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8 ir d-sfery

This textbook covers Russian history in the 19th century from 1801 to 1896. It is intended for 8th grade students and follows the Federal Educational Standards of Russia. The textbook discusses the domestic and foreign policies of the Russian emperors Alexander I, Nicholas I, and Alexander III, as well as major social, economic, and cultural developments. Key events covered include the Napoleonic Wars, reforms under Mikhail Speransky and Alexander II, the abolition of serfdom, the Crimean War, and Russia's role in international relations in this period. The textbook aims to help students understand the distinctive features of Russia's social, economic, political and cultural development in the 19th century.

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B 1840- 1850-x rr. u;eHTpa.rrhBOe MeCTO B mnepaType 3aHSIJia TeMa KpenOCTHOH .n;epeBHH, ee 06hr<IaeB H Bpa- BOB, HOBhiX SIBJieHHH :>KH3HH. ilO,D;JIHHHhiM C06hiTHeM CTaJI BhlXO,ll; B CBeT B 1847- 1852 rr. <c38IIHCOK OXOTHH- K8» HBaH.a CepzeeBu'la TypzeH-eBa, orrncaBmero He TOJihKO IIpHpo.n;y Cpe.n;HepyCCKOH IIOJIOChi, HO H KpeiiOCT- BhiX KpeCTh.HB, K KOTOphiM OB OTHeCC.H C HCKpeBBeH CHMIIaTHeH H TeiiJIOTOH. llepBaR rroJIOBHBa XIX B. cTa.rra BpeMeHeM cTaHOBJie- HHR COBpeMeHHOrO JIHTepaTypHOrO .H3biKa, OCHOBaHHOrO B8 Tpa,D;HD;HSIX HapO,D;HOH peqH H CMeHHBmerO TSI:>KeJIO- BeCHyiO llHChMeHHYIO peqh rrpe.n;meCTByiOm;ero BeKa. B 1820- 1830-e rr. Bee aKTHBHee 3aRBJI.H- eT o ce6e B TeaTpe poMaHTHqecKa.H mKoJia c xa- paKTepHhlM ,D;JISI Hee 8KIJ;eBTOM aKTepOB Ha BHyTpeBHHX rrepe:>KHBaHHSIX repoeB H repo- HKO-Tpare,D;HHHOH TeMaTnKoii rrhec. Kpyrr- HeiimnM rrpe,D;CTaBHTeJieM pOMaHTH3M8 B pyccKOM TeaTpe cTaJI IIaBeJt CmenaH.o- BU'l MottaJtoB. Ero repoH OTJIHqaJIHCh ca- MOOTBepmeHBOCThiO B 6opb6e 3a CB06o.n;y H crrpaBe,D;JIHBOCTh, a ero nrpa - 6ypHOH 3MOIJ;HOHaJihBOCThiO. C 1840-x rr. OCHOBOIIOJIO:>KHHKOM pea- JIH3M8 Ha pyCCKOH CD;eHe CTaJI Be.JIHKHH aKTep MocKoBcKoro MaJioro TeaTpa M uxa- uJt Ce.MiiH.OBU'l m enKUH., BbiXO,D;eu; H3 Kperro- CTHbiX. OR 6biJI rro.n;JIHHHhlM pe<t>opMaTopoM pyccKoro aKTepcKoro HCKyccTBa. Il.I,eiiKHH - rrepBbiH, KTO rrpe,D;JIO:>KHJI IIO.n;qHHHTh sech crreKTaKJih e.n;HHOH H.n;ee. Kam.n;a.H ROBaR poJih Il.I,err- KHHa B MaJioM TeaTpe cTaHOBHJiach KpyrrHeiimHM o6m;e- CTBeHBhlM co6hlTHeM B :>KH3HH MocKBbi. E.n;HBhiH rrpem.n;e lleTpOBCKHH TeaTp B MocKBe B 1824 r. 6hlJI pa3.n;eJieB aa BoJihmoii (rrpe.n;aa3HaqeaBhiH ,D;JIR orrepHhiX H 6aJieTHhiX rrocTaHOBOK) n MaJihiH (.n;pa- MaTnqecKnJ.i). B I1eTep6ypre aan6oJiee H3BeCTHhiM 6hl.JI A.r.!eKCaH,D;pHBCKHH TeaTp. IMJ!ij!Q llepBaR noJIOBHBa XIX B. rrpom- Jia IIO,ll; 3B8KOM yCHJieHH.H pyCCKOH Han;no- HaJihBOH TeMaTHKH. Hapo.n;Hhle MOTHBhl OT- qeTJIHBO 3ByqaJin B MY3hlKaJihHhlx TBopeHHRx A.E. BapJiaMOBa, A.A. AJIR6heBa, A.Jl. ry- PHJieBa. PoMaHTnqecKoe HarrpaBJieHne B MY3hl- KaJihHOM HCKYCCTBe npe,D;CTaBJI.HJI A.!LeKCaH.Op HuKOJtaeBU'l BepcmoBcKuil, asTop rrorryJIRp- HOH orrephi <cACKOJih,D;OBa MOrHJia». 2.16. M.C. IQenKun 2.17. II.C. MottaJL06 6 Kpyzy nottumameJLeit. Xyoo:JI(HUK H.B. He6pe6 2.18. KoMno.JUmOpbt: a) AA. A JuLt5be6; 6) M.H. FJLunKa
2.20. Caamoecmao .Mailopa. Xyoo:HCnuK IIA. <Peoomoa 2.21. .HaJLeHue Xpucma napooy. Xyoo:HCHUK AA. Haanoa IJ;eHTpa.rrbaoe MecTo B MY3bii<.aJibHOM HCKyccTBe nep- Bo:H: noJIOBHHbi XIX B. npHH8,ll;JieJKHT MuxauJLy HeaHoeu- tty FJLUH.Ke, 3aJIOJKH:BilleMy OCROBbl pyCCI<.OH Raii;IiORaJibROH mKOJibi B MY3bii<.e. HaH6oJiee HpKoe npe.n;cTaBJieHHe o TBOplleCTBe I<.OMIT03HTopa .n;aeT ero onepa <<.IKR3Rb 3a :o;a- PH•> ( <<llBaa CycaRHH•>, 1836). BoraTaH co:o;Ra.rrbaa.H aacbi~eaaoCTb OTJI:w~a.rra MY3bi- KaJibaoe TBOplleCTBO p;pyroro pyCCKOI'O KOMll031iTOpa - AJLeKcaHiJpa Cepzeeeu'la papzOMbt:HCC1Cozo. Ero rJiaBaoe npoH3Be.n;eHHe - onepa <<Pyca.n:I<.a •> 03Ha.MeaoBa.rro pom.n;e- HHe aoBoro maapa pycci<.o:H: onepbr - aapo.n;ao-6hiTOBo:H: ITCHXOJIOI'HlleCI<.OH .n;pa.Mbi. E@!:i•1•M3W B pycci<.o:H: JKHBOITHCH Kpynae:H:me:H: qmrypo:H: KJiaccH:o;H3Ma CTa.rr KapJL IIaeJL06Utt Bp10JLJL06. B o.n;ao:H: H3 Ca.MblX li3BeCTHbiX li MaCIDTa6HbiX CBOHX pa60T - <<ilO- CJie,ll;HHH AeHb ilOMITeR>> (1830-1833) OH BnepBbie B Kalle- CTBe repoa npe.n;cTa.BHJI aapo.n;, nepe.n;a.a .n;ocTOHHCTBO, repo- H3M R BeJIH'llle npOCTOI'O lleJIOBei<.a B YCJIOBHHX llplipO,ll;HOH I<.aTaCTpOcpbl. HpKHMH npe.n;cTaBHTeJIHMR poMaH- TH3Ma B pyCCI<.OH JKiiBOllliCii CTaJIH 3a- MellaTeJibRbre nopTpeTHCTbi Opecm Aaa:Mo6utt KunpencKuil (1782- 1836) H BacuJLuil AHapee6utt TponunuH (1776- 1857). O.n;HRM H3 Kpynae:H:mHx MacTepoB pyccKo:H: mHBOITHCH cTaJI AJLeKcanap Anapeeeutt H6anoe. OcaoBHbiM rrpoH3- Be.n;eaHeM ero JKH3HH CTaJia KapTnaa «HBJieHHe XpHCTa aapo.n;y•>, aap; co3p;a- HHeM KOTopo:H: MacTep TPYAHJICH 20 JieT (1837-1858). 0CHOBOITOJIOJKHHI<.OM KpHTR'leCKOI'O peaJIH3Ma B pycci<.o:H: JKHBOIIHCH HBJIHeT- CH IIaeeJL Anapeeeu'l c'Peaomoe (1815- 1852). B CBOHX maHpOBbiX Kap- THRaX OH cyMeJI OTpa3HTb KpyiTHble CO- D;IiaJibHbie npo6JieMbi. Pom.n;eaHe nonyJiapaoro B XIX B. 6biTOBOI'O maapa CBH3a.HO C TBOplleCTBOM AJLeKce.R. Fa6pUJL06utta Benel{uanoea. Ero KapTHHbi cTa.rrR aacTOH~HM OTKpbr- THeM B pyCCKOH JKiiBOllliCH. 0HH 6biJIIi nocBa~eHhi noBce.n;aeBHOMY TPYAY H 6biTY KpeCTbHH. IJ;eaTpaJihHbiM co6hiTHeM xy.n;ome- CTBeaao:H: JKii3RH POCCHii TOI'O BpeMeHH CTaJIO OTKpbiTHe B 1832 r. B MocKBe YllHJIH~a JKHBOITRCH, BaHRHH H 30,ll;lleCTBa.
