A contemporary issue facing technology innovation today is the tension.docx
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A contemporary issue facing technology innovation today is the tension between personal privacy and public security. Discuss in-depth how this issue effects and drives the development of devices or software. Provide at least one example. (Write at least 2 - 3 paragraphs) Solution Answer: Personal privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves, or information about themselves from the face of the public or anyone else since probably that information is inherently special or sensitive to them, (Oulasvirta, Suomalainen, Hamari, Lampinen, & Karvonen, 2014), while on the other hand, public security is a function of a governments that ensures the security of its citizens, organizations, and institutions against threats for their well-being and to the prosperity of their communities. Government and law enforcement officials have unprecedented powers to collect, correlate and act upon mountains of digital data on individuals all in the name of public security. They compromises privacy and demands access to protected information of people in the name of preserving national security. However according to Privacy activists view such deep data mining as an unjustified invasion of personal privacy, undermining civil liberties and eroding longstanding constitutional protections, (Rothbard, 2011). There are a lot of advantages by keeping an eye on everyone but when done so deep it takes away people’s privacy. This tension has led to innovations in technologies on both hands, people are trying to find ways to protect their personal information from the public or anyone else while still on the other hand the government is trying to create new ways to gather private information. For example, in 2001 in United States, thermal imaging devices were invented to reveal previously unknown information without a warrant. .
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International politics in the age of the internet
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Links Associated with Privacy Death of privacy ‘Your ce.docx
Links Associated with Privacy
Death of privacy: ‘Your cell phone Big Brother’s best friend’ (video with Steve Rambam CEO
of Pallorium Inc. an international online investigative service).
TEDx-Cory Doctorow: How do we make kids care about online privacy? (video that
illustrates how social networking and our use of the Internet influences how children
under-value their privacy).
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Privacy Issues in the Age of Technology: Jim Dempsey (provides an overview of privacy
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Defcon 21 - The ACLU Presents: NSA Surveillance and More (illustrates key issues
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individuals).
Smartphones damage our privacy much more than we realize: interview with Carissa Véliz
(privacy issues regarding our use of cell phones, personal computers, social media sites,
etc.).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGHU8btqrrU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RAGjNe1YhMA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyNA_6yv5Y0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HekUeBJJbSw
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFqCyMtv1Cc
TECHNOLOGY AS A THREAT TO
PRIVACY: Ethical Challenges to the
Information Profession
J. J. BRITZ
Department of Information Science
University of Pretoria
0002 Pretoria, South Africa
E-mail: [email protected]
The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of technology on the private lives of people.
It is approached from a socio-ethical perspective with specific emphasis on the
implication for the information profession. The issues discussed are the concept privacy,
he influence of technology on the processing of personal and private information, the
relevance of this influence for the information profession, and proposed solutions to these
ethical issues for the information profession.
1. INTRODUCTION
We are currently living in the so-called information age which can be described as an
era were economic activities are mainly information based (an age of
informationalization). This is due to the development and use of technology. The main
characteristics of this era can be summarized as a rise in the number of knowledge
workers, a world that has become more open - in the sense of communication (global
village/Gutenberg galaxy) and internationalization (trans-border flow of data).
This paradigm shift brings new ethical and juridical problems which are mainly
related to issues such as the right of access to information, the right of privacy which
is threatened by the emphasis on the free flow of information, and the protection of
the economic interest of the owners of intellectual property.
In this paper the ethical questions related to the right to privacy of the individual
which is threatened by the use of ...
1. INTRODUCTIONWe are currently living in the so-called informatio.pdf
1. INTRODUCTION
We are currently living in the so-called information age which can be described as an era were
economic activities are mainly information based (an age of informationalization). This is due to
the development and use of technology. The main characteristics of this era can be summarized
as a rise in the number of knowledge workers, a world that has become more open - in the sense
of communication (global village/Gutenberg galaxy) and internationalization (trans-border flow
of data).
This paradigm shift brings new ethical and juridical problems which are mainly related to issues
such as the right of access to information, the right of privacy which is threatened by the
emphasis on the free flow of information, and the protection of the economic interest of the
owners of intellectual property.
In this paper the ethical questions related to the right to privacy of the individual which is
threatened by the use of technology will be discussed. Specific attention will be given to the
challenges these ethical problems pose to the information professional. A number of practical
guidelines, based on ethical norms will be laid down.
2. ETHICS
The ethical actions of a person can be described in general terms as those actions which are
performed within the criterium of what is regarded as good. It relates thus to the question of what
is good or bad in terms of human actions. According to Spinello (1995, p. 14) the purpose
of ethics is to help us behave honorably and attain those basic goods that make us more fully
human.
3. THE CONCEPT OF PRIVACY
3.1. Definition of Privacy
Privacy can be defined as an individual condition of life characterized by exclusion from
publicity (Neetling et al., 1996, p. 36). The concept follows from the right to be left alone (Stair,
1992, p. 635; Shank, 1986, p. 12)1 . Shank (1986, p. 13) states that such a perception of privacy
set the course for passing of privacy laws in the United States for the ninety years that followed.
As such privacy could be regarded as a natural right which provides the foundation for the legal
right. The right to privacy is therefore protected under private law.
The legal right to privacy is constitutionally protected in most democratic societies. This
constitutional right is expressed in a variety of legislative forms. Examples include the Privacy
Act (1974) in the USA, the proposed Open Democracy Act in South Africa (1996) and the Data
Protection Act in England. During 1994 Australia also accepted a Privacy Charter containing 18
privacy principles which describe the right of a citizen concerning personal privacy as effected
by handling of information by the state (Collier, 1994, p. 44-45). The Organization for Economic
and Coordination and Development (OECD) also accepted in 1980 the Guidelines for the
Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flow of Personal Data (Collier, 1994, p. 41).
Privacy is an important right because it is a necessary condition for other rights such as freedo.
Running head ETHICS AND ENCRYPTION BACKDOORS1ETHICS AND ENC.docx
Running head: ETHICS AND ENCRYPTION BACKDOORS
1
ETHICS AND ENCRYPTION BACKDOORS
2
Ethics and Encryption Backdoors
The governments of Australia, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States have recently made clear their intentions of forcing technology providers to provide lawful access to the encrypted communications of users (Saarinen, 2018). The proposal is part of the efforts of the involved governments to combat terrorism and crime, especially through the internet. The governments are looking forward to voluntary cooperation from the targeted companies, but there have been intentions to pursue legislative and enforcement measures if the companies impede the efforts (Saarinen, 2018). However, the efforts bring rise to the issue of personal and privacy rights of people, and the commitment of the member states to protect these rights (Saarinen, 2018). The creation of backdoors in the services and applications by the companies are the most likely loopholes to the intentions of the governments. This would be the perfect way of these governments introducing communication interception capabilities for the purposes of law enforcement. Nonetheless, this has been criticized by many security and cryptography experts to be a dangerous move. This paper uses the utilitarian, deontological, communitarian theories and to provide an explanation on why the move by the five governments is ethical.
