1. This document provides a history of the origins and early life of the Wakatobi people based on oral traditions and genealogical research. It describes how they were descended from various tribes and migrated in waves from places like Ternate, Buton, and the Malay Peninsula.
2. It details their simple subsistence lifestyle of hunting, fishing, farming with basic stone and wood tools. They lived in family groups led by a chairman and protected themselves by building large communal houses.
3. The Wakatobi people practiced an animistic religion that involved paying respect to spirits that inhabited the land and sea. They held ceremonies to seek blessings from these spirits for activities like farming and logging. Traditional customs
The document provides information about the Iban ethnic group of Sarawak, Malaysia. Some key points:
1) The Iban people are the largest indigenous group in Sarawak, making up around 30% of the population. They traditionally live in longhouses and practice rice farming, fishing, and hunting.
2) Ibans have traditionally been an animist group but most have now converted to Christianity. They maintain elements of their traditional culture and hold festivals connected to important life events and agricultural cycles.
3) The Iban language and customs vary between different geographical subgroups but they are united by their traditions, rituals, and longhouse way of life. Headhunting was historically practiced but has now been abandoned
The document discusses three main theories on the origins of the early Filipinos: the biblical story of creation, evolution theory, and folktales/legends. It describes how according to evolution theory, there were three main waves of migration to the Philippines - the Negritos 25,000 years ago, Indonesians 5,000 years ago, and Malays 2,000 years ago. It also summarizes two popular Filipino folktales about the first inhabitants - the story of Malakas and Maganda emerging from bamboo, and the story of God creating the first humans from clay of different colors.
Ancient Japan was divided into three main periods - the Jomon Period from 13,000 BC to 300 BC, the Yayoi Period from 300 BC to 300 AD, and the Kofun Period from 300 AD to 538 AD. The Jomon Period marked the earliest inhabitants of Japan who were hunter-gatherers and fishermen. During the Yayoi Period, the introduction of wet-rice agriculture led to the development of social classes. By the Kofun Period, powerful clans had developed and Yamato Japan had emerged as a unified state. Traditional aspects of Japanese culture such as Shintoism, Buddhism, and sushi can trace their origins to Ancient Japan.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture and society. It describes how the earliest inhabitants arrived thousands of years ago and developed distinct communities across the archipelago. By 1000 BC, there were tribal groups, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and estuarine civilizations. Pre-colonial Filipinos had their own spiritual traditions, writing systems like baybayin, forms of government centered around barangays led by datus, social classes including nobility, freemen, serfs and slaves, and developed industries, housing, clothing and other aspects of culture prior to Spanish colonization.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture and society. It describes how the earliest settlers arrived thousands of years ago and developed distinct communities across the archipelago, including hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, and coastal civilizations. It outlines that pre-colonial Filipinos had developed advanced practices in agriculture, metallurgy, and maritime trade before Spanish colonization. It also discusses their indigenous spiritual traditions, writing systems, forms of government centered around barangays led by datus, and social hierarchies comprising nobles, freemen, serfs, and slaves.
Ancient Japan had three main periods - Jomon (10,500-300 BC), Yayoi (300 BC-300 AD), and Kofun (300-710 AD). The Jomon period saw the earliest pottery and tools in Japan. Housing started as pit dwellings and stilt houses. Social classes emerged during the Yayoi period with agriculture. By the Kofun period, powerful clans united the country. Religion included Shintoism and Buddhism introduced in the 6th century. Traditional arts included pottery, masks, and drums. Marriage was often arranged and respect for family was important in daily life.
The document provides information about the Iban ethnic group of Sarawak, Malaysia. Some key points:
1) The Iban people are the largest indigenous group in Sarawak, making up around 30% of the population. They traditionally live in longhouses and practice rice farming, fishing, and hunting.
2) Ibans have traditionally been an animist group but most have now converted to Christianity. They maintain elements of their traditional culture and hold festivals connected to important life events and agricultural cycles.
3) The Iban language and customs vary between different geographical subgroups but they are united by their traditions, rituals, and longhouse way of life. Headhunting was historically practiced but has now been abandoned
The document discusses three main theories on the origins of the early Filipinos: the biblical story of creation, evolution theory, and folktales/legends. It describes how according to evolution theory, there were three main waves of migration to the Philippines - the Negritos 25,000 years ago, Indonesians 5,000 years ago, and Malays 2,000 years ago. It also summarizes two popular Filipino folktales about the first inhabitants - the story of Malakas and Maganda emerging from bamboo, and the story of God creating the first humans from clay of different colors.