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no rOTOBKA KPECTbSIHCKO~ PE<l>OPMbl Bnepsble o Heo6- xo,D;HMOCTH OTMeHbl KpenocTHOro npasa A.11eKcaH,D;p II OcpHD;H8JibHO 38SIBHJI B pe'IR, npOR3HeCeHHOH 30 M8pTa 1856 1'. nepe,D; npe,D;CT8BHTeJISIMH MOCKOBCKOI'O ,ll;BOpSIH- CTB8. Ilp:H 3TOM OH IIO,l];'lepKHyJI, "t!TO 6y,D;eT 1'0p83,ll;O Jiy<I- me, eCJIH JIHKBH,ll;8D;HSI KpenOCTHH"tleCTBa npOH30H,D;eT CBepxy, HejKeJIH jK,!J;8Tb, KOI',ll;8 3TO CBepmRTCSI CHH3Y. A.11eKCaH,D;p II, TaK me KaK R ero npe,D;mecTBeHHRKR, ,D;06HB8JICSI, 'lT06bi npOCb68 0 pemeHHH KpeCTbSIHCKOI'O sonpoca RCXO,D;HJia OT noMem;RKOB. Ho 6oJibillHHCTBO ,D;BO- PSIH ynopHo YKJIOHSIJIOcb oT KaKHX-JIH6o xo,D;aTaHCTB. 3 SIHBapSI 1857 r. A.11eKCaH,D;p II o6pa30BaJI CeKpeTHLm KOMHTeT ~,ll;JISI o6cym,D;eHHSI Mep no ycTpOHCTBY 6biT8 IIO- MenJ;H'tfbHX KpeCTbSIH •. 0,D;H8KO MHOI'He 'lJieHbl KOMHTeTa 6biJIH SipbiMH IIpOTHBHHK8MH OCB060jK,l];eHHSI KpeCTbSIH H BCSI"tJ:eCKH TOPM03HJUI ero pa6oTy. H Tor,D;a A.11eKcaH,D;p II pemHJI npe,!];IIpRHSITb 60Jiee ,D;eHCTBeHHble Mepbl. B KOHD;e OKTSI6pSI 1857 1'. B IleTep6ypr npR6biJI BHJieHCKHH reHepaJI-ry6epH8TOp B.H. Ha3u.Moa, 6LIBmRH: B MOJIO,D;OCTH a,D;'biOTaHTOM A.11eKcaH,D;pa II. OH npHse3 RMnepaTopy aApec { o6pam;eHHe) OT ,D;BOpSIH BRJieHcKoii, KoseHcKoii H rpo,n;HeHCKOH ry6epH:HH. 0HH 6LIJIH CKJIOHHbl OCB0- 60,D;HTb KpeCTbSIH, HO TOJibKO 6e3 Ha,D;eJieHHSI HX 3eM- JieH. B csoeM a,D;pece ,D;BopsrRe npocHJIH y HMnepaTopa pa3pemeHRSI o6cy,D;HTb aToT sonpoc. A.11eKcaH,D;p II pe- IIIHJI BOCIIOJib30BaTbCSI CHTYaD;HeH, H 20 HOS16pSI 1857 1'. Ha HMSI Ha3HMOBa 6Lm ,D;aH pecKpHIIT o6 yq:pejK,D;eHHH H3 'lHCJia MeCTHbiX IIOMenJ;HKOB ry6epHCKHX KOMHTe- TOB ,ll;JISI IIO,ll;I'OTOBKH npoeKTOB KpeCTbSIHCKOH pecpop- Mbl. B pecKpHnTe yKa3LIB8JIHCb paMKH pecpopMbl: oc- so6ojK,D;eHRe KpeCTbSIH C 3eMJieH 38 BbiKyn, ,!];0 BbiiiJI8Tbl KOTOpOI'O OHH ,ll;OJI>KHbl HeCTH IIOBHHHOCTH B II0Jib3Y IIOMenJ;HKOB. 5 ,D;eKa6psr 1857 1'. IIO,D;06HOe jKe yKa3aHHe 6hlJIO ,D;aHo neTep6yprcKOMY reHepaJI-ry6ep- HaTopy rpacpy II.H. HrHaTbesy. BcKope TeKcT pecKpHnTa nosrBHJICSI B ne'laTH H no,D;ro- TOBKa peQ>opMhl CT8Jia rJiacHoii. B cpespaJie 1858 r. CeK- peTHbiH KOMHTeT 6LIJI nepe:HMeHOBaH B rJiaBHbiH KOMHTeT. B 46 ry6epH:HSIX 6biJIH yq:pem,D;eHbl ry6epHCKHe 4 KOMHTe- Tbl 00 yJiyq:meHHH 6biT8 IIOMenJ;H'lbHX KpecTbSIH•. B MapTe 1859 r. B Ka"tJ:eCTBe ~pa6o-qero opraHa• npH r JI8BHOM KOMHTeTe 6biJIH y'lpem,D;eHbl T8K H83biB8eMbie peOaKZ~tUOH.H.bLe KO.MUCCUU, KOTOpbie 38HHM8JIHCb pac- CMOTpeHHeM MaTepHaJIOB, npe,D;CTaBJieHHbiX ry6epHCKHMH KOMHTeTaMH, H COCTaBJieHHeM H8 HX OCHOBe 06m;er0 npo- eKTa 38KOH8 06 OCB060jK,l];eH:HH KpeCTbSIH. Ilpe,D;Ce,D;aTeJieM KOMHCCHH 6hlJI H83Ha"tJ:eH reHepaJI Jl.H. PocmOBZ~teB. neKcaHAP II 1818-1881 V1Mneparop BcepoccL~~IilcKLillil ( 1855- 1881 ). V1HLIIL.4LilaTOp npoBeAeHLIIR WLII poKoMacwra6HbiX pe<popM e crpaHe. B AOpesoniOULIIOHHolii 11Li1Teparype , YAOCToeH 3nL~~rera «Oceo6oAL~~Tenb» (3a OTMeHy KpenocrHoro npaea 1861 r.). 4 neHbl peAaK~LiiOHHbiX KOMLIICCL~~iil 6~nL~~ Ha3saH~ cospeMeHHL~~KaML~~ «KpaCHbiMLil 6tapOKpaTaML!I», TaK KaK BbiCTynanL~~ 3a ocso6o)f(AeHL~~e KpeCTbfiH C 3eMneiil 3a BbiKyn Lil npespa~eH~e ~x s MenK~x 3e- MenbHbiX co6crseHHL~~KOB npL~~ co- x paHeHII1111 noMe~ll14bero 3eMne- snaAeH111fl. 3TII1 111Aell1 KOpeHHbiM o 6pa30M OT111114aJ1111Cb OT 6 0JlbW111H· CTBa npeAnO)KeH111iil, BbiCKa3aHHbiX ABOpfiHCTBOM B ry6epHCK~X KOM~­ TeTaX, 111 )KeJlaHII1iil noAaBJlfltO~eiil 4acr111 noMe~II1KOB, nonarasw~x. 4TO y)K ecn111 111 ocso6o)f(AaTb KpeCTbfiH, TO 6e3 3eMn~.
3.2. CfJteHbt peiJaK!{UOHHbtX KOMUCCUU: a) JO_cp_ CaMapun; 6) H A. M U.!t/Omun; e) II.II. Ce.Menoe; z) JI.H. PocmOB!{ee -==MOH HCTOPH'IECKHE C:::: HCCJIE)l;OBAHH.H c:::: npoaHallH3Hpy~Te OCHOBHble C:::: nono.>KeHHSI KpecTbHHCKO~ pe- c:::: «f>opMbl 1861 r. c:::: c:::: c:::: -==KaKV1e nVIYHble 111 V1My~easeH- c=::: Hble npasa nonyYanV1 KpeabflHe c=::: nocne orMeHbl KpenoaHoro npasa? c:::: ...J KaKoe KOnw-leaso 3eMnV1 OHV1 c:=: nonyyan111? Yro raKoe BbiKyn 111 or- .:::::::: pe3KV1? -=c: J Kro raKV1e speMeHHoo6R3aHHble c::::=: KpeCTbflHe? -=t= Cran n111 pyccKV1ill KpeabRHVIH ~~~::;:: co6aseHHV1KOM csoeill 3eMnV1? -== PocToB~eB rrpnBneK K pa6oTe KOMHCCHM rrocne~o­ BaTenhHhiX CTOpOHHliKOB rrpoBe~eHHH pecpopM H3 "'HCna nn6epanhHhiX "!HHOBHHKOB H rroMe~HKOB - H.A. Mu- .a10muna, IO.cJJ. CaM.apuna, B.A. qep1wcc1eozo, .H.A. Co- .aoebeea, II.JI. CeM.enoea (6y,zzym;ero TaH-IllaHcKoro). B OKTH6pe 1860 r. pe~aK~HOHHb!e KOMHCCHH 6h!nH 3aKphiThl. Pa6oTa no ~oBe~eHmo pecpopMhl ~o KoHu;a 6hlna rrepeHeCeHa B rnaBHhiH KOMHTeT. 3aTeM rrpoeKT pe<}lopMbl 6hln YTBep)K~eH B rocy~apCTBeHHOM COBeTe. OCHOBHbiE nonmKEHI..UJ KPECTbSIHCKOJil PE<l>OPMbl 1861 r. 19 lf>eBpaJIH 1861 r. ArreKcan~p II rro~rrncan ManncpecT «0 BCeMHnOCTHBeMmeM ~apOBaHHH KperrOCTHbiM niO~HM rrpaB COCTOHHH$1 CB060~Hb!X cenhCKHX 06h!BaTeneif H 06 ycTpoiicTBe HX 6hiTa», a TaK)Ke «<Iono)KeHHe o KpecTha- Hax, Bhlme~mHX H3 KperrOCTHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH». KpecThHHe, paHee rrpHHa~ne)KaBmne rro- Me~HKaM, 06'bHBnHnHCb CB060~HhiMH H Ha~enanHCb rpa)K~aHCKHMH rrpaBaMH. IlpH OCB060)K~eHHH OHH ITOny"'MH 3eMniO, HOB OrpaHH- "leHHOM pa3Mepe H 3a BhlKyrr na oco6hlx ycnoBHHX. Pa3- Mep 3eMenbHOrO H~ena, KOTOpbrn ITOMe~HK rrpe~OCTaB­ nan KpeCTbHHaM, He MOr 6b!Tb Bhlme YCTaHOBneHHOH 3aKOHOM BOPMhl. B pa3HhlX ry6epBnax aTa HOpMa KOne6MaCb OT 3 ~0 12 ~ecHTHH. 3.3. Manu(/Jecm AILeKcanopa II o6 omMene Kpenocmnozo npaea 3.4. Cfmenue Manwpecma 1861 z. Xyoo;J~Cnwc B.M. Kycmoouee
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06 1-13MeHeHt.-HlX B CI-1CTeMe MeCT- HOro ynpasneHI-1R 0 CyAe6Hotil pe¢opMe HHTE YTO TaKOe BOTYI-1HHbttil cyA? 3 eMCTBa 6btnl-1 BBeAeHbl He BO scex ry6epH1-1RX Pocc1-11-1. Vlx He 6btno B ApxaHrenbcKotli, Aapaxa- HCKotli 1-1 0peH6yprCKOtli ry6epH1-1- RX, B C1-161-1p1-1, B CpeAHetli A31-11-1, T.e. TaM, rAe ABOpRHCKOe 3eMne- BnaAeHI-1e oTcyrasosano 1-1n1-1 6btno He3HaYI-1TenbHbtM. OpraHbt MeCTHoro caMoynpasneHI-1R He Aetliasosanl-1 B nonbWe, ni-1TBe, 5enopyCCI-11-1, npaso6epe)KHOtil YKpa1-1He, KaB- Ka3e, TaK KaK TaM nOMeu.(I-1KI-1 He 6btnl-1 pyCCKI-1MI-1. 3.6. 3 e.M.cm8o o6eiJaem. Xyoo:HCH.UIC r.r. M.R-coeiJo8 PE.OPMbl MECTHOro CAMOYnPABnEHHR H CYAA O TMeHa KpenocTHoro npasa, KOpeHHbiM o6pa30M v13 - MeHII1B COU,II1anbHO-nOnii1TII1YeCKYIO CII1TyaU,II110, noTpe6o- sana nposeAeHII1H u,enoro pHAa APY1111X npeo6pa3osa- HII1ii1, BKntOYatOW,111X KpeCTbHHCTBO 8 o6w,eCTBeHHYIO >KII13Hb CTpaHbl. 3EMCKASI PEct>OPMA K Ha'-!aJiy 1860-x rr. npemHee ynpa.BJieHHe Ha MeCTax IIOKa3aJIO CBOIO IIOJIHyiO HeCOCTO.H- TeJibHOCTb. 0TMeHa KpeiiOCTHOrO rrpaBa II03BOJI.HJia ITpH- BJie"<Ib K pemeHHIO MeCTHbiX Ilp06JieM BCe CJIOH HaCeJieHHSI. B TO me apeM.H, y-qpem,n;aa 3eMCTBa, npaBHTeJihCTBO He MOrJIO He C'-IHTaTbCSI C HaCTpOeHHSIMH ,D;BOp.HHCTBa, 3H8'-IHTeJihH8SI qaCTb KOTOpOrO 6hiJia He,D;OBOJibHa OTMeHOH KpeiiOCTHOrO rrpaBa. IloaTOMY O,LJ;HOH H3 rrpH"<IHH rrpose,n;e- HH.H peqlOpMbi MeCTHOrO CaMOyrrpasJieHHSI 6biJIO JKeJiaHHe B03MeCTFITb ,D;BOp.HHaM - XOTSI 6b1 '-l8CTH'-IHO - yTpaTy npeJKHeH BJiaCTH. IJpaBHTeJibCTBO Ha,D;e.HJIOCb TaKJKe H Ha TO, "<ITO pa60T8 B MeCTHOM CaMOyrrpa.sJieHHH CMOJKeT OTBJie'-lb HaH60Jiee aK· THBHYIO '-l8CTb 06IIJ;eCTBa <<OT IIOJIHTH'-leCKHX Me'-ITaHHH>>, 3aCTa.BHT 3aHRMaTbCSI KOHKpeTHbiMH IIOJie3HhiMH ,n;eJiaMH. 1 JIIIBap.H 1864 1'. HMIIepaTOpCKHM yKa- 30M BBO,D;HJIOCb <•IlOJIOJKeHHe 0 ry6epH- CKHX H ye3,D;HbiX 3eMCKHX yqpem,n;eHHSIX >> , KOTOpoe rrpe,n;ycMaTpHBaJIO C03,D;aHHe B ye3,n;ax H ry6ep- HHSIX HOBbiX Bbi60pHbiX OpraHOB MeCTHOrO yrrpaBJie· HHSI - 3eMCTB (B BOJIOCT.HX 3eMCTBa He C03,D;a.BaJIHCb). li36HpaTeJIH ,n;eJIHJIHCh Ha TPH KYPRH (pa3pa,n;a) : 3e- MJieBJia,n;eJihD;eB, ropO,D;CKHX H36HpaTeJieH H Bhi60pHbiX oT ceJihCKHx KpecTh.HHCKHX o6IIJ;eCTB . IIpaBOM roJioca ITOJib30B8JIHCb TOJibKO MYJK'-IFIHbi. BBo,n;HJICH BhiCOKHii HMyiiJ;eCTBeHHhiH n;eH3: ,D;JIH 3eMJieBJia,n;eJih'-leCKOH Ky- pHH - BJia,n;eHHe He MeHee 200 ,n;eca- THHaMH 3eMJIH HJIH ,n;pyrRM He,LJ;BHJKH- MbiM HMyiiJ;eCTBOM Ha CyMMY He MeHee 15 Thlc. py6Jie.H: . MeJIKHe 3eM- JieBJia,n;eJihiJ;hl, 06'he,LJ;RH.H.HCb, Bbi,D;BH- raJIH JIHIITb CBOHX YIIOJIHOMOqeHHbiX. ~JIH ropo,n;cKoii Kypuu - BJia,n;eHHe rrpe,n;IIpH.HTHSIMH HJIH TOprOBbiMH 3a- Be,n;eHHSIMH C rO,D;OBbiM o6opOTOM He MeHee 6 ThiC. py6Jie.H:.
