e-government programs and enact responsible ICT-enabled transformation.
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This document discusses environmental adaptation and mitigation strategies for upgrading industrial slum areas, using the Shubra district of Cairo, Egypt as a case study. It begins by outlining the urban and environmental problems prevalent in slums, including lack of infrastructure, high population density, and pollution from nearby industrial activities. The study area of Shubra contains many slums and is a major industrial zone, home to oil refineries and other factories. GIS analysis is used to map and classify industries in the area according to their environmental impacts. The goal is to identify adaptation and mitigation mechanisms to reduce health effects on residents from industrial pollution and improve the environment.
This document summarizes key environmental, social, and governance (ESG) challenges facing the global infrastructure industry. It discusses how corruption and lobbying are common issues that can influence project outcomes. It also notes that infrastructure projects can have significant environmental impacts during construction and operations through their consumption of resources and emissions. Additionally, infrastructure development often faces social challenges due to controversial land acquisition and impacts on local communities.
This document summarizes a study on the link between wildfire risk salience and housing development in wildfire-prone areas. There are two main findings:
1. Evidence shows that recent large wildfires deter the rate of new home construction in high-risk fire areas compared to low-risk areas for about a year after the fire.
2. However, these effects are short-lived, as development rates in high-risk areas return to pre-fire levels within about two years. This suggests risk perceptions diverge from actual risks in the absence of a recent fire.
The study also estimates that policy interventions aimed at increasing risk salience could potentially reduce housing in at-risk areas, though the
http://assignment-partner.com/ .That's a sample paper - essay / paper on the topic "Organizational development and change" created by our writers!
Disclaimer: The paper above have been completed for actual clients. We have acclaimed personal permission from the customers to post it.
Study on the Impact of Economic Growth on Meteorological Disaster Losses in C...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
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Despite heightened awareness of global warming, the proliferation of long-term commitments combined with short-term actions are failing to prevent the spiral towards catastrophic climate change and the continued collapse of biodiversity. As reality bites so does the pressure for more effective collective action to dramatically evolve politics, business and consumption.
This Future Agenda insight explores the challenges ahead and argues that, rather than focusing on the treating the symptoms it would be wiser to tackle the root causes of climate change. For example, by re-thinking mainstream economic principles which are not yet set up to account for the environmental damage that is being created. It suggests that a fundamental new form of measurement is required to ensure that we live within our planetary boundaries.
For more details https://www.futureagenda.org/foresights/restoring-earth/
This document summarizes a UNESCO project on building codes and disaster risk reduction. It discusses the objectives of the project to raise awareness of policymakers in earthquake-prone countries. It also analyzes questionnaires received from 31 countries on their building legislation, codes, and retrofitting policies. Key findings include that Central/South American countries have adopted a wide range of policies while Asian countries' policies are less balanced. The document concludes with recommendations for holistic, cross-border approaches and continuous improvement of building safety systems.
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6. Motivation
TEPCO (and the Japanese government) has offered a
menu of compensation for radiation contamination
damages
It does not cover property damages nor mental damages
outside of the governmental evacuation area
Many residents outside of the evacuation area are filing
lawsuits against TEPCO
6
Within the evacuation area, TEPCO basically compensates the full
amount of property damages
They are suffering a lot of inconvenience (and potential disease risk)
During the 5 months after the earthquake and the accident, about
150 thousand elementary school children and junior high school
children have moved out from Fukushima prefecture
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
8. Hedonic method
Explicit market for environmental factors usually does
not exist; however,
Rosen 1974
Quality depends a set of characteristics: Q = (q1, q2, …, qn)
Price of ith house: Pi = P(q1, q2, …, qn)
8
∂P/∂qj gives the marginal implicit price for qj
In competitive market, the marginal price is equal to an
individual consumer’s ‘marginal willingness to pay’ (MWTP)
We can employ the hedonic estimates as proxies of
mental damages as well as property damages
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
9. Econometric problems
Two sources of bias
Unobserved omitted variables
Housing price is correlated with not only environmental factors, but
also other factors
Self-selection
Heterogeneity among individuals (both sellers and buyers)
Individuals with higher valuations for environmental factor sort out to
areas with better environmental quality
9
E.g., air is heavily polluted in urban areas, where housing price also tends
to be high.
In this case, the structure of preference and the amount of sorting
behavior can affect the estimates.
