A look into “A Definitive Guide to the Brexit Negotiations” in Harvard Business Review, By Sadaf Alidad, MBA student of Alzahra University of Tehran (class assignment)
With the UK’s exit from the EU now just a year away, IGD’s chief economist James Walton has looked at the government’s current position and possible challenges ahead. Plus, what UK grocery businesses should have done by now and what you should try doing next.
The Economist Educational Foundation is a charity that was set up by The Economist in 2012. It enables young people to be involved in decisions affecting their lives by helping them develop thoughtful voices on social, political and economic issues. We work with ten year olds and upwards in the UK who might otherwise feel forced to stand on the edge of important conversations. Using The Economist’s journalistic expertise, we provide these young people with inspiring opportunities to learn about current affairs and develop the skills to engage with them in an open-minded and constructive way.
With the UK’s exit from the EU now just a year away, IGD’s chief economist James Walton has looked at the government’s current position and possible challenges ahead. Plus, what UK grocery businesses should have done by now and what you should try doing next.
The Economist Educational Foundation is a charity that was set up by The Economist in 2012. It enables young people to be involved in decisions affecting their lives by helping them develop thoughtful voices on social, political and economic issues. We work with ten year olds and upwards in the UK who might otherwise feel forced to stand on the edge of important conversations. Using The Economist’s journalistic expertise, we provide these young people with inspiring opportunities to learn about current affairs and develop the skills to engage with them in an open-minded and constructive way.
I did a presentation about the problem in UK known as BREXIT in detail and about EUROPEAN UNION. It will be helpful if u want to know about BREXIT and EU a little. Thank you
The Business of Brexit: How Will You Be Impacted?Gowling WLG
The U.K. has voted to leave the European Union. And while Brexit likely won't happen for at least two years, organizations around the world are anxiously wondering what it will mean for their business.
To address these questions in a Canadian context, Gowling WLG recently offered a series of Brexit seminars in our offices across Canada, titled “The Business of Brexit: How will you be impacted?”
With over 1,400 legal professionals in 18 cities worldwide — including across Canada, the U.K. and Europe — Gowling WLG is uniquely positioned to help clients navigate the challenges that Brexit may present.
Led by Gowling WLG’s Brexit experts, this on-demand seminar focuses on:
The process for the U.K. to withdraw from the EU
How the U.K. legal landscape may change
The potential impact of Brexit on Canadian businesses and key global industry sectors.
Slides from a webinar which took place on 6 September 2018. Presented by Chris Walker, senior external relations officer at NCVO, and Ben Westerman, NCVO's Brexit lead.
With Britons voting to take their country out of the European Union will reduce the politico-economic bloc to 27 members from 28. No corner of the global financial structure will remain unscathed. Market horses like currencies, commodities and equities are the first to find their courses altered, even as economic jockeys riding them - monetary policies, bank rates and macro-economic markers - will find it hard to adapt to the altered course.
Similarities abound between the shocking election of Donald Trump to the president of the United States and the United Kingdom’s equally shocking approval of Brexit. Brexit is an abbreviation of “British exit,” and refers to the UK’s plan to depart the European Union. The official referendum was held throughout England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland on June 23, 2016, and the decision by popular vote was to leave. Those that support the measure to leave are called ‘Brexiters’ and they came out on top in all four UK countries. The factors behind Brexit were sovereignty and immigration. But every good thing has a flip side too. Along with the good that British people though would happen because of Brexit some negative consequence might also be seen. Throughout this report I’ll be discussion the impact the Brexit could possible make in UK and EU and rest of the world.
Bangladesh is not above the impact of brexit. There are also some impact of brexit in economy of Bangladesh.
Various Manifolds are necessary during the maintenance of the instruments like Pressure Gauges - Switches & Transmitters, DP Gauges - Switches and Transmitters.
We have various types of Three Valve Manifolds in SS 316, CS, Monel 400 and Hestelloy C material.
Type of Three Valve Manifolds are R type, T type and H type.