Bbi6opbi no KpecTbHHCKo:H: Kyp:a:a 6biJIH MHOrocTe- rreHHhlMH: CHa"tlaJia CeJibCKHe CXO)I;bl Bbi6HpaJIH rrpe)I;CTa- BHTeJieH Ha BOJIOCTHbie CXO)I;bl. Ha BOJIOCTHbiX CXO)I;aX H36HpaJIH CH3"tlaJia Bbi60piiJ;HKOB, KOTOpble 3aTeM Bbl)I;BHra- JIH rrpe.n;cTaBHTeneM: a ye3)I;Hbie opraHbi caMoyrrpaaneHHSI. Ha ye3.n;HbiX 3eMCK:ax co6paH:aHx R36:apan:acb npe.n;cTaa:a- Ten:a OT KpeCTbHH B ry6epHCKHe opraHbi CaMOynpaaneHHH. 3eMCKHe opraHbl .n;eJIHJIHCb Ha pacnopH)I;HTeJibHbie H :acrroJIHHTeJibHble. PacrropH.n;nTeJibHbie - 3eMCKHe co6- paHHH - COCTOHJIH H3 npe)I;CTaBHTeJieH BCex COCJIOBHH B JIHD;e H36paHHbiX I'JiaCHbiX (.n;erryTaTOB). rnaCHble KaK B ye3.n;e, TaK H B ry6epHHHX H36Hp3JIHCb Ha TpH ro.n;a. IIpe.n;ce.n;aTeneM 3eMCKoro co6paHHH 6biJI npe.n;ao.n;:aTeJib )I;BOpHHCTBa. npeACeAaTenb fy6epHCKOe 3eMCKOe co6paHiile npeACeAaTenb Ye3AHOe 3eMcKoe co6paHHe 3eMneAenb<tecKaSI KpynHbte 111 cpeAHHe 3eMenbHbte co6crseHHIIIKiil 3eMCKHe C06paHHH <}>opMHpOBaJIH HCnOJIHHTeJibHbie opraHbi - 3eMCKHe ynpaaLI, KOTOpble pa6oTan:u: 3 ro.n;a. Kpyr aonpocoa, KOTOpbie peman:a 3eMCK:ae yqpem.n;eHRSI, 6biJI OrpaHH"tleH MeCTHbiMH .n;eJiaMH: CTpOHTeJibCTBOM nyTeH coo6IIJ;eHHH, coopy.>KeH:aeM :a co.n;ep.>KaH:aeM mKOJI, 6onb- HHD;, pa3BHTHeM MeCTHOH TOprOBJIH H npOMbiiiiJieHHOCTH. 3eMCK3H pe<}>OpMa HMeJia CBOH He)I;OCT3TKH: Bbi60pbi <}>aKTH"tleCKH CTpOHJlliCb no COCJIOBHOMY npH3HaKy, a pac- npe.n;eJieHHe no KypHHM .n;aaano npe:aMyrn;ecTBa .n;aopHHaM; Kpyr aonpocoa, pemaeMbiX 3eMCTBaMH, 6biJI orpaHH"tleH. Ho HecMOTPH Ha He.n;ocTaTKH, co3.n;aH:ae 3eMCKHX yqpe.>K)I;eHHH 6biJIO no6e.n;OH CTO- pOHBHKOB KOHCTHTYIJ;HOHHOI'O lipaBJieHHH. BoKpyr 3eMCTB crpynn:apoaanacb HaH6onee ::meprH"tiHaH, .n;eMOKpaTH"tleCKH H3CTpOeHH3SI HHTeJIJIHI'eHD;HH. 3a I'O- )I;bl CBOei'O cyrn;eCTBOB3HHH 3eMCTBa ITO)I;HHJIH ypOBeHb o6pa30B3HHH, H3pO)I;HOI'O 3l1;paBOOXpaHeHHH, ynyqmHJIH .n;opo.>KHYJO ceTb. ~aTep~anbHO~ OCHOBO~ AeH- TenbHOCT~ JeMCTB 6bln cneu~anb­ Hbllil Hanor. KOTOpbiM o6naranocb HeAB~>K~ MOe ~Myll.(eCTBO: 3eMnH, AOMa, Q:>a6pW-iH0-3aBOACK~e npeA- np~HT~H ~ roprosble 3aBeAeH~H. 3.7_ 3eMcKoe ca.MoynpaeJLeH.ue npeACeAaTenb fy6epHCKaSI 3eMcKaSI ynpasa 3 .8 . IIaM.RmH.bLU .JitaK 6 'Lecmb 3eMCKOU U ZOpOOCKOU pe{jJopM
3.8. ropoac~ea.R. pecpop.Ma I ~136HpaTenbHaH KYPHH {KpynHble HanoronnaTenbU4HKH) 3.9. Ca1tiCm·IIem ep6ypz 80 8mopou noJLo8wte XIX 8. Xyao:HCI-t.UIC K. r erpm.aep rOPOACKASI PE<l>OPMA B 1870 r. ITO THITY 3eMCKOH 6bi- Jia rrpoBe,ZJ;eHa ropo,ZJ;cKa.H pe<PopMa. 0Ha 3aMeHHJia rrpemHRe COCJIOBHhie rOpO,D;CKHe ,ZJ;YMhi BCeCOCJIOBHbiMH Bhl60pHhlMH ropO,ZJ;CKHMH yqpem,ZJ;eHH.HMH - rop O,ZJ;CKHMH .zzyMaMH R r opO,ZJ;CKH MH y npaBaMH . IIp aBoM Bhi 6opa B ropo,ZJ;cKyro ,ZJ;YMY rrOJih30BaJIHCh Mym~HHhi, ,D;OCTHriiiHe 25 JieT H ITJiaTHBIIIHe ropO,ZJ;CKHe HaJiorH. Bee H36HpaTeJIH B cooTBeTCTBRR c BeJIH~RHOH yrrJia~HBaeMhiX B rrOJih3Y ropo,ZJ;a c6opos p;eJIHJIHCh Ha TPH KYPHH. IIepByro KYPHIO cocTaBJI.HJia He60Jihiiia.H rpyrrrra HaH6oJiee KpyrrHhlX BJia,n;eJih~eB p;oMoB, rrpo- Mhi iiiJieHHhiX H TOpr OBhlX rrpe,ZJ;rrpH.HTHH, KOTOphie ITJia- TRJIH B ropo,n;cKyro Ka3HY 1I 3 Bcex HaJioros. Bo BTopyro KypHIO BXO,ZJ;HJIH 6oJiee MeJIKHe HaJIOrOITJiaTeJib~HKR, BHOCHBIIIRe e~e 1/a ropo,n;CKRX c6opoB. TpeTh.H KYPH.H COCTO.HJia H3 BCeX OCTaJibHhiX HaJIOrOITJiaTeJih~HKOB . IlpH a T OM Kam,ZJ;a.H KYPH.H H36HpaJia pasHoe ~HCJIO rJiac- HhiX B ropO,D;CKYIO ,D;YMY. II H36HpaTenbHaH KypHH {cpeAHHe HanoronnaTeflbU4HKH) Ill H36HpaTenbHaH KYPHH {MenKHe HanoronnaTenbU4HKH) ropO,ZJ;CKOe o6~eCTBeHHOe CaMOyrrpaBJieHHe Be,D;aJIO peiiieHHeM X03.HHCTBeHHhlX BOITpOCOB: 6JiaroycTpOHCTBOM ropo,ZJ;a, pa3BHTHeM MeCTHOH TOprOBJIH H ITpOMhiiiiJieH- HOCTH, 3p;pasooxpaHeHH.H H Hapop;Horo o6pa3oBaHH.H. ,li;e.HTeJihHOCTh ropo,n;cKoro caMoynp aBJieHR.H KOHTpo- JIHposaJiach rocy,n;apCTBOM. H36paHHhiH ropO,ZJ;CKOH p;yMoii ropo,ZJ;CKOH roJioBa yTsepm,ZJ;aJic.H ry6epHaTopoM RJIH MHHHCTp OM B H yTpeHHHX p;eJI. 8TH me 'lHHOBHHKH MOrJIR HaJIO)KHTb 3aiTpeT Ha JII060e peiiieHHe ,D;yMhl. IlpH BCeH CBOeH orpaHH~eHHOCTR ropo,ZJ;- CKa.H pe<PopMa 6hma IIIaroM Bnepep; B ,n;e- Jie ropo,n;cKoro caMoyrrpasJieHH.H. 0Ha, KaK R 3eMcKa.H pe<PopMa, crroco6cTBoBaJia npHo6~e­ HRIO IIIHpOKHX CJIOeB HaCeJieHH.H K peiiieHRIO BOIIpO- COB ynpaBJieHR.H, 'ITO CJiymHJIO npe,D;IIOChlJIKOH <Pop- MHpOBaHH.H B PoccHH rpam,n;aHcKoro o6~ecTBa B npaBoBoro rocy,ZJ;apcTBa.
