This document presents a reconfigurable patch antenna design that can switch between different bandwidth ranges using PIN diodes. By turning the PIN diodes on and off in different configurations, the antenna's resonance frequency and bandwidth can be changed. Simulation results show that the bandwidth can be reconfigured from 2.3 GHz to 3.1 GHz. The antenna also achieves circular polarization bandwidth reconfiguration. An equivalent circuit model is developed to represent the antenna performance based on the PIN diode states.
Semi-circular compact CPW-fed antenna for ultra-wideband applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a simple structure and small size antenna design with dimensions of 43×47 mm2 to perform an ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range using a semicircular co-planar waveguide (CPW). This antenna has been designed and simulated by the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio suit. In this work, we design an ultra-wideband antenna (about 2 GHz to 10 GHz) by feeding a semi-circular compact antenna via a co-planar waveguide for input impedance of 50 Ω. The CST simulation results show that our designed antenna has a very good impedance and radiation characteristic within the intended ultra-wideband. Because of the small size and the suitable shape, this antenna can be used in many wireless communication applications, such as a radio frequency identifier (RFID), indoor wireless local area network or wireless fidelity (WiFi), internet of things (IoT), millimeter waves communications (mmWave), global positioning system (GPS), and many applications of 6G systems.
Dual-band aperture coupled antenna with harmonic suppression capabilityTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The paper presents an aperture-coupled dual-band linearly-polarized antenna with harmonic suppression capability, operating at frequency 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz. In purpose of improving the directivity of antenna at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz, a modified inverted π-shaped slot-etched patch on the lower layer of the stacked antenna is introduced alongside the 50 Ω feed line. The harmonic suppression capability is achieved by the introduction of U-slot and asymmetrical left-right-handed stub at the transmission feed line, suppressing unwanted harmonic signals from 6.00 GHz up to 10.00 GHz. The final design of the antenna has produced very good reflection coefficient of -18.87 dB at 2.45 GHz and -19.57 dB at 5.00 GHz with third and higher order harmonic suppression up to -4 dB.
Microstrip patch antenna for pcs and wlaneSAT Journals
Abstract Due to development in wireless devices, it poses a new challenge for the design of an antenna in wireless communication. Patch antennas are well suited for various wireless application systems due to their low weight, low profile, versatility, conformability, low cost and low sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances. This paper present design, simulation of a rectangular micro strip antenna for WLAN and PCS. The aim of the work is to design reliable broadband, compact patch antenna for wireless devices. Antenna is proposed which is providing circular polarization, dual band, resonant frequencies at 1.9 GHz, 2.4 GHz. Key Words: Patch antenna, co-axial feeding, polarization, dual band, HFSS …
Planar Inverted-F Antenna for GPS Application - A studyIJERA Editor
survey of recent studies and findings on wireless technology and its applications are explored aggressively in few areas that have the greatest potential for achieving entirely new capabilities using antennas. we have presented in depth conceptual understanding of antennas and potential application in wireless communication an exhaustive list of reference has been proceed.
Semi-circular compact CPW-fed antenna for ultra-wideband applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a simple structure and small size antenna design with dimensions of 43×47 mm2 to perform an ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range using a semicircular co-planar waveguide (CPW). This antenna has been designed and simulated by the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio suit. In this work, we design an ultra-wideband antenna (about 2 GHz to 10 GHz) by feeding a semi-circular compact antenna via a co-planar waveguide for input impedance of 50 Ω. The CST simulation results show that our designed antenna has a very good impedance and radiation characteristic within the intended ultra-wideband. Because of the small size and the suitable shape, this antenna can be used in many wireless communication applications, such as a radio frequency identifier (RFID), indoor wireless local area network or wireless fidelity (WiFi), internet of things (IoT), millimeter waves communications (mmWave), global positioning system (GPS), and many applications of 6G systems.
Dual-band aperture coupled antenna with harmonic suppression capabilityTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The paper presents an aperture-coupled dual-band linearly-polarized antenna with harmonic suppression capability, operating at frequency 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz. In purpose of improving the directivity of antenna at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz, a modified inverted π-shaped slot-etched patch on the lower layer of the stacked antenna is introduced alongside the 50 Ω feed line. The harmonic suppression capability is achieved by the introduction of U-slot and asymmetrical left-right-handed stub at the transmission feed line, suppressing unwanted harmonic signals from 6.00 GHz up to 10.00 GHz. The final design of the antenna has produced very good reflection coefficient of -18.87 dB at 2.45 GHz and -19.57 dB at 5.00 GHz with third and higher order harmonic suppression up to -4 dB.
Microstrip patch antenna for pcs and wlaneSAT Journals
Abstract Due to development in wireless devices, it poses a new challenge for the design of an antenna in wireless communication. Patch antennas are well suited for various wireless application systems due to their low weight, low profile, versatility, conformability, low cost and low sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances. This paper present design, simulation of a rectangular micro strip antenna for WLAN and PCS. The aim of the work is to design reliable broadband, compact patch antenna for wireless devices. Antenna is proposed which is providing circular polarization, dual band, resonant frequencies at 1.9 GHz, 2.4 GHz. Key Words: Patch antenna, co-axial feeding, polarization, dual band, HFSS …
Planar Inverted-F Antenna for GPS Application - A studyIJERA Editor
survey of recent studies and findings on wireless technology and its applications are explored aggressively in few areas that have the greatest potential for achieving entirely new capabilities using antennas. we have presented in depth conceptual understanding of antennas and potential application in wireless communication an exhaustive list of reference has been proceed.
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLANIOSR Journals
Abstract : The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2 and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR less than 2. So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating software used is IE3D. Keywords - V-shape slot, RT duroid, Dual band, WLAN, WiMAX,
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole AntennaIOSR Journals
A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with
a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through
several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer.
Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole
antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual
band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped
monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the
results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and
complete monopole antenna
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole Antenna.IOSR Journals
Abstract: A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer. Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and complete monopole antenna. Keywords- CPW, CST, FR4, LAN, WiMAX
Electrically Controlled Frequency Reconfigurable Comb Type Antenna for Wirele...IDES Editor
Electrically controlled frequency reconfigurable
comb type antenna is presented in this paper. Reconfigurability
is achieved by placing a PIN diode in each slot of the comb
type antenna. The proposed antenna has very compact size
and works on 8 different bands depending upon the state and
number of PIN diode (ON/OFF). Ansoft Designer 7 is used to
simulate the equivalent model for the PIN diode and proposed
antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate using photolithography
process. As the antenna reconfigure its resonating frequency
from 1st band to 8th band, directivity increases from 3.28 to 4.02
and radiation efficiency increases from 75.3% to 93.45% due
to the improvement in impedance matching at higher band.
Microstrip Antenna for ISM Band (2.4GHz) Applications-A reviewIJERA Editor
The past decade has seen a rapid development of wireless communication systems. This continuous trend is bringing about a wave of new wireless devices placing several demands on the antenna such as size miniaturization, power consumption, simplicity, compatibility with printed-circuit technology, low profile, light weight, lower return loss and good radiation properties. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research work done in the recent past by various authors on the design and optimization of the planar microstrip antenna operating in ISM band. An exhaustive list of reference has been provided.
This work presents a rectangular of microstrip ultra wideband patch antenna for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (Wi-Max) and wireless local area network (WLAN) with a dual band-notched feature. The planned an antenna consists the rectangular of patch antenna with the largely deficient of ground structure. Through inserting slots in the radiating patch, dual notch characteristics may be produced. The suggested antenna is 20×30×1.6 mm3 in volume. The first notch, made by slots operating at the first notch, produced by slots running at 3.5 GHz, for Wi-Max (from 3.3-3.7 GHz), while of a second, created by slots operating at 5.5 GHz, for WLAN (from 5.1-5.8 GHz). An antenna covers the whole ultra-wideband frequency range (3.1-10.6 GHz). Computer simulation technology (CST) 2021 simulation software used for simulate proposed of antenna. A simulated antenna’s emission pattern is almost omnidirectional, and the recommended antenna’s gain is approximately constant over the ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum, excluding notch areas.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This paper presents the Microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications with planar geometry and it consists of a defected ground (DGS), a feed, a substrate, and a patch. The design with DGS has been analyzed taking different dimensions of H Slot and achieve optimized dimensions with the help of CST, Microwave Studio commercial software for WLAN band at 5.20 GHz frequency with corresponding bandwidth of 310 MHz to optimize antenna’s properties. Results show that the final designed antenna has favorable characteristics at this frequency.
A Compact Reconfigurable Dual Band-notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Varac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a reconfigurable dual band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented.
The antenna design consists of a circular shape with two pairs of the L-resonator. To realize the notch
characteristics in WLAN at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, the half wavelength of the L-resonator is
introduced in the design. The T-shaped notch is etched in the ground to enhance the bandwidth which
covers the UWB operating frequency range from 3.219–10.863 GHz. The proposed reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna shows good impedance matching for the simulated in the physical layout.
Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact size of 37.6x28 mm2. This proposed reconfigurable
design can provide an alternative solution for the wireless system in the designing of a band-notched
antenna with a good tuning capability.
A Miniature L-slot Microstrip Printed Antenna for RFIDTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a miniature microstrip antenna at 2.45 GHz by using the slots technique. This microstrip antenna is fed by a CPW technique and designed for RFID reader system on FR4 substrate. A size reduction equal to 66.6% has been obtained compared to the conventional rectangular microstrip antenna. The total area of the final circuit is 19x31 mm2. The validated antenna has good matching input impedance with a stable radiation pattern, a loss return of -40 dB, and a gain of 1.78 dBi, a prototype of the proposed antenna has been fabricated and measured.
Multiband Microstrip Antenna for Wi-MAX Application-A studyIJERA Editor
The wireless revolution is transforming the existing global telecommunications networks into an integrated system providing a broad class of communication services to customers anywhere, anytime in motion or fixed. An antenna is an important device in wireless communication system as its performance will have direct effect on the total system. The continuous shrinking of size of the electronic systems demands small size of antenna elements which can cater the need of multiband operation in order to fit properly in wireless devices without compromising the radiation properties of the antenna. This paper presents a review of the research work done by various authors on the topic multiband microstrip antenna for Wi-MAX application in the recent past.
A new design of a microstrip rectenna at 5.8 GHz for wireless power transmiss...IJECEIAES
Due to the ever-increasing power demand, the need of electricity and eco-friendly power in every nook and corner of the world, many reaserch topics have been devoted to deal with this problematic. This paper is taking part of the proposed solutions with the presentation of a novel 5.8 GHz rectenna system for wireless power transmission applications. In one hand, a miniaturized 5.8 GHz circular polarized patch antenna has been designed and simulated by using the Advanced Design System (ADS). In the other hand, a rectifier structure has been investigated and optimized by the use of the Harmonic Balance method available in ADS. The circuit is based on 5 HSMS2820 Schottky diodes implemented in a voltage multiplier topology and a load resistance of 1 KOhm. Both of the structures have been validated by simulation and experimental results and good agreement has been concluded.
DESIGN & PARAMETRIC STUDY OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR UW...IJEEE
A Microstrip fed antenna which consists of a
rectangular patch with rectangular shaped slot incorporated
into patch is presented for ultra wide band application with
enhanced bandwidth. The proposed antenna achieves an
impedance bandwidth of 8.9GHz (2.3-11.2GHz) with
VSWR< 2 for over the entire bandwidth.