Mounting Bracket also can be provided for the manifolds.
I did a presentation about the problem in UK known as BREXIT in detail and about EUROPEAN UNION. It will be helpful if u want to know about BREXIT and EU a little. Thank you
The Business of Brexit: How Will You Be Impacted?Gowling WLG
The U.K. has voted to leave the European Union. And while Brexit likely won't happen for at least two years, organizations around the world are anxiously wondering what it will mean for their business.
To address these questions in a Canadian context, Gowling WLG recently offered a series of Brexit seminars in our offices across Canada, titled “The Business of Brexit: How will you be impacted?”
With over 1,400 legal professionals in 18 cities worldwide — including across Canada, the U.K. and Europe — Gowling WLG is uniquely positioned to help clients navigate the challenges that Brexit may present.
Led by Gowling WLG’s Brexit experts, this on-demand seminar focuses on:
The process for the U.K. to withdraw from the EU
How the U.K. legal landscape may change
The potential impact of Brexit on Canadian businesses and key global industry sectors.
Slides from a webinar which took place on 6 September 2018. Presented by Chris Walker, senior external relations officer at NCVO, and Ben Westerman, NCVO's Brexit lead.
With Britons voting to take their country out of the European Union will reduce the politico-economic bloc to 27 members from 28. No corner of the global financial structure will remain unscathed. Market horses like currencies, commodities and equities are the first to find their courses altered, even as economic jockeys riding them - monetary policies, bank rates and macro-economic markers - will find it hard to adapt to the altered course.
Similarities abound between the shocking election of Donald Trump to the president of the United States and the United Kingdom’s equally shocking approval of Brexit. Brexit is an abbreviation of “British exit,” and refers to the UK’s plan to depart the European Union. The official referendum was held throughout England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland on June 23, 2016, and the decision by popular vote was to leave. Those that support the measure to leave are called ‘Brexiters’ and they came out on top in all four UK countries. The factors behind Brexit were sovereignty and immigration. But every good thing has a flip side too. Along with the good that British people though would happen because of Brexit some negative consequence might also be seen. Throughout this report I’ll be discussion the impact the Brexit could possible make in UK and EU and rest of the world.
Bangladesh is not above the impact of brexit. There are also some impact of brexit in economy of Bangladesh.
Various Manifolds are necessary during the maintenance of the instruments like Pressure Gauges - Switches & Transmitters, DP Gauges - Switches and Transmitters.
We have various types of Three Valve Manifolds in SS 316, CS, Monel 400 and Hestelloy C material.
Type of Three Valve Manifolds are R type, T type and H type.
Mounting Bracket also can be provided for the manifolds.
Varieties of Vacuum Switches are available on the basis of the Enclosure like IP 54, IP 54, IP 65 or, IP 66
Adjustable Range : 760 to 100 mm Hg Vacuum
Diaphragm : Teflon or, Neoprene
Pressure Housing MOC : Aluminium, Brass or, SS 316
In industrial application Thermowell is used to install Temperature Sensors, to protect it from higher pressure or, ease in replacement of the Temperature Sensor etc.
We have Baumer make DP Transmitters. DP Transmitters are also known as Differential Pressure Transmitters, Pressure Difference Transmitters, PD Transmitters, DP Transmitters
Varies Ranges : from 0 to 150 mm Wc up to 0 to 600 Bar
Differential (Dead Band) : Fixed (Within 10% of set value)
Temperature Range : -10 to 80 Degree C (for high temperature use of impulse tube is advisable)
Accuracy : +/- 1% to 2% FS
No. of Switches : one no. or, two nos.
