The human genome project aimed to sequence the entire human genome. It began as a 15-year collaborative effort but faced challenges due to the immense size and repetitive nature of the human genome. While the initial strategy was to sequence clones individually, Craig Venter's private company Celera aimed to compete with a faster whole genome shotgun approach. Both public and private efforts produced early draft sequences by 2000, but the public project continued refining the sequence to a higher quality finished level over subsequent years.
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Main objectives Human Genome Project (HGP)
Goals for the HGP
Medical Implications
Applications of HGP
Timeline of HGP
Technical aspects in HGP
Mapping strategies
Sequencing strategies
. Shotgun sequencing method
Sanger sequencing method
Outcomes of HGP
Human genome project was a international scientific project carried out by Department of Energy (DOE) and National Institute of Health (NIH). Initiated at year 1990 and completed verry recently by completing the sequencing of Y chromosome on NOV 2023 . Which was estimated to be a 3 billion US dollar project one of the biggest scientific project in the history.
They aimed at sequencing the entire human genome which was estimated to have 3billion nucleotide base pairs containing around 25000 important genes responsible for different metabolism in the body. With the goal of improving Humans standard of living in terms of Health and medicine.
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Main objectives Human Genome Project (HGP)
Goals for the HGP
Medical Implications
Applications of HGP
Timeline of HGP
Technical aspects in HGP
Mapping strategies
Sequencing strategies
. Shotgun sequencing method
Sanger sequencing method
Outcomes of HGP
Human genome project was a international scientific project carried out by Department of Energy (DOE) and National Institute of Health (NIH). Initiated at year 1990 and completed verry recently by completing the sequencing of Y chromosome on NOV 2023 . Which was estimated to be a 3 billion US dollar project one of the biggest scientific project in the history.
They aimed at sequencing the entire human genome which was estimated to have 3billion nucleotide base pairs containing around 25000 important genes responsible for different metabolism in the body. With the goal of improving Humans standard of living in terms of Health and medicine.
Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional
this is done by me and my team mates of Wayamba University Sri Lanka for our project.From now we decided to allow download this file.I would be greatful if you could send your comments..
And I'm willing to help you in similar works.I'm in final year of my degree(.BSc Biotechnology)..
pubudu_gokarella@yahoo.com
Human genome in bioinformatics, relating how the structure of a person came to be from the basic materials in DNA to mRNA to RNA to from translation , transcription of proteins and specialization evolvement
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of ha.pdfarenamobiles123
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of having the human genome
deciphered. Write several paragraphs.
Solution
The history of the human race has been filled with curiosity and discovery about our abilities and
limitations. As an egotistical creature with a seemingly unstoppable desire for new
accomplishments, we attempt feats with emotion and tenacity. People worldwide raced to be the
first to discover the secrets and the ability of flight. Enormous amounts of monies were spent on
sending people into space and the race to land on the moon. With the rapid growth of scientific
knowledge and experimental methods, humans have begun to unravel and challenge another
mystery, the discovery of the entire genetic make-up of the human body.
This endeavor, the Human Genome Project (HGP), has created hopes and expectations about
better health care. It has also brought forth serious social issues. To understand the potential
positive and negative issues, we must first understand the history and technical aspects of the
HGP.
History of the Human Genome Project
The HGP has an ultimate goal of identifying and locating the positions of all genes in the human
body. A researcher named Renato Dulbecco first suggested the idea of such a project while the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was also considering the same project because issues related
to radiation and chemical exposure were being raised. Military and civilian populations were
being exposed to radiation and possible carcinogenic chemicals through atomic testing, the use
of Agent Orange in Vietnam, and possible nuclear power facility accidents. Genetic knowledge
was needed to determine the resiliency of the human genome.
Worldwide discussion about a HGP began in 1985. In 1986, the DOE announced its\' Human
Genome Initiative which emphasized the development of resources and technologies for genome
mapping, sequencing, computation, and infrastructure support that would lead to the entire
human genome map. United States involvement began in October 1990 and was coordinated by
the DOE and the National Institute of Health (NIH). With an estimated cost of 3 billion dollars,
sources of funding also include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute (HHMI). Because of the involvement of the NIH, DOE, and NSF who receive
U.S. Congressional funding, the HGP is partly funded through federal tax dollars. Expected to
last 15 years, technological advancements have accelerated the expected date of completion to
the year 2003. This completion date would coincide with the 50th anniversary of Watson and
Crick\'s description of the structure of DNA molecule.