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
10. Identification strategy
For radiation contamination:
The omitted variable bias is not a serious problem
The degree of radiation contamination is exogenous to relevant variables
excellent natural experiment
The degree of contamination depends on geography, direction of wind, and
weather at the time of radiation emission, all of which are not correlated with
housing price and control variables
Then simple analysis can reveal the MWTP
For self-selection:
We need some measures to account for heterogeneity
10
Sorting behavior does exist in Fukushima case (kids (and their parents)
are moving out)
Change of population and age structure can mitigate the problem
However, whether we need to control this factor is another problem
(discussed later)
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
11. Constructing counterfactuals
How can we construct counterfactuals?
What the land price of the contaminated area would be if it
had not been contaminated?
Solutions
Difference-in-differences
Synthetic control
Structural estimation
11
May be a good tool for policy evaluation, but difficult to employ
before the court
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
13. Matching
Which cities to pick up as control?
Cities in northeastern Japan are good candidates
One problem:
13
Unobservables, such as level of urbanization/ industrialization,
demographic structures are basically similar
The coastal area of Fukushima is heavily damaged by the tsunami and
many people have been moving into the inland area, which is also
contaminated
In addition, those who had lived in the evacuation area have been
moving into the inland area
Then the demand function for land in the inland area may have
changed considerably
(solution is discussed later)
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
15. Data source
[Under construction…]
Outcome variable
Land price
Japanese
Two series of data (as of 1/1 and as of 7/1)
Each
city has 20-60 reference points
Treatment variable
government publishes land price every one year
Level of radiation contamination
Other covariates
Population, household income, age distribution, tax revenue,
and so on
(Age
structure is especially important, since younger children are
more vulnerable to radiation contamination)
15
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
16. Variables
Do not include coastal area, but only inland area
The coastal area is hit by tsumani, which makes it difficult to
separately estimate radiation contamination effect from
tsunami effect
Evacuation area is also to be excluded, since we want to
estimate the effect of radiation contamination only
16
Evacuation order by the government must have put the housing price
downward strongly
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
17. Variables
Population change is an important variable, too
Whether it is appropriate to control population or not
depends on whether the change of population is within a
proximate cause of the tort behavior by TEPCO
17
Managi 2013 shows that both the level of radiation contamination and
the decrease of population have significant effect on land price
However, decrease of population is not only caused by industry
structure, but also by the radiation contamination itself
Not an econometric issue, but a legal issue
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
18. A tentative result
A simple DD estimate: -4.11%
Land price of Jul 1 (every one year)
Fukushima city (capital of Fukushima) vs Morioka city (capital of
Iwate)
Averaging 22 points from Fukushima and 46 points from Morioka
2009/2010/2011
(Assuming that each city has its own trend)
Change of land price
20102011
Fukushima city
-3.41%
-7.02%
Morioka city
18
20092010
-7.08%
-6.58%
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
20. Further concerns
Stickiness of land market in Fukushima
Fukushima is rather rural area (compared to, say, Tokyo) and
the liquidity of the land market is not so high
How could we account for such illiquidity?
20
In case of stock price, changes of fundamental firm value are rapidly
incorporated into the stock price
In contrast, the low liquidity of land market in Fukushima would
cause considerable delay of incorporation of relevant information
Just observing long period after the earthquake (say, two or three
years) is OK?
At the same time, estimation of longer windows leads to larger noise
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
21. Further concerns (cont’d)
Huge public funding has been provided to the disaster
site and radiation contamination site (i.e., Fukushima)
The inflow of public funding increases the land price
We can observe the effect in Fukushima and Miyagi
Is it necessary to account for the effect of public funding?
21
Fukushima has both disaster relief and contamination relief
Miyagi has only disaster relief, but Miyagi is the center of the
northeastern Japan and reconstruction activity center is located in
Miyagi, which attracts lot of business
We could argue that the effect of radiation contamination is mitigated
by the public funding and that we need not consider the effect of
public funding
(similar argument with the case of insurance payment)
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
23. Legal problems
Let’s suppose we have found decline of real estate price:
Then, there are two ways to take such decline into
account:
Proprietary loss
Non-proprietary loss
Dual nature of hedonic valuation
Non-proprietary loss is capitalized into proprietary loss and
the latter is a good proxy for the former
23
Double compensation needs to be avoided
E.g., those who have received proprietary compensation are not
qualified for non-proprietary compensation
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
24. Proprietary loss
Is it possible to evaluate the ‘potential’ decrease of land
price as proprietary loss?