Ancient Japan was divided into three main periods - the Jomon Period from 13,000 BC to 300 BC, the Yayoi Period from 300 BC to 300 AD, and the Kofun Period from 300 AD to 538 AD. The Jomon Period marked the earliest inhabitants of Japan who were hunter-gatherers and fishermen. During the Yayoi Period, the introduction of wet-rice agriculture led to the development of social classes. By the Kofun Period, powerful clans had developed and Yamato Japan had emerged as a unified state. Traditional aspects of Japanese culture such as Shintoism, Buddhism, and sushi can trace their origins to Ancient Japan.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture and society. It describes how the earliest inhabitants arrived thousands of years ago and developed distinct communities across the archipelago. By 1000 BC, there were tribal groups, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and estuarine civilizations. Pre-colonial Filipinos had their own spiritual traditions, writing systems like baybayin, forms of government centered around barangays led by datus, social classes including nobility, freemen, serfs and slaves, and developed industries, housing, clothing and other aspects of culture prior to Spanish colonization.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture and society. It describes how the earliest settlers arrived thousands of years ago and developed distinct communities across the archipelago, including hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, and coastal civilizations. It outlines that pre-colonial Filipinos had developed advanced practices in agriculture, metallurgy, and maritime trade before Spanish colonization. It also discusses their indigenous spiritual traditions, writing systems, forms of government centered around barangays led by datus, and social hierarchies comprising nobles, freemen, serfs, and slaves.
Ancient Japan had three main periods - Jomon (10,500-300 BC), Yayoi (300 BC-300 AD), and Kofun (300-710 AD). The Jomon period saw the earliest pottery and tools in Japan. Housing started as pit dwellings and stilt houses. Social classes emerged during the Yayoi period with agriculture. By the Kofun period, powerful clans united the country. Religion included Shintoism and Buddhism introduced in the 6th century. Traditional arts included pottery, masks, and drums. Marriage was often arranged and respect for family was important in daily life.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture and society. It describes the early settlers of the Philippines, including Negritos around 15,000 BC and Proto-Malays arriving around 2500 BC. It discusses the development of distinct peoples by 1000 BC, including hunter-gatherers, warrior societies, and harbor principalities. It also summarizes pre-colonial practices like animistic spiritual traditions, indigenous writing systems like baybayin, forms of government centered around independent barangays led by datus, and a social structure with a petty nobility class and freemen. Housing, clothing, industries, and education were also discussed.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture and society. It discusses the early settlers of the Philippines, including Negritos arriving 15,000-30,000 BC and Proto-Malays arriving around 2500 BC. It describes the social structure, with different tribal groups and warrior societies emerging by 1000 BC. Pre-colonial Filipinos had their own systems of writing, religions, housing, clothing, and forms of government centered around independent barangays led by datus. Social classes included a petty nobility, freemen, and slaves.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture and society. It describes how the earliest inhabitants arrived thousands of years ago and developed distinct communities across the archipelago. Each community had its own systems of governance, led by a datu or chieftain, religion and animistic beliefs, education, writing systems, housing, clothing, and social classes that included nobility, freemen, serfs, and slaves. Advanced industries like mining, agriculture, fishing and pottery were established by the time Spanish colonizers arrived in the 15th century.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture and society. It discusses the early settlers of the Philippines, including the Negritos and various Austronesian groups. It describes the development of distinct peoples and communities by 1000 BC. The document also summarizes pre-colonial forms of government, social classes, housing, clothing, writing systems, religions and spiritual practices, and industries like mining, agriculture and fishing that were established when the Spanish arrived.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture, including its early inhabitants, systems of writing, forms of government, social classes, and architecture. The Negritos were among the earliest settlers, followed by Austronesian peoples beginning around 4000 BCE. By 1000 BCE, distinct groups had developed, including hunter-gatherers, warrior societies, and communities along rivers and coasts engaged in trade. Pre-colonial Filipinos had their own writing systems and a form of government centered around independent barangays led by datus. Social classes ranged from primitive communal organizations to feudal systems in some Islamic areas.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippines, including:
1) The early settlers of the Philippines like the Negritos who were hunter-gatherers and the original inhabitants. Indonesians also settled and introduced influences.
2) The economy was based on foraging, hunting, fishing and basic agriculture. Housing was made of natural materials.
3) Society was organized into autonomous barangays ruled by a Datu. Laws and governance followed customs and tradition.
This document discusses Filipino indigenous philosophy and worldviews. It is divided into three approaches: traditional, cultural, and nationality. Indigenous philosophy is classified under the cultural approach and includes grassroots folk philosophies. Worldviews are mental lenses for perceiving the world and indigenous worldviews emphasize relationships with nature. Aetas have strong animistic beliefs involving spirits ("anitos") that inhabit the environment. Their relationship with these spirits is central to their spirituality. Rituals like prayers, dances, and sacrifices are performed to appease spirits and address illnesses.