A Compact Dual Band Elliptical Microstrip Antenna for Ku/K Band Satellite App...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an original elliptical microstrip patch antenna is proposed for Ku/K band satellite applications. The proposed antenna has a simple structure, small size with dimensions of about 10×12×1.58 mm³. The antenna has been designed and simulated on an FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness of 1.58 mm. The design is simulated by two different electromagnetic solvers. The results from the measured data show that the antenna has two resonant frequencies that define 2 bandwidths, defined by a return loss of less than -10 dB, and are: (14.44 GHz, 829 MHz) and (21.05 GHz, 5126 MHz),with the gain 5.59 dB and 5.048 dB respectively. The proposed antenna can be used in many applications such as in satellite, and wireless communications.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
More Related Content
Similar to A bandwidth reconfigurable antenna for devices in low UWB-applications
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLANIOSR Journals
Abstract : The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2 and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR less than 2. So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating software used is IE3D. Keywords - V-shape slot, RT duroid, Dual band, WLAN, WiMAX,
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole AntennaIOSR Journals
A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with
a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through
several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer.
Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole
antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual
band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped
monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the
results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and
complete monopole antenna
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole Antenna.IOSR Journals
Abstract: A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer. Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and complete monopole antenna. Keywords- CPW, CST, FR4, LAN, WiMAX
Electrically Controlled Frequency Reconfigurable Comb Type Antenna for Wirele...IDES Editor
Electrically controlled frequency reconfigurable
comb type antenna is presented in this paper. Reconfigurability
is achieved by placing a PIN diode in each slot of the comb
type antenna. The proposed antenna has very compact size
and works on 8 different bands depending upon the state and
number of PIN diode (ON/OFF). Ansoft Designer 7 is used to
simulate the equivalent model for the PIN diode and proposed
antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate using photolithography
process. As the antenna reconfigure its resonating frequency
from 1st band to 8th band, directivity increases from 3.28 to 4.02
and radiation efficiency increases from 75.3% to 93.45% due
to the improvement in impedance matching at higher band.
Microstrip Antenna for ISM Band (2.4GHz) Applications-A reviewIJERA Editor
The past decade has seen a rapid development of wireless communication systems. This continuous trend is bringing about a wave of new wireless devices placing several demands on the antenna such as size miniaturization, power consumption, simplicity, compatibility with printed-circuit technology, low profile, light weight, lower return loss and good radiation properties. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research work done in the recent past by various authors on the design and optimization of the planar microstrip antenna operating in ISM band. An exhaustive list of reference has been provided.
This work presents a rectangular of microstrip ultra wideband patch antenna for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (Wi-Max) and wireless local area network (WLAN) with a dual band-notched feature. The planned an antenna consists the rectangular of patch antenna with the largely deficient of ground structure. Through inserting slots in the radiating patch, dual notch characteristics may be produced. The suggested antenna is 20×30×1.6 mm3 in volume. The first notch, made by slots operating at the first notch, produced by slots running at 3.5 GHz, for Wi-Max (from 3.3-3.7 GHz), while of a second, created by slots operating at 5.5 GHz, for WLAN (from 5.1-5.8 GHz). An antenna covers the whole ultra-wideband frequency range (3.1-10.6 GHz). Computer simulation technology (CST) 2021 simulation software used for simulate proposed of antenna. A simulated antenna’s emission pattern is almost omnidirectional, and the recommended antenna’s gain is approximately constant over the ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum, excluding notch areas.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This paper presents the Microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications with planar geometry and it consists of a defected ground (DGS), a feed, a substrate, and a patch. The design with DGS has been analyzed taking different dimensions of H Slot and achieve optimized dimensions with the help of CST, Microwave Studio commercial software for WLAN band at 5.20 GHz frequency with corresponding bandwidth of 310 MHz to optimize antenna’s properties. Results show that the final designed antenna has favorable characteristics at this frequency.
A Compact Reconfigurable Dual Band-notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Varac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a reconfigurable dual band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented.
The antenna design consists of a circular shape with two pairs of the L-resonator. To realize the notch
characteristics in WLAN at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, the half wavelength of the L-resonator is
introduced in the design. The T-shaped notch is etched in the ground to enhance the bandwidth which
covers the UWB operating frequency range from 3.219–10.863 GHz. The proposed reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna shows good impedance matching for the simulated in the physical layout.
Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact size of 37.6x28 mm2. This proposed reconfigurable
design can provide an alternative solution for the wireless system in the designing of a band-notched
antenna with a good tuning capability.
A Miniature L-slot Microstrip Printed Antenna for RFIDTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a miniature microstrip antenna at 2.45 GHz by using the slots technique. This microstrip antenna is fed by a CPW technique and designed for RFID reader system on FR4 substrate. A size reduction equal to 66.6% has been obtained compared to the conventional rectangular microstrip antenna. The total area of the final circuit is 19x31 mm2. The validated antenna has good matching input impedance with a stable radiation pattern, a loss return of -40 dB, and a gain of 1.78 dBi, a prototype of the proposed antenna has been fabricated and measured.
Multiband Microstrip Antenna for Wi-MAX Application-A studyIJERA Editor
The wireless revolution is transforming the existing global telecommunications networks into an integrated system providing a broad class of communication services to customers anywhere, anytime in motion or fixed. An antenna is an important device in wireless communication system as its performance will have direct effect on the total system. The continuous shrinking of size of the electronic systems demands small size of antenna elements which can cater the need of multiband operation in order to fit properly in wireless devices without compromising the radiation properties of the antenna. This paper presents a review of the research work done by various authors on the topic multiband microstrip antenna for Wi-MAX application in the recent past.
