A C A D E M I C P A P E R
Reforming policy roles in the Jordanian policy‐making process
Rami Tbaishat1 | Ali Rawabdeh1 | Khaled Qassem Hailat2 | Shaker A Aladwan1 |
Samir Al Balas1 | Mohammed Iqbal Al Ajlouny3
1 Department of Public Administration, Faculty
of Economics and Administrative Sciences,
Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
2 Department of Marketing, Faculty of
Economics and Administrative Sciences,
Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
3 Department of Business Administration,
Faculty of Business, Al‐zaytoonah University
of Jordan, Irbid, Jordan
Correspondence
Rami Tbaishat, Department of Public
Administration, Faculty of Economics and
Administrative Sciences, Yarmouk University,
Irbid 21163, Jordan.
Email: [email protected]
The aim of this diagnostic analysis is to identify the weaknesses in the process of
reforming policy in Jordan. This study will first present a diagnostic analysis of the
characteristics of administrative reform in Jordan. Following this, weaknesses will be
identified with a focus on policy roles in the policy‐making process. Administrative
reform has long been an area of interest and development in Jordan since the early
1980s. Conferences were held, political and technical committees formed, and exper-
tise and resources invested. The outcomes of these programs have been below
expectations, with inadequate impact. This investigation paid attention on how
Jordan can best invest its resources to maximize efficiency in the public sector, spe-
cifically the process of reforming policy. This study concludes that the primary factor
impacting efficiency, accountability, and responsiveness is the degree of authority at
both national and organizational level. Recent efforts in Jordan to tackle these issues
could create more conflicts that threaten the Jordanian government's stability. Other
resources have been dedicated to reviewing the rules and values that govern the rela-
tionship between state and society.
1 | INTRODUCTION
The bureaucratic ethos that emphasizes the importance
of centrally controlled rationality considers one of the
most important characteristics of the political regime
which Jordan has experienced during the last decades
(UNDP Report, 2015). In this context, economic
performance in most cases proved to be less than
adequate for either ensuring self‐sustained development
or, at a minimum, being able to meet the basic
requirements of the populace. In Jordan, the movement
away from the authoritarian past is characterized by
the efforts to maintain or improve the neoliberal
foundations of the economy while opening the political
arena to ensure the participation of a traditionally
marginalized citizenry that demands an equitable and
prompt share of the benefits of economic growth.
Despite the official political structure, it is so clear that the domination
of the executive branch over the judicial and legislative branch of
government is eminent. The extreme cen.
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3
Impact of Strategic Planning on Financial Performance of
Companies in Turkey
Alev M. Efendioglu (Corresponding author)
School of Business and Professional Studies, University of San Francisco
2130 Fulton Street, Malloy Hall 220 San Francisco, CA 94117-1045, USA
Tel: 1-415-422-6389 E-mail: [email protected]
A. Tuğba Karabulut
Faculty of Commercial Sciences, Istanbul Commerce University
Selman-i Pak Cad. 34672 Uskudar Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: 90-216-5539422/278 ext E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Strategic planning is important for strategic management of companies. The purpose of this study is to explore
the impact of strategic planning on financial performance of Major Industrial Enterprises of Turkey. Our
findings show that many domestic and foreign firms in our sample have a strategic process in place. It is an
annual process and considered a very important organizational activity. This paper is one of the few studies to
examine the strategic planning process in a sample of firms from a transitional economy. It can be considered a
longitudinal study because it examines a set of institutions to identify changes in their performance over time, as
they incorporate the use of strategic tools in a dynamic competitive environment. The findings of this study
provide a contribution to our understanding of the nature and practice of strategic planning in Turkish companies
and possibilities of correlations between their efforts and performance.
Keywords: Strategic planning, Financial performance, Turkey
1. Introduction
Even though the concept of strategy may have had its original underpinnings in the military and its war efforts,
over many decades it has become a mainstay and a major process (organizational activity) in for-profit and
not-for-profit organizations. These organizations have refined and used the process to understand issues which
they cannot control but have a significant impact on their survival and success, and use their limited resources
and competencies to improve their competitive positions. It was hypothesized that by consciously using formal
planning, a company could exert some positive control over market forces, create competitive advantages,
improve organizational effectiveness, and improve its performance.
As a result, new concepts and tools were developed and added to company repertoires over time, and they were
used to bring formality and uniformity to strategy development in organizations. Because one of the objectives
of this process is to develop competitive advantages leading to superior organizational performance, the
relationship between the firm’s strategic planning efforts and firm performance received considerable attention
from academics, researchers, and business executives. However, despite the large number of studies examining
this relationship, the findings ha.
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Ethical decision making is a requirement and is a must for leaders in the local authorities to ensure
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or otherwise.Decision making by officers in a local authority is imperative;
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improved service delivery and efficiency in governance. The operations of government like any other private
institutions require continuous evaluation in the form of performance measurement system for improvement,
satisfaction of customers, employees and stakeholders. Data was administered Lagos waste management
authority and public. The extent of efficiency in service delivery and governance; and the effectiveness of
performance measurement usage were measured using an index computed from questionnaire items. The data
was subjected to Mann-Whitney independent sample test. Significant differences were observed in the
assessment of staff and the public on public-private partnership service delivery efficiency. The public
confirmed that waste service delivery is efficient as it had yielded quality service and cleaner environment. The
study recommended therefore that for continued public confidence in governance, efficiency in service delivery
and the use of performance measurement techniques should not be undermined or sacrificed for political gains.
This can be facilitated through conscientious monitoring of the outsourced services.
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The document outlines citizen reform agendas proposed for political candidates and parties in the 2010 Philippine elections. It discusses agendas related to anti-corruption, political and electoral reforms, the environment and sustainable development, and local governance. On anti-corruption, it proposes strengthening oversight bodies and ensuring consequences for non-compliance. For political reforms, it advocates empowering citizens and transforming politics to be more inclusive and pro-poor. On the environment, it calls for adopting sustainable development frameworks like the Philippine Agenda 21 and enabling economic policies.
Implementation consists of organized government activities directed at achieving policy goals and objectives. It involves putting authorized policies into effect according to a plan. Implementation inspires little public or political interest, though politics can still influence the process through noncompliance. Effective implementation requires that policies are clear and simple, specify roles and structures, have committed leadership, and maintain priority and support over time despite changing conditions.
Explain the scope of public administration as a discipline
Explain the scope of public administration AS AN ACTIVITY
IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS THE VARIOUS AREAS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
The document discusses different views of public administration as both a field of practice and study. As a field of practice, public administration involves carrying out governmental functions like enacting laws and policies. As a field of study, it uses empirical research and social science methods to advance knowledge. Public administration is considered an applied discipline that prepares individuals for careers in public service. It is viewed as both an art that involves creativity and leadership, and a science with theories to explain phenomena in the field. Several definitions of public administration are provided that emphasize its role in implementing policies and delivering services to the public.
According to Davenport (2014) social media and health care are c.docxmakdul
Social media is collaborating with healthcare to meet the needs of providers and patients, and is moving toward using analytics to evaluate its value within healthcare. The document instructs the reader to research areas of social media that could benefit from an analytic model combining data and value-based analytics, then evaluate a resource by discussing five major social media stakeholder roles, whether social media could improve medical practice and provide rationale, and concluding with main points.