The document discusses local heritage themes in the Philippines, including festivals and dances, local heroes and historical events, enduring beliefs and values, indigenous people and household materials, and local talents and role models. Specifically, it provides details about the Alikaraw Festival in Hilongos, Leyte, the Tinikling dance from Leyte, the Sumoroy Rebellion led by Agustin Sumuroy in Samar, the bayanihan spirit of communal work, the Badjao people who live on houseboats in Dolho, Bato, Leyte, wooden mortars and pestles used for pounding rice, and Lovella Basibas Añover, a TV host from Alang-alang,
This document provides information about various aspects of pre-colonial Philippines, including early settlers like the Negritos and Indonesians, economic life which involved foraging and farming, the barangay form of government led by a datu, indigenous spiritual traditions and gods/goddesses, clothing like the barong tagalog, the baybayin writing system, and oral literary forms like riddles, folk songs, myths, and legends. It discusses the Negritos as the original inhabitants and hunter-gatherers, and the influence of Malays and Indonesians on governance, trade, religion and language. The barangay was the basic political unit ruled by a datu and council, and laws were disseminated by
1. During pre-colonial times in the Philippines, various groups migrated to the islands over thousands of years and developed distinct cultures and societies, including advanced practices in agriculture, metallurgy, and trade.
2. Early inhabitants included Negrito groups who engaged in hunting and gathering as well as successive waves of Malays who practiced seafaring, farming, and house-building. By 1000 BC, distinct groups had emerged including forest dwellers, warrior societies, and coastal principalities engaged in trade.
3. Pre-colonial Filipino culture included diverse communities and religious beliefs centered around animism and the worship of various spirits and deities. Distinct social classes and forms of government also developed among different
1. During pre-colonial times in the Philippines, various groups migrated and settled the islands over thousands of years, including Negritos, Proto-Malays, and Duetero-Malays.
2. Early Filipino society was organized into independent barangays led by datus, with social classes that included nobility, freemen, serfs, and slaves.
3. Pre-colonial Filipino culture included distinct indigenous religious beliefs, writing systems, forms of governance at the barangay level, and social hierarchies.
This presentation shows the importance of folklore by looking at five different indigineous cultures. It educates readers on how sustainability and folklore are very much a part of each other.
The Philippines consists of over 7,000 islands formed by volcanic activity and tectonic shifts. The archipelago has a tropical climate with over 100 ethnic groups and rich biodiversity. Some of the indigenous groups include the Ifugaos known for their rice terraces, the Igorots who traditionally engaged in headhunting, and the Mangyans of Mindoro. The Philippines has mineral resources like gold, copper and nickel deposits as well as a central plain that serves as the country's rice granary.
This document discusses the origins and history of the Filipino people through various theories and groups. It covers:
1) Five theories on the origin of the Philippines - the land bridge, big bang, biblical, Darwinian, and continental drift theories.
2) The legendary beginnings of Filipino ancestors from the myth of Malakas and Maganda.
3) The major racial groups - Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays.
4) The major ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines like Visayans, Tagalogs, Ilocanos, and others.
5) Core cultural values of Filipinos like family ties, respect for elders, loyalty, sensitivity
During the pre-Hispanic period in the Philippines:
- Early Filipinos lived in communities of 50-2,000 people along waterways, forests, and fertile lands. They fished, farmed, and used boats to trade goods.
- Religion was animistic, with spirits both good and bad believed to inhabit natural places and objects. Supreme deities and other gods were worshipped among different ethnic groups.
- Society was organized into chiefdoms called barangays led by a datu. Barangays helped each other in times of war or need. The datu's position was hereditary and they were responsible for protecting the community.
- Social classes included nobles or
- A distinct presentation of the diverse culture that makes up the unique and majestic composition of the inhabitants of these Provinces that called itself the Zamboanga Peninsula.
This document provides information on local heritage themes in Region VIII - Leyte Division. It discusses 6 main themes:
1. Festivals and dances, including the Alikaraw Festival in Hilongos and Tinikling dance from Leyte.
2. Local heroes and historical events, highlighting Agustin Sumuroy, a Waray leader who led the Sumoroy Rebellion against Spanish forces in 1649-1650.
3. Enduring beliefs and values, such as the tradition of not taking a bath during a family member's wake (Diri Pagkarigo Kon May-ada Patay) and the spirit of communal work known as Bayanihan.
4. Indigenous people
Chapter 2 distribution of filipino indigenous communitiesFloreannBasco
This document provides information on the distribution and characteristics of indigenous communities in the Philippines. It discusses over 50 groups found in three main geographical regions - Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. In Luzon, most groups are concentrated in mountainous areas of northern Cordillera. Some of the major groups described include the Tingguians (Itneg) of Abra province, the Bontoc, Ifugao and Kalinga in central Cordillera, and the Gaddang and Ilongot in southeastern Cordillera. The document also briefly mentions other lowland groups like the Agta, Dumagat and Itawis.