Type of Switches : Micro Switches - SPDT
Sensing Element : Diaphragm (PTFE or Neoprene or SS 316) or Piston
Enclosure : Dustproof IP 40, Weatherproof to IP 54 / IP 65 / IP 66, Flameproof
We have various types of five valve manifolds, in SS 304 and SS316 construction. T type, R type and H type Five Valve manifolds are normally available exstock with us
Varieties of Vacuum Switches are available on the basis of the Enclosure like IP 54, IP 54, IP 65 or, IP 66
Adjustable Range : 760 to 100 mm Hg Vacuum
Diaphragm : Teflon or, Neoprene
Pressure Housing MOC : Aluminium, Brass or, SS 316
Flameproof Pressure Switches are designed as per IS2148 for Gas Gr. IIC Flameproof - CE Certification and approved by a leading European Lab – “BASEEFA” for ATEX & ICEEX certificates
Various Ranges : from 0 to 150 mm Wc upto 0 to 400 Bar
Differential (Dead Band) : Fixed (Within 10% of set value) Or, Adjustable
Sensing Element : Diaphragm (PTFE, Neoprene or, SS 316) or Piston
Enclosure : Flameproof to group IIC
Features:
Self Adjusting Tracking Radar Programmable (recommended) and Simple push-button calibration Output 4-20 mA/ 20-4mA (Isolated on 4 Wire Model's only ) Optional RS232 OR RS485 For communications with calibration diagnostics & data logging software PL Compatible (Modbus RTU) Three or four Wire Operation
Application:
1) Food and Beverages Water / Wastewater Chemicals with vapors
2) Solids with Dust Powder
Mechanical:
Conduit Entry : 1/2" NPT x 2
Enclosure : Aluminum or S.S-94V0
Ingress Protection : NEMA4 (IP65)Type 4/4X
Environmental:
Temperature : -40to 140 F (-40 to 60 C)
Approvals : FCC Part 15 - Low communication device
Installation category: class II
Process:
Temperature PP Rod : - 40 to 176 F (-40 to 80 c)
De-coupler & PTFE Rod - 40 to 350 F(-40 to 177 c)
Material Dielectric : Er >2
Max. Pressure : 5 bar (without De-coupler)
For very dusty applications divide max. range by two.
In industrial application Thermowell is used to install Temperature Sensors, to protect it from higher pressure or, ease in replacement of the Temperature Sensor etc.
Euroasia Industry special repot - Brexitadel mhiri
On June 23rd 2016, the British people will vote in a referendum on whether they wish for
the United Kingdom to remain in or leave the European Union. A vote to ‘leave’ would be
a major geopolitical event, but what would Britain's EU exit (or 'Brexit') mean for industry
in the UK, continental Europe and the rest of the world? Eric Payne reports on
foreseeable post-exit scenarios.
On June 23rd 2016, the British people will vote in a referendum on whether they wish for
the United Kingdom to remain in or leave the European Union. A vote to ‘leave’ would be
a major geopolitical event, but what would Britain's EU exit (or 'Brexit') mean for industry
in the UK, continental Europe and the rest of the world? Eric Payne reports on
foreseeable post-exit scenarios.
Ivo Pezzuto - "BREXIT" - THE GLOBAL ANALYST - MARCH 2016 Dr. Ivo Pezzuto
In this article, Dr. Ivo Pezzuto analyzes the politcal, eocnomic, and social consequences of a potential "Brexit" scenario following Britain's referendum of June 23rd, 2016.
The idea of creating a guide to the possible implications of Brexit came into being before the date for the Brexit referendum was set and the referendum campaign had begun. Now that the countdown to the June 23 vote is well underway, this has become a much more topical and current issue for everyone in the UK and I think that many more UK businesses are now engaged in active study and planning for Brexit scenarios.
From energy to financial services and the digital world, in this issue of Insights Brussels - a regular update on key EU policy developments our public affairs experts provide an update on the most relevant legislative initiatives in the pipeline. We remain available to support organisations in understanding and navigating the Brussels arena and the interplay with relevant national policy landscapes.