According to (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.) theoretical orient.docxmakdul
According to (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.) theoretical orientation represent styles of mind for understanding reality. This theoretical orientation can be organized as a continuum from theoretical constructs that are independent and concrete as with the Behavioral/ CBT theories, to theoretical constructs that are interdependent and abstract as with the Psychodynamic theories (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.). Family systems and Humanistic/Existential are theoretical midpoints (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.). Trait theory tends to focus on the premise that we are born with traits or characteristics that make us unique and explain our behaviors (Cervone& Pervin, 2019). For example, introversion, extroversion, shyness, agreeableness, kindness, etc. all these innate characteristics that we are born help to explain why we behave in a certain manner according to the situations we face, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019). Psychoanalytic perspective on the other hand focuses on childhood experiences and the unconscious mind which plays a role in our personality development, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019).
According to Freud, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019) our unconscious mind includes all our hidden desires and conflicts which form the root cause of our mental health issues or maladaptive behaviors. The main difference between these two perspectives is that trait theory helps to explain why we behave in a certain manner, whereas psychoanalytic theory only describes the personality and predicting behavior and not really explaining why we behave the way we do. There is no such evident similarity between the two perspectives, but kind of rely on underlying mechanisms to explain personality. Also, there is some degree of subjectivity present in both the perspectives. Trait theories involve subjectivity regarding interpretations of which can be considered as important traits that explain our behaviors, and psychoanalytic theory is subjective and vague in the concepts been used like the unconscious mind. My opinions accord with the visible contrasts between the two, one focused on internal features describing our behaviors in clearer words, whilst other concentrating on unconscious mind in anticipating behavior which is ambiguous and harder to grasp.
References
Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2019). Personality: Theory and research (14th ed.). Wiley.
Fatehi, M., Gordon, R. M., & Florida, O. A Meta-Theoretical Integration of Psychotherapy Orientations.
.
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Impact of Strategic Planning on Financial Performance of
Companies in Turkey
Alev M. Efendioglu (Corresponding author)
School of Business and Professional Studies, University of San Francisco
2130 Fulton Street, Malloy Hall 220 San Francisco, CA 94117-1045, USA
Tel: 1-415-422-6389 E-mail: [email protected]
A. Tuğba Karabulut
Faculty of Commercial Sciences, Istanbul Commerce University
Selman-i Pak Cad. 34672 Uskudar Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: 90-216-5539422/278 ext E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
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findings show that many domestic and foreign firms in our sample have a strategic process in place. It is an
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confirmed that waste service delivery is efficient as it had yielded quality service and cleaner environment. The
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Overview Of South African Public ManagementJessica Tanner
The document discusses the feasibility of management in the public sector as an organizational paradigm and new model for organizational development. It reviews literature exploring change management strategies from a public sector project management perspective. The literature suggests that employee participation, effective feedback, and empowering subordinate staff are crucial to transforming public organizations. The proposal hypothesizes that establishing long-term productivity advantages throughout the organization is also important.
The document outlines citizen reform agendas proposed for political candidates and parties in the 2010 Philippine elections. It discusses agendas related to anti-corruption, political and electoral reforms, the environment and sustainable development, and local governance. On anti-corruption, it proposes strengthening oversight bodies and ensuring consequences for non-compliance. For political reforms, it advocates empowering citizens and transforming politics to be more inclusive and pro-poor. On the environment, it calls for adopting sustainable development frameworks like the Philippine Agenda 21 and enabling economic policies.
Implementation consists of organized government activities directed at achieving policy goals and objectives. It involves putting authorized policies into effect according to a plan. Implementation inspires little public or political interest, though politics can still influence the process through noncompliance. Effective implementation requires that policies are clear and simple, specify roles and structures, have committed leadership, and maintain priority and support over time despite changing conditions.
Explain the scope of public administration as a discipline
Explain the scope of public administration AS AN ACTIVITY
IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS THE VARIOUS AREAS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
The document discusses different views of public administration as both a field of practice and study. As a field of practice, public administration involves carrying out governmental functions like enacting laws and policies. As a field of study, it uses empirical research and social science methods to advance knowledge. Public administration is considered an applied discipline that prepares individuals for careers in public service. It is viewed as both an art that involves creativity and leadership, and a science with theories to explain phenomena in the field. Several definitions of public administration are provided that emphasize its role in implementing policies and delivering services to the public.
Similar to A C A D E M I C P A P E RReforming policy roles in the Jor.docx (20)
According to Davenport (2014) social media and health care are c.docxmakdul
Social media is collaborating with healthcare to meet the needs of providers and patients, and is moving toward using analytics to evaluate its value within healthcare. The document instructs the reader to research areas of social media that could benefit from an analytic model combining data and value-based analytics, then evaluate a resource by discussing five major social media stakeholder roles, whether social media could improve medical practice and provide rationale, and concluding with main points.
According to (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.) theoretical orient.docxmakdul
According to (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.) theoretical orientation represent styles of mind for understanding reality. This theoretical orientation can be organized as a continuum from theoretical constructs that are independent and concrete as with the Behavioral/ CBT theories, to theoretical constructs that are interdependent and abstract as with the Psychodynamic theories (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.). Family systems and Humanistic/Existential are theoretical midpoints (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.). Trait theory tends to focus on the premise that we are born with traits or characteristics that make us unique and explain our behaviors (Cervone& Pervin, 2019). For example, introversion, extroversion, shyness, agreeableness, kindness, etc. all these innate characteristics that we are born help to explain why we behave in a certain manner according to the situations we face, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019). Psychoanalytic perspective on the other hand focuses on childhood experiences and the unconscious mind which plays a role in our personality development, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019).
According to Freud, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019) our unconscious mind includes all our hidden desires and conflicts which form the root cause of our mental health issues or maladaptive behaviors. The main difference between these two perspectives is that trait theory helps to explain why we behave in a certain manner, whereas psychoanalytic theory only describes the personality and predicting behavior and not really explaining why we behave the way we do. There is no such evident similarity between the two perspectives, but kind of rely on underlying mechanisms to explain personality. Also, there is some degree of subjectivity present in both the perspectives. Trait theories involve subjectivity regarding interpretations of which can be considered as important traits that explain our behaviors, and psychoanalytic theory is subjective and vague in the concepts been used like the unconscious mind. My opinions accord with the visible contrasts between the two, one focused on internal features describing our behaviors in clearer words, whilst other concentrating on unconscious mind in anticipating behavior which is ambiguous and harder to grasp.
References
Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2019). Personality: Theory and research (14th ed.). Wiley.
Fatehi, M., Gordon, R. M., & Florida, O. A Meta-Theoretical Integration of Psychotherapy Orientations.
.
According to Libertarianism, there is no right to any social service.docxmakdul
According to Libertarianism, there is no right to any social services besides those of a night-watchman state, protecting citizens from harming each other via courts, police, and military.
Consider this town
that decided to remove fire rescue as a basic social service. To benefit from it, one had to pay a yearly fee. Do you think libertarians would generally have to support such a policy in order to be consistent? Why or why not? Also, can you think of any other social services that might no longer exist in a libertarian society? (Btw, none has ever existed).
.
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent working wi.docxmakdul
Kirk (2016) identified four data action groups for working with data: data acquisition, data examination, data transformation, and data exploration. Data acquisition involves gathering the raw material.