The position taken by the governments is ethical. Their main aim is the protection of the people against cybercrime and terrorism that might be instigated through the internet in the current technological era. Utilitarian theory is one of the theories that was formulated by Jeremy Bentham, David Hume, and John Stuart Mill. The proposition of the theory is that the most basic criterion that should be used for judging an action is the utility of that action (Harry, 2013). The action or activity that has the greatest amount of utility, good, happiness, well-being or benefit to the highest number of people is the most appropriate action to be taken (Harry, 2013). In accordance with the utilitarian theory, the decision of these governments would have the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people. The primary concern is with the illegal access of information by unauthorized people. However, the governments will establish mechanisms to protect against illegal access. The main focus of the governments is the avoidance of crime which usually leads to loss of lives and destruction of property, like 911 attacks. This can result in the widespread panic to the people of a country. Thus, the decision is ethical as it will result in the greatest benefit to many citizens of the involved countries because of the avoidance of the consequences of terrorism and cybercrime.
Additionally, we should consider the deontological theory that was proposed by Immanuel Kant. This theory suggests that there are rights and duties to act in a specific .
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Death of privacy: ‘Your cell phone Big Brother’s best friend’ (video with Steve Rambam CEO
of Pallorium Inc. an international online investigative service).
TEDx-Cory Doctorow: How do we make kids care about online privacy? (video that
illustrates how social networking and our use of the Internet influences how children
under-value their privacy).
Privacy no more? TrapWire’s all seeing eye tracks your every move. (video of how the
federal government uses surveillance cameras nationwide).
Privacy Issues in the Age of Technology: Jim Dempsey (provides an overview of privacy
issues and how data is used by organizations).
Defcon 21 - The ACLU Presents: NSA Surveillance and More (illustrates key issues
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individuals).
Smartphones damage our privacy much more than we realize: interview with Carissa Véliz
(privacy issues regarding our use of cell phones, personal computers, social media sites,
etc.).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGHU8btqrrU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RAGjNe1YhMA
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TECHNOLOGY AS A THREAT TO
PRIVACY: Ethical Challenges to the
Information Profession
J. J. BRITZ
Department of Information Science
University of Pretoria
0002 Pretoria, South Africa
E-mail: [email protected]
The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of technology on the private lives of people.
It is approached from a socio-ethical perspective with specific emphasis on the
implication for the information profession. The issues discussed are the concept privacy,
he influence of technology on the processing of personal and private information, the
relevance of this influence for the information profession, and proposed solutions to these
ethical issues for the information profession.
1. INTRODUCTION
We are currently living in the so-called information age which can be described as an
era were economic activities are mainly information based (an age of
informationalization). This is due to the development and use of technology. The main
characteristics of this era can be summarized as a rise in the number of knowledge
workers, a world that has become more open - in the sense of communication (global
village/Gutenberg galaxy) and internationalization (trans-border flow of data).
This paradigm shift brings new ethical and juridical problems which are mainly
related to issues such as the right of access to information, the right of privacy which
is threatened by the emphasis on the free flow of information, and the protection of
the economic interest of the owners of intellectual property.
In this paper the ethical questions related to the right to privacy of the individual
which is threatened by the use of ...
1. INTRODUCTIONWe are currently living in the so-called informatio.pdf
1. INTRODUCTION
We are currently living in the so-called information age which can be described as an era were
economic activities are mainly information based (an age of informationalization). This is due to
the development and use of technology. The main characteristics of this era can be summarized
as a rise in the number of knowledge workers, a world that has become more open - in the sense
of communication (global village/Gutenberg galaxy) and internationalization (trans-border flow
of data).
This paradigm shift brings new ethical and juridical problems which are mainly related to issues
such as the right of access to information, the right of privacy which is threatened by the
emphasis on the free flow of information, and the protection of the economic interest of the
owners of intellectual property.
In this paper the ethical questions related to the right to privacy of the individual which is
threatened by the use of technology will be discussed. Specific attention will be given to the
challenges these ethical problems pose to the information professional. A number of practical
guidelines, based on ethical norms will be laid down.
2. ETHICS
The ethical actions of a person can be described in general terms as those actions which are
performed within the criterium of what is regarded as good. It relates thus to the question of what
is good or bad in terms of human actions. According to Spinello (1995, p. 14) the purpose
of ethics is to help us behave honorably and attain those basic goods that make us more fully
human.
3. THE CONCEPT OF PRIVACY
3.1. Definition of Privacy
Privacy can be defined as an individual condition of life characterized by exclusion from
publicity (Neetling et al., 1996, p. 36). The concept follows from the right to be left alone (Stair,
1992, p. 635; Shank, 1986, p. 12)1 . Shank (1986, p. 13) states that such a perception of privacy
set the course for passing of privacy laws in the United States for the ninety years that followed.
As such privacy could be regarded as a natural right which provides the foundation for the legal
right. The right to privacy is therefore protected under private law.
The legal right to privacy is constitutionally protected in most democratic societies. This
constitutional right is expressed in a variety of legislative forms. Examples include the Privacy
Act (1974) in the USA, the proposed Open Democracy Act in South Africa (1996) and the Data
Protection Act in England. During 1994 Australia also accepted a Privacy Charter containing 18
privacy principles which describe the right of a citizen concerning personal privacy as effected
by handling of information by the state (Collier, 1994, p. 44-45). The Organization for Economic
and Coordination and Development (OECD) also accepted in 1980 the Guidelines for the
Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flow of Personal Data (Collier, 1994, p. 41).
Privacy is an important right because it is a necessary condition for other rights such as freedo.
Running head ETHICS AND ENCRYPTION BACKDOORS1ETHICS AND ENC.docx
Running head: ETHICS AND ENCRYPTION BACKDOORS
1
ETHICS AND ENCRYPTION BACKDOORS
2
Ethics and Encryption Backdoors
The governments of Australia, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States have recently made clear their intentions of forcing technology providers to provide lawful access to the encrypted communications of users (Saarinen, 2018). The proposal is part of the efforts of the involved governments to combat terrorism and crime, especially through the internet. The governments are looking forward to voluntary cooperation from the targeted companies, but there have been intentions to pursue legislative and enforcement measures if the companies impede the efforts (Saarinen, 2018). However, the efforts bring rise to the issue of personal and privacy rights of people, and the commitment of the member states to protect these rights (Saarinen, 2018). The creation of backdoors in the services and applications by the companies are the most likely loopholes to the intentions of the governments. This would be the perfect way of these governments introducing communication interception capabilities for the purposes of law enforcement. Nonetheless, this has been criticized by many security and cryptography experts to be a dangerous move. This paper uses the utilitarian, deontological, communitarian theories and to provide an explanation on why the move by the five governments is ethical.
The position taken by the governments is ethical. Their main aim is the protection of the people against cybercrime and terrorism that might be instigated through the internet in the current technological era. Utilitarian theory is one of the theories that was formulated by Jeremy Bentham, David Hume, and John Stuart Mill. The proposition of the theory is that the most basic criterion that should be used for judging an action is the utility of that action (Harry, 2013). The action or activity that has the greatest amount of utility, good, happiness, well-being or benefit to the highest number of people is the most appropriate action to be taken (Harry, 2013). In accordance with the utilitarian theory, the decision of these governments would have the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people. The primary concern is with the illegal access of information by unauthorized people. However, the governments will establish mechanisms to protect against illegal access. The main focus of the governments is the avoidance of crime which usually leads to loss of lives and destruction of property, like 911 attacks. This can result in the widespread panic to the people of a country. Thus, the decision is ethical as it will result in the greatest benefit to many citizens of the involved countries because of the avoidance of the consequences of terrorism and cybercrime.
Additionally, we should consider the deontological theory that was proposed by Immanuel Kant. This theory suggests that there are rights and duties to act in a specific .