Positive arguments
Even if it is still ‘potential’, it is real loss
Negative arguments
When a victim is paid for her non-proprietary loss, she gets
double compensation
However, it is possible to adjust the two compensation
scheme
24
But it may invoke additional transaction cost
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
25. Non-proprietary loss
If it is difficult to compensate the decline of real estate
price as proprietary loss, then non-proprietary loss can
be a viable alternative
In addition, those who do not own real estate and are
just tenants do not suffer from the decline of housing
price
25
Rent is not so elastic (especially for downward)
Coastal area residents and evacuated people have come into
inland area, which causes temporary increase of rent
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
26. Non-proprietary loss
Since how residents value radiation contamination is
capitalized into real estate price, it is a good proxy for
non-proprietary loss
A tentative proposal:
Hypothesize typical size of a family house, which must be
bigger in Fukushima than in Tokyo, and calculate decrease of
hypothetical decline of real estate price
Compare with TEPCO’s guideline for those from the evacuated
area:
26
100,000 or 50,000/month for those who have evacuated
100,000 for those who have taken indoor-shelter
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
27. Non-proprietary loss
Need to account for heterogeneity?
Families with younger children must suffer lot more than
families with no children
A possible alternative
27
Compute the ratio of families with younger children;
Families without younger children are not qualified to nonproprietary loss;
Families with younger children are qualified to non-proprietary loss
multiplied by the inverse of the above ratio;
Cut-off age can be elementary school or junior high school
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
28. Non-proprietary loss
Underestimation?
Illiquidity of Fukushima real estate market
It may take longer time for the change of utility to be capitalized into
housing price
Difference of level of land price between urban area and rural
area
E.g., huge difference between price level of Tokyo and Fukushima
However, the same problem arises in case of life and casualty loss,
where damages are determined by income level
28
The difference is caused by capitalization of human capital and other
factors
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
29. Non-proprietary loss
In effect, ‘hedonic’ loss implies compensation for future
loss
Since future disutility is also capitalized into housing price, like
stock price
Double compensation must be avoided
29
Selling a house after receiving ‘hedonic’ loss does not cause double
compensation since the housing price is lower than before the
accident
Those who come after the accident can purchase houses with lower
price but are not qualified for ‘hedonic’ loss, since they ‘come to the
nuisance’
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
30. Non-proprietary loss
Mitigation principle?
If migration cost is cheaper than estimated decrease of real
estate price, then is it irrational to stay in Fukushima?
No!
The decision to stay in Fukushima is rational since there is
huge benefit from local ties and blood ties and moving out
from Fukushima would destroy such ties
30
Although there could be fake non-migrator, it is difficult to distinguish
them and we need to accept them
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
32. Concluding remarks
In order to achieve socially optimal deterrence, it is
basically necessary to compensate for the whole
externality
Traditional loss calculation method is not effective to
achieve this goal and more comprehensive approach is
desirable
32
Econometric method of hedonic approach can be a useful tool
as a proxy
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
33. Concluding remarks
CBA of decontamination
Although the cost of contamination is not included in the
intermediate guideline, it will probably included in the final
guideline
However, we need a cost-benefit analysis, for example, of
decontamination activity
If the cost is larger than the benefit, then the decontamination
process is not justified
33
Mitigation principle may require decreasing the amount of damages
If cost is smaller than benefit, then the decontamination is beneficial
A caveat: possibility of underestimation
Radiation Contamination (Morita)
May 22, 2013
Editor's Notes
慰謝料と表現するよりも,非財産的損害と表現した方がよい。
Need to add that this level of earthquakes is not an one-time-event. It happens every 30 years, not as large as M9.0, but M7.5-7.8. In order to deal with the possibility, Japan has adopted new safety standard for nuclear power plant and some of the plants are decided to shut down because they cannot clear the new standard.
Also , we should include that there has been no objective standard for mental damages in Japan so far (complete court’s discretion), this method can be a very effective alternative.
We need to account for double counting in case that people getting out of Fukushima is living in Niigata, Yamagata, and so on.
In order to deter this kind of efficient behavior, you may not need full-compensation, but disgorgement plus one-dollar payment is enough. (we need to think about this argument)
Debiasing may be less costly than simply paying compensation.