Chapter 2 distribution of filipino indigenous communitiesFloreannBasco
This document provides information on the distribution and characteristics of indigenous communities in the Philippines. It discusses over 50 groups found in three main geographical regions - Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. In Luzon, most groups are concentrated in mountainous areas of northern Cordillera. Some of the major groups described include the Tingguians (Itneg) of Abra province, the Bontoc, Ifugao and Kalinga in central Cordillera, and the Gaddang and Ilongot in southeastern Cordillera. The document also briefly mentions other lowland groups like the Agta, Dumagat and Itawis.
The document discusses theories about the origins and early inhabitants of the Philippines based on biblical stories, scientific evidence, and legends. It describes how the first people arrived around 25,000 years ago during the Stone Age and lived as hunter-gatherers. Subsequent waves of migration brought Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays who settled different areas and had varying levels of technological development. While their origins are still debated, most early Filipinos shared a common base culture that was influenced by their environment.
Este documento parece ser una lista de nombres y direcciones. Contiene más de 200 entradas con los nombres de personas y parejas, seguidos de sus direcciones. Las direcciones incluyen nombres de calles, pueblos y ciudades en Indonesia.
Proposal ini meminta dana sebesar Rp1.750.000 untuk seragam, biaya pendaftaran, dan konsumsi tim sepak bola Garlo FC dalam mengikuti turnamen di Laiworu pada 3 Maret 2017 guna mengembangkan bakat pemuda dan memajukan sepak bola di masyarakat.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture and society. It describes the early settlers of the Philippines, including Negritos around 15,000 BC and Proto-Malays arriving around 2500 BC. It discusses the development of distinct peoples by 1000 BC, including hunter-gatherers, warrior societies, and harbor principalities. It also summarizes pre-colonial practices like animistic spiritual traditions, indigenous writing systems like baybayin, forms of government centered around independent barangays led by datus, and a social structure with a petty nobility class and freemen. Housing, clothing, industries, and education were also discussed.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture and society. It discusses the early settlers of the Philippines, including Negritos arriving 15,000-30,000 BC and Proto-Malays arriving around 2500 BC. It describes the social structure, with different tribal groups and warrior societies emerging by 1000 BC. Pre-colonial Filipinos had their own systems of writing, religions, housing, clothing, and forms of government centered around independent barangays led by datus. Social classes included a petty nobility, freemen, and slaves.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture and society. It describes how the earliest inhabitants arrived thousands of years ago and developed distinct communities across the archipelago. Each community had its own systems of governance, led by a datu or chieftain, religion and animistic beliefs, education, writing systems, housing, clothing, and social classes that included nobility, freemen, serfs, and slaves. Advanced industries like mining, agriculture, fishing and pottery were established by the time Spanish colonizers arrived in the 15th century.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture and society. It discusses the early settlers of the Philippines, including the Negritos and various Austronesian groups. It describes the development of distinct peoples and communities by 1000 BC. The document also summarizes pre-colonial forms of government, social classes, housing, clothing, writing systems, religions and spiritual practices, and industries like mining, agriculture and fishing that were established when the Spanish arrived.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippine culture, including its early inhabitants, systems of writing, forms of government, social classes, and architecture. The Negritos were among the earliest settlers, followed by Austronesian peoples beginning around 4000 BCE. By 1000 BCE, distinct groups had developed, including hunter-gatherers, warrior societies, and communities along rivers and coasts engaged in trade. Pre-colonial Filipinos had their own writing systems and a form of government centered around independent barangays led by datus. Social classes ranged from primitive communal organizations to feudal systems in some Islamic areas.
The document provides an overview of pre-colonial Philippines, including:
1) The early settlers of the Philippines like the Negritos who were hunter-gatherers and the original inhabitants. Indonesians also settled and introduced influences.
2) The economy was based on foraging, hunting, fishing and basic agriculture. Housing was made of natural materials.
3) Society was organized into autonomous barangays ruled by a Datu. Laws and governance followed customs and tradition.
This document discusses Filipino indigenous philosophy and worldviews. It is divided into three approaches: traditional, cultural, and nationality. Indigenous philosophy is classified under the cultural approach and includes grassroots folk philosophies. Worldviews are mental lenses for perceiving the world and indigenous worldviews emphasize relationships with nature. Aetas have strong animistic beliefs involving spirits ("anitos") that inhabit the environment. Their relationship with these spirits is central to their spirituality. Rituals like prayers, dances, and sacrifices are performed to appease spirits and address illnesses.
