This document provides background information on a study that evaluated Kenya's Primary Schools' Instructional Materials Programme. The programme aims to provide textbooks and other materials to public primary schools to enhance educational quality. The evaluation sought to assess how effectively textbooks have been used to facilitate learning. It also examined implications for Kenya's planned laptop classroom initiative. The evaluation was intended to identify areas for strengthening the textbook programme and inform the laptop programme.
This exploratory study was aimed at evaluating a module on the basis of the constructivist learning strategies to enhance the students’ motivation in Statistics learning. The design and development followed the Universal Design of Learning principles. The design included flexible instructional materials, techniques, and strategies for differentiating instruction which benefited the students of English Education Department taking the Statistics course. The study used a survey covering of 33 students. The students’ and teacher’ responses to questionnaires revealed that the students’ motivation and satisfaction increased toward the Statistics course in which Universal Design of Learning using various means of representation, action, and engagement was applied. It also suggested that the module was effective and that the Universal Design of Learning Model from the learners’ viewpoint put more emphasis on instruction. Its content was suitable in designing and developing module on Statistics in the higher educational context in Indonesia. The study results are expected to reveal information on how to further improve the Statistics teaching and learning quality. The implications of the research are provided along with suggestions.
Addressing student variability in educational designAlan Bruce
The role and fuction of Universal Design for Learning as a technique in cereating more inclusive learning systems at a time of change for schools and teachers. Presented at ODS Summer School in Marathon, Greece on 15 July 2014
TEACHER’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS UTILISING FUTURE GADGETS IN EDUCATION ijcax
Today’s era is an era of modernization and globalization. Everything is happening at a very fast rate whether it is politics, societal reforms, commercialization, transportation, or educational innovations. In every few second, technology grows either in the form of arrival of the new devices/gadgets with millions of apps and these latest technological objects may be in the form of hardware/software devices. We are the
educationists, teachers, students and stakeholders of present Indian educational system. These gadgets/devices are partly being used by us or most of them are still unaware of these innovative technologies due to the mass media or economical factor. So, there is a need to improvise ourselves towards utilizing the future gadgets in order to explore the educational uses, barriers and preparatoryneeds of these available devices for educational purposes. This paper aims to study the opinion of the teacher-educators about the usage of future gadgets in higher education. It will also contribute towards establishing the list of latest technological devices, and how it can enhances the process of teachinglearning system.
Enhancement of Student Preparation for Global Serviceinventionjournals
University students are expected to acquire proficiency in skills used in the profession and to serve globally as they graduate. Efficacy of this has been supported in studies in which skill mastery was enhanced through provision of experiential assignments. Service learning is a teaching and learning strategy that integrates meaningful community service with instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience. Problem-based learning provides active, hands-on learning that is centered on real-world problems or issues. A qualitative study was conducted by the researchers with five online courses in graduate counselor education and a total of 536 students over a 2.5 year period to assess student application of course concepts in a realworld environment with cultural diversity. Student projects focused on identification of needs and individual work to serve those needs, such as volunteering with a cultural group other than their own and development of websites to address collective population issues of need. This paper shares reflections and benefits found in student projects with these courses. Results of the study supported efficacy of Service Learning and ProblemBased Learning to enhance student mastery of course content and preparation for global service after degree completion.
This exploratory study was aimed at evaluating a module on the basis of the constructivist learning strategies to enhance the students’ motivation in Statistics learning. The design and development followed the Universal Design of Learning principles. The design included flexible instructional materials, techniques, and strategies for differentiating instruction which benefited the students of English Education Department taking the Statistics course. The study used a survey covering of 33 students. The students’ and teacher’ responses to questionnaires revealed that the students’ motivation and satisfaction increased toward the Statistics course in which Universal Design of Learning using various means of representation, action, and engagement was applied. It also suggested that the module was effective and that the Universal Design of Learning Model from the learners’ viewpoint put more emphasis on instruction. Its content was suitable in designing and developing module on Statistics in the higher educational context in Indonesia. The study results are expected to reveal information on how to further improve the Statistics teaching and learning quality. The implications of the research are provided along with suggestions.
Addressing student variability in educational designAlan Bruce
The role and fuction of Universal Design for Learning as a technique in cereating more inclusive learning systems at a time of change for schools and teachers. Presented at ODS Summer School in Marathon, Greece on 15 July 2014
TEACHER’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS UTILISING FUTURE GADGETS IN EDUCATION ijcax
Today’s era is an era of modernization and globalization. Everything is happening at a very fast rate whether it is politics, societal reforms, commercialization, transportation, or educational innovations. In every few second, technology grows either in the form of arrival of the new devices/gadgets with millions of apps and these latest technological objects may be in the form of hardware/software devices. We are the
educationists, teachers, students and stakeholders of present Indian educational system. These gadgets/devices are partly being used by us or most of them are still unaware of these innovative technologies due to the mass media or economical factor. So, there is a need to improvise ourselves towards utilizing the future gadgets in order to explore the educational uses, barriers and preparatoryneeds of these available devices for educational purposes. This paper aims to study the opinion of the teacher-educators about the usage of future gadgets in higher education. It will also contribute towards establishing the list of latest technological devices, and how it can enhances the process of teachinglearning system.
Enhancement of Student Preparation for Global Serviceinventionjournals
University students are expected to acquire proficiency in skills used in the profession and to serve globally as they graduate. Efficacy of this has been supported in studies in which skill mastery was enhanced through provision of experiential assignments. Service learning is a teaching and learning strategy that integrates meaningful community service with instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience. Problem-based learning provides active, hands-on learning that is centered on real-world problems or issues. A qualitative study was conducted by the researchers with five online courses in graduate counselor education and a total of 536 students over a 2.5 year period to assess student application of course concepts in a realworld environment with cultural diversity. Student projects focused on identification of needs and individual work to serve those needs, such as volunteering with a cultural group other than their own and development of websites to address collective population issues of need. This paper shares reflections and benefits found in student projects with these courses. Results of the study supported efficacy of Service Learning and ProblemBased Learning to enhance student mastery of course content and preparation for global service after degree completion.
An evaluation of_the_conditions,_processes,_and_consequences_of_laptop_comput...Cathy Cavanaugh
This article examines how laptop computing technology, teacher professional
development, and systematic support resulted in changed teaching practices
and increased student achievement in 47 K-12 schools in 11 Florida school
districts. The overview of a large-scale study documents the type and
magnitude of change in student-centered teaching, technology tool-based
teaching, and student learning that were observed in 440 classrooms over
the course of a school year. By employing multiple observations in all
schools, document analysis, interviews, and teacher inquiry, an account of the
conditions, processes, and consequences (Hall, 1995) of laptop computing
was generated. Based on the analysis of data, laptop computing had a positive
impact across districts, particularly in regard to changes in teaching practices.
Increases in student achievement were also demonstrated across districts.
This study calls attention to systemic issues associated with successful laptop
implementation and provides implications for statewide laptop programs.
READING COMPREHENSION AND PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS OF GRADE SEVENSTUDENTS: A MI...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the extent of students‟
reading comprehension and problem solving skills and identify teaching strategies that would address the
problem in teaching problem solving in Mathematics. The research utilized mixed explanatory design. The
subject consists of 189 grade 7 students who were part of the general section enrolled at Davao City National
High School. Purposive sampling was used in identifying the respondents taking the reading comprehension test
and problem solving test while random sampling was used in identifying participants for the key informant
interview. The result of the study revealed that students reading comprehension and problem solving skills were
at developing level. Moreover, reading comprehension skill was a predictor of problem solving skill. This
means that students‟ problem solving skill is dependent on their reading skills. Results also showed from the
conducted focus group discussion that students gave importance to vocabulary and main idea in learning
problem solving. Furthermore, using differentiated instruction was the identified best teaching strategy to
understand problem solving.
