The document discusses the retail profitability challenge facing many retailers due to rising cost pressures from factors such as higher wages, commodity prices, business rates, and pension costs. Operating margins across many retail subsectors could fall by 3-5 percentage points equivalent to a 6% increase in rental costs in London or a 2-4% increase in total wage bills. The document outlines three ways for retailers to respond: focusing on real customer engagement; differentiation through developing distinct retail species; and driving innovation to achieve greater returns. Finally, it identifies five main species of retailers that have emerged: the entertainer, curator, deliverer, innovator, and discounter.