The document discusses local heritage themes in the Philippines, including festivals and dances, local heroes and historical events, enduring beliefs and values, indigenous people and household materials, and local talents and role models. Specifically, it provides details about the Alikaraw Festival in Hilongos, Leyte, the Tinikling dance from Leyte, the Sumoroy Rebellion led by Agustin Sumuroy in Samar, the bayanihan spirit of communal work, the Badjao people who live on houseboats in Dolho, Bato, Leyte, wooden mortars and pestles used for pounding rice, and Lovella Basibas Añover, a TV host from Alang-alang,
This document provides information about various aspects of pre-colonial Philippines, including early settlers like the Negritos and Indonesians, economic life which involved foraging and farming, the barangay form of government led by a datu, indigenous spiritual traditions and gods/goddesses, clothing like the barong tagalog, the baybayin writing system, and oral literary forms like riddles, folk songs, myths, and legends. It discusses the Negritos as the original inhabitants and hunter-gatherers, and the influence of Malays and Indonesians on governance, trade, religion and language. The barangay was the basic political unit ruled by a datu and council, and laws were disseminated by
1. During pre-colonial times in the Philippines, various groups migrated to the islands over thousands of years and developed distinct cultures and societies, including advanced practices in agriculture, metallurgy, and trade.
2. Early inhabitants included Negrito groups who engaged in hunting and gathering as well as successive waves of Malays who practiced seafaring, farming, and house-building. By 1000 BC, distinct groups had emerged including forest dwellers, warrior societies, and coastal principalities engaged in trade.
3. Pre-colonial Filipino culture included diverse communities and religious beliefs centered around animism and the worship of various spirits and deities. Distinct social classes and forms of government also developed among different
1. During pre-colonial times in the Philippines, various groups migrated and settled the islands over thousands of years, including Negritos, Proto-Malays, and Duetero-Malays.
2. Early Filipino society was organized into independent barangays led by datus, with social classes that included nobility, freemen, serfs, and slaves.
3. Pre-colonial Filipino culture included distinct indigenous religious beliefs, writing systems, forms of governance at the barangay level, and social hierarchies.
This presentation shows the importance of folklore by looking at five different indigineous cultures. It educates readers on how sustainability and folklore are very much a part of each other.
The Philippines consists of over 7,000 islands formed by volcanic activity and tectonic shifts. The archipelago has a tropical climate with over 100 ethnic groups and rich biodiversity. Some of the indigenous groups include the Ifugaos known for their rice terraces, the Igorots who traditionally engaged in headhunting, and the Mangyans of Mindoro. The Philippines has mineral resources like gold, copper and nickel deposits as well as a central plain that serves as the country's rice granary.
This document discusses the origins and history of the Filipino people through various theories and groups. It covers:
1) Five theories on the origin of the Philippines - the land bridge, big bang, biblical, Darwinian, and continental drift theories.
2) The legendary beginnings of Filipino ancestors from the myth of Malakas and Maganda.
3) The major racial groups - Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays.
4) The major ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines like Visayans, Tagalogs, Ilocanos, and others.
5) Core cultural values of Filipinos like family ties, respect for elders, loyalty, sensitivity
During the pre-Hispanic period in the Philippines:
- Early Filipinos lived in communities of 50-2,000 people along waterways, forests, and fertile lands. They fished, farmed, and used boats to trade goods.
- Religion was animistic, with spirits both good and bad believed to inhabit natural places and objects. Supreme deities and other gods were worshipped among different ethnic groups.
- Society was organized into chiefdoms called barangays led by a datu. Barangays helped each other in times of war or need. The datu's position was hereditary and they were responsible for protecting the community.
- Social classes included nobles or
- A distinct presentation of the diverse culture that makes up the unique and majestic composition of the inhabitants of these Provinces that called itself the Zamboanga Peninsula.
This document provides information on local heritage themes in Region VIII - Leyte Division. It discusses 6 main themes:
1. Festivals and dances, including the Alikaraw Festival in Hilongos and Tinikling dance from Leyte.
2. Local heroes and historical events, highlighting Agustin Sumuroy, a Waray leader who led the Sumoroy Rebellion against Spanish forces in 1649-1650.
3. Enduring beliefs and values, such as the tradition of not taking a bath during a family member's wake (Diri Pagkarigo Kon May-ada Patay) and the spirit of communal work known as Bayanihan.
4. Indigenous people
Chapter 2 distribution of filipino indigenous communitiesFloreannBasco
This document provides information on the distribution and characteristics of indigenous communities in the Philippines. It discusses over 50 groups found in three main geographical regions - Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. In Luzon, most groups are concentrated in mountainous areas of northern Cordillera. Some of the major groups described include the Tingguians (Itneg) of Abra province, the Bontoc, Ifugao and Kalinga in central Cordillera, and the Gaddang and Ilongot in southeastern Cordillera. The document also briefly mentions other lowland groups like the Agta, Dumagat and Itawis.