A new design of a microstrip rectenna at 5.8 GHz for wireless power transmiss...IJECEIAES
Due to the ever-increasing power demand, the need of electricity and eco-friendly power in every nook and corner of the world, many reaserch topics have been devoted to deal with this problematic. This paper is taking part of the proposed solutions with the presentation of a novel 5.8 GHz rectenna system for wireless power transmission applications. In one hand, a miniaturized 5.8 GHz circular polarized patch antenna has been designed and simulated by using the Advanced Design System (ADS). In the other hand, a rectifier structure has been investigated and optimized by the use of the Harmonic Balance method available in ADS. The circuit is based on 5 HSMS2820 Schottky diodes implemented in a voltage multiplier topology and a load resistance of 1 KOhm. Both of the structures have been validated by simulation and experimental results and good agreement has been concluded.
DESIGN & PARAMETRIC STUDY OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR UW...IJEEE
A Microstrip fed antenna which consists of a
rectangular patch with rectangular shaped slot incorporated
into patch is presented for ultra wide band application with
enhanced bandwidth. The proposed antenna achieves an
impedance bandwidth of 8.9GHz (2.3-11.2GHz) with
VSWR< 2 for over the entire bandwidth.
A Compact Dual Band Elliptical Microstrip Antenna for Ku/K Band Satellite App...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an original elliptical microstrip patch antenna is proposed for Ku/K band satellite applications. The proposed antenna has a simple structure, small size with dimensions of about 10×12×1.58 mm³. The antenna has been designed and simulated on an FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness of 1.58 mm. The design is simulated by two different electromagnetic solvers. The results from the measured data show that the antenna has two resonant frequencies that define 2 bandwidths, defined by a return loss of less than -10 dB, and are: (14.44 GHz, 829 MHz) and (21.05 GHz, 5126 MHz),with the gain 5.59 dB and 5.048 dB respectively. The proposed antenna can be used in many applications such as in satellite, and wireless communications.
Similar to A bandwidth reconfigurable antenna for devices in low UWB-applications (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
A bandwidth reconfigurable antenna for devices in low UWB-applications
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control
Vol. 21, No. 2, April 2023, pp. 272~279
ISSN: 1693-6930, DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v21i2.24256 272
Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id
A bandwidth reconfigurable antenna for devices in low
UWB-applications
Mohamed Bikrat1,2
, Seddik Bri1,2
1
Material and Instrumentaions: MIN, Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Sciences, ESTM - Moulay Ismail University of
Meknes, Meknes 50000, Morocco
2
Laboratory of Materials Spectrometry and Archaeometry (LASMAR) - Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes 50000, Morocco
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 04, 2022
Revised Dec 20, 2022
Accepted Jan 24, 2023
A reconfigurable simple design planar antenna for ultra-wideband
applications is proposed, with E-shaped slot contained four narrow vertical
slots that has the capacity of switching using four PIN diodes with a ground
plan and a microstrip power line. An additional circularly polarized (CP)
band is obtained by changing the on/off states of the PIN diodes. Moreover,
the four PIN diodes are attached in the middle of the E-shape slot and used
to switch the radiation flow of the patch. For validation, a patch antenna
design is offered, based on a distinctive situation analysis. The antenna offers
the low-ultra-wideband (UWB) frequencies band. Therefore, the switch of the
operating states of PIN diodes gives us a good bandwidth re-configurability.
In addition, with this flexible configuration we achieve a good -10 dB
bandwidths with the ability to change the bandwith ranges from narrow-band
2.3 GHz to wide-band 3.1 GHz. Also, we achieve a large band for 3 dB AR
is 2.57 GHz.
Keywords:
Band notched
E-shaped slot
PIN diode
Switchable frequency
Ultra-wideband
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Mohamed Bikrat
Material and Instrumentaions: MIN, Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Sciences
ESTM - Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes 50000, Morocco
Email: bikratmed@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Throughout the last decades, there has been an immense development and progress made in the field
of tools and high-tech devices that utilise the not constrained transmitting and receiving antenna, in particular
satellite, wireless local-area network (WLAN)/worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX),
and mobile communication as well as radio frequency identification (RFID) communication. These types of
antennas [1]–[4], are optimal for either transmitting or receiving signal in accordance with the antenna’s operation
mechanism, and they are advantageous in terms of low cost, low profile and easy to be mass-produced [5], [6].
The antenna is considered as transmitter in the case radio frequency (RF) energy is radiated, whereas it is
viewed as receiver when RF energy is captured in the overall system [7]–[9], therefore, enabling a broader
understanding of the role and the scope of ultra-wideband (UWB) devices [10]–[12], and to check the
difficulty of wireless communication standards referred to in the literature [13]–[15]. However, the use of
spectrum resources from modern wireless communication systems is increasingly stringent [16], [17],
requiring the antenna to be expanded to a wider band and more integrated. For body area network (BAN)
applications using UWB technologies, as detailed in IEEE 802.15.6 standard [18], [19], and in comparison to
other narrow ranges of frequency in [20]–[24].
In this article, a novel bandwidth reconfigurable antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications is
proposed. The reconfiguration technique is introduced to design an antenna controllable in bandwidth using
multi-frequency and broadband techniques. We are able to attain three different impedance band widths by
2. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
A bandwidth reconfigurable antenna for devices in low UWB-applications (Mohamed Bikrat)
273
changing the states of the PIN diodes to perform reconfigurability. To achieve a good impedance, a stable
radiation pattern throughout the operation states, andgood gain.
2. FREQUENCY RESPONSE
The resonance frequency is expressed for the input impedance within the frequency band.
The complicated input impedance can be represented by (1).