Resource utilization is an integral part of the overall management of the school. Education in a school is explored by provision of resources, their maximum utilization and management. Proper management of resources enhances students’ performance and achieves the educational objectives. The success or failure of any organization, business or enterprise depends highly on proper management of human and material resources. The purpose of this study was to establish the physical determinants of management of educational resources for enhancing students’ performance in secondary schools in Vihiga County. The specific objective was to establish the physical determinants of educational resources management and their influence on students’ performance in secondary schools in Vihiga County. A descriptive survey design was adopted. The sample size composed of principles, teachers, students and County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers. Simple random sampling method, saturated sampling technique and purposive sampling method were used to select samples. Questionnaires, in-depth interview guides, observation schedules and document analysis were used to collect data. Reliability of instruments was explored in the pilot study conducted in 3 secondary schools. Results of reliability of the instruments were assessed using Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient test. Face validity was established by availing instruments to supervisors. Qualitative data from interviews was transcribed and reported according to emerging themes, categories and sub-categories while quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts and percentages. Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient was used to establish relationships between variables. Findings of the study revealed that the physical determinants of educational resources management were availability and adequacy of the resources. From the study, it is recommended that the government provides adequate educational resources in schools to enhance good performance of learners in exams.
Using Visual Aids to Enhance Third Year Undergraduate Teacher Trainee Student...Premier Publishers
There is a plethora of teaching strategies that are espoused by the science teacher to attain his/her lesson objectives. Researchers have over the years found most of these methods, the tactics used by teachers in teaching, to be effective in teaching science concepts to learners. However, research has not ascertained which one teaching strategy is most effective in imparting knowledge to learners. This study seeks to find an appropriate teaching strategy that will arouse the interest and participation of students in the teaching and learning process. Visual aids were employed as the main intervention strategy. A total of one hundred third year undergraduate teacher trainees from the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana constitute the research sample. The participants were put into experimental and control groups. Tests and questionnaires were the main instruments used to collect data for analysis. Data collected were analyzed quantitatively using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS. The study found that the academic achievement of the students in the experimental group improved tremendously after the intervention, as opposed to that of their counterparts in the control group. The study concludes with the recommendation that visual aids should be used to teach concepts of science that are abstract in nature in order to make the lesson real to the learners.
EXPLORING THE USE OF DIGITAL DEVICES AMONG PUPILS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIESijma
The use of digital devices helped pupils memorize, enhance understanding and fully participate in learning.
One of the findings is that, during 55% of the time of the researchers observation, the computers were not
used at all. The purpose of this study is to assessing teachers' emphasis, exploring the positive effect of
using digital devices on PLD and the use of support software of digital devicesinTnL.This study used a
qualitative approach of case studies that involve interviews, observations and analysis of documents of
pupils work. The findings showed that teachers always perform audio activities using digital device tools
such as computers. These activitieswere particularly relevant with the PLD learning style. The popular
support resources used include digital software, mobile phones and youtube.Teachers are encouraged to
use digital devices and software due to several effects on PLD such as focusing with fun in learning.
Quality of Secondary Schools Trained Geography Teachers in Universities and D...MOHAMEDMUCHIRI
There has been a concern about the quality of secondary schools teachers being prepared and produced by University and Teachers Training Colleges especially in pedagogy and use of instructional resources which is naturally and technically a pedagogical issue. The study was guided by Shulman`s concept of pedagogical content knowledge. A total sample of the study was ten (10) secondary schools, ten (10) Heads of department, fifty (50) Geography teachers and five hundred (500) Geography students. Schools, Geography teachers and Heads/Chairs of departments were purposively selected while form three (3) and form four (4) classes were selected by simple random method. The researcher used a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design involving both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Data were collected using questionnaires for Geography Teachers and interview schedules for Heads/Chairs of departments, observation schedules, and resources checklist. The major findings were most of University trained Geography teachers were not competent enough in pedagogy and faced difficulties in utilization of educational technology in teaching/ learning process which included: insufficient knowledge of meaningful instructional activities, fewer lessons in the timetable as recommended by the ministry, inadequacy of teaching/learning resources, examination oriented programme, cheating and inadequate teacher professional development in Geography. It was also noted most of TTCS trained teachers had been effectively oriented on the use of instructional resources but follow- up a mechanism like in-service training was inadequate. Based on research findings, the study recommended that Geography teachers should be in-service in the use of practical approaches and at least have six lessons per week to enable them to cover syllabus on time. It was also recommended that the ministry of education modernize all secondary schools in Kenya by technologizing them to make them tandem with the expectation of modern education. In addition, it was further recommended that most of the Geography departments should have Geography rooms which should be well equipped.
Alternative Learning Delivery Modalities (ALDM) of Secondary Social Studies T...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT ; This research study explored the aspects of different Alternative Learning Delivery Modalities
(ALDMs)such as Home-Based/Modular Learning, the Blended Learning and Online Class Learning for
utilization of Secondary Social Studies Teachers aimed to address teaching pedagogies in the new normal. It
also focused on ascertaining the preferred support from their school on ALDMs. The respondents were the
Junior and Senior Social Studies teachers from Secondary Schools of Zone 2, DepEd, Division of Zambales,
Philippines. It was conducted during the second quarter of the school year 2020-2021. The research study is
descriptive and quantitative in its analysis. The Social Studies teachers are very much ready in ALDM mainly
on Home-Based/Modular Learning. The Social Studies teachers strongly agreed that they preferred to be
supported on ALDMs primarily on technological infrastructures and trainings and seminars. Specifically, the
teachers aimed and needs to be more familiar on the guidelines of blended learning utilization inside the
classroom and the need to be supplied with sufficient, strong and stable Internet bandwidth or speed. The
analysis of variance result revealed a significant difference in the perceived readiness/preparedness in the
ALDMs.
KEYWORDS: Alternative Learning Delivery Modalities, Home-Based/Modular Learning, Blended Learning,
Online Class Learning, Secondary Social Studies Teachers, COVID19 Pandemic
Influence of School Rules' Formulation on Students' Discipline in Public Seco...inventionjournals
Since independence, the Kenyan Government's desire has been to ensure quality education. However, learning institutions have been plagued with cases of students’ unrest and indiscipline which mitigate against quality education. In spite of the existence of school rules, many secondary schools are reporting a wide range of potentially disruptive behaviors in the classrooms and around the schools. This study sought to investigate the influence of school rules' formulation on students' discipline in public secondary schools in Makueni County. It was guided by four research objectives which were: to determine the influence of students' involvement in the process of formulating school rules on their discipline, to find out whether students know all their school rules and the influence on their discipline, to establish whether students like their school rules and the influence on their discipline and to determine the influence of shared goals and plans on students' discipline in public secondary schools in Makueni County. The study targeted 324 principals, 3,865 teachers and 97,200 students in public secondary schools in Makueni County, and employed descriptive survey design. The sample size of the study, which was obtained by stratified and simple random sampling procedures, was 100 principals, 387 teachers and 398 students who participated in the study. Questionnaire, interview guide and observation schedule research instruments were utilized for the study. Test-retest technique of reliability was used to affirm the reliability of the instruments. The reliability coefficient of the instruments was 0.675 for questionnaire for students and 0.748 for questionnaire for the teachers. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in frequency tables. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to test the hypothesis. From the data analysis, it was found out that the processes of formulation of school rules and regulations had significant positive relationship at r=+0.612, p=0.030 with levels of students' discipline in public secondary schools in Makueni County. The researcher recommended that principals in public secondary school in Makueni County should actively involve students in the process of formulation of school rules and regulations, so as to enhance students’ discipline.