For real-time updates, follow @MSL_Brussels or reach out to us on Twitter @msl_group.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
A definitive guide to the brexit negotiations, By Sadaf Alidad
1. A look into “A Definitive
Guideto theBrexit
Negotiations” in Harvard
Business Review
By:SadafAlidad,MBA student
AlzahraUniversity of Tehran,Oct 2016
https://hbr.org/2016/08/a-definitive-guide-to-the-brexit-negotiations
2. What is Brexit?
– Brexit is an abbreviationfor "British exit,” which
refers to the June 23, 2016, referendum whereby
British citizensvoted to exit the European Union
4. How does this
article analyze
the split?
– examining important elementsofthe process,
– the key interestsand issues to be negotiated,
– the leverage each side has,
– some of the barriersto reaching a deal,
– potential outcomes,
– and strategic optionson both sidesof the table.
7. WhatAre the
Major Issues?
– Trade and Immigration
– Money paid to the EU
– Regulations
– Free movement of people
– Financial services
8. Trade and
immigration
Trade and Immigration
– David Davis:
– DonaldTusk:
Simply put, the UK wants to keep
the trade relationship with EU
members as it is today (free trade)
but significantly change the rules
surrounding the free movement of
people between the EU and the UK.
Roughly half of the immigrants to the UK
come from the EU, and polls conducted in
the run-up to the referendum suggest
that over 50% of those who supported
Brexit considered immigration their
biggest concern.
9. Money paid to
the EU
– Leave campaignersand supportersargued that the money saved
through Brexit could be used elsewhere (e.g., to enhance theUK’s
National Health Service)
– There isclear precedent for this stance.Norway,which is not a
member of the EU, paysinto the EU budget in order to have
accessto the single market.The precise amount that the UK
would pay will have to be negotiated.
10. Regulations
– Leave supporterscomplained about onerousregulationsimposed
by the EU, including environmentalstandards,product safety
rules, and minimum working conditionsfor employees.
First, many (perhaps
most)regulationswill
continue because they or
similar onesare important
for the UK, even if the EU
is not imposing them
Second,the EU could
continue to impose certain
regulationsafter Brexit in
exchange for the UK’s access
to the single market.
11. Free
movement of
people
– MillionsofUK citizenslive and work in Europe,and even the
loudest proponentsofBrexit want them to retain their rights
– BorisJohnson:“British people will still be able to go and work in
the EU; to live; to travel;to study; to buy homesand to settle
down.”
12. Financial
services
– A particular concern for theUK in these negotiationsisthe fate of
London’sfinancial servicessector.It playsan outsize role in the
broader EU financial industry,where it hasa trade surplus of
almost £20 billion with the rest of Europe.
14. EU Leverages:
The economics oftrade.
– Leave supporters have made the argument that the UK will be
negotiating from a position of strength because the EU exports more
to theUK (around £290 billion) than theUK exports to the EU (around
£220 billion).
– The argument is a flawed assessment of the actual stateof economic
leverage. The key is to look beyond absolute numbers and consider
the percentage of total exports they represent for each party. While
theUK exports a lower nominal amount to the EU, these exports
represent about 44% of totalUK exports. In contrast, exports to the
UK are only about 10%of total EU exports. By this measure, a “no
deal” (ora deal that hurts trade, to be more precise) is much worsefor
theUK than it is for the EU.
The need to deter future exits.
– This deal will be closely watched by nationalist parties in other
countries. If theUK is able to negotiate terms that give it a better deal
than it had when it was a member state, that could encourage
additional exits, which could jeopardize the union’s very existence.
15. – Martin Schulz,president ofthe European Parliament,
has stated,“There is no intention to ensure that the UK receives a
bad deal, but it is clear that there can be no better deal with the
EU than EU membership.The EUmoreover must look out for its
members’interestsand uphold its founding principles.The single
market,for example,entailsfour freedoms (capital,goods,
services, persons)and not three,or three and a half.”
16. EU Leverages:
– Too many veto players. It narrowsthe zone of possible
agreement but also allowsthe EU to credibly say that the UK will
have to make significant concessionsto bring enough EUvoteson
board.