𝑧𝑖𝑛 (𝜔) = 𝑅(𝜔) + 𝑗𝑋 (𝜔) (1)
When 𝑧𝑖𝑛(𝜔) is the complex input impedance, 𝑅(𝜔) is the resistor, 𝑋(𝜔) is the radiation frequency
and the reactant is. The antenna input impedance determines the reflection coefficient (𝛤).
𝛤 = (𝑧𝑖𝑛 (𝜔) – 𝑍0(𝜔)) / (𝑧𝑖𝑛 (𝜔) + 𝑍0(𝜔)) (2)
We define the “𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠” as:
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝐿 = −20 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝛤 (3)
The bandwidth is closely related with the variation of the impedance which results in the limitation
of the frequency range in the radiating element that can be matched to its excitation line [25]. Therefore, this
defines the frequency range where the coefficient of reflection is below ≤ −10 dB. In that case, it is enough
to determine the value of the frequency corresponding to 𝑆11 ≤ −10 dB see Figure 1.
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓ℎ − 𝑓𝑙; 𝑆11 ≤ −10 𝑑𝐵 (4)
𝐵𝑊 [%] = 100(𝑓ℎ − 𝑓𝑙) / 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒; 𝑆11 ≤ −10 𝑑𝐵 (5)
According to Hong et al. [26], an UWB compact selective frequency surface antenna with high
selectivity is any antenna that emits and receives waves with a relative bandwidth 𝐵𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐 (fractional
bandwidth) greater than or equal to 25%. It is defined as follows with fc being the center frequency:
𝑓𝑐 = (𝑓ℎ − 𝑓𝑙) / 2 (6)
𝐵𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐 = 2 (𝑓ℎ − 𝑓𝑙) / (𝑓ℎ + 𝑓𝑙) = 𝐵𝑊/ 𝑓𝑐 (7)
Figure 1. Reflection coefficients of an antenna in dB as a function of the frequency
3. ANTENNA DESIGN
The design is illustrated in Figure 2. It has a (25×50) mm2
with a ground dimension of (25×30) mm2
.
The proposed patch consists of a rectangular radiation patch with an E-shaped slot and a four narrow vertical
slot, a microstrip supply lineanda ground plane. The antenna is designed with an FR4 dielectric substrate with
relative permittivity of 4.4 and thickness of 0.8 mm. Four MPP4203 micro semidiodes [27] are attached to the
center of the E-shaped slot. They are used as integrated switches between the radiation patch and the E-shape
branch besides, they act as bridge for the current flow between the E-shapeand the four rectangles. The antenna
was simulated using the commercial Ansoft high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). The HFSS is used to
perform this design and in the optimization process. The final parameters are 𝐿𝑠 = 50 mm,
𝑊1 = 1.3 mm, 𝐿3 = 1.5 mm, 𝐿1 = 8 mm, 𝑊4 = 18.5 mm, 𝑊3 = 1 mm, 𝐿𝑔 = 30 mm, 𝑊𝑠 = 25 mm,
𝐿2 = 1 mm, 𝐿4 = 15.5 mm, 𝐿5 = 1.5 mm, 𝑊2 = 1.5 mm, 𝑊5 = 0.2 mm.
3. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 2023: 272-279
274
Figure 2. Structure of the proposed antenna
4. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS
We change the operational status of four PIN diodes to see the scalable procedure frequency
response of the reflective bandwidth of -10 dB. Figure 3 demonstrates the scalable procedure for the
proposed antenna. By changing the working state of the PIN diodes to 4.5 GHz. First, when all four PIN
diodes are enabled, the antenna reverberates to 4.38 GHz. The distribution of surface current circulates
mostly along the E-shape branch, which is similar to a monopole antenna. It generates only one relatively
narrow impedance bandwidth that is 3.3 GHz, with one resonant frequency at 4.38 GHz. When the right PIN
diode D1 is switched off, the bandwidth of -10 dB covers the frequency band from 2.7 GHz to 5.1 GHz, with
an impedance bandwidth of 2.4 GHz.
While the PIN diode D2 is turned off; the antenna resonates at 4.33 GHz. It has a relatively narrow
impedance bandwidth with 2.05 GHz. However, when D3 is turned off, shows that the simulated impedance
bandwidths cover the frequencies band from 2.6 GHz to 5.04 GHz. But for D4 is turned off the response of
impedance bandwidths cover a large band of frequencies from 1.9 GHz to 5.1 GHz.
Figure 4 shows the antenna performance for various PIN diodes states, with tow diodes are turned
off everytime, which gives the following results:
− When D1 and D2PIN diodes are off, the frequency response moves to high frequency at 4.1 GHz and at
2.4 GHz.
− When D2 and D3 PIN diodes are off, the -10 dB reflection bandwidth presents in the band of
frequencies from 2.62 GHz to 5.1 GHz with large impedance band of 2.38 GHz.
− When D3 and D4 PIN diodes are off, response of the -10 dB reflection bandwidth stills the same
− When D4 and D1 PIN diodes are off, but antenna resonant change to 2.3 GHz.
We observe that when choose to turn off one diode every time simultanlly, we get different resonance
frequency for each case. Besides that, the bandwidth almost still the same for all cases. Indeed, we conclude that
the switching-off of diodes from D1 to D4 allow our patch antenna to perform with many resonance frequencies
begin with 2 GHz up to 5.1 GHz.
Figure 3. Reflection coefficients of the proposed
antenna with feeding frequency at 4.5 GHz
Figure 4. Reflection coefficients of the proposed
antenna with feeding frequency at 4.5 GHz
In Figure 5 we present the frequency response of the evolving -10 dB reflection bandwidth
procedure, for different situation of PIN diodes.
− D1 is on, the -10 dB reflection bandwidth is 2.72 GHz, with resonant frequency around 4.7 GHz.
4. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
A bandwidth reconfigurable antenna for devices in low UWB-applications (Mohamed Bikrat)
275
− D2 is on; response of the -10 dB reflection bandwidth is 2.8 GHz.
− D3 is on, the reflection bandwidth of -10 dB present in the band the frequencies from 2.55 GHz to 5.22 GHz
and with large band of 2.73 GHz.
− D4 is on, however, response of the -10 dB reflection bandwidth is 2.65 GHz.
In this step we choose to turn off two diodes for every case. In which we achieve multi resonance
frequencies for two first cases (D1 is on) instead of the last towcases (D4 is on) when we get only one
resonance frequency. Which give us a flexible use of our patch antenna.
Figure 6 shows the simulation result forthe reflection bandwidth of the proposed antenna. To be precise:
− When the four PIN diodes are activated, antenna resonates at 4.38 GHz. Moreover, it has an impedance
bandwidth of 2.5 GHz.
− When the four PIN diodes are off, the -10 dB reflection band response covers a relatively narrow
frequency band of 2 GHz 5.1 GHz.
In the opposite of the first step in Figure 2, we chose to turn on this time one diode everytime.
At this step we get many separed resonance frequency for each case rather than the first step in witch we get
approached resonance frequencies. Indeed, we see that step shows that our antenna could performe better
than the first step.
Figure 7 presents the -3 dB augmented reality (AR) bandwidths simulation result for different state of
PIN diodes. However:
− When the four PIN diodes are off, the simulated axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 3 dB covers a narrow
band of frequencies from 3.55 GHz to 3.68 GHz and a broad band of frequencies from 4.49 GHz to
4.67 GHz.
− When the four PIN diodes are turned on, the axial ratio bandwidth response of 3 dB covers a narrow band
of frequencies from 3.52 GHz to 4.08 GHz and a broad band of frequencies from 4.69 GHz to 4.87 GHz.
Figure 5. Reflection coefficients of the proposed
antennawith feeding frequencyat 4.5 GHz
Figure 6. Reflection coefficients of the proposed
antennawith feeding frequency at 4.5 GHz
Figure 7. AR bandwidths of the proposed antennawith feeding frequency at 4.5 GHz
The proposed antenna circuit topology is determined by its geometry, frequency, and environment.
Figure 8 shows the cell number for the equivalent circuitry. The number of cells is determined by the number of
the input impedance local maxima as seen in Figure 9. However, the input cell (𝐶0 and 𝐿0) is calculated using
the imaginary part of the input impedance plot of the antenna simulated, and we can calculate the components
(𝑅𝑖 𝐿𝑖 𝐶𝑖) of each cell (𝑖 = 1, 2, . . . 𝑁) from the real part of the input impedance of antenna in the air [28].
5. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 2023: 272-279
276
Table 1 illustrates the patch equivalent circuit parameters; we observe that the number of components of each
cell corresponds to the state of PIN diodes. Moreover, the components (𝑅𝑖 𝐿𝑖 𝐶𝑖) of the three cells are
influenced when all the diodes are powered off. Equally; we noted that out of the three cells, cells 2 and 3 are
the most affected by the change in the status of diodes. Meanwhile, input cell (𝐶0, 𝐿0) is almost unaffected
and can be said to be independent of status of PIN diodes.
Figure 8. Topology of the equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna
Figure 9. Real and imaginary parts of the input impedance of the antenna
Table 1. Antenna equivalent circuit parameters as a switch the operating state of four PIN diodes
States of PIN
Circuit parameter
𝐶0 (pF) 𝐿0 (nH) 𝐶1 (pF) 𝐿1 nH) 𝑅1 () 𝐶2 (pF) 𝐿2 (nH) 𝑅2 () 𝐶3 (pF) 𝐿3 (nH)) 𝑅3 ()
Off 1.34 0.23 13.03 0.181 53 12.98 0.178 51 13.1 0.179 52.5
On 1.35 0.21 16.95 0.16 43 13.18 0.185 55 _ _ _
Figure 10(a), Figure 10(b), Figure 11(a), and Figure 11(b) are showing the simulated radiation patterns
E-plan and H-plan foretow different modes. The radiation patterns for these states in the 𝑥𝑧-plane are almost
unaffected, so they are not shown for brevity. We can see that the level of cross-polarisation is very small.
(a) (b)
Figure 10. Radiation patterns of the proposed antenna when thefour PIN diodes are on: (a) E side (YOZ) and
(b) H side (XOZ)
6. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
A bandwidth reconfigurable antenna for devices in low UWB-applications (Mohamed Bikrat)
277
(a) (b)
Figure 11. Radiation patterns of the proposed antenna when thefour PIN diodes are off: (a) E side (YOZ) and
(b) H side (XOZ)
5. SURFACE CURRENT DISTRIBUTION
In Figure 12, the surface current’s distribution of different states of four PIN diodes are mentioned.
When the four PIN diodes are turned off at 4.5 GHz, it shows that the majority of the surface current spread
from the bottom of the patch to the border and middle. That’s to say, the current’s density is most focused
around the E-shaped slot and the center of the patch at edge of the patch as Figure 12(a). When all the four
PIN diodes are turned on at 4.5 GHz, it shows that the majority of the surface current spreads from the
bottom of the patch in four narrow vertical slots to the center of the patch. Moreover, the weak current is
located along the border in E-shap and the four rectangles as Figure 12(b).
(a) (b)
Figure 12. Surface current distributions (a) the four PIN diodes are switched off and (b) the four PIN diodes
are switched at 4.5 GHz
6. COMPARISON
Table 2 provides a comparative summary of the recently proposed bandwidth reconfigurable
antenna types published previously. The proposed antenna’s performance is compared with the other referred
to antennas for the low-UWB frequencies band applications [29]–[32]. We came to the conclusion that our
proposed antenna offers appropriate gains to enough bandwidths to cover the narrow-band and wide-band
within a small size simple structure.
We noted that our simulation result achieved better response than all results that were before and
we had a large band that can reach up to 3.1 GHz (2−5.1 GHz) with reflection coefficient value of -56 dB,
as mentioned in the comparative table simulation, especially when we observe the resonance frequency in the
narrow-band and wide-band either cover all low-UWB frequencies band. In addition, this promising result
comes as result of working with several states of PIN diodes, unlike what the previously published works opted
for. Whereas, other published works antennas do not exceed 1.7 GHz inband and -35 dB in gain according to
previous works [30]. Particularly results from article [32], the evolutionary procedure frequency response of
the impedance bandwidth ranges from 5.65 GHz to 5.9 GHz, and reflection coefficient value is -34.08 dB,
based on this result we can model and design a new antenna with new geometry such as C-shaped slot in
order to get a large wide-band. Therefore, it is concluded that our work demonstrates good performance overall
in terms of the gain and size as well as 3 dB ARBW and the −10 dB reflection bandwidth.
7. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 2023: 272-279
278
Table 2. Performance comparison of polarized antennas
References Substrate size (mm3
) Notching structure Band low-UWB (GHz) Reflection coefficient (dB)
[29] 40×30×0.787 U-slot 5.1–5.8 -34
[30] 19×19×1.6 Microstrip-fed circular monopole antenna 4.36-6.06 -35
[31] 49.4×49.4×1.9 E-shaped fractal 3.23-3.65 -29
[32] 26×22×0.21 Microstrip antenna array 5.65–5.9 - 34.08
This work 25x30× 0.8 Four narrow vertical and E-shaped slot 2-5.1 - 56
7. CONCLUSION
The reconfigurable bandwidth antenna has a rectangular radiation patch connected to a micro trip
power line with an E-shaped slot and a truncated ground plane on the back of an FR-4 substrate. Two PIN diode
pairs at the middle of the slot on the radiation patch control the current flow. The proposed antenna design was
reviewed to determine the reconfigurability of the frequencies; as a effect, the performance of the antenna was
satisfactorily compared to the recently released reconfigurable bandwidth antenna types. The result shows that
by changing the working states of the diodes, the characteristic frequency bandwidth of the antenna can be
reconfigured from narrowband to wideband. The impedance bandwidth ranges from narrow-band 2.3 GHz to
wide-band 3.1 GHz with reflection coefficient value of -56 dB, thus our proposed antenna has a good abilty for
sevral protocols of wirless communication technologies, such as fifth generation (5G), satellite communication,
WLAN, and WiMAX. Moreover, we worked with four diodes, which give us the opportunity to have a
flexible configuration in order to get switchable bandwidth with many reasonances frequencies, and the
ability to manipulate and control electromagnetic behaviour. As result, this new conception is adequate with
many different bands and has good isolation between different wireless standards with the following
advantages: simple integration, low cost, lite weight.
REFERENCES
[1] H. A. Majid, M. K. A. Rahim, M. R. Hamid, N. A. Murad, and M. F. Ismail, “Frequency-reconfigurable microstrip patch-slot
antenna,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 12, pp. 218–220, 2013, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2013.2245293.
[2] A. -F. Sheta and S. F. Mahmoud, “A widely tunable compact patch antenna,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,
vol. 7, pp. 40–42, 2008, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2008.915796.
[3] B. A. Cetiner, G. R. Crusats, L. Jofre, and N. Biyikli, “RF MEMS integrated frequency reconfigurable annular slot antenna,”
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 626–632, 2010, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2009.2039300.
[4] M. Gholamrezaei, F. Geran, and R. A. Sadeghzadeh, “Completely independent multi-ultrawideband and multi-dual-band frequency
reconfigurable annular sector slot antenna (FR-ASSA),” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 893–898,
2017, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2016.2632726.
[5] S. -L. S. Yang, A. A. Kishk, and K. -F. Lee, “Frequency reconfigurable U-slot microstrip patch antenna,” IEEE Antennas and
Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 7, pp. 127–129, 2008, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2008.921330.
[6] H. -Y. Li, C. -T. Yeh, J. -J. Huang, C. -W. Chang, C. -T. Yu, and J. -S. Fu, “CPWfed frequency-reconfigurable slot-loop antenna with
a tunable matching network based on ferroelectric varactors,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 14, pp. 614–617,
2015, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2014.2375334.
[7] R. B. V. B. Simorangkir, Y. Yang, K. P. Esselle, and B. A. Zeb, “A method to realize robust flexible electronically tunable
antennas using polymerembedded conductive fabric,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 50–58,
2018, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2017.2772036.
[8] Y. Kabalci, I. Develi, and E. Kabalci, “LDPC coded OFDM systems over broadband indoor power line channels: A performance
analysis,” in 4th International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives, 2013, pp. 1581–1585,
doi: 10.1109/PowerEng.2013.6635852.
[9] S. W. Wong, Z. -C. Guo, K. Wang, and Q. -X. Chu, “A compact tunable notched-band ultra-wide-band antenna using a varactor
diode,” in Proceedings of 2014 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 2014, pp. 161–163,
doi: 10.1109/APCAP.2014.6992440.
[10] S. -Y. Chen and Q. -X. Chu, “A reconfigurable dual notched-band UWB antenna,” in 2015 IEEE 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on
Antennas and Propagation (APCAP), 2015, pp. 103–104, doi: 10.1109/APCAP.2015.7374289.
[11] D. E. Anagnostou and A. A. Gheethan, “A coplanar reconfigurable folded slot antenna without bias network for WLAN applications,”
IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 8, pp. 1057–1060, 2009, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2009.2031989.