Influence of Preschool Teachers’ Academic and Professional Qualification on E...paperpublications3
Abstract: Studies in Kisii Central Sub-County, Kenya shows a worrying trend in children’s academic achievement at preschool level, therefore the current study established how academically and professionally preschool teachers are prepared to effectively implement ECDE curriculum. This study was guided by descriptive survey design and Fullan (1991) Curriculum Implementation Model. The population sample included 58 primary head teachers and 52 preschool teachers. The validity of the instruments was determined through the expert judgement by the university lecturer. Reliability was established by calculating internal consistency using cronbach’s alpha formula and reliability of 0.826 was reported. The questionnaires and interview schedule were administered to collect data, for a period of 3 months. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data from interviews was analyzed thematically. The study findings were; that most preschool teachers had the necessary academic qualification as a foundation for training in ECDE curriculum implementation. The study also found that there was low extent of professional training among preschool teachers in Kisii Central Sub-county. The Kenyan Ministry of Education should design policies and programs that encourage preschool teacher training and in-service training of the preschool teachers to enhance their service offering techniques for effective implementation of the ECDE curriculum.
21st Century Pedagogy: Transformational Approachijtsrd
Pedagogies are constantly evolving and great emphasis has been laid on the teachers to use effective teaching strategies and method to improve students' achievement. That is why pedagogy is one of the important factors that need to revisit in order to maximize the attainment of educational objectives. Based on the data gathered, technology in the classroom, differentiated instruction and student centered approach should be adapted and modeled across the country to elevate and nourish the capability of the students to go beyond limitation. Further, the way students learn and comprehend have change dramatically educators must also evolve from traditional way to 21st century way of teaching. Novelita T. Bornea | Ma. Georgina B. Espa±ol | Ma. May A. Buala | Pedrito S. Ocba Jr "21st Century Pedagogy: Transformational Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29806.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29806/21st-century-pedagogy-transformational-approach/novelita-t-bornea
Governments, educators and the public often believe that combining English language with information technology skills is important to be successful (Tuan, 2011). WebQuestsare a framework for learner-centered instruction in teaching English as a foreign language when using Internet resources. This study investigated the effect of WebQuests on Grade 11 reading comprehension in a secondary school in the UAE. It also investigated perceptions of WebQuests as a study tool. A quasi-experimental research design was used with control and experimental groups. In addition, a Likert scale questionnaire examined perceptions of WebQuests. An analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results indicated a statistically significant improvement in reading by the experimental group. Additionally, positive attitudes were reported towards WebQuests. Students felt that WebQuests enhanced collaboration, language skills, reading and higher order thinking skills. Finally, recommendations for further studies will also be discussed in this paper.
Influence of Instructional Resources on the Sustainability of Hundred Percent...ijtsrd
This study purposed to establish the influence of instructional resources on the sustainability of hundred percent transition policy in public secondary schools in Bungoma County. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. Data was collected using a questionnaire and interview schedule. The population of the study consisted of 440 Principals and 1,320 secondary school teachers. The sample size of 132 of teachers was selected using of ten percent of the teachers while 44 principals were selected using purposive sampling. The findings of the study showed that the schools lacked adequate instructional resources to cater for the ballooning number of students. The study recommends that the government should avail adequate instructional resources in the schools for effective implementation of the hundred percent transition policy. Jane Barasa | Roselyne Ochwada "Influence of Instructional Resources on the Sustainability of Hundred Percent Transition Policy in Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50342.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/organizational-behaviour/50342/influence-of-instructional-resources-on-the-sustainability-of-hundred-percent-transition-policy-in-secondary-schools-in-bungoma-county-kenya/jane-barasa
An evaluation of_the_conditions,_processes,_and_consequences_of_laptop_comput...Cathy Cavanaugh
This article examines how laptop computing technology, teacher professional
development, and systematic support resulted in changed teaching practices
and increased student achievement in 47 K-12 schools in 11 Florida school
districts. The overview of a large-scale study documents the type and
magnitude of change in student-centered teaching, technology tool-based
teaching, and student learning that were observed in 440 classrooms over
the course of a school year. By employing multiple observations in all
schools, document analysis, interviews, and teacher inquiry, an account of the
conditions, processes, and consequences (Hall, 1995) of laptop computing
was generated. Based on the analysis of data, laptop computing had a positive
impact across districts, particularly in regard to changes in teaching practices.
Increases in student achievement were also demonstrated across districts.
This study calls attention to systemic issues associated with successful laptop
implementation and provides implications for statewide laptop programs.
READING COMPREHENSION AND PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS OF GRADE SEVENSTUDENTS: A MI...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the extent of students‟
reading comprehension and problem solving skills and identify teaching strategies that would address the
problem in teaching problem solving in Mathematics. The research utilized mixed explanatory design. The
subject consists of 189 grade 7 students who were part of the general section enrolled at Davao City National
High School. Purposive sampling was used in identifying the respondents taking the reading comprehension test
and problem solving test while random sampling was used in identifying participants for the key informant
interview. The result of the study revealed that students reading comprehension and problem solving skills were
at developing level. Moreover, reading comprehension skill was a predictor of problem solving skill. This
means that students‟ problem solving skill is dependent on their reading skills. Results also showed from the
conducted focus group discussion that students gave importance to vocabulary and main idea in learning
problem solving. Furthermore, using differentiated instruction was the identified best teaching strategy to
understand problem solving.
Resource utilization is an integral part of the overall management of the school. Education in a school is explored by provision of resources, their maximum utilization and management. Proper management of resources enhances students’ performance and achieves the educational objectives. The success or failure of any organization, business or enterprise depends highly on proper management of human and material resources. The purpose of this study was to establish the physical determinants of management of educational resources for enhancing students’ performance in secondary schools in Vihiga County. The specific objective was to establish the physical determinants of educational resources management and their influence on students’ performance in secondary schools in Vihiga County. A descriptive survey design was adopted. The sample size composed of principles, teachers, students and County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers. Simple random sampling method, saturated sampling technique and purposive sampling method were used to select samples. Questionnaires, in-depth interview guides, observation schedules and document analysis were used to collect data. Reliability of instruments was explored in the pilot study conducted in 3 secondary schools. Results of reliability of the instruments were assessed using Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient test. Face validity was established by availing instruments to supervisors. Qualitative data from interviews was transcribed and reported according to emerging themes, categories and sub-categories while quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts and percentages. Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient was used to establish relationships between variables. Findings of the study revealed that the physical determinants of educational resources management were availability and adequacy of the resources. From the study, it is recommended that the government provides adequate educational resources in schools to enhance good performance of learners in exams.
Using Visual Aids to Enhance Third Year Undergraduate Teacher Trainee Student...Premier Publishers
There is a plethora of teaching strategies that are espoused by the science teacher to attain his/her lesson objectives. Researchers have over the years found most of these methods, the tactics used by teachers in teaching, to be effective in teaching science concepts to learners. However, research has not ascertained which one teaching strategy is most effective in imparting knowledge to learners. This study seeks to find an appropriate teaching strategy that will arouse the interest and participation of students in the teaching and learning process. Visual aids were employed as the main intervention strategy. A total of one hundred third year undergraduate teacher trainees from the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana constitute the research sample. The participants were put into experimental and control groups. Tests and questionnaires were the main instruments used to collect data for analysis. Data collected were analyzed quantitatively using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS. The study found that the academic achievement of the students in the experimental group improved tremendously after the intervention, as opposed to that of their counterparts in the control group. The study concludes with the recommendation that visual aids should be used to teach concepts of science that are abstract in nature in order to make the lesson real to the learners.