E. Bryan - E-Governance and Personal Privacy
Critically discussion on the view that the government needs to track and store a citizen’s personal information in order to provide ‘a safe and secure society’ versus a citizen’s right to protect his/ her personal information
Causes of the Growing Conflict Between Privacy and Security
The struggle of maintaining an acceptable level of individual privacy is inherent in any society which values group protection from both internal and external threats. This paper illustrates the competing priorities that are the source of the conflict between privacy and security.
Running head THE FUTURE OF ORGANIC FOOD.Surname 7NameIns.docx
Running head: THE FUTURE OF ORGANIC FOOD.
Surname 7
Name:
Instructor:
Course:
Course code:
Digital Bill of Rights and Online Privacy
Introduction
The primary aim of enacting the United States’ Bill of Rights was to offer protection to individual liberties and limit the government powers in conducting unwarranted searches or seizures. In ensuring people’s privacy online, the government must continuously create awareness and re-educate the American citizens concerning the control measures put in place to collect security information from people. As the world advances digitally, people are transferring more of their personal information online and are becoming tech-savvy. Therefore protecting people’s private information in the digital space should be an important role for the government. Milanovic (38) explains that as Americans continue digitizing and collaborating on social networking sites, the question on every person’s mind is; is our privacy and freedom to use the digital space protected?
Thesis Statement
According to the enacted Bill of Rights, American people have the rights to enjoy online freedom, security and unlawful search and seizures.
People Have Rights to Enjoy Online Freedom and Privacy
Personal data breaches have become common, peoples’ televisions are sometimes used in recording their conversations, and criminals are hacking emails and occasionally being monitored by law enforcement. According to Acquisti, Alessandro, Brandimarte and Loewenstein (22), online freedom and privacy of Americans are always in jeopardy. The government of United States must create an atmosphere where people enjoy online privacy and freedom. There are several reasons why people must be allowed to enjoy online privacy and freedom.
The question many people ask is why does online freedom and privacy matter? Most times commenters and criminal justice-especially the courts struggle articulating why privacy is valuable. While research and Bill of Rights demonstrate why online privacy and freedom is essential for the average American, stakeholders, and civil society groups to continue explaining why people must be let to enjoy their freedom online. Additionally, as people enjoy online independence, the government must come up with strategies aimed at protecting such liberties and private information.
Firstly online privacy and freedom are vital because it limits government power. Online privacy puts a limit on government power and the power of private sector organizations (Angwin 27). The more the government knows about its citizens, the more power they can have control over its people. People can misuse personal data and affect reputations, and it can also be used in influencing the decisions and shape behavior (Fisher 192). When the government and private sector organizations have access to people’s online private information, it can be used as a tool to exercise control over the people.
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The Rise of Internet Freedom Activism
Gerard Goggin paper, presented at Fifth Asian Conference on Cultural Studies, hosted by International Academic Forum (IAFOR), Kobe, 28 to 31 May 2015
Cyberterrorism can be in the form of Information attacks which a.docx
Cyberterrorism can be in the form of Information attacks which are attempts to access, destroy, or alter information retained, processed, and distributed by computers and their networks and infrastructure attacks which are attempts to damage or disable critical services such as transportation, the distribution of electricity, gas and water, air traffic control and other critical government services (excelsiour, 2020). Hacktivism would be to use a computer to progress an agenda either a social or politically motive stance on a subject matter. The fundamental difference between cyberterrorism and hacktivism is that one wants to destroy (cyberterrorism) while the other (hacktivism)wants to persuade people to their cause or create a change.
Technology has advanced these types of groups agenda farter and faster than ever before. There has always been dissenting views to what governments agendas or from what is the acceptable social norms for behavior. But now with the Internet (Technology) groups (mostly radical) can reach out to a greater audience perpetrate nefarious deeds with some form amenity. Groups can post fake news, statistics or false information to sway an audience to believe as they do. We only need to take our national security agencies word (or can we?) that state sponsored hackers infiltrated our last presidential election to sway our votes.
In my opinion our governments have perpetuated the lack of freedoms that we the people are supposed to enjoy and, in many cases, still think we have but don’t. Governments have used for themselves and suppled countries that are under totalitarian rule the software to hack SSL inscription. SSL inscription is what is supposed to protect people privacy of communication over the internet. Communication such as Gmail or your private online discussions. State sponsored Trojan’s are used by the governments now to monitor normal peoples and suspects communications to investigate its own citizens -internet connections – watch and listen to online discussions they can even collect your passwords. People have always assumed that they have some basic privacy from the government. People should now assume that what they do on a computer is going to be known by whomever wishes to view or listen.
When cybercrime expert Mikko Hypponen talked to an audience at TEDxBrussels, an independent event about how company based in Germany sold to the Egyptian government a set of tools for intercepting, at a very large scale, all the communication of the citizens of the country. This really started me to think about when this video was made -2011 a decade ago this was occurring. How far have we gone to invading privacy since then is the question?
I don’t believe that Hacktivism is a subset of cyberterrorism. I do believe they need to walk a fine line. I can understand their existence with all the government intrusion over the last 20 years (see TED video). How else are ordinary p.
2Running head PUBLIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATORS 2PUBLIC SAFETY A.docx
2
Running head: PUBLIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATORS
2
PUBLIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATORS
Public Safety Administrators
Michael Petras
University of Maryland University College
Public safety administration entails the coordination of the resources that would be used in the safety and security of the community. Mainly, public safety administrators include the police officers, the emergency teams, fire departments, and even medical service providers. The main aim or role of the public safety administrators is to ensure that the general public is protected from various threats that may arise as they interact within the environment. However, recently, there have been some challenges that have been an issue in the provision of public safety administrations. The effect of social media use in the public has been a challenge to the public safety administration because of the technicality involved in the use of the same. Therefore, there is a need to understand social media use as a challenge to the public safety administration.
In the use of social media, it is expected that the lawmakers, litigators and even the community members shape the federal, state and local law and departmental policy regarding what information the public safety administrators access when trying to protect individuals from areas such as cybercrime and bullying (Beckett, 2018). The use of social media puts so many individuals at a lot of risks that need protection from public safety administrators. It is as a result of this need to protect the public that laws have been put into place laws on the type of data and transparency required to protect the public. Some of these laws have been a challenge to the security providers and therefore become an issue that needs to be addressed.
The issue of transparency and access to public data from the public using social media came into existence when there was a rise in modern technology. The arrival of the new technology that could enable people to interact online is the one that resulted to lawmakers coming up with policies that would require the public safety administrators become more transparent on the data they access and the extent of the data they access from the public (Namkoong et al., 2017). The policymakers argued that the public safety administrators in their line of duty were accessing private data, which is illegal. They then came up with laws prohibiting the same, and that made it a challenge to protect the public who are on social media platforms.
The history of the issue is dated from the digital age, whereby the users of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and even Instagram started sharing the geographic location and other data in public. However, watchdog or public safety administrators could use this data to come up with ways to protect the public and ensure public safety. However, some of the ways that the data was being used entailed some discriminatory surveillance and even tended to violate privac.