According to cultural deviance theorists like Cohen, deviant sub.docxmakdul
This document discusses how cultural deviance theorists view subcultures as having their own value systems that oppose mainstream society's values. It asks how rap culture has perpetuated these subcultural values and promoted violence and crime among young men. It also asks how theorists would explain the persistence and popularity of rap culture given its deviation from conventional norms and values, citing examples from Tupac Shakur and 50 Cent. The document requests a 750-1000 word essay on this topic supported by 3-5 scholarly sources.
According to Gray et al, (2017) critical appraisal is the proce.docxmakdul
According to Gray et al, (2017) “critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically assessing the outcome of all aspects of a study, judging the strengths, limitation, trustworthiness, meaning, and its applicability to practice”. The steps involved in critical appraisal include “identifying the study's elements or processes, determining the strengths and weaknesses, and evaluating the credibility and trustworthiness of the study” (Gray et al., 2017). The journal article chosen is
“change in staff perspectives on indwelling urinary catheter use after implementation of an intervention bundle in seven Swiss acute care hospitals: a result of a before/after survey study”
by Niederhauser, Zullig, Marschall, Schweiger, John, Kuster, and Schwappach. (2019).
Identifying the study's elements or processes
A significant issue addressed by the study is the nursing “staffs’ perspective towards indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) and evaluation of changes in their perspectives towards indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) use after implementation of a 1-year quality improvement project” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). the process of the research was conducted in “seven acute care hospitals in Switzerland” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). With a “sample size of 1579 staff members participated in the baseline survey and 1527 participated in the follow-up survey. The survey captures all nursing and medical staff members working at the participating hospitals at the time of survey distribution, using a multimodal intervention bundle, consisting of an evidence-based indication list, daily re-evaluation of ongoing catheter needs, and staff training were implemented over the course of 9 months” (Niederhauser et al, 2019).
Determining the strengths and weaknesses
A great strength of the study is a large sample size of over 1000 and the use of well-constructed and easy-to-read heading for better understanding. Also, the use of figures, graphs, and tables make the article less cumbersome to read. Another strength is the implementation of the ethical principles of research by enabling informed consent and voluntary participation as well as confidentiality and anonymity of information.
On the other hand, the study has several weaknesses such as the use of “the theory of planned behavior to model intentions to reduce catheter use, but it is not possible to know if changes observed in staff perception led to a true change in practice” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). Another weakness of the study is the repeated survey design which allows assessment of changes in staff perspectives after implementation of a quality improvement intervention but the sustainability of the effects over time could not be evaluated.
Evaluating the credibility and trustworthiness of the study
Although the study used a larger sample size of over 1000, the “use of a single-group design and no control group weakens its credibility and trustworthiness because there are no causal inferences abou.
According to article Insecure Policing Under Racial Capitalism by.docxmakdul
According to article "Insecure: Policing Under Racial Capitalism" by Robin D.G. Kelley and the article "Yes, We Mean Literally Abolish the Police" by Mariame Kaba, the police are no longer an attribute of safety and security. The facts that are given in the articles are similar within the meaning of the content. The police do not serve for the benefit of the whole community. Racial and class division according to social status became the basis of lawlessness and injustice on the part of the police. Kaaba in his article cites several stories confirming the racial hatred that led to the murder of African Americans. After that, people massively took to the streets of many cities in several countries, demanding an end to racial discrimination and the murder of African Americans. Kelley's article describes numerous manifestos where demands for police abolition have been raised, but all have been rejected. In the protests, people suggested that they themselves would take care of each other, which the police could not do. I understand that the police system is far from ideal and the permissiveness of police representatives should be limited. Ruth Wilson Gilmore says that "capitalism is never racial." I think that this phrase she wants to say that the stronger people take away from the weak people and use them for their own well-being. And since the roots of history go back to slavery, then African Americans are the weak link. In this regard, a huge number of prisons and police power appeared. The common and small class do not feel protected, on the contrary; they expect a threat from people who must protect them. The police take an oath to respect and protect human and civil rights and freedoms, regardless of skin color and social status. If this does not happen, then you need to change the system.
.
Abstract In this experiment, examining the equivalence poi.docxmakdul
Abstract:
In this experiment, examining the equivalence point in a titration with NaOH identified an
unknown diprotic acid. The molar mass of the unknown was found to be 100.78 g/mol with pKa
values of 2.6 and 6.6. The closest diprotic acid to this molar mass is malonic acid with a percent
error of 3.48%.
Introduction:
The purpose of the experiment was to determine the identity of an unknown diprotic acid. The
equivalence and half-equivalence points on the titration curve give important information, which
can then be used to calculate the molecular weight of the acid. The equivalence point is the
moment when there is an equal amount of acid and NaOH. Knowing the concentration and
volume of added NaOH at that moment, the amount of moles of NaOH can be determined. The
amount of moles of NaOH is then equivalent to the amount of acid present. Dividing the original
mass of the acid by the moles present gave the molar mass of the acid.
In this particular titration, there were two equivalence points as the acid is diprotic.
Consequently, the titration curve had two inflection points. The acid dissociated in a two-step
process with the net reaction being:
H2X + 2 NaOH Na2X + 2 H2O
This was important to take into consideration when calculating the molar mass of the diprotic
acid. If the first equivalence point was to be used, the ratio of acid to NaOH was 1:1. If the
second equivalence point was used in the calculations, the ratio became 1:2 as now a second
set of NaOH molecules reacted with the acid to dissociate the second hydrogen ion. The
titration curve also showed the pKa values of the acid. This happened at the half-equivalence
point where half of the acid was dissociated to its conjugate base (again, because of the diprotic
properties of the acid, this happens twice on the curve). The Henderson Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa+log(A-/HA)
shows that at the half-equivalence point, the pKa value equaled the pH and was visually
represented by the flattest part of the graphs.
Discussion:
The titration graph showed that the data was consistent with the methodology and proved to be
an precise execution of the procedure and followed the expected shape. One possible source of
error was the actual mass of the acid solid. While transferring the dust from the weigh boat to
the solution, some remained in the weigh boat this could have altered the molar mass
calculations and shifted the final the final mass lighter than actual.
The Vernier pH method was definitely a much more concrete method of interpreting the results.
It was possible to see which addition of NaOH gave the greatest increase in pH ( greatest 1st
derivative of the titration graph). The relying solely on the indicator color would make it very
difficult to judge at which precise point the color shifted most, as the shift was a lot more gradual
compared to the precise numbers. This may have been a more reliable method if there was a
de.
ACC 403- ASSIGNMENT 2 RUBRIC!!!
Points: 280
Assignment 2: Audit Planning and Control
Criteria
UnacceptableBelow 60% F
Meets Minimum Expectations60-69% D
Fair70-79% C
Proficient80-89% B
Exemplary90-100% A
1. Outline the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Based upon the type of company selected, provide specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program.
Weight: 15%
Did not submit or incompletely outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Did not submit or incompletely provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Insufficiently outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Insufficiently provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Partially outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Partially provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Satisfactorily outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Satisfactorily provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Thoroughly outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Thoroughly provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
2. Examine at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Identify the accounts that you would test, and select at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Weight: 15%
Did not submit or incompletely examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Did not submit or incompletely identified the accounts that you would test; did not submit or incompletely selected at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Insufficiently examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Insufficiently identified the accounts that you would test; insufficiently selected at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Partially examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests .
ACC 601 Managerial Accounting Group Case 3 (160 points) .docxmakdul
ACC 601 Managerial Accounting
Group Case 3 (160 points)
Instructions:
1. As a group, complete the following activities in good form. Use excel or
word only. Provide all supporting calculations to show how you arrived at
your numbers
2. Add only the names of group members who participated in the completion
of this assignment.
3. Submit only one copy of your completed work via Moodle. Do not send it to
me by email.
4. Due: No later than the last day of Module 7. Please note that your professor
has the right to change the due date of this assignment.
Part A: Capital Budgeting Decisions
Chee Company has gathered the following data on a proposed investment project:
Investment required in equipment ............. $240,000
Annual cash inflows .................................. $50,000
Salvage value ............................................ $0
Life of the investment ............................... 8 years
Required rate of return .............................. 10%
Assets will be depreciated using straight
line depreciation method
Required:
Using the net present value and the internal rate of return methods, is this a good investment?
Part B: Master Budget
You have just been hired as a new management trainee by Earrings Unlimited, a distributor of
earrings to various retail outlets located in shopping malls across the country. In the past, the
company has done very little in the way of budgeting and at certain times of the year has
experienced a shortage of cash. Since you are well trained in budgeting, you have decided to
prepare a master budget for the upcoming second quarter. To this end, you have worked with
accounting and other areas to gather the information assembled below.
The company sells many styles of earrings, but all are sold for the same price—$10 per pair. Actual
sales of earrings for the last three months and budgeted sales for the next six months follow (in pairs
of earrings):
January (actual) 20,000 June (budget) 50,000
February (actual) 26,000 July (budget) 30,000
March (actual) 40,000 August (budget) 28,000
April (budget) 65,000 September (budget) 25,000
May (budget) 100,000
The concentration of sales before and during May is due to Mother’s Day. Sufficient inventory should
be on hand at the end of each month to supply 40% of the earrings sold in the following month.
Suppliers are paid $4 for a pair of earrings. One-half of a month’s purchases is paid for in the month
of purchase; the other half is paid for in the following month. All sales are on credit. Only 20% of a
month’s sales are collected in the month of sale. An additional 70% is collected in the following
month, and the remaining 10% is collected in the second month following sale. Bad debts have been
negligible.
Monthly operating expenses for the company are given below:
Variable:
Sales commissions 4 % of sales
.
Academic Integrity A Letter to My Students[1] Bill T.docxmakdul
Academic Integrity:
A Letter to My Students[1]
Bill Taylor
Professor of Political Science
Oakton Community College
Des Plaines, IL 60016
[email protected]
Here at the beginning of the semester I want to say something to you about academic integrity.[2]
I’m deeply convinced that integrity is an essential part of any true educational experience, integrity on
my part as a faculty member and integrity on your part as a student.
To take an easy example, would you want to be operated on by a doctor who cheated his way through
medical school? Or would you feel comfortable on a bridge designed by an engineer who cheated her
way through engineering school. Would you trust your tax return to an accountant who copied his
exam answers from his neighbor?
Those are easy examples, but what difference does it make if you as a student or I as a faculty member
violate the principles of academic integrity in a political science course, especially if it’s not in your
major?
For me, the answer is that integrity is important in this course precisely because integrity is important in
all areas of life. If we don’t have integrity in the small things, if we find it possible to justify plagiarism or
cheating or shoddy work in things that don’t seem important, how will we resist doing the same in areas
that really do matter, in areas where money might be at stake, or the possibility of advancement, or our
esteem in the eyes of others?
Personal integrity is not a quality we’re born to naturally. It’s a quality of character we need to nurture,
and this requires practice in both meanings of that word (as in practice the piano and practice a
profession). We can only be a person of integrity if we practice it every day.
What does that involve for each of us in this course? Let’s find out by going through each stage in the
course. As you’ll see, academic integrity basically requires the same things of you as a student as it
requires of me as a teacher.
I. Preparation for Class
What Academic Integrity Requires of Me in This Area
With regard to coming prepared for class, the principles of academic integrity require that I come having
done the things necessary to make the class a worthwhile educational experience for you. This requires
that I:
reread the text (even when I’ve written it myself),
clarify information I might not be clear about,
prepare the class with an eye toward what is current today (that is, not simply rely on past
notes), and
plan the session so that it will make it worth your while to be there.
What Academic Integrity Requires of You in This Area
With regard to coming prepared for class, the principles of academic integrity suggest that you have a
responsibility to yourself, to me, and to the other students to do the things necessary to put yourself in
a position to make fruitful contributions to class discussion. This will require you to:
read the text before.
Access the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) Nu.docxmakdul
Access the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s)
“Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity: Data, Trends and Maps”
database. Choose a state other than your home state and compare their health status and associated behaviors. What behaviors lead to the current obesity status?
Initial discussion post should be approximately 300 words. Any sources used should be cited in APA format.
.
According to DSM 5 This patient had very many symptoms that sugg.docxmakdul
According to DSM 5 This patient had very many symptoms that suggested Major Depressive Disorder.
Objective(s)
Analyze psychometric properties of assessment tools
Evaluate appropriate use of assessment tools in psychotherapy
Compare assessment tools used in psychotherapy
.
Acceptable concerts include professional orchestras, soloists, jazz,.docxmakdul
Acceptable concerts include professional orchestras, soloists, jazz, Broadway musicals and instrumental or vocal ensembles, and comparable college or community groups performing music relevant to the content of this class. (Optionally, either your concert report
or
your concert review - but not both unless advance permission is given - may be based on a concert of non-western music selected from events on the concert list.)
Acceptable concerts include the following:
• Symphony orchestras • Concert bands and wind ensembles • Chamber Music (string quartets, brass and woodwind quintets, etc.) • Solo recitals (piano, voice, etc.) • Choral concerts • Early music concerts • Non-western music • Some jazz concerts • Opera• Broadway Musicals• Flamenco• Ballet• Tango
Assignment Format
The following are required on the concert review assignment and, thus, may affect your grade.
• Must be typed• Must be double-spaced• Must be between
2 and 4 pages
in length
not including the cover sheet
.• Must use conventional size and formatting of text - e.g. 10-12 point serif or sans serif fonts with normal margins. • Must include the printed program from the concert and/or your ticket stubs. Photocopies are unacceptable. (Contact me at least 24 hours before due date if any materials are unavailable.)• All materials (text, program, ticket stub) must be
stapled
together securely. Folded corners, paper clips, etc. instead of staples will not be accepted.• Careful editing, proofreading, and spelling are expected, although minor errors will not affect your grade.
Papers that do not follow these format guidelines may be returned for resubmission, and late penalties will apply.
Concert Review Assignment Content
I. Cover Sheet:
Include the following on a cover sheet attached to the front of your review:
• Title or other description of the event/performers you heard, along with the date and location of the performance. For example:
New World Symphony Orchestra
1258 Lincoln Road
Saturday, June 5, 2013
Lincoln Road Theater, Miami Beach
• Your name, assignment submission date, course. For example:
Pat Romero
October 31, 2013
Humanities 1020 MWF 8:05 a.m.
II. Descriptions
The main body of the concert review should include brief discussions of
three of the
pieces
in the concert you attend. In most cases, a single paragraph for each piece should be sufficient, although you may wish to break descriptions of longer pieces into separate short paragraphs, one per movement.
