a study on prathama and dwiteeya sindhooradhya malahara, its pharmaceutical , analytical and antimicrobial action is compared

1. A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO
ANALYTICAL STUDY ON PRATHAMA AND
DWITEEYA SINDHOORADYA MALAHARA W.S.R
TO ITS ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
Dr Arya Raveendran
PG Scholar
Dept of RS & BK
Guide: Dr Asha P N MD( AYU)
Professor
Dept of RS & BK
MVRAMC

2. CONTENTS
■ Title of the study
■ Aim
■ Objective
■ Plan of the study
■ Methodology
■ Discussion
■ Conclusion

3. Title of the study
■ A comparative pharmaceutico analytical study on prathama
and dwiteeya sindhooradya malahara w.s.r to its antimicrobial
activity.

4. AIM
■ To compare the pharmaceutico analytical properties of Prathama and Dwiteeya
Sindhooradhya malahara and to check whether there is any difference in the
antimicrobial activity of the two.
OBJECTIVE
■ To carry out shodhana of Tankana.
■ To prepare Sikta taila
■ To prepare Prathama and Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara as per reference.
■ To do pharmaceutical analysis of both malahara.
■ To have a comparison on the antimicrobial activity of Prathama and Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya
malahara.

5. Plan of the study
■ Review of literature
■ Methodology & Result
■ Discussion
■ Conclusion
■ STUDY DESIGN
 Literature study
 Pharmaceutico- Analytical study
 Antimicrobial Study

6. STUDY SETTING
■ LITERATURE STUDY
All the relevant classical and up to date literature of Prathama and Dwiteeya Sindhuradhya
malahara is screened.
■ PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY: done in the Rasashala under Department of RSBK, MVR AMC,
■ ANALYTICAL STUDY: The finished product analyzed in an approved laboratory.(QA/QC
Dept of Kottakkal Arya Vaidya sala, Malappuram)
■ ANTIMICROBIAL STUDY: Samples are tested for antimicrobial activity against standard
strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, and
Aspergillus niger.
Culture medium – as per organism
Solvents- as per sample
Method: Agar well disc diffusion and Macro Broth dilution method.

7. Drug review
Sl
no
Drug Chemical
name
English
name
Malayala
m name
Rasa Guna Virya Karma
1 Tankana Sodium
tetraborate
decahydrate
Borax pongaram Katu Ruksha,
teekshna
ushna Deepana
pachana,
vishagna
2 Girisindhura Lead oxide Red lead chinturam Katu,
tikta
Ushna Ushna Lekhana,
krimighna,
kandughn
a
3 Sarjarasa Shorea robusta Sal tree
resin
karimarut
hu
Kashaya,
madhura
Rukha
,ushna
Seetha Vatapittah
ara, vrana
ropana
4 Siktha Cera flava Bees wax mezhugu
5 Tila taila Sesame oil Ellenna/
nallenna
Madhura
tikta
Guru
sukshma
tikshna
Ushna Vatakapha
hara,
krimighna
6 Nimbuka Citrus medica Lemon naranga Amla kstu Laghu
tikshna
ushna vatakapha
hara

8. METHODOLOGY
1. COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS
■ Tankana, sarjarasa and Sikta collected from a retailer in Madhurai, Tamil nadu
(28/06/2022).
■ Sindhura : sample(A) collected from Om Shiv brand, Jaipur.(26/07/2022)
■ Tila taila collected from Sunson ayurvedic centre, Payyanur (28/11/2022).

9. 2.SHODHANA OF THE RAW MATERIALS
■ SINDHURA SHODHANA
Even though Shodhana is not mentioned for sindhura, as a precautionary measure shodhana is
carried out as per the samanya shodhana vidhi of Sadharana rasa.
■ साधारण रसााः सर्वे मतुलुङगाम्बुना ।
त्रिरािं भात्रर्वतााः शुष्का भर्वेयुर्दोष र्वत्रजितााः ॥
(RRS 3/145)
Bhavana of girisindhura with nimbu swarasa for 3 days.