Chapter 2 distribution of filipino indigenous communitiesFloreannBasco
This document provides information on the distribution and characteristics of indigenous communities in the Philippines. It discusses over 50 groups found in three main geographical regions - Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. In Luzon, most groups are concentrated in mountainous areas of northern Cordillera. Some of the major groups described include the Tingguians (Itneg) of Abra province, the Bontoc, Ifugao and Kalinga in central Cordillera, and the Gaddang and Ilongot in southeastern Cordillera. The document also briefly mentions other lowland groups like the Agta, Dumagat and Itawis.
The document discusses theories about the origins and early inhabitants of the Philippines based on biblical stories, scientific evidence, and legends. It describes how the first people arrived around 25,000 years ago during the Stone Age and lived as hunter-gatherers. Subsequent waves of migration brought Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays who settled different areas and had varying levels of technological development. While their origins are still debated, most early Filipinos shared a common base culture that was influenced by their environment.
Este documento parece ser una lista de nombres y direcciones. Contiene más de 200 entradas con los nombres de personas y parejas, seguidos de sus direcciones. Las direcciones incluyen nombres de calles, pueblos y ciudades en Indonesia.
Proposal ini meminta dana sebesar Rp1.750.000 untuk seragam, biaya pendaftaran, dan konsumsi tim sepak bola Garlo FC dalam mengikuti turnamen di Laiworu pada 3 Maret 2017 guna mengembangkan bakat pemuda dan memajukan sepak bola di masyarakat.
Surat pernyataan yang berisi 10 poin pernyataan dari Lilis Fitra Saswati Arsil tentang statusnya yang tidak pernah dihukum, diberhentikan tidak hormat, menjadi calon pegawai, menjadi pengurus partai, terikat kerja, bersedia tidak menikah dan ditempatkan di seluruh Indonesia, serta bersedia mengembalikan biaya seleksi dan pelatihan jika mengundurkan diri.
Surat pernyataan yang ditandatangani oleh Fajar Aswati yang menyatakan bahwa dirinya tidak pernah dihukum, diberhentikan tidak hormat, menjadi calon pegawai negeri, menjadi pengurus partai politik, sedang terikat kontrak kerja, bersedia tidak menikah selama 6 bulan, ditempatkan di seluruh Indonesia, mengembalikan biaya seleksi jika mengundurkan diri, dan mengganti biaya enam kali lipat jika mengundurkan
This document contains reports from midwives at the Paramata Raha Midwifery Academy in Muna Regency on their targets for antenatal care, infant care, postnatal care, and family planning in 2017. The reports provide the midwife's name, student ID number, and academic institution for each of their assigned targets.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang makromolekul yang terdiri dari berbagai jenis seperti karbohidrat, lipid, dan protein. Karbohidrat dibagi menjadi monosakarida, disakarida, dan polisakarida. Lipid terdiri dari lemak, fosfolipid, dan steroid. Sedangkan protein tersusun atas kombinasi asam amino yang dihubungkan oleh ikatan peptida. Ketiga makromolekul ini memainkan peran penting dalam struktur dan metabolisme sel.
Pemimpin perlu memahami karakteristik karyawan sesuai teori X, Y, dan Z McGregor. Teori X mengasumsikan karyawan malas, teori Y mengasumsikan karyawan akan bekerja keras jika kondisinya tepat, teori Z menekankan partisipasi karyawan. Pemimpin harus mengembangkan kompetensi karyawan untuk meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan. Membangun budaya kepemimpinan penting agar kaderisasi terj
Tes akhir semester mata pelajaran Seni Budaya di SMK Kelautan dan Perikanan Raha meliputi berbagai aspek seni seperti seni rupa, musik, tari, dan drama. Soal-soalnya mencakup pengetahuan tentang sejarah seni, tokoh-tokoh seniman, unsur-unsur karya seni, dan fungsi seni dalam kehidupan. Ujian ini dimaksudkan untuk menilai pemahaman siswa terhadap berbagai aspek seni.
1. Karsinoma tulang adalah pertumbuhan sel ganas abnormal pada tulang dan jaringan terkaitnya.
2. Penyebabnya belum jelas tetapi kemungkinan termasuk genetik, radiasi, bahan kimia, dan trauma.
3. Gejalanya berupa nyeri tulang, bengkak, dan fraktur patologis yang dapat menyebar ke organ lain.
Undangan sosialisasi program tanaman jagung kuning kecamatan Lasalepa yang akan diselenggarakan pada tanggal 7 Maret 2017 pukul 09.00 di Balai Pertemuan Desa Labone. Kehadiran para tokoh masyarakat, tokoh agama, kelompok tani, dan aparat desa sangat diharapkan.
1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF WAKATOBI
A. Origins of the First Humans
About the origin of the first man Wakatobi there are various views as well as the source. In
areas such Kaledupa Wakatobi known folklore that says that they are descended from two
families, namely:
1. sangia yiperopa and his wife Watoburia
2. sangia Wahanambaria1 yigola and his wife.