– The psychology of precedents. Although it’s a smaller factor than
those listed above,the psychology ofdeal making iscurrently
working against theUK.All of the precedentsin place — Norway,
Switzerland,and evenCanada — instantiate the European claim
that there can be no “sweetheart deal,” and that it is not possible
to get accessto the European market without seriousconditions
and contributions.
17. UK Leverages:
– Economic impact on the EU. Albeit less than what the UK stands
to lose,the EU would lose financially in the event ofa deal that is
bad for trade (e.g., high tariffs).While thismight not be sufficient
leverage on its own,it does help to chip away at the problem for
the UK.
– Influence over key players. Notably,a number of the most
influential countriesin the EU (such asGermany)are the onesthat
are most dependent on trade with the UK.
– How these relationshipsare managed and howthey can be used
to influence the Brexit negotiationswith the EU will be crucial
considerationsfor theUK.
18.
19. UK Leverages:
– Security concerns. Everyone loses when the UK and EU drift apart
on mattersof security.And yet there are reasonsthat Europeans
should take the threat to strategic cooperationseriously.The
recent referendum shows a strong isolationist attitude in theUK,
and the EU might want to consider the degree to which
relationshipsmight deteriorate ifthe eventual deal is perceived as
one-sided (or punitive)by the British people.
– Timing of invokingArticle 50. Only theUK can invokeArticle 50.
When everyone wantssomething that only youcan provide,you
have leverage.Thisraisesthe possibility oftheUK agreeing to
invokeArticle 50sooner in exchange for concessions
20. A Key Barrier:
False
Promises
The amount of money going to the EU was overstated;
The ability to limit contributionsto the EUfollowing Brexit
was exaggerated;
The impact ofimmigrantson the economy wasmisstated;
The ability to control immigration after a deal was inflated;
And how much the National Health Service would benefit from a
Brexit windfall was so inaccurate that the promise waswalked
back literally the day after the Brexit vote.
22. WhatAre the
Possible
Outcomes?
– No deal =WTO rules. If no agreement isreached within two years
and the EU treatiesexpire, the default is that the UK and EU would
trade according toWorldTradeOrganization rules.
– The Norway model. There already isa model in place for
European countriesthat do not wish to join the EU but want
accessto the single market.Norway accessesthe market through
the European EconomicArea.In exchange,Norway agreesto
many conditions,includingthe free movement of people,most EU
regulations,and financial contributionsto the EU.
23. WhatAre the
Possible
Outcomes?
– Other national models. Other modelsto followinclude those
used by Switzerland andCanada.
– A unique UK deal. A one-of-a-kind deal iswhat theUK
government will push for, but it would be foolhardy to think that
anyUK deal will ignore precedentsor allowLondon to get all of
what it wants without significant concessionsin other areas.
– A partial deal. Any extension to the negotiationsbeyond the two-
year time period will require unanimousconsent from the 27 EU
nationsremaining. TheUK and EU negotiatorswould be wise to
wrap up whatever portionsofa broader agreement they can
before having thingsgo to a vote on extending talks.
24. NO BREXIT!
– Not following through on Brexit after all. Currently thisoption is
not on the table — but once youconsider each side’s leverage and
how difficult it will be to achieve a “good” deal (especially for theUK),
negotiatorsmight want to keep thisoption alive (albeit unspoken)as
they assess their bargaining power and craft their strategy.
25. InConclusion
– The worst mistake either side could make right nowisto take
aggressive unilateral stepsto improve its bargaining
position without taking into account howthismight cause the
other side to escalate further.
– While EU leadershave seemingly ruled out any talks,however
informal,beforeArticle 50is invoked,I find it hard to believe that
back-channelconversationsare not under way.(And if they are
not,they should be.)
26. Negotiating
the Impossible
– So, even seemingly impossible situationscan be handled well if
negotiators:
1. stay cool,
2. prepare systematically,
3. strategize with an eye on all relevant factors,
4. have empathy for the needs and constraintsofthe other side,
5. and understand that the goal isnot to “win” but to achieve
their objectives.