10. Bhavana Quantity of nimbu
swarasa
Trituration time Observations Change in weight after
shodhana
1.
Weight before: 470g
Weight after: 490g
100ml 5 hrs
pH of swarasa was found to be 3.
Initially it was difficult to mix with
sindhura.
As the time progressed it become paste like
After 3.5 hrs started to dry and in 5 hrs it
was super hard.
Then kept under shade by covering with
cora cloth for 10mins and then powdered
Gain of 20g
2
Weight before: 490g
Weight after: 506g
60ml 2.5 hrs
pH was tested and confirmed to be 3.
Bhavana become much more easier.
Finally kept under shade and dried for
10mins
Gain of 16g
3
Weight before:506g
Weight after: 519g 45ml 2hrs
pH of swarasa is 3.
Powder while doing bhavana felt very
smooth and there is no restriction.
Finally on drying, kept under shade and
dried for 10mins.
Gain of 13g

11. Weight Colour
Initial:470 g Bright orange
Final: 519 g
(49 g gain)
Dark orange

12. Sample A

13. Confirmation of sample
■ Confirmation of Sindhura is done after doing XRD analysis.
■ Analysis done at Physics dept, nanoscience section of Nirmalagiri College, koothparamba,
Kannur on 01/11/22
Ashodita & Shodita sample A of girisindhura is given for analysis
■ Sample is found to be Pb3O4 . Shodhana doesn’t showed any impact in the XRD peaks,
Shodita samples coincided with their corresponding ashodita counterparts.

14. SAMPLE A

15. Filtration of Sikta -21/11/2022
■ Sikta is heated and melted . Then filtered through a cloth to remove any
physical impurity present in it.
Quantity Remarks Colour
Initial- 1.250g
On melting, there was
presence of froth
Yellowish with presence of
mud and stones
After few seconds froth
stopped and then it is
filtered.
Powder like black
impurities were visible in
the cora cloth
Honey like
Final – 1.200g
Hardens fastly, total time
taken is 10mins
Dark yellowish

17. Shodhana of Tankana -22/11/2022
Shodhana of tankana- by nirjaleekarana method ( by doing bharjana) as per Rasa
Tarangini reference
सुचूत्रणितं टङ्कणं तु खलु पञ्चपलोन्मितम् ।
समुज्ज्वलोर्दरे क्षुद्रकटाहे त्रर्वन्यसेत्तताः ॥
चुन्मिकायां त्रनधायाथ पचेर्द् र्दर्व्ाि प्रचालयन् ।
सुपुन्मितं नष्टनीरं शुन्मिमायात्रत टङ्कणम्॥
■ Done in 2 batches.
total quantity of tankana taken: 400 g

18. 3.52 pm 101.3 º C 309.2 º C 215.6º C
3.56 pm 250.5 º C 321.2 º C 138.7 º C
4.00pm 143.4 º C 334.4 º C 145.5 º C
4.04 pm 165.3 º C 453.6 º C 149.8 º C
4.08 pm 111.2 º C 268.5 º C 117.2 º C
4.12 pm 105.5 º C 341.4 º C 110.5 º C
4.16 pm 104.1 º C 365.2 º C 100.4 º C
Total 400 g of tankana taken for shodhana Finally 289 g of shodhita tankana is
Time Temp of vessel Temp of flame Temp of tankana
3.16 pm 217.8 º C 319.9 º C 94.1 º C
3.20 pm 208.8 º C 307.8 º C 129.6º C
3.24 pm 151.6 251.8 º C 108 º C
3.28 pm 169.9º C 357.7º C 161 º C
3.32pm 139.7º C 262.8º C 101.8º C
3.36pm 118.5 º C 300.1º C 117.3 º C
3.40pm 103.5 º C 253.7 º C 165.2º C
3.44pm 124.6 º C 266.2 º C 130.1 º C
3.48 pm 145.4 º C 280.7º C 111.7º C

19. Observations:
■ Total quantity of ashudha tankana taken- 400 g
■ There were puffing up of tankana with pop up sound.
■ On stirring, there were lot of minute powder of tankana getting blown out of the sarava.
■ Flame is turned off once the popping sound is absent and pure white coloured puffed up popcorn like
structure is obtained.
■ After powdering and sieving, final quantity of shodhita tankana obtained is 289 g.