[12] H. Alsariera et al., “Simple broadband circularly polarized monopole antenna with two asymmetrically connected U-shaped
parasitic strips and defective ground plane,” TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), vol. 18,
no. 3, pp. 1169-1175, 2020, doi: 10.12928/telkomnika.v18i3.14313.
[13] T. Aboufoul, C. Parini, X. Chen, and A. Alomainy, “Pattern-reconfigurable planar circular ultra-wideband monopole antenna,”
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 4973–4980, 2013, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2013.2274262.
[14] M. M. H. Mahfuz, M. S. Islam, I. M. Rafiqul, M. H. Habaebi, and N. Sakib, “Design of UWB microstrip patch antenna with
variable band notched characteristics,” TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), vol. 19, no. 2,
pp. 357-363, 2021, doi: 10.12928/telkomnika.v19i2.18147.
[15] T. Otim, P. L. -Iturri, L. Azpilicueta, A. Bahillo, L. E. Diez, and F. Falcone, “A 3D ray launching timefrequency channel modeling
approach for UWB ranging applications,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 97321–97334, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2996408.
[16] P. A. Catherwood, S. S. Bukhari, G. Watt, W. G. Whittow, and J. McLaughlin, “Body‐centric wireless hospital patient monitoring
networks using body‐contoured flexible antennas,” IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 203–210, 2018,
doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2017.0604.
[17] A. Maunder, O. Taheri, M. R. G. Fard, and P. Mousavi, “Calibrated layer-stripping technique for level and permittivity measurement
with UWB radar in metallic tanks,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 2322–2334, 2015,
8. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
A bandwidth reconfigurable antenna for devices in low UWB-applications (Mohamed Bikrat)
279
doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2015.2429141.
[18] H. Khani and H. Nie, “Near-optimal detection of monobit digitized UWB signals in the presence of noise and strong intersymbol
interference,” IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 2311–2322, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2019.2925930.
[19] S. Wang, G. Mao, and J. A. Zhang, “Joint time-of-arrival estimation for coherent UWB ranging inmultipath environment with multi-user
interference,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 67, no. 14, pp. 3743–3755, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TSP.2019.2916016.
[20] M. S. Mohammadi, E. Dutkiewicz, Q. Zhang, and X. Huang, “Optimal energy efficiency link adaptation in IEEE 802.15.6 IR-UWB
body area networks,” IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2193–2196, 2014, doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2014.2364226.
[21] I. Elfergani, J. Rodriguez, I. Otung, W. Mshwat, and R. A. -Alhameed, “Slotted printed monopole UWB antennas with tunable rejection
bands for WLAN/WiMAX and X-Band coexistence,” Radioengineering, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 694–702, 2018, doi: 10.13164/re.2018.0694.
[22] H. Ullah and F. A. Tahir, “A high gain and wideband narrow-beam antenna for 5G millimeter-wave applications,” IEEE Access,
vol. 8, pp. 29430–29434, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2970753.
[23] T. Li and Z. N. Chen, “Compact wideband wide-angle polarization-free metasurface lens antenna array for multibeam base stations,”
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 1378–1388, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2019.2938608.
[24] M. Bikrat and S. Bri, “A Bandwidth Reconfigurable Planar Antenna for UWB-Applications,” E3S Web Conference, vol. 351, pp. 1-5,
2022, doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202235101060.
[25] S. -D. Xu et al., “A Wide-Angle Narrowband Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide-Spoof Surface
Plasmon Polariton Structure,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 1386–1389, 2019,
doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2019.2917561.
[26] T. Hong, M. Wang, K. Peng, Q. Zhao, and S. Gong, “Compact ultra-wide band frequency selective surface with high selectivity,”
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 68, no. 7, pp. 5724–5729, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2020.2963905.
[27] “Data sheet of MPP4203 PIN diodes,” Microsemi. http://www.microsemi.com (accessed Feb. 21, 2019).
[28] M. Ansarizadeh, A. Ghorbani, and R. A. A. -Alhameed, “An approach to equivalent circuit modeling of rectangular microstrip
antennas,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, vol. 8, pp. 77–86, 2008, doi: 10.2528/PIERB08050403.
[29] S. Wang, K. Li, F. Kong, and L. Du, “A miniaturized triple-band planar antenna combing single-cell metamaterial structure and defected
ground plane for WLAN/WiMAX applications,” Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 357–370, 2021,
doi: 10.1080/09205071.2020.1839569.
[30] S. Gupta, S. Patil, C. Dalela, and B. K. Kanaujia, “Analysis and design of inclined fractal defected ground-based circularly polarized
antenna for CA-band applications,” International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 397–406,
2021, doi: 10.1017/S1759078720001142.
[31] M. T. Ali, H. Jaafar, S. Subahir, and A. L. Yusof, “Gain enhancement of air substrates at 5.8GHz for microstrip antenna array,” in
2012 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2012, pp. 477–480, doi: 10.1109/APEMC.2012.6237872.
[32] S. -Y. Chen, Q. -X. Chu, and N. Shinohara, “A bandwidth reconfigurable planar antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications,” in
2016 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 2016, pp. 1–3, doi: 10.1109/APMC.2016.7931467.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Mohamed Bikrat Ph. D student in electrical engineering from the University of
Mekens, Morocco. Receivedthe master’s degree in engineering sciencefrom the University of
Kenitra, Morocco, in 2019 and the bachelor’s degreein electrical engineering from the
University of Oujda, Oujda, Morocco, in 2014. He can be contacted at email:
bikratmed@gmail.com.
Seddik Bri He is currently a professor at the High School of Technology
(ESTM), Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco. His scientific work interested on
material caracterisation, patch antenna, the microwaves’ applications and the security in
communications systems. He can be contacted at email: briseddik@gmail.com.