2Running head PUBLIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATORS 2PUBLIC SAFETY A.docx
2
Running head: PUBLIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATORS
2
PUBLIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATORS
Public Safety Administrators
Michael Petras
University of Maryland University College
Public safety administration entails the coordination of the resources that would be used in the safety and security of the community. Mainly, public safety administrators include the police officers, the emergency teams, fire departments, and even medical service providers. The main aim or role of the public safety administrators is to ensure that the general public is protected from various threats that may arise as they interact within the environment. However, recently, there have been some challenges that have been an issue in the provision of public safety administrations. The effect of social media use in the public has been a challenge to the public safety administration because of the technicality involved in the use of the same. Therefore, there is a need to understand social media use as a challenge to the public safety administration.
In the use of social media, it is expected that the lawmakers, litigators and even the community members shape the federal, state and local law and departmental policy regarding what information the public safety administrators access when trying to protect individuals from areas such as cybercrime and bullying (Beckett, 2018). The use of social media puts so many individuals at a lot of risks that need protection from public safety administrators. It is as a result of this need to protect the public that laws have been put into place laws on the type of data and transparency required to protect the public. Some of these laws have been a challenge to the security providers and therefore become an issue that needs to be addressed.
The issue of transparency and access to public data from the public using social media came into existence when there was a rise in modern technology. The arrival of the new technology that could enable people to interact online is the one that resulted to lawmakers coming up with policies that would require the public safety administrators become more transparent on the data they access and the extent of the data they access from the public (Namkoong et al., 2017). The policymakers argued that the public safety administrators in their line of duty were accessing private data, which is illegal. They then came up with laws prohibiting the same, and that made it a challenge to protect the public who are on social media platforms.
The history of the issue is dated from the digital age, whereby the users of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and even Instagram started sharing the geographic location and other data in public. However, watchdog or public safety administrators could use this data to come up with ways to protect the public and ensure public safety. However, some of the ways that the data was being used entailed some discriminatory surveillance and even tended to violate privac ...
THE ETHICAL DILEMMA OF THE USA GOVERNMENT WIRETAPPING
USA Government wiretapping activities is a very controversial issue. Undoubtedly this technology can
assist law enforced authority to detect / identify unlawful or hostile activities; however, this task raises
severe privacy concerns. In this paper, we have discussed this complex information technology issue of
governmental wiretapping and how it effects both public and private liberties. Legislation has had a
major impact on the uses and the stigma of wiretapping for the war on terrorism. This paper also
analyzes the ethical and legal concerns inherent when discussing the benefits and concerns of
wiretapping. The analysis has concluded with the effects of wiretapping laws as they relate to future
government actions in their fight against terrorists.
Privacy in a Human Rights and Social Justice Context
A presentation at the 'Information Privacy, Security and Forensics in the Digital Age' Symposium - a National Library of Wales / Aberystwyth University event 6th September 2012
Discourse on the public and private spheres in the digital age has aroused much critical commentary and has occasioned a revisioning of the meaning of public and private in the realm of information. Developments in on-line communication and commerce have popularised this debate and the question of what information is, or should be, public and private, is one which reflects the complexity and interconnectivity of personal and public personas.
In exploring the perceived potential for transparency and accountability, finding the balance between consumerism and control, collaboration and cyber security, and in developing communities of trust whilst being mindful of compliance and continuous enforcement is a challenge which benefits from interdisciplinary approaches. This symposium explores the boundaries of public and private in the digital ecology and includes contributions from a diverse range of fields: forensics, security, law, information and archival science, and social and mobile media.
There has been unprecedented activity in this area in the second decade of this millennium, culminating in a proclamation by the United Nations on access to the Internet as a human right, the deliberations of the Leveson Enquiry regarding press standards and surveillance culture and EU e-privacy and data protection reform, to name a few.
A field F is called a prime field if it has no proper subfields- If E.docx
A field F is called a prime field if it has no proper subfields. If E is a subfield of F and E is a prime field, then E is a prime subfield of F.
Solution
If F is a eld, we know that the intersection F0 of all subelds of F is again a eld|called the prime
subeld of F. It is the smallest subeld of F. The prime subeld must contain 1 and all its multiples
n 1. If we dene a ring homomorphism Z ! F by n 7! n 1, its image must be contained in F0. If the
kernel of this homomorphism is f0g, then F0 contains a subring isomorphic to Z, and hence it contains a
subeld isomorphic to the eld of fractions Q of Z. By minimality, F0
=
Q. Otherwise, the kernel is of the
form pZ for some positive integer p. Since Z=pZ will be isomorphic to a subring of F, it is a domain so p
must be prime and Z=pZ is a eld. Again, by minimality, F0
=
Z=pZ. In the rst case we say that F has
characteristic 0, and in the second case we say it has characteristic p. An alternate notation for Z=pZ which
is common in eld theory is Fp
.
A heterogeneous top management team A- Relies on the similar nat.docx
Solution
The correct answer = C = Has a diverse composition.
Hope my solution solves your query.
Regards.
.
A grand tour of four cities begins at CityAand makes successive stops.docx
A grand tour of four cities begins at City A and makes successive stops at Cities B , C , and D before returning to City A . If the cities are located as shown in the accompanying figure, find the total distance covered on the tour.
mi
Solution
total distance = 1000 + 500 + 1749 + 1100 = 4379 miles please rate me
.
A function is given- Determine the average rate of change of the funct.docx
A function is given. Determine the average rate of change of the function between the given values of the variable.
Solution
average rate of change = [ f(b) - f(a) ] / ( b -a )
= 6 / (2a + h ) - 6 / 2a ] / 2a+ h - 2a
= [ 12a - 12a - 6h ] / h
= -6
.
A description about the tool used to perform the scan A list of identi.docx
A description about the tool used to perform the scan •A list of identified target host(s) in your lab environment •What running services are detected on each (include version numbers if possible) •What the detected operating system of the servers is
Solution
The finger daemon runs on TCP port 79. The client will (in the case of remote hosts) open a connection to port 79. An RUIP (Remote User Information Program) is started on the remote end of the connection to process the request. The local host sends the RUIP one line query based upon the Finger query specification, and waits for the RUIP to respond. The RUIP receives and processes the query, returns an answer, then initiates the close of the connection. The local host receives the answer and the close signal, then proceeds closing its end of the connection.
The Finger user information protocol is based on RFC 1288 ( The Finger User Information Protocol , December 1991). Typically the server side of the protocol is implemented by a program fingerd (for finger daemon ), while the client side is implemented by the name and finger programs which are supposed to return a friendly, human-oriented status report on either the system at the moment or a particular person in depth. There is no required format, and the protocol consists mostly of specifying a single command line.
The program would supply information such as whether a user is currently logged-on, e-mail address, full name etc. As well as standard user information, finger displays the contents of the .project and .plan files in the user\'s home directory. Often this file (maintained by the user) contains either useful information about the user\'s current activities, similar to micro-blogging, or alternatively all manner of humor.
.
A CPA firm has audited the financial statements included in a Form S-1.docx
A CPA firm has audited the financial statements included in a Form S-1 filed with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933. Shortly thereafter, the company went bankrupt and the initial investors filed a class action lawsuit against the CPA firm.
(a) What should the plaintiff investors attempt to prove?
(b) What must the CPA firm prove in order to be successful with respect to the firm
Solution
Hi,
Please find the detailed answer as follows:
Part A:
The focus should be on proving the following:
a) That they have sustained losses
b) That the financial statements contain misleading information.
Part B:
CPA firm must prove the following points:
a) That the plantiff\'s losses didn\'t result from misstated financial statements.
b) Due diligence. It means that investors has reasonable grounds to believe that the financial statements were not misleading as on the effectived date. Further, they made investments based on such belief.
c) Plantiff\'s were aware of the misstatement in the financial statement at the time of purchase of securities.
Thanks.
.
Conduct an External Environmental Scan for your selected company- Iden.docx
Conduct an External Environmental Scan for your selected company. Identify and Select key trends in the social and task environments which offer threats and opportunities to the organization. Organize the scan by placing the key trends into columns of threats, opportunities, or both.
Solution
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
OPPORTUNITIES
Opportunity-Strength (OS) Strategies
Use strengths to take advantage of opportunities
Opportunity-Weakness (OW) Strategies
Overcome weaknesses by taking advantage of opportunities
THREATS
Threat-Strength (TS) Strategies
Use strengths to avoid threats
Threat-Weakness (TW) Strategies
Minimize weaknesses and avoid threats
.
Computing an average mark for four tests Design the algorithm and the.docx
Computing an average mark for four tests Design the algorithm and then write a C++ program that prompts the user to enter the first name, family name, M for male or F for female and then the marks for four tests, which are all integer (whole) numbers. The program then computes and prints the average of these marks. Your output should have a header which has the 9 titles (firs name. last name, gender, 4 marks and the average) on one line followed by the actual data and the computed average on the next line, with the two lines separated by one blank line.
Solution
Answer
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char first_name[20],family_name[20],gender;
int i,marks[4],total=0;
double average_marks;
cout<<\"\ Enter First name : \";
cin>>first_name;
cout<<\"\ Enter Family name : \";
cin>>family_name;
cout<<\"\ Enter Genter M ot F : \";
cin>>gender;
cout<<\"\ Enter Marks : \";
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
cin>>marks[i];
total+=marks[i];
}
average_marks=double(total/4.0);
cout<<\"\ \ First\"<<setw(8)<<\"Famiy\"<<setw(8)<<\"Gender\"<<setw(8)<<\"Marks1\"<<setw(8)<<\"Marks2\"<<setw(8)<<\"Marks3\"<<setw(8)<<\"Marks4\"<<setw(15)<<\"Average_Marks\"<<setw(5)<<\"\ \ \";
cout<<first_name<<setw(8)<<family_name<<setw(8)<<gender<<setw(8);
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
cout<<marks[i]<<setw(8);
}
cout<<setprecision(4)<<average_marks;
return 0;
}
.
Computer Networks- Write either True or False 1- In LTE- a mobile devi.docx
Computer Networks: Write either True or False
1. In LTE, a mobile device may have multiple EPS bearers established: T/F
2. RIP can handle a max of 15 hops: T / F
3. In the hierarchical OSPF, area border routers run multiple instances of OSPF algorithms. T/F
4. An n-bit-CRC can detect with probability 1 any single error burst not longer than n bits. T/F
5. In random access, Carrier Sensing is a technique that guarantees no collision will happen. T/F
6. In Ethernet, due to exponential backoff, if a sender waited for T units of time before sending but experienced a collision, at the next attempt, the sender will wait for 2*T, then resends. T/F
7. ARP is Plug and Play: T/F
8. A MAC address needs to be updated through self learning when the host changes location. T/F
9. The Internet routing protocols require every provider network to advertise every path available through their AS. T/F
10. The Ethernet preamble is used to synchronize the receiver and sender clock rates. T/F
Solution
1. True
2. True
3) False
4) True
5) True, it avoides the collision technique
6) False
7) True, ARP is “ plug-and-playâ€: nodes create their ARP tables without intervention from net administrator. Routing to another LAN
8) False, No need to update it automatically update when it takes the inputs from, the admionistrator
9) False
10) True
.
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Digital Bill of Rights and Online Privacy
Introduction
The primary aim of enacting the United States’ Bill of Rights was to offer protection to individual liberties and limit the government powers in conducting unwarranted searches or seizures. In ensuring people’s privacy online, the government must continuously create awareness and re-educate the American citizens concerning the control measures put in place to collect security information from people. As the world advances digitally, people are transferring more of their personal information online and are becoming tech-savvy. Therefore protecting people’s private information in the digital space should be an important role for the government. Milanovic (38) explains that as Americans continue digitizing and collaborating on social networking sites, the question on every person’s mind is; is our privacy and freedom to use the digital space protected?
Thesis Statement
According to the enacted Bill of Rights, American people have the rights to enjoy online freedom, security and unlawful search and seizures.
People Have Rights to Enjoy Online Freedom and Privacy
Personal data breaches have become common, peoples’ televisions are sometimes used in recording their conversations, and criminals are hacking emails and occasionally being monitored by law enforcement. According to Acquisti, Alessandro, Brandimarte and Loewenstein (22), online freedom and privacy of Americans are always in jeopardy. The government of United States must create an atmosphere where people enjoy online privacy and freedom. There are several reasons why people must be allowed to enjoy online privacy and freedom.
The question many people ask is why does online freedom and privacy matter? Most times commenters and criminal justice-especially the courts struggle articulating why privacy is valuable. While research and Bill of Rights demonstrate why online privacy and freedom is essential for the average American, stakeholders, and civil society groups to continue explaining why people must be let to enjoy their freedom online. Additionally, as people enjoy online independence, the government must come up with strategies aimed at protecting such liberties and private information.
Firstly online privacy and freedom are vital because it limits government power. Online privacy puts a limit on government power and the power of private sector organizations (Angwin 27). The more the government knows about its citizens, the more power they can have control over its people. People can misuse personal data and affect reputations, and it can also be used in influencing the decisions and shape behavior (Fisher 192). When the government and private sector organizations have access to people’s online private information, it can be used as a tool to exercise control over the people.
When private and personal information gets into the ...
The Rise of Internet Freedom Activism
Gerard Goggin paper, presented at Fifth Asian Conference on Cultural Studies, hosted by International Academic Forum (IAFOR), Kobe, 28 to 31 May 2015
Cyberterrorism can be in the form of Information attacks which a.docx
Cyberterrorism can be in the form of Information attacks which are attempts to access, destroy, or alter information retained, processed, and distributed by computers and their networks and infrastructure attacks which are attempts to damage or disable critical services such as transportation, the distribution of electricity, gas and water, air traffic control and other critical government services (excelsiour, 2020). Hacktivism would be to use a computer to progress an agenda either a social or politically motive stance on a subject matter. The fundamental difference between cyberterrorism and hacktivism is that one wants to destroy (cyberterrorism) while the other (hacktivism)wants to persuade people to their cause or create a change.
Technology has advanced these types of groups agenda farter and faster than ever before. There has always been dissenting views to what governments agendas or from what is the acceptable social norms for behavior. But now with the Internet (Technology) groups (mostly radical) can reach out to a greater audience perpetrate nefarious deeds with some form amenity. Groups can post fake news, statistics or false information to sway an audience to believe as they do. We only need to take our national security agencies word (or can we?) that state sponsored hackers infiltrated our last presidential election to sway our votes.
In my opinion our governments have perpetuated the lack of freedoms that we the people are supposed to enjoy and, in many cases, still think we have but don’t. Governments have used for themselves and suppled countries that are under totalitarian rule the software to hack SSL inscription. SSL inscription is what is supposed to protect people privacy of communication over the internet. Communication such as Gmail or your private online discussions. State sponsored Trojan’s are used by the governments now to monitor normal peoples and suspects communications to investigate its own citizens -internet connections – watch and listen to online discussions they can even collect your passwords. People have always assumed that they have some basic privacy from the government. People should now assume that what they do on a computer is going to be known by whomever wishes to view or listen.