CY.QE6HAR PE<l>OPMA CaMhiM rrocJie.n;oBaTeJihHhiM rrpe- o6pa30BaHHeM A.rreKcaH.n;pa II CTaJia Cy.n;e6Haa pec]lopMa, IlpOBe,ll;eHHaH Ha OCHOBe HOBhiX cy.n;e6HhiX ycTaBOB, IIpH- H.HThiX B Hoa6pe 1864 r. Cy.n; CTPOHJIC.H Ha rrpnHu;nrrax 6ypmya3Horo rrpaBa: paBeHCTBe Bcex cocJIOBHH rrepe.n; 3a- KOHOM, rJiaCHOCTH cy.n;a, He3aBHCHMOCTH cy.n;eif, COCT.H3a- TeJibHOCTH 06BHHeHH.H H 3aiD;HThi, Bbi60pHOCTH HeKOTO- pbiX cy.n;e6HbiX opraHOB. BhlJIH C03,ll;8Hh1 ,ll;Be CHCTeMhi CY,ll;OB - MHpOBhie H o6:w;ne. MnpOBhie cy.n;hx paccMaTpHBaJIH MeJIK.He yro- JIOBHhle H rpam.n;aHCKHe ,ll;eJia. 0HH C03,ll;aBaJIHCh B ropo.n;ax H ye3.n;ax. MnpoBhie cy.n;hn BepmHJIH rrpaBocy.n;ne e.n;nHo- JIWIHO. 0HH Bhl6HpaJIHCh 3eMCKHMH C06paHHHMH H ropo.n;- CKHMH AYMaMH. CncTeMa o6m;nx cy.n;oB BKJIIO~aJia OKpymHhie cy.n;hi H cy.n;e6Hbie rraJiaThi. qJieHhi oRpymHoro cy.n;a Ha3Ha~aJIHCh HMrrepaTOpOM H paCCMaTpHB8JIH yrOJIOBHbie H CJIOmHhie rpam.n;aHCKHe .n;eJia. PaccMoTpeHne yroJIOBHhiX .n;eJI rrpo- ncxo.n;HJIO c yqacTneM 12 rrpncamHhiX 3ace.n;aTeJieH. llpnc.HmHhiM Mar 6hiTh rro.n;.n;aHHhiH Poccnn B B03pacTe OT 25 ,ll;O 70 JleT, rrpomHB8IOID;HH B ,ll;aHHOH MeCTHOCTH He MeHee 2 JieT. CrrHCKH rrpHc.HmHhiX yTBepm.n;aJIHCh ry6ep- HaTopoM. AneJIJUI~HH no rroBo.n;y pemeHH.H OKpymHoro cy.n;a rro.n;aBaJIHCh B cy.n;e6Hyro rraJiaTy. llpn'leM aneJIJiarvra no rroBo.n;y rrpnroBopa, BhiHeceHHoro cy.n;oM rrpncamHhiX, He .n;orrycKaJiaCh. BwcmeH: cy.n;e6Hoii HHCTaHu;neH: 6biJI CeHaT. 3.10. PoccuucTCue JOpucmbt emopou no;weunbt XIX e.: a) <P.H. nJleBaTCo; 6) B.!{. CnacOBU'l,' 8) A.<P. Konu Pec]lopMa ycTaHaBJIHBaJia rJiaCHOCTh Be.n;eHHH cy.n;oB. 0HH CTaJIH rrpoBO,ll;HThC.H OTKphiTO. CocT.H3aTeJihHOCTh CTO- poH o6ecrre'IHBaJiaCh rrpncyTCTBHeM Ha cy.n;e6HOM pa36npa- TeJihCTBe rrpoKypopa - rrpe.n;cTaBHTeJI.H o6BnHemra n a.n;so- KaTa, 38Iu;Hill;aBIDero HHTepeCbi 06BHH.HeMOPO. XoT.H HOBaa cy.n;e6Haa cncTeMa e:w;e coxpaHaJia p.H.n; rrepemHTKOB rrpOIIIJIOPO (OC06hie BOJIOCTHbie cy,ll;hl ,ll;JIH KpeCTb.HH, CY,ll;hl ,ll;JIH .n;yXOBeHCTBa, BOeHHhiX H BhiCIIIHX 'IHHOBHHKOB), TeM He MeHee OHa OKa3aJiaCb CaMOH rrepe- ,ll;OBOH B TO BpeM.H. KO MeCTHbllil >K111Tenb He MOnO>Ke 25 ner. YaaHasnll1sancfl BbtCOKII11i1 o6pa30BarenbHblli1 111 111Myll..leaBeH- Hblli1 l..leH3: Bbtcwee 111n111 cpeAHee o6pa3osaHII1e 111 snaAeHII1e HeABII1· >KII1MbiM 111Myll..leCTBOM, BABOe 6qnbW111M, YeM np111 Bbt60pax B 3eMcrsa no 3eMnesnaAenbYecKoli1 Kyp111111. np111 3roM M111posbte cyAb111 nonyYanll1 AOBOnbHO BbiCOKYIO 3a- pa60THYIO nnary - OT 2,2 AO 9 TbiC. py6neli1 B roA. B pyccKOM o6ll..lease B03HII1K He· 06btYali1Hblli1 111HTepec K aABOKaTCKOti1 AeflrenbHOall1. Ha 3TOM nonp111ll..le npocnas111n111cb BbtAatoll..lll1ecfl 10p111c Tbl <D.H nnesaKO, KHfl3b A.lll. Ypy· cos, B.)J.. Cnacosii1Y, A.<D. KOHII1 111 Apyr111e, 3ano>K111BWII1e ocHOBbt pyc- cKoVI WKOnbl aABOKaTOB-oparopOB. aon noYeMy nocne orMeHbt Kpenocr- Horo npasa rocyAapcrso oKa3anocb nepeA He06XOA111MOCTbiO npoBeAe- HII1fl Apyrii1X pecpopM? KaKII1MII1 o6aoHrenbcrsaMII1 6btno o6ycnOBJleHO C03AaHII1e MeCTHOrO caMoynpasneHII1fl? KaKOBbt nntocbt 111 MII1HYCbl 3eMCKOii1 pecpopMbi? KaK111e np111Hl..lll1nbt 6btnll1 nono>Ke- Hbt B OCHOBY CyAe6Holi! pecpopMbi? KaK Bbt AYMaere, noYeMy 111MeHHO CyAe6Hafl pecpopMa OKa3anacb Hall1- 6onee nocneAosarenbHolil?
0 pecpopMV1posaHV1V1 HaYanbHolil 06 OCHOBHbiX HanpaBn€HV1f'IX BO- €HHOii1 pecpopMbl KaKyiO nonV1TV1KY nposog111n HV1- Konali1 I s o6nacr111 npocsell.eHV1f'l 111 o6pa3osaHV1f'l? KaKosa cyrb CV1CT€Mbl peKpyrcKV1X Ha6opos? npV1YV1Hbl nopa>KeHV1f'l Pocc111V1 s KpbiMCKolil soli!He? 8 rV1MHa3V1V1 npV1HV1ManV1 gerelil «scex cocnos1111i1, 6e3 pa3nV1YV1f'l 3BaHV1f'! 111 sepoV1cnosegaHVIf'!», npasga, np111 3TOM ycraHasnV1sa- nacb BbiCOKaf'l nnara 3a o6y4eHV1e. 3 .11. Kypcucm1ea. Xyao.HCHUK HA. JipowenKo PE.OPMbl B O&IIACTH O&PA30BAHHA H BOEHHOro AEnA J1V16epanbHble npeo6pa3o8aHV1fl 8 o6w,ecr8e, crpeMne- HV1e npa8V1TenbCT8a npeoAonerb orcra8aHV1e 8 80eHHoiil o6naCTV1, a TaiOKe COKpaTV1Tb 80eHHble paCXOAbl 8bl38a- nV1 He06XOAV1MOCTb np08eAeHV1fl KOpeHHbiX pecpOpM 8 apMV1V1. 3Ha'-lV1TenbHOVi nepecrpoVIKe noA8eprnacb CV1CTe- Ma o6pa3o8aHV1fl. PE<l>OPMbl B 0611ACTI!1 nPOCBEU4EHI!1st B MIOHe 1864 r. 6hi- no yTBepm.n;eHo IIonomeHMe o Ha~aJihHhiX Hapop;HbiX ~MJIMIIJ,aX. 0THbiHe TaKHe ~HJIMIIJ,a MOrJIH OTKpbiBaThC.H o6m;eCTBeHHhiMM y~pemp;eHM.HMM M ~aCTHbiMH JIMIJ;aMM. 9TO npMBeJIO K C03p;aHMIO Ha~aJihHhiX IIIKOJI pa3JIR'!HhiX TMIIOB - rocy,ZJ;apCTBeHHhiX, 3eMCKMX, u;epKOBHo-npMXO,ZJ;- CKMX, BOCKpeCHhiX. CpOK o6~eHM.H B TaKMX IIIKOJiaX He npeBhima.rr, KaK npaBnno, Tpex .rreT. C HO.H6p.H 1864 r. OCHOBHbiM TMIIOM y~e6Horo 3aBe- ,ZJ;eHM.H cpe,ZJ;Heli cTyneHM cTaJIM rMMHa3MH. OHM pa3,ZJ;en.a- JIMCh Ha K.rraccM~eCKMe M peaJibHbie. B KJiaccn~ecKMX rHMHa3HJIX 60JibillOe MeCTO OTBO,li;MJIOCb ,ZJ;peBHMM .H3bi- KaM - .rraTMHCKOMY M ,ZJ;peBHerpe~ecKoMy. B HMX roTOBM- JIM Mono,ZJ;emh ,ZJ;JI.H nocTynneHM.H B yHMBepcaTeTbi. CpoK o6y~eHM.H B KJiaCCM~eCKMX rMMHa3M.HX CHa~aJia 6biJI Ce- MMJieTHMH, a C 1871 r. - BOCbMMJieTHMH. PeaJihHbie rHMHa3MM 6biJIM npM3BaHhi roTOBMTh <<K 3a- H.HTM.HM pa3JIM~HbiMM OTpaCJI.HMM npOMhiiTIJieHHOCTM M ToproBJIH>>. 06~eHMe B HMX 6hiJIO ceMMJieTHHM. OcHOBHoe BHHMaHMe y,ZJ;eJI.HJIOCh H3y~eHMIO MaTeMaTMKM, ecTeCTB0- 3HaHM.H, TeXHM~ecKMX npe,ZJ;MeToB. ,IJ;ocTyrr B YHMBepcMTe- Tbi ,ZJ;JI.H BbiiiYCKHMKOB peaJihHhiX rMMHa3MH 6hiJI 3aKphiT. OHM Mornn rrpo,ZJ;onmaTh y~e6y B TeXHH~ecKnx BhicrnHx ~e6HbiX 3aBe,ZJ;eHH.HX. B MIOHe 1864 r . 6biJI YTBepm,ZJ;eH HOBbiH ycTaB ,IJ;JI.H YHMBepCHTeTOB, KOTOph!H BOCCTaHaBJIHBaJI aBTOHOMMIO 3THX ~e6HhiX 3aBe,ZJ;eHMH. BhiJio nonomeHo Ha~a.rro meHCKOMY cpe.n;- HeMy o6pa30BaHMIO - IIO.HBMJIHCb JKeHC- KMe rMMHa3MM, HO ypoBeHb IIO,ZJ;rOTOBKM B HHX ycTyiiaJI ypOBHIO IIO,ZJ;rOTOBKM B MYJKCKMX rMMHa3H.HX. IlOCKOJihKY BblnyCKHMIJ;bi rMMHa3MH He MOr- JIM IIOCTyiiaTb B YflMBepCMTeTbl, ,ZJ;JI.H HMX 6biJIM OTI<pb!Thl Bbicmne meHCKMe KYPChi B MocKBe, IIeTep6ypre, Ka3a- HM, KneBe. B ,ZJ;aJihHelirneM ,ZJ;eBymeK CTaJIM ,ZJ;onycKaTh H B YflHBepCMTeThl, HO B Ka~eCTBe BOJihHOCJiyiiiaTeJieH.