21. Sarjarasa-17/03/23
■ Sarjarasa is powdered and filtered through sieve (120 mm)
First second
Quantity taken 200 g 150g
Starting time 11 am 12pm
Ending time 11.45 am 12.23
Final weight 197 g 147 g

23. Analysis of tila taila
Sl no Parameters Observed value
1. Moisture content (LOD) 0.223
1. Specific gravity 0.9173
1. Refractive index 1.4680
1. Saponification value 189
1. Acid value 1.782
1. Iodine value 109
1. Determination of presence of mineral oil Not turbid
1. Determination of sesame oil Red colour
1. Rancidity No colour change

24. SIKTA TAILA PREPARATION:
1) 1:5 ratio ( RT murchanaa vijnaneeyam 59-61)- in ushna kala
■ 5 parts of Tila taila is taken in a vessel. It was kept on low flame and 1 part of Sikta is
added to it.
■ It is then subjected to heat until all the Sikta gets completely melted and mixed into
taila. Then the flame is switched off , continuous stirring is done .
Since the study was carried out in ushna kala, Sikta taila is prepared as per the ratio 1:5.

25. Ingredients Quantity Final quantity of Sikta
taila
Sikta
Tila taila
75 g
375 g
450g
Time Observations Temperature of taila
(in degree celcious)
12.36pm Starts to get warm 45.5
12.40pm Phenodgama started 87.6
12.45pm Sikta added when phenodgama stopped and
fumes starts to come
184.5
12.47pm Sikta melts completely 164.5
Ingredients Of Sikta Taila
Observations Of Sikta Taila Preparation

26. Prathama Sindhooradhya malahara
त्रर्वमलं त्रसक्थतैलन्तु कषित्रितयसंत्रमतम् ।
तोलकािित्रमतं टङ्क
ं त्रसन्र्दू रञ्चात्रप तन्मितम् ॥
सम्मेल्य मसृणे खल्वे काचक
ू प्ां त्रनधापयेत् ।
त्रसन्र्दू राध्यो मलहरो नाम्नायं पररकीत्रतिताः ॥
■ Sikta taila – 3 karsha
■ Shudha tankana – 1/2 karsha
■ Girisindhura – ½ karsha
■ It is said to be having properties like पूयनिर्हरण, भूतसङ्घप्रशमि and व्रणशोधिरोपणः.

27. Procedure
■ Pre procedure:
■ First 5 parts of tila taila is taken in a stainless steel vessel and heated over mandagni. Once the
taila is warm add 1 part of pure Sikta to it and wait till it gets completely mixed. After it is
homogenously mixed, turn off the flame and stir continuously.
■ Main procedure:
■ All the other ingredients as per the mentioned quantity are mixed together and added to the
prepared Sikta taila in a uniform manner. Continuous trituration is done until it attains a
homogenous malahara consistency and bottled once it reaches to room temperature. Similarly 2
more samples are prepared.

28. Prathama Sindhuradhya malahara
Sl no Drug Classical quantity Practical quantity
1 Shudha girisindhura ½ karsha 75g
2 Shu tankana ½ karsha 75g
3 Sikta taila 3 karsha 450g
OBSERVATIONS
Room temperature was found to be between 33 º C to 34 º C while preparing 3 samples.
Flame temperature was tried to fix between 50 º C to 54 º C.
There was heavy froth formation with a sizzling sound.
At around 1 hr it begins to thicken with semisolid in flowing consistency.
When the malahara reaches room temperature, it is stored in glass bottles.