Your description of each piece (song) should include:
• The title of the piece and the composer's name if possible, as listed in the concert program.• A brief description of your reaction to the piece. For example:
When the piece started I thought it was going to be slow and boring, but the faster section in the first movement made it more exciting. A really great flute solo full of fast and high notes in the third movement caught my attention. I'm not sure, but I thought that som.
ACA was passed in 2010, under the presidency of Barack Obama. Pr.docxmakdul
ACA was passed in 2010, under the presidency of Barack Obama. Prior to this new act, there were plenty of votes that did not agree with the notion of accessible insurance. Before 2010, The private sector had been given coverage in such a way that Milstead and Short (2019) called it sickness insurance; meaning companies will risk incurring medical expenses as long as it was balanced by healthy people. They were doing so by excluding people that had pre-existing conditions, becoming a very solvent business (Milstead & Short, 2019). After ACA was passed that was no longer the case. When President Trump came into term he did so by bringing his own healthcare agenda, which attempted to repeal ACA, but ultimately failed to come up with a replacement.
In 2016, the Republican's party platform was to repeal ACA, while continuing Medicare and Medicaid, but on the other hand, democrats put down that Obamacare is a step towards the goals of universal health care, and that this was just the beginning (Physicians for a National Health Program, n.d.). As for the cost analysis of repealing the Affordable Care Act, this would increase the number of uninsured people by 23 million, and it will cost about 350 billion through 2027, as well as creating costly coverage provisions to replace it (Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, 2017).
(2 references required)
.
Access the FASB website. Once you login, click the FASB Accounting S.docxmakdul
Access the FASB website. Once you login, click the FASB Accounting Standards Codification link. Review the materials in the FASB Codification, especially the links on the left side column. Next, write a 1-page memo to a friend introducing and explaining this new accounting research resource that you have found. Provide at least one APA citation to the FASB Codification and reference that citation using the APA guidelines.
.
Academic Paper Overview This performance task was intended to asse.docxmakdul
This document provides an overview of an academic paper performance task intended to assess students' ability to conduct scholarly research, articulate an evidence-based argument, and effectively communicate a conclusion. Specifically, the performance task evaluates students' capacity to generate a focused research question, explore relationships between multiple scholarly works, develop and support their own argument using relevant evidence, and integrate sources while distinguishing their own voice.
Academic Research Team Project PaperCOVID-19 Open Research Datas.docxmakdul
Academic Research Team Project Paper
COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge (CORD-19)
An AI challenge with AI2, CZI, MSR, Georgetown, NIH & The White House
(1) FULL-LENGTH PROJECT
Dataset Description
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the White House and a coalition of leading research groups have prepared the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19). CORD-19 is a resource of over 44,000 scholarly articles, including over 29,000 with full text, about COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and related corona viruses. This freely available dataset is provided to the global research community to apply recent advances in natural language processing and other AI techniques to generate new insights in support of the ongoing fight against this infectious disease. There is a growing urgency for these approaches because of the rapid acceleration in new coronavirus literature, making it difficult for the medical research community to keep up.
Call to Action
We are issuing a call to action to the world's artificial intelligence experts to develop text and data mining tools that can help the medical community develop answers to high priority scientific questions. The CORD-19 dataset represents the most extensive machine-readable coronavirus literature collection available for data mining to date. This allows the worldwide AI research community the opportunity to apply text and data mining approaches to find answers to questions within, and connect insights across, this content in support of the ongoing COVID-19 response efforts worldwide. There is a growing urgency for these approaches because of the rapid increase in coronavirus literature, making it difficult for the medical community to keep up.
A list of our initial key questions can be found under the
Tasks
section of this dataset. These key scientific questions are drawn from the NASEM’s SCIED (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats)
research topics
and the World Health Organization’s
R&D Blueprint
for COVID-19.
Many of these questions are suitable for text mining, and we encourage researchers to develop text mining tools to provide insights on these questions.
In this project, you will follow your own interests to create a portfolio worthy single-frame viz or multi-frame data story that will be shared in your presentation. You will use all the skills taught in this course to complete this project step-by-step, with guidance from your instructors along the way. You will first create a project proposal to identify your goals for the project, including the question you wish to answer or explore with data. You will then find data that will provide the information you are seeking. You will then import that data into Tableau and prepare it for analysis. Next, you will create a dashboard that will allow you to explore the data in-depth and identify meaningful insights. You will then give structure .
AbstractVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an advanced t.docxmakdul
Abstract
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an advanced telecommunication technology which transfers the voice/video over
high speed network that provides advantages of flexibility, reliability and cost efficient advanced telecommunication
features. Still the issues related to security are averting many organizations to accept VoIP cloud environment due to
security threats, holes or vulnerabilities. So, the novel secured framework is absolutely necessary to prevent all kind of
VoIP security issues. This paper points out the existing VoIP cloud architecture and various security attacks and issues
in the existing framework. It also presents the defense mechanisms to prevent the attacks and proposes a new security
framework called Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) using video watermarking and extraction technique and Liveness
Voice Detection (LVD) technique with biometric features such as face and voice. IPSs updated with new LVD features
protect the VoIP services not only from attacks but also from misuses.
A Comprehensive Survey of Security Issues and
Defense Framework for VoIP Cloud
Ashutosh Satapathy* and L. M. Jenila Livingston
School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University, Chennai - 600127, Tamil Nadu, India;
[email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: Defense Mechanisms, Liveness Voice Detection, VoIP Cloud, Voice over Internet Protocol, VoIP Security Issues
1. Introduction
The rapid progress of VoIP over traditional services is
led to a situation that is common to many innovations
and new technologies such as VoIP cloud and peer to
peer services like Skype, Google Hangout etc. VoIP is the
technology that supports sending voice (and video) over
an Internet protocol-based network1,2. This is completely
different than the public circuit-switched telephone net-
work. Circuit switching network allocates resources to
each individual call and path is permanent throughout
the call from start to end. Traditional telephony services
are provided by the protocols/components such as SS7, T
carriers, Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), the Public
Switch Telephone Network (PSTN), dial up, local loops
and anything under International Telecommunication
Union. IP networks are based on packet switching and
each packet follows different path, has its own header and
is forwarded separately by routers. VoIP network can be
constructed in various ways by using both proprietary
protocols and protocols based on open standards.
1.1 VoIP Layer Architecture
VoIP communication system typically consist of a front
end platform (soft-phone, PBX, gateway, call manager),
back end platform (server, CPU, storage, memory, net-
work) and intermediate platforms such as VoIP protocols,
database, authentication server, web server, operating sys-
tems etc. It is mainly divided into five layers as shown in
Figure1.
1.2 VoIP Cloud Architecture
VoIP cloud is the framework for delivering telephony
services in which resourc.
This study examined a problem, used a particular method to do so, and found results that were interpreted. It concluded by recommending future research on the topic.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
A C A D E M I C P A P E RReforming policy roles in the Jor.docx
1. A C A D E M I C P A P E R
Reforming policy roles in the Jordanian policy‐making process
Rami Tbaishat1 | Ali Rawabdeh1 | Khaled Qassem Hailat2 |
Shaker A Aladwan1 |
Samir Al Balas1 | Mohammed Iqbal Al Ajlouny3
1 Department of Public Administration, Faculty
of Economics and Administrative Sciences,
Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
2 Department of Marketing, Faculty of
Economics and Administrative Sciences,
Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
3 Department of Business Administration,
Faculty of Business, Al‐zaytoonah University
of Jordan, Irbid, Jordan
Correspondence
Rami Tbaishat, Department of Public
Administration, Faculty of Economics and
2. Administrative Sciences, Yarmouk University,
Irbid 21163, Jordan.