BOEHHbiE PE<l>OPMbl B HOSI6pe 1861 I'. BOeHHhlM MHHH- CTpOM CTaJI /{A. M UJL/Omuu. ITo.n; ero pyKOBO)J;CTBOM OCy~eCTBHJIHCb BOeHHhle pe<PopMLI, paCTSIHYBillHeCSI Ha HeCKOJILKO JieT. B 1863-1864 rr. 6LIJIO npose.n;eHo pe<PopM:aposaH:ae soeHHo-yqe6HbiX aase.n;eHHH. 06w;ee o6paaosaH:ae oT.n;e- JISIJIOCL OT cneu;HaJILHOI'O: o6m,eo6pa30BaTeJILHY10 IIO,IJ;I'O- TOBKY 6y.n;yw;:ae OlPHIJ;epLI IIOJiy'IaJIH B BOeHHLIX I'HMHa3HSIX, a npo<PecCHOHaJILHYIO - B BOeHHbiX yq:a- JIHID;aX. B 3THX yqe6HLIX aase.n;eH:aHx o6yqaJIHCL npe- HMy~ecTBeHHO ,D;eTH )J;BOpSIH. ,Il;JISI JIHIJ;, He HMeBillHX cpe.n;aero o6paaosaHHSI, coa.n;asaJIHCL IOHKepcK:ae yq:a- JI:aw;a. B HHX npHHHMaJI:a npe.n;cTaB:aTeJieH: scex cocJIOBHH. B 1868 r. ,D;JISI nonoJIHeHHSI IOHKepcKHX y'IHJIH~ 6hlJIH coa.n;aHLI soeHHhle nporHMHa3HH. ITepe- CMaTpHBaJIHCb H COBeprueHCTBOBaJIHCb rrporpaMMhl BLICWHX soeHHLIX yqe6HLIX aase.n;eHHH. B 1867 r. 6hiJia OTKpbiTa BoeHHo-rop:a.n;:aqecKaSI aKa.n;eMHSI, B 1877 r. - MopcKaSI aKa.n;eMHSI. KopeHHLIM o6paaoM H3MeHHJICSI nopSI,D;OK IIOIIOJIHeHHSI apMHH: BMeCTO peKpyTCKHX Ha60p0B, cym,eCTBOBaBillHX CO BpeMeH IleTpa I, BBO)J;HJiaCL BCeCOCJIOBHaSI BOHHCKaSI IIOBHH- HOCTL. CorJiacao yTBepm.n;eHHOMY 1 HHBapSI 1874 r . ycTaBy, npH3hiBy IIO)J;Jie:>KaJIH JIHI.J.a BCeX COCJIOBHH C 20 JieT (II03)J;Hee - C 21 ro.n;a). 06~HH CpOK CJiy>K6LI B CyXOIIYTHhlX BOHCKax COCTaBJISIJI B 15 JieT, H3 HHX 6 JieT - ,D;eHCTBHTeJILHOH CJiy>K6LI, 9 JieT - B aanace. Bo <PJioTe - 10 JieT: 7 JieT - .n;eH:cTBHTeJILHOH cJiym- 6LI, 3 I'O,D;a - B aarrace. ,Il;JISI JIHD;, IIOJI~HBIIIHX o6pa- 30BaHHe, CpOK ,D;eHCTBHTeJILHOH CJiy>K6bi COKpaw;aJICSI OT 4 JieT (,D;JISI OKOH'IHBillHX Ha'!aJILHbie ~HJIH~a) )J;O 6 MeCSIIJ;eB (,D;JISI HMeBillHX BhlCmee o6pa30BaHHe). OT .n;eH:cTBHTeJILHOH soeHHOH cJiym6LI ocso6om.n;aJIHCb e,D;HHCTBeHHLie CLIHOBLSI H e,D;HHCTBeHHLie KOpMHJILIJ;bl ceMLH. Ocso6om.n;eHHLie oT rrpH3biBa aa'IHCJISIJIHCL B orroJI'IeH:ae, co6:apaeMoe JIHmb so BpeMH BOHHbi. He rro.n;JiemaJIH rrp:a3LIBY rrpe.n;cTaBHTeJIH Hapo.n;os CeBepa, Cpe.n;HeH: AaHH, qacTb >KHTeJieH: KaBKaaa 11 CR6HpH. B apMHH 6hlJIH OTMeHeHbi TeJieCHLie HaKaaaHHSI, YJIY'IIIleHo n:aTaH:ae, rrepeo6opy.n;osaHLI KaaapMLI, pac- mMpSIJiacL CeTb COJI)J;aTCKHX illKOJI. B peayJILTaTe pe<PopM PoccHH rroJiy'IHJia Maccosyro apMHIO COBpeMeHHOI'O THIIa. l13 apMHH 6LIJIH H3I'HaHLI MymTpa H naJIO'IHaSI .n;:acu;:anJIHHa. CoJI.n;aT TerrepL ~HJIH He TOJILKO BOeHHOMY ,D;eJiy, HO H rpaMOTe, 'ITO cyw;e- CTBeHHO IIO)J;HSIJIO aBTOpHTeT BOeHHOH CJiy>K6LI. n po~CXOA~nO nepesoopy~eH~e apM~~ ~ ¢nora. B 1867 r. BMec- ro rnagKOCTBOnbHbiX opyg~lil BBe- geHbl Hape3Hble, HaYanacb 3aMeHa YyryHHbiX ~ 6pOH30BbiX opyg~lil Ha aanbHble; B 1870 r. npiiiHHTbl Ha soopy~eHIIIe ycosepweHCTBOBaH- Hble BIIIHTOBKIII aMepii!KaHCKOfO ~3o6perarenH 5epgaHa. 3.1 2 . ..QA. Mu;uomuu aonPo I KaKOBbl AOCTOIIIHCTBa Ill HeAO- CTaTKIII pecpopMbl a o6nacr111 npo- csell.eHIIIH? KaK~e ~3MeHeHIIIH npo~3own~ a apM~~? noYeMy peKpyrcKaH nos~H ­ HOab nepeaana orseYarb norpe6- HoaHM rocygapasa?
0 TOM, KaK pecpopMbl npeTsopfi- Jl111Cb B >KV13Hb 0 «KOHCTII1TY~II1111 Jlop111c- Mem11- B YeM 3aKJ110Ya11111Cb npoTV1sope- '-1111fl KpeCTbfiHCKolil pecpopMbl? KaKOBbl HeAOCTaTKV1 3eMcKolil pe- cpopMbl? 0 KaK111e ::meMeHTbl cocnosHOCTV1 TaK 111 He yAaJlOCb npeoAOJleTb s Cy- Ae6Holil pecpopMe? B YeM npoTV1BopeYV1BocTb pe- cpopM s o6nacr111 npocseuteHV1fl? n oKyweHV1e Ha AneKCaHApa II npo1113owno s JleTHeM caAy so spe- Mfl nporynKV1 111MnepaTOpa. no o¢111~111aJlbHOiil sepc111111 np111'-IV1HOiil npoMaxa KapaK03osa crano TO, '-ITO era noATOJlKHyn KpeCTbfiHV1H Oc111n KoM111ccapos. 3a cnaceHV1e 111Mnepa- Topa eMy 6bl11111 no>KanosaHbl ABO- Pf!Hcrso, cpaMV111111fl KoMII1CCa- pos-KocTpoMcKolil 111 MeAanb. Ha Mecre noKyweHV1fl 6blna B03BeAeHa '-laCOBHfl, CHeCeHHafl B 1930 r. DPETBOPEHME PECIJOPM B >KM3Hb B onnow,eHII1e pecpopM s >KII13Hb npo111CXOA111IlO oYeHb cno>KHO. KoHcepsaropbl CYII1Tanll1, YTO pecpopMbl pacwa- TbiBaiOT caMogep>KaBHbllil crpolil. Il1116epanb1 Hacra111san111 Ha AOBeAeHI/1111 pecpopM AO KOHU,a. CrpeMflCb y6epeYb crpaHy or norpf1ceHII11i1, 111Mneparop 6b1Jl BbiHY>KAeH JlaB111pOBaTb. lt13MEHEHII1SI B nPABliiTEilbCTBE llot.ITH cpaay nocne o6Ha- po~oBaHH.H KpecTb.HHCKOH pe<PopMbi B OTCTaBKY 6biJIH OTITpaBJieHbi ee aKTHBHbie ytiaCTHHKH - MHHHCTp BHyT- peHHHX ,n;en C.C. JlaHcJCou, H.A. MRJIIOTHH. TontiKOM K Hatiany KOHcepBaTRBHbiX pe<PopM CTano noKymeHRe B 1866 r . JI,. Kapa1C030Ba Ha AneKca:H,n;pa II. KoHcepBaTopbr o6BHHHJIH JIR6epanhHOro MHHHCTpa rrpo- cBem;eHR.H A.B. ronOBHHHa B pa3Bparu;eHHH MOJIO~emH H~e.HMH HHrH JIH 3Ma H ~06HJIHCb ero OTCTaBKH. BMecTo oTcTaBneHHbiX JIH6epanbHbiX t.IHHOBHHKOB Ha- 3HatiaJI:M:Cb rrpe~CTaBHTeJIH KOHCepBaTHBHblX CHJI. MHHHCT- pOM BHYTPeHHHX ~eJI 6hm HaaHat.IeH IIA. BaJLyeB, nocT M:H- HHCTpa rrpocBern;eHH.H aaH.HJI JI,A. ToJLcmou, rne<PoM m~apMOB 6hm Ha3Ha"IeH H.A. IllyBaJIOB, BO rnaBe IIOJIR- D;HH lleTep6ypra 6hm rrocTaBneH C/>.C/>. TpenoB. TeM He Me- Hee AneKcaH~p II coxpaHRJI B npaBRTeJihCTBe HeKOTOpbiX JIFI6epaJIOB, TaK 'ITO pe<PopMaTOpCKa.H ~e.HTeJibHOCTb He 6bi- Jia CBepHyTa IIOJIHOCTbiO. KOHCEPBATlt1BHAA KOPPEKTlt1POBKA PE<POPM B 1867 r . 6hr- JIR cyrn;eCTBeHHO orpaH:H'!eHbi rrpaBa 3eMCTB. C O~HOH CTOpOHbi, 6biJIH paClliRpeHbl BJiaCTHhle IIOJIHOMO'IR.H rrpe~­ Ce~aTeJieH 3eMCKHX co6paHRH (rrpe~BO~RTeJieH ,li;BOp.HH- CTBa), a C p;pyroif - YCFIJIRJICS:I KOHTpOJib 3a RX ~e.HTeJib­ HOCTbiO CO CTOpOHbl IIpaBHTeJibCTBeHHbiX OpraHOB. B 1871 r . 6brna rrpoBe~eHa pe<PopMa cpe~Hero lliKOJibHoro o6paaoBaHR.H, B XO~e KOTOpOH 6biJIM JIHKBH~HpOBaHbl pe- aJibHbie rHMHa3RR. B KnaccRtieCKHX rHMHa3R.HX B ern;e 60JibilleM 06'beMe BBO- ~RJIHCb ~peBHHe .H3biKR. BMecTo peaJihHbiX rRMHa3HH coa- ~aBaJIHCb peaJihHhre ytiRJIRrn;a, cpoK o6ytieHR.H B KOTOpbrx yMeHhillHJIC.H ,n;o 6 JieT. 3.13. rocyi)apcm8ennbte i}eJLme.JLu: a) /l,A. To.JLcmou; 6) IIA. BaJtyeB