29. Observation Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Temperature at the time
of adding powders
85.3 º C 96.1 º C 88.3 º C
Heavy froth formation 73.3 º C 70 º C 75.2 º C
Powders completely
mixed
88 º C 79.8 º C 84.3 º C
Started to thicken and
deposit at edges of khalwa
yantra
57.4 º C 56.4 º C 56.8 º C
Attained semisolid
consistency
40.6 º C 41.8 º C 44.4 º C
Final weight 563 g 593 g 581 g
Temperature pattern of 3 samples of prathama sindhuradhya malahara

30. Organoleptic findings of Prathama
Sindhooradhya malahara
Physical test Prathama
Sindhuradhya
malahara-sample 1
Prathama
Sindhuradhya
malahara – sample 2
Prathama
Sindhuradhya
malahara-
sample 3
Colour Brick red Brick red Brick red
Odour Greasy paint like Greasy paint like Greasy paint like
Taste Not done as it is
external application
Not done as it is
external application
Not done as it is
external
application
Consistency Semisolid Semisolid Semisolid
Touch Smooth Smooth Smooth

31. Stages of preparation of prathama sindhooradhya malahara

32. DWITEEYA SINDHURADHYA
MALAHARA
अिैर्व टङ्कणस्थाने रालक
ं यत्रर्द र्दीयते ।
त्रसन्र्दू राध्यो मलहरस्तर्दायमत्रप कथ्यते ॥
■ The same yoga when tankana is replaced with sarjarasa becomes Dwiteeya
Sindhuradhya malahara.
■ Quantity is same as Prathama Sindhuradhya malahara.
■ It is said to be a remedy for various skin disorders like pama and kandu. It’s good for
rejoining of fractured bones, bhootaghna and vranaropana.

33. Ingredients Quantity
Shodhita girisindhura 75 g
Sarjarasa 75 g
Sikta taila 450g
Observations:
There was popping sound when the powders are added.
Colour was comparatively lighter than the Prathama Sindhuradhya malahara.
Final product obtained is much more in liquid consistency than the other.
Observations Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Temperature at the time
of adding powders
92.2 º C 129 º C 104.2 º C
Froth formation 89.3 º C 85.1 º C 101.9 º C
Powders completely
mixed.
98.4 º C 191.5 º C 123.5 º C
Started to thicken and
sticks to edges of khalwa
yantra
51.6 º C 56.8 º C 54.7 º C
Attained semi solid
consistency
41.8 º C 38.2 º C 40.9 º C
Final weight 587g 586g 586g
Temperature pattern of dwiteeya sindhuradhya malahara.

35. Organoleptic findings of Dwiteeya
Sindhooradhya malahara
Physical test Dwiteeya
Sindhooradhya
malahara- sample 1
Dwiteeya
Sindhooradhya
malahara- sample 2
Dwiteeya
Sindhooradhya
malahara-sample 3
Colour Brick red Brick red Brick red
Odour Paint like Paint like Paint like
Taste Not done Not done Not done
Consistency Semisolid(more liquid
like)
Semisolid(more liquid
like)
Semisolid (more liquid
like)
Touch Smooth and greasy Smooth and greasy Smooth and greasy

36. Physico-chemical test findings
Sl no Parameters Prathama
Sindhooradhya
malahara
Dwiteeya
Sindhooradhya
malahara
1 pH 9.21 5.32
2 Spreadability Pass Pass
3 Total fatty matter (% w/w) 52.99 71.81
4 Loss on drying (LOD)(% w/w) 0.11 0.25
5 Thermal stability Stable Stable
6 Rancidity Not turbid Not turbid

37. Microbial contamination tests
Sl
n
o
Microbiology analysis Prathama
sindhooradhya
malahara
Dwiteeya
Sindhooradhya
malahara
1 Total bacterial count (cfu/g) 20 70
2 Total yeast and mould count
(cfu/g)
10 10
3 Escherichia coli Absent Absent
4 Salmonella typhi Absent Absent
5 Pseudomonas aeuroginosa Absent Absent
6 Staphylococcus aureus Absent Absent

38. Instrumental analysis: Test for heavy
metals (ICPMS)
Sl no Sample name As (mg/kg) Cd(mg/kg) Pb(mg/kg) Hg(mg/kg)
1 Prathama
Sindhooradhya
malahara
12.2 0.05 4006.4 0.24
2 Dwiteeya
Sindhooradhya
malahara
10.5 0.03 4777.4 0.17

39. HPTLC results
■ Prathama Sindhooradhya malahara, At 254nm total 7 peaks
At 366 nm, total 8 peaks
■ Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara, at 254nm total 6 peaks
at 366nm, a total of 5

40. OVERVIEW GRAPH OF PRADHAMA & DWITEEYA SINDHOORADHYA MALAHARA
SAMPLES AT 254nm
PEAK NO Rf VALUE AREA(AU) % AREA(AU)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.22
0.32
0.44
0.53
0.63
0.68
0.83
686.2
2785.4
1243.8
1664.1
5605.1
18713.1
8615.8
1.75
7.09
3.16
4.22
14.26
47.60
21.92
Rf VALUE & % AREA OF PRADHAMA SINDHOORADHYA MALAHARA
SAMPLE AT 254nm
TOTAL PEAK NO – 07
TOTAL AREA – 39313.5 (AU)

41. PRADHAMA & DWITEEYA SINDHOORADHYA MALAHARA SAMPLES AT 366nm
PEAK NO Rf
VALUE
AREA(AU) %
AREA(AU)
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.44
0.49
0.54
0.66
0.70
0.81
3554.0
3387.1
3245.5
21069.0
20473.5
10929.8
5.68
5.41
5.18
33.62
32.67
17.44
Rf VALUE & % AREA OF DWITEEYA SINDHOORADHYA MALAHARA SAMPLE AT 254nm
TOTAL PEAK NO – 06
TOTAL AREA – 62658.9 (AU)

42. TLC PLATE VIEWS OF PRADHAMA SINDHOORADHYA MALAHARA SAMPLE
AT 254nm AT 366nm Derivatized Derivatized Derivatized
at 254nm at 366nm at white light

43. TLC PLATE VIEWS OF DWITEEYA SINDHOORADHYA MALAHARA SAMPLE
AT 254nm AT 366nm Derivatized Derivatized Derivatized
at 254nm at 366nm at white light

44. ANTIMICROBIAL TEST RESULTS:
Prathama Sindhooradhya malahara- Agar well diffusion method
Sl No. Test organism Test Result
(zone of inhibition in mm)
Test method
Sample (50% in
hexane)
Standard Drug
CKL/MB/MOA
-044
1 Staphylococcus
aureus
NZ,NZ Streptomycin
(1000ppm)-23,23
2 Streptococcus
pyogenes
14,14 Streptomycin
(1000ppm)-23,23
3 Candida albicans 16,16 Nystatin
(1000ppm)-32,32
4 Aspergillus niger NZ,NZ Nystatin
(1000ppm)-18,17

45. Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara- Agar
well diffusion method
Sl No. Test organism Test Result
(Zone of inhibition in mm)
Test
method
Sample (50% in
hexane)
Standard Drug
CKL/MB/
MOA-044
1 Staphylococcus
aureus
NZ,NZ Streptomycin
(1000ppm)-23,23
2 Streptococcus
pyogenes
NZ,NZ Streptomycin
(1000ppm)-23,23
3 Candida albicans NZ,NZ Nystatin
(1000ppm)-32,32
4 Aspergillus niger NZ,NZ Nystatin
(1000ppm)-17,17
NZ-No Zone

46. Macro broth dilution method:
Prathama Sindhooradhya malahara
Sl
no
Test
organism
Test results Test
metho
d
sample Blank Media
contro
l
25% 12.5% 6.25% 3.12% 1.56% 0.78%
1 Staphyloc
occus
aureus
G G G G G G G NG CKL/M
BM
2 Streptoc
occus
pyogenes
NG NG NG NG NG G G NG OA-
047
3 Candida
albicans
NG NG G G G G G NG
4 Aspergill
us niger
G G G G G G G NG

47. Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara
Sl No Test
organis
m
Test result 1
Sample Blank Media
control
25% 12.5% 6.25% 3.12% 1.56% 0.78%
1 Staphyl
ococcu
s
aureus
G G G G G G G NG CKL/M
BMOA-
047
2 Strepto
coccus
pyogen
es
G G G G G G G NG
3 Candid
a
albican
s
G G G G G G G NG
4 Aspergi
llus
niger
G G G G G G G NG

48. Strain Prathama sindhuradhya malahara Dwitiya sindhuradhya
malahara
Aspergillus niger
Candida albicans
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus
pyogenes

49. Aspergillus niger : Prathama Sindhooradhya
malahahara
Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara
Candida albicans : Prathama Sindhooradhya
malahara
Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara

50. Staphylococcus aureus: Prathama
Sindhooradhya malahara
Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara
Streptococcus pyogenes: Prathama
Sindhooradhya malahara
Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara

51. Discussion
■ The first part in the pharmaceutical study was the collection of raw materials required for
the study.
■ Girisindhura being a controversial drug was very difficult to get. Since nagasindhura or lead
oxide is presently used in place of girisindhura, collected a raw sample from Jaipur.
Shodhana and XRD analysis was carried out to confirm the presence of any other metallo
mineral compounds. The findings suggested that sample is pure red lead or red minium, with
chemical formula Pb3O4. While comparing the grahya lakshana, this sample matches more
with the classically told lakshana of girisindhura like snigdha, guru, shiny, soft and bright
red orange colour.
■ Other raw drugs were selected by matching with the grahya lakshana and necessary
analytical tests.
■ Practical no.1 was girisindhura shodhana. The selected sample of girisindhura was given
bhavana in nimbu swarasa for 3 times. There was addition of weight by 49gms. Nimbu
swarasa being an amla dravya might have helped in dissociating the compound and thus
softened the drug. This was very clear with successive bhavana as it eased the process
to a great extent.

52. ■ For the confirmation of samples of girisindhura XRD analysis was carried out and the samples
when compared with the standard found this as red minium, Pb3O4. The d-spacing values of
Pb3O4 is found as 3.364 Å, 2.451 Å, 2.204 Å, 2.065 Å and 1.857 Å. The d spacing values of the
analysed sample closely resemble with these values.
■ On comparing both the shodhita and ashodita samples of girisindhura, shodhita sample
matched more closely with a score of 89 and ashodita have only 85 points.
■ Practical no. 2 was filtration of Sikta. There was 50 g loss in the form of impurities as well as
Sikta sticking into the vessel and cloth. Considerable change in colour was also observed.
■ Practical no.3 was shodhana of tankana by Nirjaleekarana method. The temperature
reached a maximum of 215.6C. There was significant loss of weight (27.75% loss) which
indicates that the water content is lost completely.
■ Borax will lose its water of crystallization above 65C Anhydrate form is safer compared
to other hydrate forms. So when the water of crystallization is lost completely it attains
therapeutic properties especially in case of digestive and skin disorders.