Human Genome Project Goals
The specific goals of the HGP are to::
Technical Aspects of the HGP
Mapping Strategies
To sequence the human genome, maps are needed. Physical maps are a series of overlapping
pieces of DNA isolated in bacteria. Physical maps are used to describe the DNA\'s chemical
characteristics..
Genome project of Human and methods of sequencing human genome; Genome project of Rice and its post genome sequencing era; Arabidopsis genome project: Why Rice and Arabidopsis chosen for genome project?
Two approaches (clone by clone & whole genome shotgun).
Types of DNA sequencing ( 1st, next and 3rd).
Crop genomes sequenced . (Example :Arabidopsis,Rice, Pigeon pea)
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional
this is done by me and my team mates of Wayamba University Sri Lanka for our project.From now we decided to allow download this file.I would be greatful if you could send your comments..
And I'm willing to help you in similar works.I'm in final year of my degree(.BSc Biotechnology)..
pubudu_gokarella@yahoo.com
Human genome in bioinformatics, relating how the structure of a person came to be from the basic materials in DNA to mRNA to RNA to from translation , transcription of proteins and specialization evolvement
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of ha.pdfarenamobiles123
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of having the human genome
deciphered. Write several paragraphs.
Solution
The history of the human race has been filled with curiosity and discovery about our abilities and
limitations. As an egotistical creature with a seemingly unstoppable desire for new
accomplishments, we attempt feats with emotion and tenacity. People worldwide raced to be the
first to discover the secrets and the ability of flight. Enormous amounts of monies were spent on
sending people into space and the race to land on the moon. With the rapid growth of scientific
knowledge and experimental methods, humans have begun to unravel and challenge another
mystery, the discovery of the entire genetic make-up of the human body.
This endeavor, the Human Genome Project (HGP), has created hopes and expectations about
better health care. It has also brought forth serious social issues. To understand the potential
positive and negative issues, we must first understand the history and technical aspects of the
HGP.
History of the Human Genome Project
The HGP has an ultimate goal of identifying and locating the positions of all genes in the human
body. A researcher named Renato Dulbecco first suggested the idea of such a project while the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was also considering the same project because issues related
to radiation and chemical exposure were being raised. Military and civilian populations were
being exposed to radiation and possible carcinogenic chemicals through atomic testing, the use
of Agent Orange in Vietnam, and possible nuclear power facility accidents. Genetic knowledge
was needed to determine the resiliency of the human genome.
Worldwide discussion about a HGP began in 1985. In 1986, the DOE announced its\' Human
Genome Initiative which emphasized the development of resources and technologies for genome
mapping, sequencing, computation, and infrastructure support that would lead to the entire
human genome map. United States involvement began in October 1990 and was coordinated by
the DOE and the National Institute of Health (NIH). With an estimated cost of 3 billion dollars,
sources of funding also include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute (HHMI). Because of the involvement of the NIH, DOE, and NSF who receive
U.S. Congressional funding, the HGP is partly funded through federal tax dollars. Expected to
last 15 years, technological advancements have accelerated the expected date of completion to
the year 2003. This completion date would coincide with the 50th anniversary of Watson and
Crick\'s description of the structure of DNA molecule.
Human Genome Project Goals
The specific goals of the HGP are to::
Technical Aspects of the HGP
Mapping Strategies
To sequence the human genome, maps are needed. Physical maps are a series of overlapping
pieces of DNA isolated in bacteria. Physical maps are used to describe the DNA\'s chemical
characteristics..
Genome project of Human and methods of sequencing human genome; Genome project of Rice and its post genome sequencing era; Arabidopsis genome project: Why Rice and Arabidopsis chosen for genome project?
Two approaches (clone by clone & whole genome shotgun).
Types of DNA sequencing ( 1st, next and 3rd).
Crop genomes sequenced . (Example :Arabidopsis,Rice, Pigeon pea)
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. The Story of
The Human Genome Project (HGP)
…as Told by a Front-Line Participant
Director, National Human Genome Research Institute
Eric Green, M.D., Ph.D.