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2Running head PUBLIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATORS 2PUBLIC SAFETY A.docx
2
Running head: PUBLIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATORS
2
PUBLIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATORS
Public Safety Administrators
Michael Petras
University of Maryland University College
Public safety administration entails the coordination of the resources that would be used in the safety and security of the community. Mainly, public safety administrators include the police officers, the emergency teams, fire departments, and even medical service providers. The main aim or role of the public safety administrators is to ensure that the general public is protected from various threats that may arise as they interact within the environment. However, recently, there have been some challenges that have been an issue in the provision of public safety administrations. The effect of social media use in the public has been a challenge to the public safety administration because of the technicality involved in the use of the same. Therefore, there is a need to understand social media use as a challenge to the public safety administration.
In the use of social media, it is expected that the lawmakers, litigators and even the community members shape the federal, state and local law and departmental policy regarding what information the public safety administrators access when trying to protect individuals from areas such as cybercrime and bullying (Beckett, 2018). The use of social media puts so many individuals at a lot of risks that need protection from public safety administrators. It is as a result of this need to protect the public that laws have been put into place laws on the type of data and transparency required to protect the public. Some of these laws have been a challenge to the security providers and therefore become an issue that needs to be addressed.
The issue of transparency and access to public data from the public using social media came into existence when there was a rise in modern technology. The arrival of the new technology that could enable people to interact online is the one that resulted to lawmakers coming up with policies that would require the public safety administrators become more transparent on the data they access and the extent of the data they access from the public (Namkoong et al., 2017). The policymakers argued that the public safety administrators in their line of duty were accessing private data, which is illegal. They then came up with laws prohibiting the same, and that made it a challenge to protect the public who are on social media platforms.
The history of the issue is dated from the digital age, whereby the users of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and even Instagram started sharing the geographic location and other data in public. However, watchdog or public safety administrators could use this data to come up with ways to protect the public and ensure public safety. However, some of the ways that the data was being used entailed some discriminatory surveillance and even tended to violate privac.
2Running head PUBLIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATORS 2PUBLIC SAFETY A.docx
2
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In the use of social media, it is expected that the lawmakers, litigators and even the community members shape the federal, state and local law and departmental policy regarding what information the public safety administrators access when trying to protect individuals from areas such as cybercrime and bullying (Beckett, 2018). The use of social media puts so many individuals at a lot of risks that need protection from public safety administrators. It is as a result of this need to protect the public that laws have been put into place laws on the type of data and transparency required to protect the public. Some of these laws have been a challenge to the security providers and therefore become an issue that needs to be addressed.
The issue of transparency and access to public data from the public using social media came into existence when there was a rise in modern technology. The arrival of the new technology that could enable people to interact online is the one that resulted to lawmakers coming up with policies that would require the public safety administrators become more transparent on the data they access and the extent of the data they access from the public (Namkoong et al., 2017). The policymakers argued that the public safety administrators in their line of duty were accessing private data, which is illegal. They then came up with laws prohibiting the same, and that made it a challenge to protect the public who are on social media platforms.
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THE ETHICAL DILEMMA OF THE USA GOVERNMENT WIRETAPPING
USA Government wiretapping activities is a very controversial issue. Undoubtedly this technology can
assist law enforced authority to detect / identify unlawful or hostile activities; however, this task raises
severe privacy concerns. In this paper, we have discussed this complex information technology issue of
governmental wiretapping and how it effects both public and private liberties. Legislation has had a
major impact on the uses and the stigma of wiretapping for the war on terrorism. This paper also
analyzes the ethical and legal concerns inherent when discussing the benefits and concerns of
wiretapping. The analysis has concluded with the effects of wiretapping laws as they relate to future
government actions in their fight against terrorists.
Privacy in a Human Rights and Social Justice Context
A presentation at the 'Information Privacy, Security and Forensics in the Digital Age' Symposium - a National Library of Wales / Aberystwyth University event 6th September 2012
Discourse on the public and private spheres in the digital age has aroused much critical commentary and has occasioned a revisioning of the meaning of public and private in the realm of information. Developments in on-line communication and commerce have popularised this debate and the question of what information is, or should be, public and private, is one which reflects the complexity and interconnectivity of personal and public personas.
In exploring the perceived potential for transparency and accountability, finding the balance between consumerism and control, collaboration and cyber security, and in developing communities of trust whilst being mindful of compliance and continuous enforcement is a challenge which benefits from interdisciplinary approaches. This symposium explores the boundaries of public and private in the digital ecology and includes contributions from a diverse range of fields: forensics, security, law, information and archival science, and social and mobile media.
There has been unprecedented activity in this area in the second decade of this millennium, culminating in a proclamation by the United Nations on access to the Internet as a human right, the deliberations of the Leveson Enquiry regarding press standards and surveillance culture and EU e-privacy and data protection reform, to name a few.
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A field F is called a prime field if it has no proper subfields- If E.docx
A field F is called a prime field if it has no proper subfields. If E is a subfield of F and E is a prime field, then E is a prime subfield of F.
Solution
If F is a eld, we know that the intersection F0 of all subelds of F is again a eld|called the prime
subeld of F. It is the smallest subeld of F. The prime subeld must contain 1 and all its multiples
n 1. If we dene a ring homomorphism Z ! F by n 7! n 1, its image must be contained in F0. If the
kernel of this homomorphism is f0g, then F0 contains a subring isomorphic to Z, and hence it contains a
subeld isomorphic to the eld of fractions Q of Z. By minimality, F0
=
Q. Otherwise, the kernel is of the
form pZ for some positive integer p. Since Z=pZ will be isomorphic to a subring of F, it is a domain so p
must be prime and Z=pZ is a eld. Again, by minimality, F0
=
Z=pZ. In the rst case we say that F has
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A heterogeneous top management team A- Relies on the similar nat.docx
Solution
The correct answer = C = Has a diverse composition.
Hope my solution solves your query.
Regards.
.
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A grand tour of four cities begins at City A and makes successive stops at Cities B , C , and D before returning to City A . If the cities are located as shown in the accompanying figure, find the total distance covered on the tour.
mi
Solution
total distance = 1000 + 500 + 1749 + 1100 = 4379 miles please rate me
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A function is given- Determine the average rate of change of the funct.docx
A function is given. Determine the average rate of change of the function between the given values of the variable.
Solution
average rate of change = [ f(b) - f(a) ] / ( b -a )
= 6 / (2a + h ) - 6 / 2a ] / 2a+ h - 2a
= [ 12a - 12a - 6h ] / h
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A description about the tool used to perform the scan A list of identi.docx
A description about the tool used to perform the scan •A list of identified target host(s) in your lab environment •What running services are detected on each (include version numbers if possible) •What the detected operating system of the servers is
Solution
The finger daemon runs on TCP port 79. The client will (in the case of remote hosts) open a connection to port 79. An RUIP (Remote User Information Program) is started on the remote end of the connection to process the request. The local host sends the RUIP one line query based upon the Finger query specification, and waits for the RUIP to respond. The RUIP receives and processes the query, returns an answer, then initiates the close of the connection. The local host receives the answer and the close signal, then proceeds closing its end of the connection.