Email: [email protected]
The aim of this diagnostic analysis is to identify the weaknesses
in the process of
reforming policy in Jordan. This study will first present a
diagnostic analysis of the
characteristics of administrative reform in Jordan. Following
this, weaknesses will be
identified with a focus on policy roles in the policy‐making
process. Administrative
reform has long been an area of interest and development in
Jordan since the early
1980s. Conferences were held, political and technical
committees formed, and exper-
tise and resources invested. The outcomes of these programs
have been below
expectations, with inadequate impact. This investigation paid
attention on how
Jordan can best invest its resources to maximize efficiency in
the public sector, spe-
cifically the process of reforming policy. This study concludes
that the primary factor
impacting efficiency, accountability, and responsiveness is the
3. degree of authority at
both national and organizational level. Recent efforts in Jordan
to tackle these issues
could create more conflicts that threaten the Jordanian
government's stability. Other
resources have been dedicated to reviewing the rules and values
that govern the rela-
tionship between state and society.
1 | INTRODUCTION
The bureaucratic ethos that emphasizes the importance
of centrally controlled rationality considers one of the
most important characteristics of the political regime
which Jordan has experienced during the last decades
(UNDP Report, 2015). In this context, economic
performance in most cases proved to be less than
adequate for either ensuring self‐sustained development
or, at a minimum, being able to meet the basic
requirements of the populace. In Jordan, the movement
away from the authoritarian past is characterized by
the efforts to maintain or improve the neoliberal
4. foundations of the economy while opening the political
arena to ensure the participation of a traditionally
marginalized citizenry that demands an equitable and
prompt share of the benefits of economic growth.
Despite the official political structure, it is so clear that the
domination
of the executive branch over the judicial and legislative branch
of
government is eminent. The extreme centralization of
managerial
decision‐making surrounded by the executive branch challenges
the
power of attempts at change and, more notably, to retard efforts
to
tackle the problems of the government bureaucracy, like that of
inef-
ficiency and corruption. Consequently, ministers and Prime
ministers
continue their involvement in routine matters at the expense of
stra-
tegic issues and are reluctant to send meaningful powers
downward.
5. Researchers noticed that a significant number of senior
administrators
have received their jobs through patronage rather than on merit.
Their
longevity has conferred on them too much discretionary power
and
rendered them ill prepared to handle the responsibilities
associated
with decentralization (Amster, 2012).
The shift from government to governance, which involves the
focus of administrative practice, is moving from the
bureaucratic
direct governmental form of services to third‐party government
as it
has been called lately (Duflo, 2012).
Explicitly, the way we govern is shifting outside governmental
boundaries—the long‐established procedures and institutions of
gov-
ernment are developing into less concerned with less centralized
to,
which we administrate ourselves (Jacobsen, 2006).
The irresistible challenges in political environment recently,
yet,
7. dynamic
improvement? Should not more concentration be given to the
dynamic development and innovative portion of governmental
deci-
sion making‐administrations?
2 | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study focused on a diagnosis of reforming the Jordanian
policy‐
making process to recognize the difficulties and weaknesses
that
accompanied it. In this comparative procedure, the study
scrutinize
the individuality of rival's explanation reform of policy‐making.
Pattern‐matching is a famous method that goes with this kind of
stud-
ies, where quite a lot of situations are well known in having
confident
results, and the analysis concentrated on answering the
investigated
issues of how and why, which leads to this conclusion turn out
in
every situation. A regular problem in policy‐making is to be
aware of
8. the surroundings under which research and development can be
formalized in a constructive way to the community.
Hence, this analysis is valuable in elucidation and
understanding
the methods and drivers of modern governmental reforms,
which
has been carried out and modernized. Also, this form presents
theoret-
ical frameworks for investigation of organizational of and
public
administration and modernized governance.
To solve the previous matter, this study focused on the situation
under which structural government works efficiently, and how
Jordan
can manage material capital and human in the direction of
efficient
and effective governmental services.
3 | PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to analyze the career public servant
roles in
the policy process and, more generally, how should government
seek
9. to influence the policy‐making process. These questions involve
a vari-
ety of difficult issues about the procedures through which
government
should make its decisions as well as the content of those
decisions
(Kugler & Kugler, 2009). Too often, those two issues are
conflated,
with the assumption that certain actors (civil servants) will
produce
certain types of policies (interventionist). Therefore, more
market‐
based instruments (e.g., vouchers) that keep the bureaucrats out
are
preferable.
In some ways, the questions about the public sector problems
are
basically a reformation of the old questions regarding
“governance.”
How should government administrations function? How should
we
decide what government administrations will and can do? How
should
10. tasks be divided among career civil servants and political
executive's
administrators? To what degree should one branch is to have the
power to check the other?
However, the economic and financial difficulties forced the
gov-
ernment to initiate a reform process. This reform was more
urgent
due to the financial crises in 2008 and globalization. This
study's main
purpose is to scientifically analyze policy roles to recognize its
and
effectiveness and pitfalls. The expectation of this research study
also
is to present to government administrators with the chance to
identify
any variation that could be adjusted within an appropriate
method.
4 | STUDY SIGNIFICANCE
The significance of this study depends on both hypothetical and
prac-
tical forms. On the hypothetical side, investigating the policy
making
11. process development in Jordan and identifies its consequences
and
pitfalls. It is the first study of its kind based on the knowledge
of the
researchers. Hence, this study was projected to develop and
study
prior literatures in the policy‐making field in particular and
public
administration in general.
Alternatively, this study has practical importance and its
outcome
will offer to the policy and decision makers to recognize some
of the
outcomes of the managerial transformation in Jordan and be
attentive
of some of the pitfalls of the transformation process. Moreover,
the
significance of this kind of study is to attain the anticipated
purpose
of the transformation plan.
Understanding policy‐making in Jordan requires an
understanding
of policy roles and the nature of its institutional arrangements.
There-
12. fore, the importance of this study stems from its analytical
framework
to review and assess the policy‐making process in the Jordanian
bureaucracy with special emphasis on policy roles played by
different
participants and command and control mechanisms as
evaluation
criteria.
5 | RESEARCH PROBLEM
Transform programs that have come about at the political and
socio‐eco-
nomical levels in Jordan for the last decade, have focused on
the
question of the legitimacy of traditionally detained visions. It
concerns
the role and function of mutually the state, and those with most
important roles in the policy‐making processes (Blackden &
Hallward‐
Driemeier, 2013).
Efforts to transition toward democracy have focused on either
reform of the constitution at a systematic level or roles played
by or
13. assigned by conventional institutions with influential power
such as
legislatures, executives, political parties, or external
influencers.
Less consideration is given to the potential positive influencers
in
the development of changes processes and improvement in the
pro-
cess of policy making by the public sector.
Good governance should be able to control the incompatible
goals
of economic efficiency in a rational manner. Along this, there
ought to
be a force toward legality based on extensive involvement in the
pro-
cess of public policy‐making and fairness in the sharing of
services
offered by the government to the public (Adrian, 1994).
The difficulty here is in achieving an equilibrium between the
demands for enhancement in the operations of a neoliberal,
capitalist,
free market, and the call to restore and develop conventional
govern-
14. ment and formulate a process forms that connected with a free
bene-
fit state (World Bank Ministerial Seminar, 2001).
The state has been instrumental in addressing a variety of
challenges ranging from regulations and promotion of
economical
2 of 10 TBAISHAT ET AL.
and social activities to ensure equality and integrations among
the
public. These have all been addressed through changes to
economic
policies on a national level, in response to urbanization.
Characteristically, the state develops on an institutional level
with
long‐enduring outcomes for public administration services.
First, on an
organizational level, the state expands its functional scope to
include
commercial, industrial, financial, economic, social security,
public
health, education, and welfare activities.
15. Second, the disorderly development of the governmental public
sectors turns out to be an obstacle in attempting at answering
the
question of how to develop from a practical viewpoint.
Governmental
procedures and programs are built to respond to hesitant
legality, and
considerable differentiation in capital accessibility was
established
without congruence. There was minimal preparation,
synchronization,
and controlling power by policy administrators.
The growth outline in the governmental public sectors is a
cumu-
lative based on a combination of an incremental aggregation. No
incorporated well‐studied master plan was created before the
initiat-
ing of determined improvement of public strategy and agendas.
Neither was expansion in the compass of the government
function,
cost, size, nor relative influences and authorities which is based
on
16. intellectuality planning.
In response to these issues, this analysis focuses on how the
reform model can clarify how legislators, political executives,
and
career civil servants can share responsibility for policy‐making
and
implementation.
6 | LITERATURE REVIEW
Within an article entitled “Globalization and public
administration” by
Karamack (Kamaraack, 2001), it was noted that there are four
key
driving forces behind the waves of reform to public
administration
across the world, that is, democratization, the deficit in
performance,
the revolution in information technology and global economic
compe-
tition. The modern type of administrative state can shape
society and
guide it, through regulations and control of social and economic
devel-
opment. Doubts with regard to the capacity of the state to
17. govern do
not just have a basis in concern over limited capacity in
financial
terms; there are also deep‐rooted disputes over ideology and
percep-
tions of what the nature of a state ought to be and what its
purposes
are, and balances of opinion shift with regard to what people
feel a
state ought and ought not to do. Within his argument related to
strat-
egies for reform, Cheng (2005) explained that many factors in
combi-
nation influence the reform of public administration such as
traditions
of national administrations, political evolution as a result of
decoloni-
zation, nation‐building and democratization and global trends
with
regard to the reinvention of government and administrative
reform.
Angranof and Yildis (2006) articulated a dichotomy between
administration and politics; they sought answers to issues
stemming
18. from politics being related to policies and expressions of the
will of
the state, whereas administration is concerned with how such
policies
are to be executed. Political decisions over public policy are
made by
political leaders, and then it is simply a case of career officials
figuring
out what is the most effective and efficient manner in which
those
policies are to be implemented. It is conceptually appealing to
cleanly
split between labor for administration and labor for politics;
however,
in realty, there is a complete disconnect. The perspective of
gover-
nance offers another kind of solution to the issue. As Wachhaus
(2012) noted, governing structure patterns are experiencing
change
in what is considered a shift from government to forms of
governance.
Such a shift involves the movement of managerial practices
focus
19. beyond government boundaries of bureaucratic states and the
provi-
sion of services directly from government to what is called
“third
party” kinds of government. Expressed another way, the manner
in
which people govern is going beyond the boundaries of
government
and is less involved with traditional institutions and
mechanisms.
The reforms that have been disseminated and inspired by the
‘new public management’ new reforms have been implemented
within many countries and, as Schick (2002) argued, there has
been
an increase in the horizontal specialization witnessed in the
function-
ing of administrations, which has often been coupled with more
clear
separation between administrative and political function. The
aim has
been to have sharper structural task separation in relation to
policy
advice, control, and regulation. Another way of looking at the
shift is
20. to consider that reform rhetoric and theories in relation to
normative
practice thus give the suggestion that actors in administration,
such
as agencies operating at arm's length, ought to focus upon the
implementation of policy instead of being involved with
processes of
decision‐making around policy.
Talbot (2004), meanwhile, pointed out that “Next Steps” has the
aim of a more precise description of the respective roles of civil
servants and ministers, with the former being responsible for
making
policy intentions happen with the autonomy to do so, and the
latter
being responsible for the setting of policy in the first instance.
Reformers within the Netherlands and the United Kingdom have
frequently argued that specialization of functions of public
services
into agencies would lead to better forms of management and
better
delivery of services. Also, the distancing of public services into
agen-
21. cies was thought likely to lead to more professional forms of
manage-
ment with greater levels of transparency through the bringing of
services closer to citizens and through making, and allowing,
managers
to manage (Kettl, 1996). It was emphasized within an appraisal
of gov-
ernment reform (“Inside the Reinvention Machine”) that a need
still
exists for centralized coordination and control; although policy
may
lead to devolved activity, as long as there is an involvement of
public
funds, government still remains responsible for how such
funding is
used. A need to ensure that there is value for money leads to
encour-
agement for early detection and policy conflict resolution and
the
elimination of duplication. There is, therefore, a call for further
informal procedures and suitable communication between them,
in
addition to change in behavior and attitudes on both parts. It
22. was
claimed by Lawson (2006) that there is a need for good
governance
to rest upon the ability of a system to manage conflicting goals
related
to rationality and efficiency in economic terms along with goals
for
legitimacy based upon wide participation in the processes of
public
policy‐making along with equity in access to, and distribution
of, public
services. Stolk and Wergrich (2008) have indicated that reforms
search
continuously for improved linkages that can reconcile the goals
of
budget and policy and serve to ensure that they have a mutually
TBAISHAT ET AL. 3 of 10
reinforcing nature. One development with promise is that with
regard
to evolving roles within budget ministries. There is a move
away from
traditional roles with budget ministers being perceived as
23. “naysayers”
to a culture wherein expertise is developed for identification of
efficiency and cost‐cutting measures; as such, they are better
placed
to offer ministries advice in relation to how administrative costs
can
be cut without there being a need to reduce programs.
7 | FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
Politically, Jordan is a constitutional system that differentiates
the
powers of each of the three branches of government. The
Jordanian
governmental system is parliamentary with an inherited
monarchy.
The Mulgi government is the 84th since the founding of the
Jordanian
State some 95 years ago, giving the government an average life
span
of 11 months (www.gov.jo/byFormationdate).
Over the years, the centralization aspect has reinforced and per-
petuated a status quo judged as inappropriate by researchers and
practitioners. The king appoints the Council of Ministers, which
24. is
responsible for the daily operations of the domestic government,
the
president, and the members of the Senate. He approves and
promul-
gates laws. The king has the power to declare war and sign
peace
treaties, although treaties must be signed by the National
Assembly
(Jordan Constitution, article 35).
Policy‐making cannot adequately be studied apart from the
environment or context in which it operates. Therefore, it is
necessary
to review and focus on the important actors in the
policy‐making
process.
7.1 | The Palace and the Cabinet
In the absence of democracy, decisions have been those of the
king,
often in conjunction with several key advisers. On issues of
foreign
policy and military, the king, the Prime Minister, and the Chief
of the
25. Royal Court are the decisions‐making circle. The cabinet, as a
body,
is not involved, although its members may be consulted for their
reac-
tions or comments.