EXPLORING THE USE OF DIGITAL DEVICES AMONG PUPILS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIESijma
The use of digital devices helped pupils memorize, enhance understanding and fully participate in learning.
One of the findings is that, during 55% of the time of the researchers observation, the computers were not
used at all. The purpose of this study is to assessing teachers' emphasis, exploring the positive effect of
using digital devices on PLD and the use of support software of digital devicesinTnL.This study used a
qualitative approach of case studies that involve interviews, observations and analysis of documents of
pupils work. The findings showed that teachers always perform audio activities using digital device tools
such as computers. These activitieswere particularly relevant with the PLD learning style. The popular
support resources used include digital software, mobile phones and youtube.Teachers are encouraged to
use digital devices and software due to several effects on PLD such as focusing with fun in learning.
Quality of Secondary Schools Trained Geography Teachers in Universities and D...MOHAMEDMUCHIRI
There has been a concern about the quality of secondary schools teachers being prepared and produced by University and Teachers Training Colleges especially in pedagogy and use of instructional resources which is naturally and technically a pedagogical issue. The study was guided by Shulman`s concept of pedagogical content knowledge. A total sample of the study was ten (10) secondary schools, ten (10) Heads of department, fifty (50) Geography teachers and five hundred (500) Geography students. Schools, Geography teachers and Heads/Chairs of departments were purposively selected while form three (3) and form four (4) classes were selected by simple random method. The researcher used a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design involving both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Data were collected using questionnaires for Geography Teachers and interview schedules for Heads/Chairs of departments, observation schedules, and resources checklist. The major findings were most of University trained Geography teachers were not competent enough in pedagogy and faced difficulties in utilization of educational technology in teaching/ learning process which included: insufficient knowledge of meaningful instructional activities, fewer lessons in the timetable as recommended by the ministry, inadequacy of teaching/learning resources, examination oriented programme, cheating and inadequate teacher professional development in Geography. It was also noted most of TTCS trained teachers had been effectively oriented on the use of instructional resources but follow- up a mechanism like in-service training was inadequate. Based on research findings, the study recommended that Geography teachers should be in-service in the use of practical approaches and at least have six lessons per week to enable them to cover syllabus on time. It was also recommended that the ministry of education modernize all secondary schools in Kenya by technologizing them to make them tandem with the expectation of modern education. In addition, it was further recommended that most of the Geography departments should have Geography rooms which should be well equipped.
Alternative Learning Delivery Modalities (ALDM) of Secondary Social Studies T...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT ; This research study explored the aspects of different Alternative Learning Delivery Modalities
(ALDMs)such as Home-Based/Modular Learning, the Blended Learning and Online Class Learning for
utilization of Secondary Social Studies Teachers aimed to address teaching pedagogies in the new normal. It
also focused on ascertaining the preferred support from their school on ALDMs. The respondents were the
Junior and Senior Social Studies teachers from Secondary Schools of Zone 2, DepEd, Division of Zambales,
Philippines. It was conducted during the second quarter of the school year 2020-2021. The research study is
descriptive and quantitative in its analysis. The Social Studies teachers are very much ready in ALDM mainly
on Home-Based/Modular Learning. The Social Studies teachers strongly agreed that they preferred to be
supported on ALDMs primarily on technological infrastructures and trainings and seminars. Specifically, the
teachers aimed and needs to be more familiar on the guidelines of blended learning utilization inside the
classroom and the need to be supplied with sufficient, strong and stable Internet bandwidth or speed. The
analysis of variance result revealed a significant difference in the perceived readiness/preparedness in the
ALDMs.
KEYWORDS: Alternative Learning Delivery Modalities, Home-Based/Modular Learning, Blended Learning,
Online Class Learning, Secondary Social Studies Teachers, COVID19 Pandemic
Influence of School Rules' Formulation on Students' Discipline in Public Seco...inventionjournals
Since independence, the Kenyan Government's desire has been to ensure quality education. However, learning institutions have been plagued with cases of students’ unrest and indiscipline which mitigate against quality education. In spite of the existence of school rules, many secondary schools are reporting a wide range of potentially disruptive behaviors in the classrooms and around the schools. This study sought to investigate the influence of school rules' formulation on students' discipline in public secondary schools in Makueni County. It was guided by four research objectives which were: to determine the influence of students' involvement in the process of formulating school rules on their discipline, to find out whether students know all their school rules and the influence on their discipline, to establish whether students like their school rules and the influence on their discipline and to determine the influence of shared goals and plans on students' discipline in public secondary schools in Makueni County. The study targeted 324 principals, 3,865 teachers and 97,200 students in public secondary schools in Makueni County, and employed descriptive survey design. The sample size of the study, which was obtained by stratified and simple random sampling procedures, was 100 principals, 387 teachers and 398 students who participated in the study. Questionnaire, interview guide and observation schedule research instruments were utilized for the study. Test-retest technique of reliability was used to affirm the reliability of the instruments. The reliability coefficient of the instruments was 0.675 for questionnaire for students and 0.748 for questionnaire for the teachers. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in frequency tables. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to test the hypothesis. From the data analysis, it was found out that the processes of formulation of school rules and regulations had significant positive relationship at r=+0.612, p=0.030 with levels of students' discipline in public secondary schools in Makueni County. The researcher recommended that principals in public secondary school in Makueni County should actively involve students in the process of formulation of school rules and regulations, so as to enhance students’ discipline.
Influence of Preschool Teachers’ Academic and Professional Qualification on E...paperpublications3
Abstract: Studies in Kisii Central Sub-County, Kenya shows a worrying trend in children’s academic achievement at preschool level, therefore the current study established how academically and professionally preschool teachers are prepared to effectively implement ECDE curriculum. This study was guided by descriptive survey design and Fullan (1991) Curriculum Implementation Model. The population sample included 58 primary head teachers and 52 preschool teachers. The validity of the instruments was determined through the expert judgement by the university lecturer. Reliability was established by calculating internal consistency using cronbach’s alpha formula and reliability of 0.826 was reported. The questionnaires and interview schedule were administered to collect data, for a period of 3 months. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data from interviews was analyzed thematically. The study findings were; that most preschool teachers had the necessary academic qualification as a foundation for training in ECDE curriculum implementation. The study also found that there was low extent of professional training among preschool teachers in Kisii Central Sub-county. The Kenyan Ministry of Education should design policies and programs that encourage preschool teacher training and in-service training of the preschool teachers to enhance their service offering techniques for effective implementation of the ECDE curriculum.
21st Century Pedagogy: Transformational Approachijtsrd
Pedagogies are constantly evolving and great emphasis has been laid on the teachers to use effective teaching strategies and method to improve students' achievement. That is why pedagogy is one of the important factors that need to revisit in order to maximize the attainment of educational objectives. Based on the data gathered, technology in the classroom, differentiated instruction and student centered approach should be adapted and modeled across the country to elevate and nourish the capability of the students to go beyond limitation. Further, the way students learn and comprehend have change dramatically educators must also evolve from traditional way to 21st century way of teaching. Novelita T. Bornea | Ma. Georgina B. Espa±ol | Ma. May A. Buala | Pedrito S. Ocba Jr "21st Century Pedagogy: Transformational Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29806.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29806/21st-century-pedagogy-transformational-approach/novelita-t-bornea
Governments, educators and the public often believe that combining English language with information technology skills is important to be successful (Tuan, 2011). WebQuestsare a framework for learner-centered instruction in teaching English as a foreign language when using Internet resources. This study investigated the effect of WebQuests on Grade 11 reading comprehension in a secondary school in the UAE. It also investigated perceptions of WebQuests as a study tool. A quasi-experimental research design was used with control and experimental groups. In addition, a Likert scale questionnaire examined perceptions of WebQuests. An analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results indicated a statistically significant improvement in reading by the experimental group. Additionally, positive attitudes were reported towards WebQuests. Students felt that WebQuests enhanced collaboration, language skills, reading and higher order thinking skills. Finally, recommendations for further studies will also be discussed in this paper.
Influence of Instructional Resources on the Sustainability of Hundred Percent...ijtsrd
This study purposed to establish the influence of instructional resources on the sustainability of hundred percent transition policy in public secondary schools in Bungoma County. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. Data was collected using a questionnaire and interview schedule. The population of the study consisted of 440 Principals and 1,320 secondary school teachers. The sample size of 132 of teachers was selected using of ten percent of the teachers while 44 principals were selected using purposive sampling. The findings of the study showed that the schools lacked adequate instructional resources to cater for the ballooning number of students. The study recommends that the government should avail adequate instructional resources in the schools for effective implementation of the hundred percent transition policy. Jane Barasa | Roselyne Ochwada "Influence of Instructional Resources on the Sustainability of Hundred Percent Transition Policy in Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50342.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/organizational-behaviour/50342/influence-of-instructional-resources-on-the-sustainability-of-hundred-percent-transition-policy-in-secondary-schools-in-bungoma-county-kenya/jane-barasa
The Effectiveness of Thematic Teaching Approach on Developing Reading Skills ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Thematic teaching approach is a strategy which connects all subject areas using a common theme hence making learning integrated and meaningful. The purpose or this study was to investigate the effectiveness of thematic teaching approach on developing reading skills among preschoolers in Manga Sub-County, Nyamira County, Kenya. The target population for the study included 120 ECDE teachers and 800 preschoolers. The study used cluster and simple random sampling techniques in obtaining a sample size of 36 pre-unit teachers and 240 preschoolers. Data was collected by means of questionnaires and observation checklists. The findings indicated that thematic teaching approach was the common approach which was used to develop reading skill among pre-school children. The study also found that pre-schools in which their ECDE teachers always used thematic approach to develop reading skills performed relatively better than those where teachers rarely or never used the approach. However, reading skills still remained below average. Findings of this study could help Kenyan pre-school teachers to evaluate their instructional practices in the teaching of reading and also aid the Ministry of Education to carry out in-service training courses on appropriate methodology in developing reading skills in pre-school children.
Impact of audiovisual aids in teaching home economics in secondary schoolsResearchWap
ABSTRACT
The study attempted to investigate the appraising instructional materials as being used in secondary schools in Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study equally reviewed some important and extensive literatures under sub-headings. The descriptive research survey design was applied in the assessment of respondents’ opinions towards the subject matter. In this study, four null hypotheses were formulated and tested with the application of the independent t-test and the Pearson Product Moment Correltional Coefficient Statistical tools at 0.05 significance level. Also, the simple percentage frequency counts was used to analyse the questionnaire response of the selected respondents together with the research questions. A total of 100 (one hundred) respondents, 50 (fifty) male and 50 (fifty) female teachers were selected for this study. At the end of the data analyses, the following results were obtained: there is a significant relationship between teaching materials and teaching effectiveness among teachers in Akwa Ibom State public schools, there is a relationship between the availability of instructional resources and academic performance of students in public secondary schools in Akwa Ibom State, there is a significant relationship between teaching methods and students’ academic performance in Akwa Ibom State public schools and there is a significant gender in the academic performance of students due to the use of teaching materials in Akwa Ibom State public schools. Based on the conclusions reached at the end of this study, the following recommendations are made by the researcher: There should be allocation of more time to the practical aspects of educational technology in secondary schools, government should subsidise the cost of students’ practical work on Education Technology and graduates from other disciplines coming into teaching profession as a last resort due to high rate of unemployment; should be discouraged. This is because they are not well equipped for the tasks which they are to perform.
The Role of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) on Students’ Language Profici...InternationalPublica
The purpose of the study is to find out the role of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) on
students’ language proficiency. This study used an experimental design whereby two groups of
students underwent into two different teaching methods: The controlled group who was taught
using traditional method of teaching and the experimental group who was taught with the
integration of CAI. Research evidenced indicates that the students taught using CAI had higher
increase in their language proficiency compared to the other group. CAI is an innovative approach
to the teaching learning process. Thus, the study assumes its significance and relevance in the
present context.
School learning resources are arguably one of the
most important influencers of students’ scores in
national examinations and hence affect each
individual school’s effectiveness. It had been pointed
out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that
the province’s performance in examinations and the
quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and
inadequate. A confidential document entitled the State
of Education in Nyanza Province points out factors
such as inadequate physical facilities, as one of the
factors impacting negatively on school performance in the province. The study sought to investigate the perceived
contribution of school learning resources on students’ scores
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate.
A critical evaluation of the textbook programme in public primary schools and implications for laptop classrooms in kenya
1. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
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A Critical Evaluation of the Textbook Programme in Public
Primary Schools and Implications for Laptop Classrooms in
Kenya
S. M. Macharia
School of Education, Mount Kenya University Kenya
E-mail of the author: susanmmacharia@yahoo.co.uk
Biography of the author
Dr. Susan Mbugua-Macharia PhD is a Lecturer in Mount Kenya University Kenya in the School of Education.
She holds a Ph D in Educational Research and Evaluation from the Catholic University of Eastern Africa and
Masters of Education from Kenyatta University. Her research interest is Educational Psychology, Teacher
Education and Gender issues in Education.
Abstract
Social development gravitates around the quality of learning experiences and skills acquired in the school. The
utilization of effective teaching and learning strategies as well as the integration of technology are key drivers of
Kenya’s Vision 2030 and social transformation. Importantly teaching and learning resources such as textbooks
are essential but perhaps insufficient to facilitate learning. This paper reports the findings of an evaluation study
of the textbook programme in a selected rural district in Kenya and analyses the implication for laptop
classrooms within the Kenyan context.
Keywords: Instructional effectiveness; textbook programme; public primary schools; learning achievement;
laptop classrooms
1. Background
The provision of quality education and training is a fundamental concern of many governments in the world.
Kenya is no exception to this because human resource development is central to the attainment of the
Millennium Development Goals and Kenya’s national goals of education. Research evidence has found that a
“minimum educational attainment among a majority of a country’s population is a prerequisite for national
development” (Johnson, 2007; UNICEF & ROK, 2004; UNESCO, 2005). Prior to the implementation of the
Primary Schools’ Instructional Materials Programme, the quality of education in primary schools had been
observed to indicate a downward trend as evidenced by low mean scores in national examinations and decreased
pupil participation (MOE, 2000; KNEC, 1999, 2000, 2003). The trend was attributed to increasing poverty levels,
rising cost of teaching materials and the growing number of children orphaned through HIV/AIDs (MOEST,
2001; ROK, 2005).
The Kenya government through (ROK, 2005) advanced the view that in order to enhance the quality of
education and learning achievement, ‘‘a set of essential inputs should be made to every child, ensure that these
are effectively utilised so that learning becomes the central focus of classroom activities’’ (p.90). The
programme aims at achieving equity in education through providing pupils in public primary schools with basic
instructional materials such as textbooks and other curriculum support materials.
A study by Bedi, Kimalu, Manda and Nafula (2002) found that “there were concerns over dropout and repetition
rates… and a worrying trend in school enrolment”. Student mean scores in national examinations particularly in
core subjects continue to indicate a downward trend (MOEST, 1986, 2000, 2003). Thus a significant number of
pupils may not acquire adequate skills to participate effectively in national development which may thwart the
realization of UPE, EFA and Kenya’s Vision 2030. The textbook programme has been implemented in Kenyan
primary schools to enhance instructional effectiveness but this notwithstanding, pupils lack mastery of reading
and comprehension skills as Muindi, (2010) and Uwezo (2010) observed. This elicits several questions: Are
textbooks available to learners in public primary schools? How effectively have these textbooks been utilized to
facilitate learning? What measures may be put in place to enhance instructional effectiveness in Kenyan public
primary schools? What is the implication of the textbook programme for the laptop classrooms in Kenya?This
paper reports the findings of a study conducted to establish the extent to which textbooks were used to enhance
learning in public primary schools in one rural district in Kenya.
2. Purpose of the Evaluation
The purpose of the evaluation was to gather and analyse evaluative data that may be used to make some
observations and comments from which stakeholders might learn particularly for the laptop classrooms in the
Kenyan context. Moreover, there’s need to assess the programme’s effectiveness so that lessons learned might
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be useful in the implementation of the laptop programme in public primary schools. It was therefore fitting that
researcher-driven evaluation be conducted to establish whether the programme was worth investing in and to
point out key areas in the programme’s operations and management that require strengthening or improvement to
make it more successful in realising immediate outcomes and perhaps long term goals.
The evaluation was informed by Daniel Stufflebeam’s (2003) assertion that the “most important purpose of
evaluation is not to prove but to improve” (p.4). Several other experts in programme evaluation (Cronbach, 1982;
Vedung, 1997; Weiss, 1972) concurred with Stufflebeam when they emphasized that the key purpose of
evaluation is programme improvement. Royse, Thyer, Padgett and Logan (2006) also affirmed that the purpose
of such an evaluation is “to assist in explaining why a program did or did not achieve the desired outcomes”
(p.122). The study also serves to generate knowledge on the processes and interactions going on PSIMP’s
operations and management. These findings will therefore be disseminated to the larger policy community since
as pointed out by Weiss (1990) cited in Patton (1996), “generalizations from evaluation can percolate into the
stock of knowledge that participants draw on….Decision makers are influenced by ideas and arguments that
have their origins in research and evaluation” (p.72). The evaluation of this programme provides the much
needed data which may help in understanding its operations and management as well as identifying areas of
programme’s processes that may be improved (Bennet, 2003; Ogula, 2002) or may be preserved (Patton, 2002)
for purposes of enhancing instructional effectiveness.
3. Textbook Model
This model rests on the assertion that it is the availability and utilisation of textbooks that promotes learning and
retention of information which in turn translates into improved learning achievement and school effectiveness. It
is the proper utilisation of textbooks that makes an effective school. Textbooks, according to this model make up
the curriculum package and when the learners use them consistently and meaningfully, with appropriate
guidance from the teacher they may achieve the intended learning outcomes as well as the improved test scores.
The same model holds that providing learners with textbooks increases their participation in school and promotes
their upward social mobility.
The quality and appropriateness such as content, format, level of vocabulary, ethnic and gender biasness are
some of the key factors that teachers take into consideration when selecting textbooks for the pupils. When the
selected textbooks are utilised effectively in the classroom they contribute to the achievement of the programme
objectives and long term goals. Research on the availability and utilization of textbooks has greatly influenced
the investments of several governments, philanthropic organisations and donor community in education. For
instance Heyneman, (1981); Hungi (2006); Lockheed, (1986) among other scholars have found that effective use
of textbooks by both teachers and students is one of those school factors that influences the achievement in
Mathematics and Reading in primary schools. The teacher provides opportunities to interact with the textbooks
through group tasks, class work, reading activities and take-home assignments.
This model was found appropriate to guide the study since textbooks are the basic tools without which the
teacher cannot plan for learning effective activities. All classroom processes depend heavily on the availability
of the textbook. According to Oakes and Saunders (2004) “students can only learn what they have access to”
thus making the textbook a vital resource for teaching and learning. Several studies (Fuller and Clarke, 1994;
Jamison, 1981; Lockheed, 1986) have explored the relationship between the availability and use of textbooks
and learning achievement. For instance, in Philippines, Lockheed (1986) used a quasi experimental study to find
out how the utilisation of textbooks influenced test scores. This study found that pupils of those teachers who
used textbooks for teaching often performed well in examinations. When textbooks are not available particularly
to young learners, then proper reading skills are hardly acquired. Adams (1990); Burns and Griffin (1998) cited
in Palincsar and Duke (2004) argue that learning to read is not a natural process but the pupils must be able to
create the appropriate meanings from words. Duke (1998) further found that the “relative scarcity of
textbooks … may help to explain why children have difficulty with reading and writing” (p. 187) which impacts
negatively on learning achievement.
Fuller and Heyneman (1989), Freeman and Porter (1989) posit that the availability of textbooks was a significant
factor in predicting academic achievement. Teachers utilize them to plan their lessons while students use them
as a springboard for knowledge acquisition to propel them into realisation of their individual potentials. Maxwell
(1985) cited in Muhammad et al (2007) further points out that textbooks “determine what is taught and how it is
taught” since their availability influences the teacher in identifying and selecting learning opportunities as well
as homework. Westbury (1989) cited in Oakes and Saunders (2004) posits that “textbooks are in fact, the heart
of the school and without which there would be no school” and their availability (or scarcity) is therefore central
to an effective school.
Fuller and Heyneman (1989) also found out that there is a positive effect of availability of textbooks with
students’ learning achievement. The TPR determines the availability of textbooks and when this is low it impacts
on learning achievement. A study by Levin and Lockheed (1991) realised that there is a strong correlation
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between sufficient textbooks and student achievement. However availability of textbooks does not guarantee
learning but it is the utilisation of textbooks that contributes to differential student achievement. Teachers use
them to plan for lessons, homework and group tasks.
4. Methodology
The study employed a mixed methods approach in which both qualitative and quantitative data were collected
and analysed from the same study. This approach was found favourable since it not only expands the
understanding from one data form to the other but also converges, cross-validates and corroborates findings
within a single study (Creswell 2002, p. 211). There has also been growing interest in mixed methods of research
and evaluation as found in journal articles, projects and evaluation of programmes funded by different
organisations of international repute (Ary, Jacobs, Razavieh & Sorensen, 2006; Guba & Lincoln 1985; Patton
1990; Stufflebeam, 2003). Several debates about the “right” method of conducting educational research and
evaluation seem to favour the mixed methods approach.
A combination of three designs generated the requisite data to answer the evaluation questions. The case study
design was found to be the most appropriate since it allowed the evaluator to observe and collect in-depth
information about the actual implementation of PSIMP using one typical rural district as the “case”. Through
observing, interviewing and perusing the existing documents, the evaluator was able to understand the context in
which the programme was being implemented.
The survey design was found useful in collecting and analysing data from a sample of the large population with
a view to firstly make inferences about the entire population by describing and interpreting “what is” and
secondly, “identify standards against which existing conditions can be compared or determining the relationships
that exist between specific events” (Cohen, Manion & Morrison, 2002, p.169). This design was preferred
because it gathers data on a one-shot basis, generates quantitative data which can be processed statistically and
also provides descriptive, inferential and explanatory information that the study is concerned about. It is a very
powerful design in investigating people’s beliefs and perceptions on the processes taking place and management
of Primary Schools Instructional Materials programme.
The ex post facto evaluation design provided a means for linking the TPR to pupils’ learning achievement,
enrolment and participation before and during the implementation which were particularly important in this
study. The implementation of the programme had already taken place making the manipulation of the
independent variables impossible hence their effects were studied in retrospect. The evaluator created a
comparison group by considering the availability of textbooks, TPR, pupil enrolment, participation, transition
and learning achievement at KCPE in public primary schools in Murang’a South district prior the
implementation of the programme. This enabled the evaluator to assess the effectiveness of the programme’s
implementation, the availability of textbooks and outcomes which could perhaps account for the observed
differences (Cohen, Manion & Morrison, 2002).
5. Result and Discussion
Primary schools in Kenya provide basic education to eligible learners. To facilitate the process each school
receives per capita grants from governments funding with an aim of providing primary school pupils with at least
one textbook for every subject shared among three learners in the lower primary and one subject textbook for
every two pupils in the upper primary in addition to the basic package of school stationery (MOE, 2007). ROK
(2005) envisaged that every pupil may have access to a textbook in every subject offered in the school
curriculum. In order to facilitate selection of appropriate textbooks MOE (2004) produced “The Approved List
of Primary School Textbooks and other Instructional Materials” (The Orange Book) which contains the list of
textbooks vetted by Kenya Institute of Education. Accordingly teachers were part of the implementing team.
Their membership in the School Instructional Materials Selection Committee is presented in the Table 1.
Table 1: Distribution of Teachers’ Membership in SIMSC by Zone and Gender
Zone Males % Females % Total
A 7 24.2 20 45.5 27
B 5 17.2 11 25.0 16
C 9 31.0 5 11.4 14
D 8 27.6 8 18.1 16
Total 29 100.0 44 100.0 73
As shown in Table 1 seventy-three teachers participating in the study were members of the School Instructional
Materials Selection Committee which was responsible for selection, procurement, allocation and ensuring
effective utilisation of textbooks in teaching and learning. Each zone was well represented by both male and
female teachers to the committees.
Another aspect of the implementation analysed pertained to the number of induction courses teachers in selected
district had attended in order to prepare them for the implementation of textbook programme. Beltran, Ghosh
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and Kadiyala (1998) affirm that this is an important consideration because training of programme staff affects
the implementation process. Teachers were key programme implementers in the district and thus preparing them
for the task through workshops was a crucial step in the process. The study found that more male teachers had
attended a higher number of induction courses on the implementation of textbook programme compared to
females. In one zone more than 60% of teachers comprising SIMSC had not been inducted to prepare them to
take an active role in the implementation of the programme.
One member of the School Instructional Materials Selection Committee observed, “The selection of appropriate
texts is done by teachers who then make these recommendations to the Committee through the head teachers for
formality purposes”. This suggests that there could have been external factors that interfered with the
implementation. The study sought to determine the textbook-pupil ratio in the key subject areas. Table 2
summarizes the findings.
Table 2 English TPRs in Some Selected Classes in the Four Education Zones in the selected study area
Level
Zone 2 5 7
A 1:3 1:4 1:3
B 1:3 1:3 1:3
C 1:4 1:4 1:3
D 1:3 1:3 1:3
Overall 1:3 1:4 1:3
It is evident from Table 2 that no educational zone had attained the expected TPR with respect to English. This
could perhaps explain why the many pupils had challenges in reading as observed by Uwezo (2010). Prior to the
implementation of PSIMP in the district, the TPR in lower primary was below 1:3 while in upper primary the
TPR averaged 1:4 in English (MOEST, 1999; 2004).
In well performing schools most pupils also had a variety of English text books in upper primary while the
opposite was observed in lower primary. Pupils in poorly performing schools had a limited variety of English
text and Library books. Most of the textbooks in both well performing and poorly performing schools were well
maintained and there was some evidence of usage by pupils. Some of the issues arising from these ratios
pertained to the rationale used by teachers to assign textbook to pupils as they attended to assignments. There
was an improvement in as far as the availability of textbooks were concerned compared to an earlier ratio of 1:5.
The study also sought information on how often teachers involved their pupils in cooperative learning through
the use of group tasks requiring the use of textbooks in the classroom. The study found that 43.3% of teachers
often divided the classes into small groups for learning activities while 46.8% sometimes used this method of
teaching. In the lower primary section group tasks were used often but decreased gradually in the upper levels of
learning. It is through the use of cooperative learning that pupils helped one another to acquire knowledge, skills
and attitudes necessary for individual and national development. This was in line with the responses of the pupils
as given in Table 3.
Table 3 Distribution of Pupils’ Responses on Frequency of undertaking Group Tasks in the Classroom
Well performing schools Poorly performing schools
Response Frequency % Frequency %
Very Often 78 29.3 38 16.5
Often 75 28.2 61 26.5
Sometimes 113 42.5 131 57.0
Total 266 100.0 230 100.0
Availability and utilization of textbooks has been found to affect student achievement to a great extent. For
instance, Fuller and Clarke (1994) found that availability of textbooks had a positive effect on learning
achievement in 73% of the cases included in their study. Similarly, Heynemann, Farrel and Sepulvedo-Stuardo
(1978) cited in Oakes and Saunders (2004) found availability of textbooks to be the most consistent single factor
for predicting student achievement. It was against this background that the study sought to establish whether
availability of textbooks had helped raise the quality of education as indicated by learning achievement at KCPE.
Table 4 presents the Mean Standard Scores in the public schools participating in the study.
Table 4. Average Mean Scores at KCPE from 2001-2009
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
MSS
(mean)
229.33 231.26 225.56 223.55 217.29 233.67 226.84 236.01 234.88
As may be observed from Table 4 the average mean scores were not consistent. For instance, in 2003 the same
year that the textbook programme was launched in the district the average mean scores at KCPE was 225.56 in
the schools that participated in the study. The following year, the mean scores declined but begun rising in 2006.
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This oscillation may not be attributed to the availability of textbooks but perhaps to contextual factors. The
average mean scores in the schools that participated in the study changed from 231.27 in 2002 to 234.38 in 2009.
This change was notable but did not justify the expenditure that had been incurred during the implementation.
The mean scores in individual subjects were observed to remain about constant at 45%. Notably there had been a
remarkable change in Mathematics mean scores in the district since 2002. The district posted an average of 50%
in KCPE Mathematics. The social studies mean scores at KCPE remained at 47% while science had posted a
constant mean of about 48% from 2003 to 2009. In Kiswahili, the situation was similar with the MSS remaining
at an average of 47% in all schools included in the sample. This was consistent with statistics from both quality
assurance and standards officers and the district Education office. Table 5 presents the average subject mean
scores as analysed yearly.
Table 5 Average MSS at KCPE by subject from 2001-2010
Year English Mathematics Kiswahili Science Social Studies
2001 44.33 45.86 49.08 45.91 44.52
2002 48.55 46.53 47.52 44.10 43.85
2003 44.87 45.24 46.94 43.35 44.95
2004 44.97 44.65 44.16 42.48 43.00
2005 44.42 42.79 45.45 41.20 43.68
2006 44.63 46.48 48.92 45.63 47.41
2007 45.06 45.05 46.40 45.87 45.34
2008 47.15 47.72 47.41 46.49 47.48
2009 48.25 48.01 47.41 46.11 45.00
Analysing Table 5 it is evident that there had been a slight improvement in mean scores with respect to English.
The student achievement at KCPE in English moved from an average of 44.33% in 2001 to 48.25% in 2009 in
the district. Availability of textbooks may to some extent, be attributed to the slight improvement in student
mean scores. The study also established that Mathematics mean scores had improved from an average of 45.86%
to 48.01% in 2009. This change is notable but perhaps may not justify the GOKs expenditure on the programme
implementation. The trend with regard to Kiswahili was inconsistent.
Prior to the implementation of programme in the study area in 2001, Kiswahili mean scores in the schools
participating in the study stood at an average of 49.08% but dropped slightly to 47.41 in 2009. This finding
supports an earlier one made in the same study which indicated that text books were inadequate in majority of
the public schools hence the slight decline in student achievement scores in Kiswahili. Science textbooks were
inadequate which perhaps explained the inconsistency in pupil achievement mean scores. This finding may also
be supported by the fact that many public primary schools in the study area lacked Science kits and teachers
seldom involved the pupils in “hands-on” activities through improvised resources. This is consistent with Corno
(2000) who found that children performed well in Science when they gain knowledge from concrete experiences
progressively to abstract thinking. In the same vein the TPR in Social Studies was the highest perhaps indicating
that the scarcity of textbooks could have contributed to the trend observed in the achievement scores.
6. Tests of hypotheses
The characteristics of the target population were inferred from those of the sample by testing the following null
hypotheses.
1. There is no significant difference in English mean scores at KCPE in schools with adequate text books and
those without.
Analysis of variance was used to test the hypothesis that: there is no significant difference in English mean
scores at KCPE in schools with adequate text books and those without.
Table 6 presents the results obtained from this t-test.
Table 6: Comparing KCPE Mean Scores Between Schools with Adequate and Inadequate Textbooks.
ANOVA Summary Table
Dependent Variable: Performance in English
Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Corrected Model .333(a) 1 .333 .143 .742
Intercept 16.333 1 16.333 7.000 .118
TPRENG .333 1 .333 .143 .742
Error 4.667 2 2.333
Total 30.000 4
Corrected Total 5.000 3
R Squared = .067 (Adjusted R Squared = -.400)
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From Table 6 the F-stat was 0.143 with a p-value of 0.742 and hence the evaluation found that there was no
significant difference in mean scores among those schools with adequate and inadequate English textbooks. The
null hypothesis was therefore not rejected. An interesting piece of information was obtained from the R squared
value (.067). The adequacy of text books explained about 7% of the variation in KCPE mean scores in English.
Other contextual factors such as how textbooks were utilised for teaching and learning, completion of homework,
attitude, perceptions of teachers and pupils among others could perhaps explain the variation in KCPE test scores.
2. There is no significant relationship between mean TPR (English) and mean learning achievement in English
among the education zones.
Pearson correlation was used to test the hypothesis that: there is no significant relationship between mean
Textbook-to-pupil Ratio and mean learning achievement at KCPE when classified by Education zones. Table 7
presents the results of this test.
Table 7: Pearson Correlations Between Mean TPR in English and Mean Learning Achievement in
English (Calculated Zonewise).
TPR English Performance in English
TPR English Pearson Correlation 1 .258
Sig. (2-tailed) . .742
N 4 4
performance in English Pearson Correlation .258 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .742 .
N 4 9
It is evident from Table 7 that there was a relationship between TPR (English) and KCPE learning achievement
in English (r =.258). However, this relationship was not significant as indicated by the p-value of 0.742. The
study therefore failed to reject the null hypothesis. Other contextual factors other than availability of textbooks
may also affect learning achievement in English in public primary schools.
3. There is no significant relationship between mean textbook-to-pupil ratio and mean pupil enrollment in public
primary schools in Murang’a South District.
The Pearson product moment Correlation was used to test the hypothesis that: there is no significant relationship
between mean textbook-to-pupil ratio and mean pupil enrollment in public primary schools. Table 8 presents the
results.
Table 8 Pearson Correlations for relationship between mean TPR and mean pupil enrollment
TPR Mean pupil enrolment
Pearson Correlation Pupil/text book ratio 1.000 -.96
mean pupil enrolment -.96 1.000
Further analysis was conducted to establish the extent to which the mean textbook-to-pupil ratio explained the
variation in pupil enrolment. Table 9 presents the results.
Table 9 Model Summary for relationship between pupil/books ratio and mean pupil enrollment
Change Statistics
R Square Change F Change df1 df2 Sig. F Change
.915 43.312 1 4 .003
Predictors :Mean pupil enrolment
As shown by Table 9 there was high negative correlation (at -.96) between mean pupil/books ratio and
mean pupil enrollment in primary schools that participated in the study. This was further confirmed by R squared
value of .92. This value indicates that textbook-to-pupil ratio explained about 92% of the pattern observed in the
enrollment trends since the inception of the programme in the district.
Table 10: ANOVA for Relationship Between Mean Pupil/books ratio and Mean Pupil Enrollment
(Calculated Zonewise)
ANOVA Summary Table
ANOVA Sum of
Squares
Df Mean
Square
F Sig.
16.020 1 16.020 43.312 .003
1.480 4 .370
Total 17.500 5
7. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2014
18
Predictor: mean text book-to-pupil ratio; Dependent Variable: Mean pupil enrollment
Since the obtained level of significance (.003) is smaller than .05, the null hypothesis was rejected and this
implied that there was a significant relationship between pupil/books ratio and pupil mean enrolment in public
primary schools. This shows that TPR significantly affects the enrollment in public primary schools. Therefore it
was highly likely that many parents had withdrawn their children from public primary schools perhaps due to
inadequacy of textbooks.
7. Implications for the Laptop Classrooms in Kenya
The world is not only a global village but also a digital society. Kenya has not been left behind in her endeavour
to use education to prepare learners to navigate the dynamic digital platform. To this end policies have been
formulated whose ultimate goal to provide school-going children joining class one every year with solar powered
laptops. The implication is that this heavy budgetary investment in education ought to have high rates of return
for social transformation. From the observations made in the textbook programme, there is a need to induct
teachers in the utilization of laptops in the instructional process as well as ensuring that the procurement,
indexing and issuance of the laptops to the pupils follow a transparent and accountable process. Effective use of
the laptops for teaching and learning is a critical issue in the school. For instance when shall the ratio of 1:1 be
actualized? How shall the teachers who have had no prior training in computer skills from the teacher training
curriculum cope with this new technology bearing in mind that most of those in the rural areas are advanced in
age and lack a hands-on experience in utilization of computers for their own personal use? What about the
disposal of these gadgets and their effects on pollution now that so many of these will be introduced into the
educational arena?
8. Conclusion
From the foregoing discussion it may be concluded that the textbooks play a critical role in teaching and learning.
Their availability and affective utilization may facilitate learning. Teachers need to be sensitised in embracing
global trends in relation to textbook utilization to enhance learning particularly in engaging learners with hands-
on activities. The introduction of laptop classrooms in Kenya is a new concept and thus aligning national goals
of education with global trends must now be a priority. Stakeholders must work together to make laptop
classrooms a success story. Attitude change may go a long way in making the programme make significant
contributions in the achievement of Kenya’s Vision 2030.
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