The Finger user information protocol is based on RFC 1288 ( The Finger User Information Protocol , December 1991). Typically the server side of the protocol is implemented by a program fingerd (for finger daemon ), while the client side is implemented by the name and finger programs which are supposed to return a friendly, human-oriented status report on either the system at the moment or a particular person in depth. There is no required format, and the protocol consists mostly of specifying a single command line.
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A CPA firm has audited the financial statements included in a Form S-1.docx
A CPA firm has audited the financial statements included in a Form S-1 filed with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933. Shortly thereafter, the company went bankrupt and the initial investors filed a class action lawsuit against the CPA firm.
(a) What should the plaintiff investors attempt to prove?
(b) What must the CPA firm prove in order to be successful with respect to the firm
Solution
Hi,
Please find the detailed answer as follows:
Part A:
The focus should be on proving the following:
a) That they have sustained losses
b) That the financial statements contain misleading information.
Part B:
CPA firm must prove the following points:
a) That the plantiff\'s losses didn\'t result from misstated financial statements.
b) Due diligence. It means that investors has reasonable grounds to believe that the financial statements were not misleading as on the effectived date. Further, they made investments based on such belief.
c) Plantiff\'s were aware of the misstatement in the financial statement at the time of purchase of securities.
Thanks.
.
Conduct an External Environmental Scan for your selected company- Iden.docx
Conduct an External Environmental Scan for your selected company. Identify and Select key trends in the social and task environments which offer threats and opportunities to the organization. Organize the scan by placing the key trends into columns of threats, opportunities, or both.
Solution
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
OPPORTUNITIES
Opportunity-Strength (OS) Strategies
Use strengths to take advantage of opportunities
Opportunity-Weakness (OW) Strategies
Overcome weaknesses by taking advantage of opportunities
THREATS
Threat-Strength (TS) Strategies
Use strengths to avoid threats
Threat-Weakness (TW) Strategies
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Computing an average mark for four tests Design the algorithm and then write a C++ program that prompts the user to enter the first name, family name, M for male or F for female and then the marks for four tests, which are all integer (whole) numbers. The program then computes and prints the average of these marks. Your output should have a header which has the 9 titles (firs name. last name, gender, 4 marks and the average) on one line followed by the actual data and the computed average on the next line, with the two lines separated by one blank line.
Solution
Answer
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char first_name[20],family_name[20],gender;
int i,marks[4],total=0;
double average_marks;
cout<<\"\ Enter First name : \";
cin>>first_name;
cout<<\"\ Enter Family name : \";
cin>>family_name;
cout<<\"\ Enter Genter M ot F : \";
cin>>gender;
cout<<\"\ Enter Marks : \";
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
cin>>marks[i];
total+=marks[i];
}
average_marks=double(total/4.0);
cout<<\"\ \ First\"<<setw(8)<<\"Famiy\"<<setw(8)<<\"Gender\"<<setw(8)<<\"Marks1\"<<setw(8)<<\"Marks2\"<<setw(8)<<\"Marks3\"<<setw(8)<<\"Marks4\"<<setw(15)<<\"Average_Marks\"<<setw(5)<<\"\ \ \";
cout<<first_name<<setw(8)<<family_name<<setw(8)<<gender<<setw(8);
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
cout<<marks[i]<<setw(8);
}
cout<<setprecision(4)<<average_marks;
return 0;
}
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Computer Networks: Write either True or False
1. In LTE, a mobile device may have multiple EPS bearers established: T/F
2. RIP can handle a max of 15 hops: T / F
3. In the hierarchical OSPF, area border routers run multiple instances of OSPF algorithms. T/F
4. An n-bit-CRC can detect with probability 1 any single error burst not longer than n bits. T/F
5. In random access, Carrier Sensing is a technique that guarantees no collision will happen. T/F
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10. The Ethernet preamble is used to synchronize the receiver and sender clock rates. T/F
Solution
1. True
2. True
3) False
4) True
5) True, it avoides the collision technique
6) False
7) True, ARP is “ plug-and-playâ€: nodes create their ARP tables without intervention from net administrator. Routing to another LAN
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9) False
10) True
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Pure Substance
Compound
Mixture
Element
Homogeneous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Solution
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Element:
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Pure substance:
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Compound:
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Mixture:
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This is also known as solution, in which the composition of the substances is uniform.
Lemon-flavored water is an example of homogeneous mixture because in this the composition of the substances is uniform.
In this form of mixture the composition of substance are not uniform and the component of mixture also visible.
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.
Complete the following table by calculating the missing entries and in.docx
Complete the following table by calculating the missing entries and indicating whether the solution is, acidic or basic. (Make sure you show your work!) OH1 Acidic or basic? [H\'1 pH pOH 6.8 x 10-3 M 2.1 x 109 M 6.73 4.25 HTML Editor OH-] Acidic or Basic? pH pOH 6.8 x 103 M 2.167 2.1 x 109 M 6.73 4.25 table tbody tr tod 19 words
Solution
[H+] = 6.8x10^-3M
[H+][OH-] = Kw where Kw = ionic product of water = 1.0x10^-14
[OH-] = Kw/[H+] = 1.0x10^-14/6.8x10^-3 = 1.47x10^-12
[OH] = 1.47x10^-12M
[H+] = 6.8x10^-3
-log[H+] = -log( 6.8x10^-3)
PH= 2.167
PH+POH= 14
POH= 14-PH
POH= 14-2.167 =11.833
[H+] = 6.8x10^-3M, [OH-]= 1.47x10^-12M, PH= 2.167 , POH= 11.833
PH<7, so the nature of solution is acidic.
b) [OH-] = 2.1x10^-9M
[H+] = 1.0x10^-14/2.1x10^-9 = 4.76x10^-6
[H+] = 4.76x10^-6M
-log[H+] = -log( 4.76x10^-6)
PH= 5.322
POH= 14-5.322
POH= 8.678
[H+] = 4.76x10^-6M , [OH-] = 2.1x10^-9M , PH= 5.322, POH= 8.678
PH<7, so the nature of the solution is acidic
c)
PH= 6.73
-log[H+] = 6.73
[H+] = 10^-6.73
[H+] = 1.86x10^-7M
[OH-] = 1.0x10^-14/1.86x10^-7
[OH-] = 5.376x10^-8M
POH= 14-6.73
POH= 7.27
[H+] = 1.86x10^-7M. [OH-] = 5.376x10^-8, PH= 6.73, POH= 7.27
PH<7, so the nature of the solution is acidic nature,
d)
POH=4.25
PH= 14-4.25=9.75
PH= 9.75
-log[H+] = 9.75
[H+] = 10^-9.75
[H+] = 1.778x10^-10M
[OH-] = 1.0x10^-14/1.778x10^-10
[OH-] = 5.62x10^-5
[H+] 1.778x10^-10M, [OH-] = 5.62x10^-5M , PH= 9.75, POH= 4.25
PH>7, so the nature of the solution is basic .
.
Compare the models and information found with NonakaSolutiondeveloped.docx
Compare the models and information found with Nonaka
Solution
developed a four stage spiral model of organizational learning. They started by differentiating Polanyi\'s concept of \"tacit knowledge\" from \"explicit knowledge\" and describe a process of alternating between the two. Tacit knowledge is personal, context specific, subjective knowledge, whereas explicit knowledge is codified, systematic, formal, and easy to communicate. The tacit knowledge of key personnel within the organization can be made explicit, codified in manuals, and incorporated into new products and processes. This process they called \"externalization\". The reverse process (from explicit to tacit) they call \"internalization\" because it involves employees internalizing an organization\'s formal rules, procedures, and other forms of explicit knowledge. They also use the term \"socialization\" to denote the sharing of tacit knowledge, and the term \"combination\" to denote the dissemination of codified knowledge. According to this model, knowledge creation and organizational learning take a path of socialization, externalization, combination, internalization, socialization, externalization, combination . . . etc. in an infinite spiral. Recently Nonaka returned to this theme in an attempt to move this model of knowledge conversion forwards.
Social media challenge knowledge management because of encouraging conversations, networking and participation in more distributed, diverse and dynamic ways of knowledge development and increasingly important individuals
.
Compare the models and information found with NonakaSolutiondeveloped (2).docx
Compare the models and information found with Nonaka
Solution
developed a four stage spiral model of organizational learning. They started by differentiating Polanyi\'s concept of \"tacit knowledge\" from \"explicit knowledge\" and describe a process of alternating between the two. Tacit knowledge is personal, context specific, subjective knowledge, whereas explicit knowledge is codified, systematic, formal, and easy to communicate. The tacit knowledge of key personnel within the organization can be made explicit, codified in manuals, and incorporated into new products and processes. This process they called \"externalization\". The reverse process (from explicit to tacit) they call \"internalization\" because it involves employees internalizing an organization\'s formal rules, procedures, and other forms of explicit knowledge. They also use the term \"socialization\" to denote the sharing of tacit knowledge, and the term \"combination\" to denote the dissemination of codified knowledge. According to this model, knowledge creation and organizational learning take a path of socialization, externalization, combination, internalization, socialization, externalization, combination . . . etc. in an infinite spiral. Recently Nonaka returned to this theme in an attempt to move this model of knowledge conversion forwards.
Social media challenge knowledge management because of encouraging conversations, networking and participation in more distributed, diverse and dynamic ways of knowledge development and increasingly important individuals
.
Complete the following Java code such that it opens a file named Fruit.docx
Complete the following Java code such that it opens a file named FruitList.txt, reads the first line from the file, and then prints the first line on console screen. Your Java code should handle possible exception(s). Assume that the file contains the name of a fruit in each line. You don\'t need to provide comments.
// complete import statement(s) here
public class FileRead
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// complete the code here
}
}
Solution
import java.io.File;
import java.util.Scanner;
/**
* @author
*
*/
public class FileRead {
/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
// complete the code here
Scanner scanner = null;
try {
File file = new File(\"FruitList.txt\");
scanner = new Scanner(file);
// checks the file contains data
if (scanner.hasNext()) {
// prints first line
System.out.println(scanner.nextLine());
}
} catch (Exception e) {
// TODO: handle exception
}
}
}
FruitList.txt
Apple
Orange
Papaya
Banana
Jack Fruit
Watermelon
KIWI
Grapes
Mango
Pineapple
OUTPUT:
Apple
.
Compare the models and information found with NonakaSolutiondeveloped (1).docx
Compare the models and information found with Nonaka
Solution
developed a four stage spiral model of organizational learning. They started by differentiating Polanyi\'s concept of \"tacit knowledge\" from \"explicit knowledge\" and describe a process of alternating between the two. Tacit knowledge is personal, context specific, subjective knowledge, whereas explicit knowledge is codified, systematic, formal, and easy to communicate. The tacit knowledge of key personnel within the organization can be made explicit, codified in manuals, and incorporated into new products and processes. This process they called \"externalization\". The reverse process (from explicit to tacit) they call \"internalization\" because it involves employees internalizing an organization\'s formal rules, procedures, and other forms of explicit knowledge. They also use the term \"socialization\" to denote the sharing of tacit knowledge, and the term \"combination\" to denote the dissemination of codified knowledge. According to this model, knowledge creation and organizational learning take a path of socialization, externalization, combination, internalization, socialization, externalization, combination . . . etc. in an infinite spiral. Recently Nonaka returned to this theme in an attempt to move this model of knowledge conversion forwards.
Social media challenge knowledge management because of encouraging conversations, networking and participation in more distributed, diverse and dynamic ways of knowledge development and increasingly important individuals
.
Compare the models and information found with NonakaSolutiondeveloped (3).docx
Compare the models and information found with Nonaka
Solution
developed a four stage spiral model of organizational learning. They started by differentiating Polanyi\'s concept of \"tacit knowledge\" from \"explicit knowledge\" and describe a process of alternating between the two. Tacit knowledge is personal, context specific, subjective knowledge, whereas explicit knowledge is codified, systematic, formal, and easy to communicate. The tacit knowledge of key personnel within the organization can be made explicit, codified in manuals, and incorporated into new products and processes. This process they called \"externalization\". The reverse process (from explicit to tacit) they call \"internalization\" because it involves employees internalizing an organization\'s formal rules, procedures, and other forms of explicit knowledge. They also use the term \"socialization\" to denote the sharing of tacit knowledge, and the term \"combination\" to denote the dissemination of codified knowledge. According to this model, knowledge creation and organizational learning take a path of socialization, externalization, combination, internalization, socialization, externalization, combination . . . etc. in an infinite spiral. Recently Nonaka returned to this theme in an attempt to move this model of knowledge conversion forwards.
Social media challenge knowledge management because of encouraging conversations, networking and participation in more distributed, diverse and dynamic ways of knowledge development and increasingly important individuals
.
Compare and contrast the Internal Rate of Return (IRR)- the Net Presen.docx
Compare and contrast the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), the Net Present Value (NPV) and Payback approaches to capital rationing. Which do you think is better? Why?
Solution
Capital rationing is used when the capital is short or limited in supply and the organization cannot afford to choose all the projects. Therefore, organizations have to make best use of available capital resource and hence it chooses the project based on profitability. Internal rate of return is a rate of return at which NPV is zero. IRR is a measure of profitability. NPV or net present value is the difference between Present value of cash flows and initial investment. It measures the net addition to shareholders wealth. Payback period is the period of time the project takes to recover the initial investment. Payback period is the measure of liquidity.
Profitability index is the best method when capital is rationed. If Profitability index method is not available, we should prefer using IRR method
.
Consider a system consisting of processes P1- P2- --- - P11- each of w.docx
Consider a system consisting of processes P1, P2, ... , P11, each of which has a unique priority number. Write a monitor that allocates three identical line printers to these processes, using the priority numbers for deciding the order of allocation.
Solution
Monitors are implemented by using queues to keep track of the processes attempting to become active int he monitor. To be active, a monitor must obtain a lock to allow it to execute the monitor code. Processes that are blocked are put in a queue of processes waiting for an unblocking event to occur.
The code for monitor is as follows:
type printer = monitor
var P: array[0…2] of boolean;
X: condition;
procedure acquire (id: integer, printer-id: integer);
begin
if P[0] and P[1] and P[2] then X.wait(id)
if not P[0] then printer-id := 0;
else if not P[1] then printer-id := 1;
else printer-id := 2;
P[printer-id]:=true;
end;
procedure release (printer-id: integer)
begin
P[printer-id]:=false;
X.signal;
end;
begin
P[0] := P[1] := P[2] := false;
end ;
.
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