Brand also argued that in foreign policy, the major goal was to
secure aid for the budget and to finance the military. In the case
of
the budget, the king's highest concern has been paying the
salaries
of the army and the security apparatus, whose members have
tradi-
tionally been largely recruited from the kingdom's tribes and
who have
long been regarded as the bedrock of support for the monarchy.
The Prime Minister has generally handled the “how” questions
related to the economy and bureaucracy. The role of the Prime
Minis-
ter was also described as key, but his input varies depending
upon the
political or economic conditions at any given time (Brand,
1994).
26. Beyond these two figures—the king and the Prime Minister—
the
economic decision‐making group differs from the foreign policy
group.
The king has certain advisers and confidants both within and
outside
government whose friendship and proximity give them access
and,
hence, the opportunity to lobby for certain policies. The king is
described as an arbiter by nature, preferring not to interfere in
policy
details. However, if a complaint is voiced frequently enough
either
by officials or by nonofficial confidants, he will likely come to
view it
as a general problem. He may then draw the cabinet's attention
to it
and, if it is not solved, may replace the relevant minister.
However,
for domestic economic matters to have an influence on upper
level
decision‐making, they must be of real consequence—large
loans, the
devaluation of the dinar, and the like (Kernaghan, 2010).
27. 7.2 | The Economic Security Committee
One key factor that affected the development of the economy
and the
process of economic decision‐making in the kingdom was the
pres-
ence of a martial law regime during most of the 1957–1990
periods.
Symptomatic of the conditions that existed under martial law
were
the establishment, development, and activities of what was
called
the Economic Security Committee (ESC; Alfanik, 2016). This
body
was originally founded in 1967 to address the economic
problems cre-
ated by the occupation of the West Bank in 1967. With martial
law
already in place giving the state sweeping powers, adding such
a com-
mittee seemed like a natural step. Composed of the Minister of
Finance, the Minister of Trade and Industry, the Minister of
Transport,
and the Governor of the Central Bank, and standing in effect
28. above or
outside the law, the committee initially served to help solve
problems
faced especially by the government and some of the public
companies
and institutions (UNDP, 2015).
Gradually, however, the committee's “mandate” broadened. It
began to act as a kind of extraordinary legislative council. The
commit-
tee was permitted to make decisions that overturned existing
laws;
even those that had been passed after the occupation and that
had
taken the post‐June 1967 reality into account. In this way, the
com-
mittee came to be used to bypass existing laws when it was
problem-
atic or inconvenient from the point of view of the
decision‐makers or
their confidants (Brand, 1994). For example, if the Prime
Minister
requested something to be done quickly or something done that
was
29. officially against the law, he could refer it to the committee.
The
committee also made decisions about liquidating companies,
borrow-
ing to the ceiling of the Central Bank, and then legalizing more
borrowing, allowing the Central Bank to deposit with other
banks to
support the currency, issuing more currency than had been
allowed,
expelling people from commercial organization, and consenting
to
someone who would or else have been banned, to be part of the
board of directors of a corporation. In the days of escalating
political
repression in 1988, its decisions also dissolved the boards of a
number
of public shareholding companies including those of the major
daily
newspapers.
Many of the rulings the committee made are open to criticism,
not
only on legal grounds but also on economic and financial ones.
Some
30. of its decisions were intended to benefit a particular person,
company,
or bank, to enable them to undertake an activity that was against
the
law or to avoid procedures dictated by the law (Alfanik, 2016).
More-
over, only a few of the ESC's decisions were ever published in
the
Official Gazette, the newspaper in which all legislation is
supposed
to appear. Most were confidential, and for specific purposes,
they
were usually not general edicts.
4 of 10 TBAISHAT ET AL.
http://www.gov.jo/byFormationdate
Comprising only a handful of cabinet members who were chosen
by the Prime Minister in consultation with the king, the ESC
appears
to have been the institutionalized form of an inner circle for
economic
policy. Their power derived from both the cabinet positions
they held
31. and their closeness to the king and the Prime Minister at the
time, to
which they owed their appointment.
7.3 | The role of the ministers
The type of regime that produces and perpetuates an institution
such
as the ESC is clearly one that is uninterested in or incapable of
decentralizing decision‐making. And, indeed, even for what
would
appear to be relatively minor matters, economic
decision‐making is
highly centralized in the kingdom. Most decisions—whether
important
or relatively minor—are made at the cabinet level or even
above, not
even at the level of individual ministers.
Part of the reason for the lack of ministerial involvement is that
ministerial appointments in Jordan generally owe to
considerations
of domestic political balancing along ethnic and regional lines.
All cab-
inet members must meet certain unofficial but well‐known
formulae.
32. As a result, most ministers are appointed because of ethnicity,
tribal/
family background, or regional considerations, not because of
exper-
tise in the field of their appointment, although there are
certainly
numerous notable exceptions. In such a system, where a
minister's
background in his or her field has generally been only a
secondary
consideration, a minister's power derives from a number of
sources.
The first is the degree of support he or she enjoys from the
Prime
Minister. They therefore have no automatic political base in the
Parliament or outside, as would be the case in a normal
parliamentary
system. Beyond his or her ties with the decision‐making group,
a min-
ister's power is often determined by such factors as the degree
to
which he or she has developed ties in the bureaucracy (both
within
33. his or her own ministry and elsewhere) and his or her own
energy
and involvement. Another source of power lies in the ministry
itself.
For example, the Ministry of Finance is potentially very
powerful,
because it includes the customs bureau, the income and sales tax
department, the budget, and the land and surveys bureau—all
the
departments responsible for domestic revenue.
At least part of the problem with ensuring implementation
below
the cabinet level is that many individual ministers prefer not to
take
responsibility, opting to leave certain issues to the cabinet. If
that is
the case at the level of minister, one can imagine what happens
(or does not happen) at lower levels. As is the case for
bureaucrats
everywhere, there is no incentive (and in this case, also no
authority)
to make decisions without prior approval from above, even on
very minor matters. If the relevant minister does not take an
34. interest in solving a problem, no action will be taken. In
general, then,
because of the lack of authority to make decisions, there is little
or no
follow‐up.
In addition to the issue of authority and responsibility is the
problem of the lack of a guiding program or policy. In more
general
terms, however, one reason for the lack of a coherent policy is
that
there have not been political parties steering the government.
The
appointment of the Prime Minister has always been the king's
prerogative, not a response to election results, even since the
political
liberalization of 1989.
Although some studies agreed that ministerial changes are
disrup-
tive, given the lack of a program, it is not necessarily the case
that a
change in minister will mean a complete change in the ministry
(Kernaghan, 2010). After all, the other mid‐level and lower
35. level
bureaucrats remain in place. Instead, the change of ministers
will often
mean that projects in which the former minister was involved
may
simply be set aside as the new minister begins to establish his
own pri-
orities (Brand, 1994).
7.4 | The Parliament
Legislative authority resides with the King and Parliament that
is a
bicameral national assembly consisting of the upper house (the
Sen-
ate) and the lower house (the Chamber of Deputies). The
constitution
provides that the Senate, indulging the Speaker, shall consist of
not
more than one‐half of the number of members of the Chamber of
Deputies (Senate 65 members, Chamber …