2. Molecular Biology Revolution Set the Stage
for the Human Genome Project (HGP)
1970s 1977 1983
DNA
Cloning
DNA
Sequencing
Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR)
3. 1986
1984
Drumbeat of Discussions Leading Up to HGP
1987
1988 1988 1989
“For the newly developing discipline
of [genome] mapping/sequencing
(including the analysis of the
information), we have adopted the
term GENOMICS…
Genomics
4. 1. Expect to be a 15-year initiative
2. Gain experience with model (i.e., well-studied, experimental) organisms with
smaller genomes before giving full attention to human genome
3. In each case, map (i.e., organize) DNA first and then sequence (i.e., read) DNA
4. Wait to sequence human genome until a new ‘revolutionary’ DNA sequencing
method(s) becomes available – replacing Sanger DNA sequencing
5. Make generating the first sequence of the human genome the signature
accomplishment of the HGP
Spoiler Alerts:
#1 An overestimate
#2 Maintained
#3 Mostly maintained
#4 Abandoned
#5 Absolutely true!
Initially Envisioned Plan for HGP
7. Scientific community had mixed opinions about HGP
No detailed start-to-finish plan for executing HGP (i.e.,
overt expectation to ‘figure it out along the way’)
Genomics was a ‘toddler’ field, growing up as a melting pot
of scientific immigrants from other disciplines
Painfully early days of a functional internet
Realities of 1990 (@ HGP Launch)
8. International in terms of funding and participants
U.S. Funders:
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Department of Energy (DOE)
Other Countries:
Some government funders
Some private funders
Distributed consortium-based (‘team science’) effort
For studying the human genome: ‘divide & conquer’ strategy
Implementation of HGP
13. Sequence-Ready Clone Contig Map
Caveat: Note that the book metaphor is imperfect – adjacent
clones (i.e., pages) actually overlap slightly rather than
having precise ‘page breaks’ between clones (i.e., pages).
Clones highlighted by red rectangles selected for DNA sequencing
14. Shotgun Sequencing
Shotgun sequencing is a laboratory technique for determining the DNA
sequence of an organism’s genome (or part of the genome). The method
involves randomly breaking up the DNA into small fragments that are
then sequenced individually. A computer program looks for overlaps in
the DNA sequences, using them to reassemble the fragments in their
correct order to determine the sequence of the starting DNA.
From NHGRI’s ‘Talking Glossary’
genome.gov/genetics-glossary
17. Because raindrops fall in random locations, it takes many extra drops in certain areas to ensure
that every portion of the sidewalk gets wet.
The additional consideration for DNA sequencing is that the final accuracy of the sequence
depends on reading every DNA base multiple times (e.g., 30-50 times; called ‘coverage’).
Sequence Reads Like Raindrops on a Sidewalk
18. • Imagine you did not know this text.
• If you were to sequence this text the way
we sequence DNA, you would copy the
text, fragment it, and sequence the
fragments many times over (see right).
Sequence Assembly Challenges: Repeated Sequences
These fragments are like
DNA sequence reads
• Branches and loops represent alternative
assemblies in a complex and often repetitive
genome.
• An actual genome sequence is way more
repetitive and complex than a Dickens novel.
• Requires sophisticated computational tools to
assemble sequence correctly.
As the fragments are aligned to
reconstruct the text, notice that there
are ambiguities
22. Challenges of Sequencing the Human Genome
Human Genome: ~3,000,000,000 nucleotides (bases or base pairs)
Sanger DNA sequencing Circa 1990: ~500-800 bases per read
‘Coverage’ (i.e., number of time each base is read) needed to be
high (e.g., >30-fold) to attain high accuracy
Roughly half of human genome consists repetitive DNA, much of
it reflecting remnants of transposable elements
23. Generating the First Human Genome Sequence
Initial HGP Plan Automation & Scale Computational Power
• 6 Countries, 20 Centers, 1000’s of researchers
• ~1,000 bases/second, 24 hours/day, & 7 days/week for ~6 years
• Brute force using Sanger DNA sequencing and massive computational help
24. Buffalo, NY blood donors
93% of HGP’s human genome
sequence from 11 donors
70% of HGP’s human genome
sequence from 1 donor
HGP human genome sequence
was a ‘mosaic’ representation
of multiple people (a ‘reference’)
Whose Genome Was Sequenced by HGP?
Humorous Aside: Advocacy by some HGP researchers to select a ‘normal’ person
and sequence their genome first – as if anyone knows what ‘normal’ means!