In areas Tomia spread folklore says that the inhabitants from several tribes, among others:
1. Parts of Ternate
2. Parts Butuni
3. Bajo
4. Tribe Mantigola
5. Parts Katabato (Southern Mindanao) 2
In the area of Wangi Wangi spread folklore that the population derived from several tribes,
among others:
1. The Malays (Johor peninsula) 3
2. Parts Butuni
3. Bajo
4. Maluku
While the origins of the first inhabitants in the area Binongko according to the story of the
parents came from the kingdom of Buton, the Kingdom Sulu4 Philippines then they spread to
neighboring areas, they lived first in the area Kaluku (Binongko).
According to the pedigree is there, in the area there Kaledupa kings reign and also there is a
story of old people / community leaders who say that the first humans to inhabit the Wakatobi
is a man named La Tingku5.
In the area there are a variety Wakatobi genealogy researchers concluded that the oldest
lineage into two, namely:
1. Lineage derived from sources Kaledupa said thirty five layers of descent where there are
names that are similar to the Chinese as Ndio (Nio) which is a tribute to women.
2. Lineage sourced Binongko begins with La Barangka with Wambenu star wife said circuit
descent of approximately twenty-five layers.
Based on the genealogy of the researchers (authors) concluded that the two waves of the
nations that come in Wakatobi:
1. Waves of Indochina to the Philippine islands, Wakatobi, Southeast Sulawesi Butuni
directly.
2. The wave of the Malays of Malacca - Sumatra - Java - Lesser Sunda - Maluku6.
2. B. Origin of Naming Regions in Wakatobi
1. Wangi-Wangi
Foreign Source: Wangi Wangi term is taken from the first human behavior that inhabit this
country with a soul like a quilt that is in dire need of protection, in the language of Mindanao
- Sulu that language "yakan" called Fragrant-Wangi7.
In the oral tradition, community Wangi Wangi derived from an object and when it is used in
religious ceremonies by fire, the smell or fragrance will spread to all corners of the world.
With this oral tradition as the Wangi Wangi likes to wander all over the world.
2. Kaledupa
In the oral tradition, there are several views Kaledupa society or versions are:
a. Kaledupa derived from the word "Kaedupa" some people call "kayudupa". In the oral
tradition is told that at one time there was a group of people cut down forests to clear land
settlement. Among the trees that were cut down one tree is unique and has a sweet smell,
because of its uniqueness wood be used as fragrances, and are often used in religious
ceremonies that will bear the name of the island is Kaledupa.
b. Kaledupa derived from coral islands overgrown by trees. The tree breeding on the island of
coral and very special that has the scent, so the coral island of trees that will bear the name of
the island is Kaledupa.
3. Tomia
In a society that knows Tomia oral tradition suggests that Tomia derived from two words: To
means Tua (Bagobo language) ie languages that exist in the Mindanao-Sulu and Mia human
meaning. So, Tomia taken from the oldest human.
4. Binongko
Based on oral tradition that developed in society Binongko suggests that Binongko derived
from the word meaning Binong divorced, irregular (Cebu language) in the Philippines and co
meaning one (in Cebu). So, Binongko means unification that has been long lost. Mateo
Bartoli call rearrangement irregular (1948: 36) by calling Binongko.
C. Implementation of Life
1. Meeting the Needs of Life
About the way human life first, not much is known, besides they are still simple food with
fruits, tubers that grow in the forest and the animals they hunted.
In this area, the primary subsistence none other than hunting, fishing and gathering.
In this area also live in groups based livelihoods are:
a. Human group life habits farming called "Hekoranga". The equipment used and made of
stone like an ax to cut the tree, a tool to grow corn and tubers made of wood called "tutua"
and "yao".
3. b.Kelompok human life habits catch fish called "parabala". At that time the system is still a
way to catch fish "noloo" which dive into the water and then try to catch fish by hand, other
than that they use a spear called "hepana".
For household purposes, such as eating utensils where they are made of wood, a drink of
bamboo are cut, and a stoneware pot cooking is made from ground liat8.
2. Protection of Nature
To protect themselves against natural hazards can strike at any time, usually they make high
pillared house, even there is an idea that still live on the big and tall trees. Unlike in the area
of life Binongko still scattering, then in the area Tomia, Kaledupa and Wangi Wangi
population already live in groups and each group was living in a big house called "sapo
tooge" to maintain security when it comes interference or attack the enemy in order to can be
faced together. Home building tools made of wood and bamboo, while the roof is made of
palm leaves, leaf thatch, leaves and leaf woka reeds. Tool is very simple tool, because it only
made of stone and kayu9.
3. Displacement
In general, they move in waves of life both large-scale and small-scale. Displacement
occurred circa 1500 - 500 BC by using simple tools such as a boat that is still called "bale-
bale" 10. About why they moved, there are a variety of reasons such as cruelty and
oppression of the ruling party, war or other security threats, disease or because their homes
are no longer fertile, thus forced to find a new home allows a better life. Besides, in the area
Kaledupa, Tomia and Wangi Wangi population movements are also walking.
D. Community Organizations
1. Community Settings
Regulated community groups under the leadership of a group leader. In Binongko area, the
community consists of two groups, namely:
1. Pidoija the community groups who want to settle in a particular area.
2. Waraingka class ie people who do not live in a certain area but want to move from one area
to another area.
2. Leadership
In areas Tomia, Kaledupa and Wangi Wangi each group headed by a chairman who is called
"Laioro" and assisted by an aide called "Kanine". Chairman of the group are selected and
appointed by members of the public and the condition he was an authoritative and has magic
powers.
In the area Binongko a group leader is usually taken from the people who brave, agile, skilled
and expert fighting wars called "mosega".
E. Life Arts and Culture
1. Education
4. Education in prehistory in general in the Wakatobi no other than education in the family in
the sense that someone knows something through the mother, father or brother in the family.
Education outside the family just gained through experience with street view or experience
for themselves so that they can become proficient in any work or specific skills: hunting,
fishing, carpentry and so forth. For this type of work of this kind, of course, requires a certain
skill by someone who just got through family or others outside of the family and by itself
increasingly be increased in accordance with the experience and talent as well as the power of
each creation.
F. Natural Mind And Trust
1. Belief System
Animism and dynamism is a system of beliefs held by the population at that time, as
confidence in the sea, mountain, cape, ponds, trees and places that surprise or horrify, have
they call sangia occupants. Sangia-sangia there are good and some are evil. Other than that
paid tribute to the spirit of the ancestors plays an important role as well. Ancestral spirits is
also there are good and some are evil according to his character during his lifetime. Further
well-sangia sangia or spirits that affect the people who are still alive, so it is feared, then the
liability of Ompu-Ompu to tame and soften influence (La Ode Abu Bakr, 1999: 1, Interview
March 3, 2005).
Therefore sangia-sangia the control of areas such as the sea, mountain, cape and so the forces
of nature can be tamed. Similarly, over the waves, wind, hurricanes can be tamed by the hand
sangia-sangia. Animists and this dynamism is called "pahekombia"
In areas Tomia and Wangi Wangi, animism and dynamism is still a minority of the
population in this period. They assume that gets the power and blessing of the spirits that
inhabit the mountain or certain places that are considered sacred, and for that they used to
hold ceremonies such as:
1. "stroked" the opening ceremony of the jungle where "pakilola" a clever look at the stars,
during the growing season as a leader for the open forest, held a few days prior preparation to
seek inspiration at bedtime with serving betel nut, lime, tobacco to the spirits which is
considered to give thanks to them. After this ceremony is executed, then the first logging
done by pakilola first.
2. "Pabisa" when first logging Pabisa hold, then Pabisa must follow certain requirements that
go cut down quietly in accordance with the inspiration that obtained at the time of going to
cut down a piece of wood as a preliminary lumberjack ax should be suspended for one day
twenty-four hours first. If it turns out the ax falls, forests should not be opened, but when the
ax still hanging on, then immediately opened by the community forest together (La Ode Ali,
Interview 15 April 2005).
2. Views About Kosmos
From the description of the belief system can clearly be seen a vision of the cosmos although
5. it has not been arranged in detail, much less systematically. They already believe there is
something self-strength (strength supernatural / magic) and often affect the lives of their own.
In areas such existing Binongko belief that a supreme power, so there arose the words "tende
difafonulangi" which means that He is above the heavens, has the power to the universe ".
However, the service or ceremony they assume that abode is in large trees, large rocks,
headlands, graves and others, therefore it is where they held a massive ceremony
accompanied by the crowd like singing panegyric to tende difafonulangi in order to give
thanks and blessings be upon worship and treatment they did, dancing with bark (La Ode
Ahmadi, Interview August 7, 2005).
After the ceremony, they are very afraid of the restrictions posed by the traditional adage
cutting timber for home herb. The base should be given as a sign that when planted in the
ground not to the above, because it can cause an assortment due to the occupants. Brother
should not touch the clothes sister and vice versa, or pass under clothes hanger, much less
enter the bedroom, because it is considered a sin. Women should not lift his shirt up over
your knees even through the water, because they have to defend his honor. Prohibited wash
pot (pot) that many charcoal upfront beach (salt water) because they may lead to the arrival of
the west wind. Likewise bathe white cat or a black jet (beka MEPA), eating while walking
banned because it can cause damage to crops such as devour rats or other forest animals.
When they attacked cure the disease then there is an assortment of herbs both roots and skin.
Besides pronounced spells or seeps whose words beg for help to "the Almighty" that the
disease was cured. Until now, treatment and customs of these parents are still there who wear
them even though some already do not believe it anymore because of the influence of religion
that came later.