53. ■ Practical no. 4 was powdering and filtering of sarjarasa. Being a naturally occurring gum
resin it have lot of physical impurities in the form of mud, husk etc. So it is powdered and
filtered through 120mm sieve. Nearly 6 gm loss was seen. Sieving helped in giving uniformity
and proper mixing of the malahara.
■ Practical no.5 is the preparation of Prathama Sindhooradhya malahara. The study being
carried out in ushna kala, Sikta taila is prepared in the ratio 1:5. The external temperature
influenced a lot in reaching the consistency. Being done in the afternoon hours the
samples took longer to solidify.
■ Practical no.6 was preparation of Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara. The method of
preparation was similar to Prathama Sindhooradhya malahara with only difference was the
addition of sarjarasa in place of tankana..
■ Nearly 580g of 3 samples each were prepared for both Prathama and Dwiteeya
Sindhooradhya malahara.

54. ■ pH of Prathama variety shows its alkaline nature. Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara is
more of a weak acid. Tankana or anhydrous borax when dissolved in water gives an alkaline
solution that might be the reason for alkalinity of Prathama Sindhooradhya malahara. pH of
sarjarasa is found as 6.58 which is a weak acid, thus Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara
might have turned more towards the acidic nature.
■ Total fatty matter of Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara is more compared to Prathama
variety. Fatty matter affects the occlusive properties ie, it act as a physical barrier in the
skin and helps to reduce the water loss through evaporation.
■ In test for heavy metals, higher concentration of As and Pb than the permissible limits.
Other heavy metals like Cd and Hg are within the permissible limit. Lead is the major
ingredient in both the malahara that may be the reason for the higher values of lead.
Arsenic contamination may be from other procedures carried out in the rasasala in the same
course of time.
■ HPTLC of Prathama Sindhooradhya malahara at 254nm 7 peaks were identified and that
of Dwiteeya variety 6 peaks. Number of peaks give a rough idea of the number of
compounds present in the sample. At 366nm 8 peaks were identified in case of Prathama
Sindhooradhya malahara and 5 peaks in Dwiteeya variety.

55. ■ Antimicrobial study:
■ The selection of microbes is based on the rationale that most of the organism causing skin
infections are bacteria, fungi and viruses. So two strains each of bacteria and fungi are
selected for the study. Due to safety constraints and technical challenges viral strains were
not chosen in this study. The common bacterial skin pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus
and Streptococcus pyogens. In the fungi group Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger are
the common causative agents.
■ In Agar well diffusion technique for Prathama Sindhooradhya malahara, no zone of
inhibition is seen for Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger whereas mild action
is seen in case of Streptococcus pyogens and Candida albicans.
■ Under the macro broth dilution technique for Prathama Sindhooradhya malahara, Minimal
Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for Streptococcus Pyogens was found to be 1.56% and that of
Candida albicans was 12.5%.
■ Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara was also tested under similar circumstances and found
no zone of inhibition in all the 4 strains.
■ This may be because of the presence of tankana in Prathama Sindhooradhya malahara. The
antimicrobial action of tankana is already proven through various research works carried
out in the field.

56. Conclusion
■ Aim of the present study is to compare the antimicrobial activity of Prathama and
Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara both pharmaceutically and analytically.
■ Antimicrobial study by both agar well diffusion and macro broth dilution showed that
more action in Prathama Sindhooradhya malahara. Among the 4 tested strains, significant
results are seen in case of Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans.
■ Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya malahara had no action in the tested strains of microbes.
■ After doing the entire study, I have reached the conclusion that Prathama Sindhooradhya
malahara had better antimicrobial activity compared to the Dwiteeya Sindhooradhya
malahara. Further more detailed study with large spectrum of microbes are necessary to
confirm the antimicrobial action.

57. Further scope of the study
■ The same study can be carried out by increasing the microbial load, as it is
impossible to conclude the antimicrobial action just by analysing four strains.
■ To be more specific further clinical trial is a necessary. Since Sindhooradhya
malahara is a formulation which is widely in use, clinical study findings will
serve as an evidence based result.
■ Shelflife study is another area which is least explored, so it can also be
conducted and compared between the two malahara.

58. THANKYOU