25. Significant attention to release and sharing of
HGP genome sequence data
Two seminal meetings in Bermuda in 1996
and 1997
Landmark agreement for rapid data release
and public access to HGP genome
sequence data
Became known as ‘Bermuda Principles’
Among the most important legacy of HGP
Bermuda Principles for Data Sharing
26. Two Major Protagonists of HGP Drama
Francis Collins (UVA Alumnus) Craig Venter (UCSD Alumnus)
27. Two Major Protagonists of HGP Drama
Craig Venter (UCSD Alumnus)
• At NIH at beginning of HGP, pioneered use of
expressed-sequence tags (ESTs) as shortcut
for studying genes (sequencing RNA instead
of DNA)
• Began patenting human genes at furious pace,
arousing controversy
• Left NIH, founded private research institute,
and became HGP participant
• Grew impatient about pace of HGP; left HGP
and joined forces with company that
commercialized new automated instrument for
very high-throughput Sanger DNA sequencing
to create Celera Genomics
• Celera Genomics aimed to compete with the
HGP in generating the first human genome
sequence and sell subscriptions for accessing
their genomic data
Francis Collins (UVA Alumnus)
• Physician (medical geneticist) and
scientist
• HGP participant at U. of Michigan before
becoming Director of NIH’s ‘genome
institute’ (succeeding Jim Watson)
• Became de facto leader of international
consortium of HGP centers sequencing
human genome
• Later appointed NIH Director by
President Obama (and recently Acting
Science Advisor to President Biden)
28. Initial HGP Plan
‘Clone-by-Clone
Shotgun Sequencing’
VS
Editorial Aside: Not really a fair ‘race’ since Celera had access to HGP data (but not vice versa)!!!
Purported ‘Race’ to Sequence Human Genome
Venter/Celera Plan
‘Whole-Genome
Shotgun Sequencing’
31. February 2001: Papers Reporting
Draft Sequence of Human Genome
HGP Paper Venter/Celera Paper
32. Venter/Celera could not fully assemble the human genome
sequence and relied on the publicly available data to resolve
many of the difficult regions; had little interest in improving (i.e.,
‘finishing’) sequence beyond ‘working draft’ quality
HGP focused on improving the human genome sequence from a
‘working draft’ to high-quality ‘finished’
Celera’s business plan to sell subscription access to the human
genome sequence eventually failed
Venter moved on to various other endeavors
After June 2000 Announcement &
February 2001 Publications
33. Initial HGP Plan Venter/Celera Plan Ultimate HGP Plan
+ =
Generating the First Human Genome Sequence
34. National DNA Day established
HGP completion & 50th
anniversary of discovery of
DNA’s double-helical structure
April 25, 2003: HGP Completion
35. Highlight Features of HGP
Completed ahead of schedule (13 years) and underbudget
Signature accomplishment was generation of an extremely high-
quality sequence for >90% (‘near-complete’ or ‘essentially
complete’) of human genome
Cost of generating first human genome sequence by HGP: ~$1 billion
The ‘race’ between HGP and Venter/Celera melted away after
announcement of draft human genome sequence in 2000
Similarly, the initial concerns about the HGP from some parts of the
scientific community largely melted away
HGP set the field of genomics into a trajectory of widespread
dissemination across biology, medicine, and society
37. HGP produced a high-quality human genome sequence, but it
only accounted for 92% of the human genome
Remaining 8% was not ‘readable’ using the then-available
methods for DNA sequencing, but those regions are important
for structural (centromere and telomeres) and medical reasons
Several new ‘revolutionary’ methods for DNA sequencing have
been developed over the last ~20 years
These new methods plus better computational approaches set
the stage for a new group of researchers to (finally) generate
a truly complete sequence of the human genome in 2022
Epilogue: A Truly Complete
Human Genome Sequence
40. Take-Home Messages
HGP: 1990-2003
HGP used a map-first, sequence-second strategy to study the human genome
HGP used Sanger DNA sequencing – not a revolutionary new DNA sequencing method
Sequencing the human genome was particularly difficult because of its large size, complexity,
and extensive amounts of repetitive regions
Genome sequence assembly was (and remains) a major challenge; repetitive regions present
a particular obstacle to accurately assembling genome sequences
Venter/Celera pursued a whole-genome sequencing strategy and tried to build a business
selling access to their data; both efforts fell short of expectations
Ultimately, the HGP completed the task of generating the first high-quality ‘essentially
complete’ sequence of the human genome; 19 years later (in 2022), a truly complete
(‘telomere-to-telomere’) human genome sequence was finally generated
41. In reality, HGP was the end of one journey, but
the beginning of another.
For example, HGP determined the sequence of
most of the ~3 billion bases in the human genome,
with the next phase focused on INTERPRETING the
information encoded in that sequence – something
that continues to the present time.
Take-Home Messages
Beyond the HGP
42. Scale of the Human Genome Sequence
www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLmElwzOCdU