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06 3801110~1-11-1 CO~I-1aJlbH0-3KOHO· MI-1YeCKOrO CTpOSl POCCI-11-1 nOCJle OTMeHbl KpenoaHoro npasa 0 n p1-1YI-1Hax MeAJleHHoro ne- pexoAa ceJlbCKoro X03fliilcrsa Ha 6yp)l(ya3Hble pellbCbl BCnOMHMTE 4TO TaKOe npOMbiWJleHHbliil ne- peBOpOT? KaKI-1e Karerop~--11-1 lliOAeLil TPYAI-1- Jli-1Cb Ha npOMbiWJleHHbiX npeAnpi-1- 0TMeHbl KpenOCTHOrO nOA CYeTaM COBpeMeHHI-1KOB, Ha cpeA HIOIO KpeCTbfiHCKYIO CeMbiO np1-1XOAL-1Jl0Cb OKOJlO 30 py6neiil B roA pa3Jli-1YHbiX nnaTe)l(eLil. Anfl 6oJlbWI-1HCTBa KpecrbfiH 3Ta cyMMa 6b1Jla HenOCI-1JlbHO BbiCOKOLil. 3 .14. Kpecm b.R.n cKuu o6eiJ. X y iJo:HCnuK K.E. M aKoecKu il COQMAnbH0- 3KOHOMM'IECKOE PA3BMTME nocnE OTMEHbl KPEnOCTHOro nPABA B nepsbre rOAbl nocne orMeHbr KpenocrHoro npasa 3KOHOMIIIKa Pocc111111 nepe>t<111sana nepiiiOA aAanrau,111111, xapaKTep1113osasw111lirc~ onpeAeneHHbiM cnaAOM. 3areM s CTpaHe Ha4anc~ 3KOHOMIII4eCKIIIVr nOAbeM, CfieACTBIIIeM Koroporo crano 3asepweHIIIe npoMbrwneHHoro nepe- sopora s Ha1116onee sa>t<Hbrx orpaCil~X npo1113BOACTBa. nOJlO>KEHLIIE B CEJlbCKOM X03SHI'ICTBE BoJibHee acero KpecThHHCKaJI pe<PopMa y.n;apHJia no rroMem;HKaM. ,LI;JIH ae,n;eHHJl X03JlHCTBa C IIOMOID;biO HaeMHbiX pa60~HX IIOMe· ID;HKaM HymHO 6biJIO HMeTb 3Ha~HTeJibHble ,n;eHemHble cyMMbl. Be,n;b Ha,n;o rrJiaTHTb pa6oTHHKaM 3apa6oTHYIO IIJiaTy, IIpH06peCTH C06CTBeHHbiH HHBeHTapb H pa6o~HH CKOT. HK~ero 3Toro y 6oJibmHHCTBa .n;aopaH He 6biJIO. ,LI;o OTMeHbl KpeiiOCTHOrO rrpaaa KpeCTbJIHe o6pa6aTbiBaJIH 6apCKYIO 3eMJIIO CBOHMH opy,D;HJIMH H CBOHM CKOTOM. lloMeiD;HKH 6b1JIH BbiHym,n;eHbl C,D;aBaTb 6qJibillYIO ~acTb 3eMJIH a apeH,n;y KpecTbHHaM. IToaToMy pa3BHTHe IIOMeiD;H"tlbero X03JlHCTBa B 1860-1870-e rr. B 60JibillHH· CTBe 3eMJie,n;eJib~eCKHX ry6epHHH rrpOHCXO,li;HJIO IIO TaK Ha3biBaeMOH 0Tpa60TO~HOH CHCTeMe: KpeCTbHHe o6pa6a- TbiBaJIH OCTaBmHeCJI He C,ll;aHHbiMH B apeH,n;y IIOMeiD;~bH 3eMJIH CBOHM HHBeHTapeM, ~TO H JIBJIJIJIOCb HX IIJiaTOH 3a apeH,D;OBaHHble ~aCTKH. K TOMY me y rroMem;HKOB He 6biJIO rrpH~HH aecTH CBOH X03HHCTBa IIO·HOBOMY: pe<PopMa 1861 r . coxpaHHJia MHOrO~HCJieHHble KpeiiOCTHH~eCKHe rrepemHTKH. 0CHOB· HaH ~aCTb yrO,D;HH IIpHHa,D;JiemaJia IIOMeiD;HKaM, B HX py- KaX OCTaJIHCb rramHH, Jiyra, Jieca, BO,D;OeMbl. Y IIOMem;H· KOB OCTaJIHCb B03MOmHOCTH IIpHHym,n;aTb KpeCTbJIH pa6oTaTb Ha rQCIIO,li;CKOH 3eMJie B 3aKOHHOM IIOpH,D;Ke. KpH3HC rrepemHBaJIO H KpecTbHHCKoe X03HHCTBO. ApeH,n;a 3eMJIH rrpHBH3biBaJia KpeCTbJIHCKHe X03JIHCTBa K IIOMeiD;H~b­ HM. Ho HHoro Bblxo.n;a y KpecTbHH He 6biJIO, TaK KaK IIO pe<PopMe OHH IIOJI~a­ JIH He6oJibmHe Ha,n;eJibl. KpoMe Toro, HeCMOTpH Ha 3Ha~HTeJibHbiH poeT n;eH Ha xJie6 (6oJiee "tieM Ha 100% ), apeHp;HaH rrJiaTa 3a 3eMJIIO pocJia em;e 6blcTpee (Ha 300 H .n;ame Ha 400% ) . KpecTbHHCKHe X03HHCTBa 6biJIH o6peMeHeHbl H BCHKOrO po,n;a HaJIOrOBbiMH c6opaMH.
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0 CYLLHOCTII1 pesontO~II10HHoro HapOAH111YeCTsa 06 OC06eHHOCTRX TeopeTII1YeCKII1X B033peHII1171 111Aeonoros <<Ae171aseH- HOro» HapOAHII1YeCTs a - M.A. 6aKy- HII1Ha, n .n . nasposa, n .H. TKaYesa BCnOMHMTE 0 Kro raKII1e pesontO~II1oHepbr? V1MeJla J1111 POCCII1fl OnbiT peB01110~111- 0HHbiX BbiCTyn1leHII1171? Kro raK111e co~ll1aJ1111CTbt? YeM or- 11111YatOTCfl CO~II1a11111CTbl OT Jlll16epa- 1lOB? 3 .21. H.F. £fepH.btweecJCuu r-A ara 1863 r. 6brna Bbr6paHa «3eM1leVr 111 BOJleVr» He myYaVrHO. 8 3TOT rDA, no MHeHII110 ee YJleHOB, MO)I(HO 6bt110 0)1(111AaTb KpeCTbfiH- CKOro BOCCTaHII1R B CBR3111 C TeM, YTO 111CTeKan cpoK noAnii1CaHVIR yaas- HbtX rpaMor. Ho s 1863 r. pyc- CKII1M peBOJ110~1110HepaM npii1W110Cb 111cnbrraTb ropbKoe pa30YaposaHVIe - VIX HaAe)I(Abl Ha MaCCOBble BbiCTyn- JleHiilfl KpeCTbfiH He onpaBAa11111Cb. 3APO)IQIEHHE PEBOniOL&HOHHOro HAPOAHMIIECTBA n ocne KpeCTbfiHCKOiil pecpopMbl 1861 r. HapfiAY c nll1- 6epanbHbiM 111 KOHCepsaTII1BHbiM AB111)f(eHII1eM pe3KO YCII1- nll1nOCb 111 pesontaU.1110HHoe AB111)f(eHII1e. nOV1CKV1 OPV1EHTV1POB H,n;eiiHbiM Bo:m,n;eM peBOJIIO~~~­ oHHoro ,n;BII:>KeHIUI B Poccnn B KOH~e 1850-x - Haqa.rre 1860-x rr. CTa.rr pe,n;a KTOP neTep6yprcKoro :mypHaJia 4CoBpeMeHHHK~ H.r. q epnbtw.eecKuu. B cBoHx cTaTI>.Hx OH BbiCTynaJI 3a KpeCTb.HHCKYIO peBOJIIO~HIO, pa3BIIBaJI 11,11;e11 06 406~11HHOM~ CO~HaJIII3Me, paTOBaJI 3a C03,l1;aHHe peBOJIIO~HOHHOH Opl'aHH3~HH. B HIOJie 1862 r . 'l!epHbiiDeBCKHH 6biJI apec- TOBaH H llOMe~eH B IleTponaBJIOBCKYIO KpellOCTb, r,n;e npoBeJI OKOJIO ,ll;BYX JieT. TaM oH Hrurnca.rr poMaH «'llTo ,n;eJiaTb?~ . B pOMaHe 'l!epHbiiDeBCKHH H3JIO:>KHJI CBOII B3l'JI.H,l1;bi Ha 6y,n;y~ee CO~HaJIHCTHqecKOe ycTpOHCTBO 06~eCTBa, Ha HOBYIO MOpaJib II HpaBCTBeHHOCTb. 8Ta KHHra CTaJia HaCTO.H~eil «6n6JIIIeH~ ,n;JI.H pyccKHX peBOJIIO~HOHepoB. H.n;eu 11 o6pa3 :>KH3HM repoeB poMaHa CTaJIH Ha ,n;oJirlle ro,n;~>I npiiMepoM ,n;JI.H poccHiicKoii MoJio,n;emM. B 1864 r . 'l!epHbiiDeBCKHH 6biJI npHrOBOpeH K KaTopre H llOCJie- ,n;yro~eMY noceJieHHIO B CH6HpH . B 1861 r. B IleTep6ypre B03HRKJia TaiiHa.H peBoJiro- ~MOHHa.H opraHH3a~R.H. ,[(JI.H ee Ha3BaHH.H 6biJIII B3.HTbl KJiroqeB~>Ie cJioBa o,n;Hoil 113 cTaTeii H.II. OrapeBa - t3eMJI.H 11 BOJI.H~. OpraHM3a~II.H o6'he,n;HHIIJia JIIO,n;eil 1'13 pa3HbiX o6~eCTBeHHbiX rpynn H COCJIOBIIH - «JIM~ pa3HOI'O qHHa II 3BaHHih (pa3HOqiiH~eB). IIporpaMMa «3eMJIH 11 BOJIII~ BKJIIO'laJia Tpe6oBaHII.H C03biBa napJiaMeHTa H YCTaHOBJieHII.H ,n;eMOKpaTIIqecKOH pecny6JIHKII, IDHpOKOl'O MeCTHOrO CaMOynpaBJieHII.H. Bbi,n;BMraJiacb TaK:me 11,n;e.H nepe,n;aq11 KpeCTb.HHaM Bceil 3eMJIH II 06'be)1;11HeHH.H HaCeJieHH.H B CaMOynpaBJI.HIO~ReC.H 06~11Hbi. ,[(e.HTeJibHOCTb opraHR3~1111 CBO,ll;IIJiaCb K 113,n;a- HHIO II pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO peBOJIIO~IIOHHOH JIHTepaTypbl, co,n;eHCTBIIIO no6eraM peBOJIIO~HOHepOB 113 TIOpeM, MaTe- pllaJibHOH llOMO~H CCbiJibHbiM. t3eMJI.H II BOJI.H~ l'OTOBHJiaCb HaqaTb OTKpbiTOe Bbi- CTyllJieHHe B 1863 r . , HO y:me B 1862 r. MHOrlle llJieHbl opraHM3~MII 6biJIH apecTOBaHbi. BecHoii 1864 r. «3eMJI.H 11 BOJI.H~ npHH.HJia pemeHHe o caMopocnycKe.
TEOPIIISI PEB01110UIIIOHHOrO HAPOAHIII~ECTBA M,n;eH <•o6- ~HHHoro•> COII,HaJIH3Ma A.M. repii,eHa H H.r. l:JepHbi- UieBCKOro CTanH TeopeTH"t!eCKOH OCHOBOH CBOeo6pa3HOrO nonHTH"t!eCKOI'O Te"t!eHHH pyCCKOH pa,AHK3RbHOH HHTennH- reHIJ;HH - Hap O,ZJ;HJPJeCTB a. H apo,ZJ;HHKH paccMaTpHBaJIH Hapo,n;, npem,n;e acero KpecThHHCTBO, KaK pe- anhHYIO nORHTH"t!eCKyiO CHRY H C"t!HT3RH CBOeH rnaBHOH 33JJ;3"t!eH C,ZJ;enaTb 3TY CH- ny C03HaTeRbHOH H opraHH30B3HHOiL PeaoniOIJ;HH ,n;onmHa 6hrna ,n;aTb B03- MOmHOCTh POCCHH MHHOB8Tb CT3J];HIO KanHT3RH3Ma H ycTaHOBHTb HOBblH CTpOH, OCHOBaHHhiH Ha npHHIJ;Hnax pa- aeHCTBa H cnpaaeJJ;nHaocTR. KpynHhiMH TeopeTHK3MH peBORIOII,HOHHOI'O HapO,AHH- "t!eCTB8 a 1870-e rr. 6hrnH M A. Ba~eynun, II.JI. Jiaepoe H II.H. T~ea'leB. M .A . BaKyHHH 6brn HJ];eonoroM anapx:H:qeCKOro Kphrna HapOJ];HH"t!eCTBa. ,ll;nH BaKyHHHa BblCUIHM 3ROM HBRHROCb rocyJJ;apcTao. 0TaepraH u;eHTpanH30BaHHOe ynpaaneHHe, COCpeJ];OTO"t!eHHOe B OJ];HHX pyKaX, HJJ;y~ee CBepxy BHH3, OH npe,ZJ;nara.n: B3aMeH rocy,n;apcTaa cao60JJ;HYIO opraHH3a- IJ;HIO CHH3Y BBepx - pa60"t!He 8CCOIJ;H3II,HH (COI03bl), rpynnhr, o6~HHhi, aonocTH, o6nacTH H Hapo,n;hr. Cao6o,n;- Hoe o6r.u;ecTao, no MhiCnH BaKyHHHa, - 3TO o6r.u;ecTao, a KOTOpOM OCyr.u;eCTBHRCSI 6hl n p HHIJ,Hll C8MOynpaaneHHSI Hapo,n;a. BaKyHHH ynoaan na CTHXHHHhiH Hapo,ZJ;HhiH 6yHT npOTHB caMOJJ;epmaBHSI . PyccKHH napoJJ; on C"t!lua.n: H3Ha- "tianbHO HapoJJ;oM-6yHTapeM, HO ero ,n;onmHa 6hrna pa36y- JJ;HTh HHTeJinHI'eHIJ,HSI. ll.n. naapOB 6hln HJJ;eOROI'OM nponaraHJ);HCTCKOI'O Kphrna a HapoJJ;HH"t!eCTBe. On C"t!HTan, "'ITO HapOJJ;HaSI pe- aoniOII,HSI HymJJ;aeTCSI a ,n;nHTenhHOH noJ);rOTOBKe. Ocy~e­ CTBHTh TaKyiO llOJ];I'OTOBKY MOrna, no MHeHHIO naapoaa, JJ;ame He6onhUiaSI rpynna nyqUinx JIIOJJ;e.H: o6r.u;ecTaa. 0HH J];OR)KHbi 33ll3CTHCb TepneHHeM, HJ];TH B HapOJ]; H llpH no- MO~H nponaraHJ];bl llOMO"t!b eMy YSICHHTb ero IIOTpe6HOC- TH H CHny. ll.H. TKa"t!eB SIBRSIRCSI HJ);eOnOr OM 33I'OBOp~H"t!eCKO­ ro HanpaaneHHSI a HapoJJ;H H"t!eCTBe. OH nonaran, "'ITO KpeCTbSIHCTBO He CnOC06HO C8MOCTOSITeRhHO OCy~eCT­ BHTb peaoniOu;HIO. PeaoniOII,HSI JJ;onmna npHHHTh cpopMy nepeaopoTa, KOTOpbiH COBepUIHT CTpOrO 33KOHCIIHpHpo- B8HH8SI opraHH33IJ;HSI peaoniOu;HoHepoa. Ho npe,n;aapH- TenhHO aTa opraHH3aii,IUI JJ;OnJKHa 6brna «pacUiaTaTb•> cy~ecTayiOr.u;yiO anacTh rryTeM Teppopa. TKa"llea C"'IHTan neao3MOmHhiM paapyUieHHe rocyJJ;apcTaa. B xoJJ;e peao- niOu;HH, no ero MHeHHIO, JJ;OnmHa 6brna npOH30HTH aa- MeHa CTRpblX I'OCyJJ;apCTBeHHbiX HHCTHTYTOB HR HOBbie, peaoniOD;HOHHhre. 3.22. H oeoJLozu pe60JLI04UOH ll020 ~tapooH.u'leemea: a) MA. B aKyH.uH; 6) II.JI. Jlaopoe; o) II.H. T Ka'liiO B npo~3BeAeH~~x ~Aeonoroa pe- sonto~~OHHoro HapOAHW-IeCTBa 6bl- na c~nbHa ~Ae~ AOnra ~Hrenn~ ­ reH~~~ nepeA HapOAOM. BeAb ~Hrenn~reH~~~ nonyY~na o6pa3o- saH~e ~ Apyr~e >K~3HeHHbte 6na - ra ronbKO 6naroAap~ rpyAaM ~ n~weH~~M MHor~x noKOneH~i1 Ha- poAa. no3roMy, nocrpo~s cnpa- BeAn~soe co~~an~cT~YecKoe o6- ll(easo, OHa CMO>KeT B03BpaT~Tb CBOi1 A011r HapOAY- BOnPOCbiM HMR: KaKosa ponb H.r. LJepHbtweacKo- ro B peBOJliO~~OHHOM AB~>KeH~~? ,IJ.ai1re xapaKrep~CT~KY Ae~renb­ HOCT~ opraH~3a~~~ «3eMJ1fl ~ BOll~». B YeM CXOACTBO ~ pa3n~Y~e B3rfl~AOB M.A. 6aKyH~Ha, n .n . naa- poaa, n ..H. TKaYeaa? KaKOBbl xapaKrepHbte YepTbl Ha- POAH~Yeasa?
0 nOR8fl€H~~ nOAnOflbH~X Ha- pOAH~Y€CK~X opraH~3al(~i71. ~X npo- rpaMM€ ~ TaKT~K€ 0 np~Y~Hax nepexoAa K raKT~Ke «XO)f(AeH~R 8 HapOA» 0 AeRrenbHOCT~ HapoAH~YecK~x opraH~3al(~t71 «3eMnH ~ 80nR», «Ha- POAHaR 80nR» BCnOMHMTE KaK~e rai71Hble o6ll.eCT8a ~ opra- H~3al(~~ cyll.eCT808an~ 8 nep8ol71 nono8~He XIX 8.? B KaK~x ~3 H~x o6cy~ancR 80- npoc o L(apey6~171a8e? H eYae8 coCTa8~n « Karex~3~c pe- 80fltOL(V10Hepa » - C80A npa8V1fl, KOTOpbiM~ AOfl>KHbl 6blfl~ pyK080A- CT80BaTbCf! ero CTOpOHHV1K~ . .[nfl HeYae8a pe80fltOI..I~OHep - 3TO «o6peYeHHbll71 Yeno8eK. OH He ~MeeT n~YHbiX ~Hrepeco8, Aen, Yy8CT8, npV18H3aHHOCTet71, C06CT8eH- HOCTV1, Aa>Ke ~MeH~. Bee 8 HeM 3aX8aY€HO OAH~M VlCKfltOY~Teflb­ HbiM ~HTepeCOM, OAHOI71 MbiCflbtO, OAHOiil apacrbta: pe8ontal(V1el71». 3.23. Apecm nponazanaucma. Xy{}o:JICHUK H .E. Penun PEBOniOI.IHOHHOE HAPOAHH'IECTBO BTOPOH nonOBHHbl 1860-x - HA'IAnA 1880-x rr. rJlaBHOill U,eJlbiO HapO,lJ,HiiiKOB rlBilr!JlaCb no.o.rOTOBKa KpeCTbrlHCKOill peBOiliOL.I,il1111 B PoCCII1111. npe.o.crasneHillrl 0 cnoco6ax .o.ocTII1>KeH111rl ::noll! u,en111 y HapO.lJ.HII1YecKII1X op- raHII13au,ll1111 He pa3 1113MeHHilii1Cb no Mepe np111o6pereH111r1 OnbiTa peBOiliOL.I,iiiOHHOil! ,lJ,erJTeJlbHOCTII1. HAPOAH1114ECKII1E OPfAHII13AU111111 BTOPOLit no.nOBII1Hbl 1860-x- HA4A.flA 1870-x rr. B 1863- 1866 rr. cnomHJiacb rpyrr- rra H A. Hw.ymuna - H A . Xya-HKOBa. Ee tiJieHhi cTa- BHJIH 38.ZJ;atiy ITO.ZJ;I'OTOBKH peBOJIIOD;HOHHOrO rrepeBOpOTa . BHyTpH 3TO:iii: opraHH38D;HH .n;e:iii:CTBOBana TeppopHCTHtie- CKa.a rpyrrrra <<A.ZJ;>>, KOTOpa.H BeJia ITO.ZJ;I'OTOBKY n;apey- 6HifcTBa. B arrpene 1866 r . tiJieH 3To:iii: rpyrrrrhi ,IJ;.B. Ka- paK030B coaepiiiHJI rroKyiiieHHe Ha AneKcaH.n;pa II. B 1 869 r. C.F. Hellae6 OCHOB8JI B MOCKBe o6~eCTBO <<Hapo.n;Ha.H pacrrpaBa>>. OH nnaHHpoaan rroKpbiTb PoccHIO CeTbiO peBOJIIOD;HOHHbiX opraHH38D;HR, HO ero o6~eCTBO BCKOpe 6hlJIO pa3rpOMJieHO. B 1869 r . B IleTep6ypre cnomznc.a KpymoK <<tiaii- KOBD;eB>> (no HMeHH o.n;Horo H3 ero tiJieHoB - H.B. fJau- KOBCKozo). LfJieHaM opr8HH38D;HH Y.ZJ;8JI0Cb C03.ZJ;8Tb BCe- pOCCHRCKyiO CeTb CBOHX rpynn, B KOTOpbiX H8'18JI8Cb .ZJ;e.HTeJibHOCTb MHOI'HX BH.ZJ;HbiX rrpe.ZJ;CT8BHTeJieif Hapo,n;- HHtieCTB8. C<XO>KAEHII1E B HAPOA~> B cepe.ZJ;HHe 1870-x rr. Hapo.n;HH- KH npHIIIJIH K BbiBO.ZJ;Y, 'ITO eCJIH He rrpOH30ii.ZJ;eT HeMe.ZJ;- JieHHOR peBOJIIOD;HH, TO Ha6HpaiO~HR CHJibi KaiTHTaJIH3M H3MeHHT, I1pHCI10C06HT K CBOeMy pa3BHTHIO KpeCTb.HHCKyro 06ID;HHY. Il03TOMY, ITO HX MHeHHIO, He06XO.ZJ;HMO H.ZJ;TH B Ha- po.n;, tiT06bi BHOCHTb B ero C03HaHHe <<H.ZJ;e8Jibl Jiyqiiiero, CllpaBe.ZJ;JIHBOI'O 06ID;eCTBeHHOI'O CTpO.H >} • B 1874-1875 rr. COTHH rrporraraH.ZJ;HCTOB no.n; BH.ZJ;OM Bpaqeif, HHmeHepoB, ytiHTe- ne:iii: pa36peJIHCh no PoccHH. 0HH TOJIKO- BaJIH c KpecTb.HHaMH o peBOJIIOD;HH H co:o;HaJIH3Me. Ho MymHKH He l10HHM8JIH <<68p>> C HX I'OCllO.ZJ;CKOR petibiO. LfaiD;e BC€1'0 HMeHHO KpeCTb.HH€ H .ZJ;OHOCHJIH Ha nporra- raH.ZJ;HCTOB B rroJIHD;HIO . BnacTH OTBeTHJIH Ha <<xom.n;e - HHe B HapO.ZJ; >> BCepOCCHRCKOM 06JiaBOM H l10K838TeJib- HhlMH CY.ZJ;8MH.
Heyp;aqa arHTau,HOHHoro ,n;BIDKeHH.H 3aCTaBHJia peBOJIIOU,HOHepOB nepeHT.H K C03,ll;aHIUO CTpOrO U,eHTpaJIH30BaHHbiX H 3aKOHCIIHpHpOBaHHhiX rpynn. B KOHU,e 1876 r. B IleTep6ypre B03HHKJia opraH.H3a- U,H.H «3eMJI.H H BOJI.H•>, Ha3BaHHa.H TaK B rraMHTh 0 rrep- BOM peBOJIIOU,HOHHOM 06'be,ll;lfHeHHH 1860-x rr. Cpep;H ee yqacTHHKOB 6biJIH M.A. HaTaHcoH, A.,n:. MMxa:H:noB, r.B. IInexaHOB, C.M. KpaB'llfHCKlfH, B.H. <l>HrHep, C.JI. IIepoBCKa.H, H.A. Mopo30B. )J;JIH no.n;roTOBKH Hapo.n;Horo BOCCTaHM.H npe.n;nonara- JIOCb lfCIIOJib30BaTb KaK nponaraH,ll;HCTCKHe MeTO,ll;hl pa- 60Thi, TaK H .n;e3opraHH3aTopcKne - yHH'lTomeaHe HaM- 6onee <<Bpep;HbiX >> 'lHHOBHHKOB (liH,li,HBH,li,YaJihHbiH Tep- pop). ,[l;e3opraHH3aTOpCKOH rpyrrrre HapO,ll;HHKOB yp;aJIOCh IIpOBeCTlf p.Hp; rpOMKHX TeppopHCTH'leCKHX aKTOB. B .HHBape 1878 r. Bepa 3acymt.'l coBep- WMJia IIOKymeHMe Ha IIeTep6yprCKOrO rpa.n;oHa'laJihHHKa <l>.<l>. TpenoBa. B aB- rycTe 1878 r. 6hiJI y6MT me<P maH.n;apMoB H.B. Me3eH- u,eB, B <PeBpane 1879 r. - reHepaJI-ry6epHaTop Xaph- KOBa ,[I;.H. KponoTKHH. B MapTe 1879 r. 6biJIO COBepWeHO IIOKyWeHHe Ha HOBOrO we<Pa JKaHp;apMOB A.P. ,[I;peHTeJihHa. 2 arrpen.H 1879 r. A.K. ConoBheB COBepWMJI HOBOe IIOKyWeHHe Ha AJieKCaHp;pa II. B 1879 r. «3eMJI.H H BOJI.H•> pa3p;eJIHJiaCh Ha p;Be ca- MOCTO.HTeJihHhie opraHH3ail,MH - <<-qepHbiH rrepep;eJI>>, Kyp;a BOWJIH CTOpOHHHKH nporraraH,ll;.HCTCKOH pa60Thi, B03rJiaBJIHeMhie r .B. IInexaHOBhiM, If <cHapo.n;HyiO BOJIIO>>, 06'be,ll;HHHBWYIO CTOpOHHHKOB HH,li,HBH,li,YaJihHOrO Teppopa. <<HAPO.QHASI BOJUfn EIIJ,e B HIOJie 1878 r. aaH6onee aK- THBHhre 'lJieHhi p;e3opraHH3aTOpCKOH rpyiiiihi «3eMJIH H BOJIH» BhiHeCJIM cMepTHhiH npHroBop AJieKcaH,u;py II. llc- noJIHHTeJihHhiH KOMHTeT <•HapO,ll;HOH BOJIH>> Ha'laJI HaCTO- .HIIJ,YIO OXOTY Ha HMIIepaTopa, TIIJ,aTeJibHO C06JIIO,ll;a.H KOHCIIHpail,HIO H IIpOHBJI.HH <lJaHTaCTH'leCKyiO H306peTa- TeJibHOCTb. 1 MapTa 1881 r. Ha HMrrepaTopa 6hiJIO coBepweHo oqepe.n;Hoe noKyweHHe. AJieKcaH.n;p II 6biJI cMepTeJihHO paHeH H qepe3 HeCKOJibKO 'laCOB CKOH'laJICH. IJO'lTH BCe 'lJieHhi llCIIOJIHHTeJibHOrO KOMHTeTa «Hapo.n;Ho:H: BOJIH» 6hiJIH apecToBaHhi. B 1881 r. IIHTepo Hapo.n;OBOJihil,eB 6hiJIH Ka3HeHhi (A.ll. menH60B, C.JI. IIe- pOBCKa.H, A.,[I;. MHxa:H:JIOB, H.ll. Kn6aJih'lH'l, H.ll. Pbr- caKOB). O.n;HaKo n;apey6HHCTBO ae cTaJio Ha'laJIOM KpeCTh- .HHCKOH peBOJIIOil,HH. Hapo,n;HH'lecKoe p;BHmeHne 3aWJIO B TYIIHK. 3.24. PyccKue peBOJt/OU,UOH.epbl H.apoanuKu: a) B.H. 3acyJtu'L; 6) A.H. )Ke;ul606 3.25. Be'Lepuwca. Xyaa)l(ftuK K.E. MaKo6cKuu BO POCblfrt KaKV1e MeTOAbl V1cnonb3osanV1 s csoelil npaKTV14eCKolil AesnenbHOCTV1 HapOAHV1KV1 1860-X rr.? KaKV1MV1 npV14V1HaMV1 6b1no Bbi- 3BaHo «xo)t(JJ.eHV1e s HapoA»? B YeM 6blnV1 oco6eHHOCTV1 :noro ABV1)KeHV1fl 111 ero pe3ynbTaTbiJ noYeMy HapOAHV1YeCKOe ABI.1>Ke- HI-1e np111o6peTano see 6onee paAV1- KanbHbli1 xapaKrep?
06 OCHOBHO~ ~en~ ~ rnaBH~X Hanpasne H~Hx BHewHe~ non~T~K~ Pocc~~ s 1860- 1870-x rr. KaKosa 6bJJ1a pacaaHOBKa npor~­ so6opasyJOLu,~x CTOpOH B KpblM- CKO~ so~He? KaKOBbJ 6bJJ1~ ycnos~H nap~>t<CKOrO M~pHOrO AOrOBOpa? KaKOBbJ 6bJJ1~ np~4~Hbl KasKa3- CKO~ BO~Hbl ~ ee OCHOBHbJe 3Tanbi? repp~rop~~ n onyY~n~ Ha3BaH~e PyccKaH AMep~Ka? Op~aKOB AileKcaHAP MHxa&ilnosH~ 1798-1883 Pocc~~tikKV!iil rocyAapcreeHHbJiil Aefl- renb, A~~tnnoMaT, KaHunep. Boc- n~~tTaHHV!K l.J,apCKOCeJ1bCKOrO J1111UeR, l Apyr A c. nywK~~tHa. MV!HIItCTp V!HO- IX AeJ1 B 1856- 1882 rr. B 1856 r. HeKoropble apaHbJ Es- ponbJ pew~n111 npVIHHTb Mepbi npo- ms 3noynorpe6neHV1~ HeanonVITaH- cKoro npaBV1TeJ1bCTBa. rop4aKOB yKnOHV1J1CH or yYaCTVIH s AV1nnoMa- TV14ecKV1X Mepax. W111poKo V13BeCT- HbJ aan111 era cnosa: «PoccVIJO ynpe- KaJOT B TOM, 4TO OHa ~30!1V1pyeTCH VI MOJ14V1T nepeA J1V1~0M TaKVIX 1 cpaKTOB, KOTOpble He rapMOHVIPYJOT HVI c npasoM, HVI co cnpaseAn~­ BOCTbJO. rosopHT, 4TO POCCVIH cep- AVITCR. POCCVIH He cepAVITCH, POCCVIH COCpeAOTa4VISaeTCH». BHEWHAA nonHTHKA AnEKCAHAPA II B HeWH$1$1 nomm.1Ka AneKcaHApa II noYTIII Ha scex cso- IIIX HanpaBJ1eHIII$1X HOCIIIJla aKTIIIBHbllil xapaKTep. Poc- CIIIIilCKOMY rocyAapcTBy yAanocb pewiiiTb CT0$1BWI!Ie ne- peA HIIIM BHeWHenOiliiiTIIIYeCKIIIe 3a,[J,a'-llll, BOCCTaHOBIIITb csoe nono>KeHIIIe KaK sen111Kolil gep>KaBbl. OCHOBH~E HAnPABnEH~R BHEWHE~ non~T~K~ POCC~~ B 1860- 1870-x rr. Ycrrex BifYTpeHHHX pecpopM An:eKcaH- .n;pa II B HeMaJIOH CTerreHH 3aBHCeJI OT BHeiiiHeH o6CTa- HOBKH: BORHa MOrJia copBaTh rrpeo6pa3oBaHHH. Mcxo.n;H H3 3Toro, 6hiJIH orrpe.n;eJieHhi rJiaBHhie HarrpaBJieHHH BHeiiiHeH IIOJIHTHKH: BhiXO,ll; H3 MeJK,n;yHapO,ll;HOH H30JIH- D;HH, BoccTaHOBJieHne pOJIH Poccnn KaK BeJIHKo:H: .n;epJKa- Bhi, OTMeHa yHH3HTeJihHhiX cTaTeif IIapnJKCKoro MHpHo- ro .n;oroBopa. 8TM CJIOJKHhie 3a,n;a-qn 6hiJIM pemeHhi MMpHhiM rryTeM BO MHOrOM 6Jiaro,n;apH 6JieCTH:ru;eMy ,ll;MII- JIOMaTH"t!eCKOMy TaJiaHTY A.M. ropqaKOBa. EBPOnE~CKAR non~T~KA rJiaBHhie YCMJIM.H pyCCKOH .n;nrr- JIOMaTHM 6biJIM HarrpaBJieHhi Ha IIOMCK COI03HMKOB B EB- porre, BhiXO,ll; M3 M30JIHD;MH H pa3BaJI aHTMpyCCKOrO 6JIO- Ka, B KOTOphrif Bxo,n;MJIM <f>paHn;H.H, AHrJIHH M ABCTPH.H. CMTyan;HH, CJIOJKMBIIIaHCH Tor.n;a B EBporre, 6hiJia Ha py- KY PoccMM. BhiBIIIMX coro3HMKOB no aHTnpyccKoif KOaJI:a- U:MM pa3,ll;MpaJIM OCTpbie pa3HOrJiaCMH, ,ll;OXO,ll;MBIIIHe IIO- poif ,ll;O BOOpyJKeHHhiX CTOJIKHOBeHHH. B ceHT.H6pe 1857 r. cocToHJiach BCTpe-qa An:eKcaH,n;pa IT c cppaHn;y3CKMM MMrrepaTopoM HanoJLeOI-WM III, a B cpeBpaJie 1859 r. 6hiJI rro.n;m-IcaH .n;oroBop o cppaHKO-pyc- CKOM coTpy,n;HMqecTBe. O.n;HaKo 3TOT coro3 He cTaJI ,n;JIM- TeJihHhiM M rrpO"t!HhiM. M Kor.n;a B arrpeJie 1859 r. Ha"tJa- JiaCh BOifHa MeJK.n;y <f>paHn;Meif M ABcTp:aeH: , PoccMH YKJIOHMJiaCh OT IIOMO:ru;M <f>paHD;HM, cephe3HO IIO,ll;OpBaB TeM CaMhiM cppaHKO-pyCCKHe OTHOIIIeHMH. 3aTO 3Ha"tJM- TeJihHO yJiyqrnMJIHCh OTHomeHMH Pocc:aM c ABcTpMeii. 8TMMM ,n;eRCTBMHMM rop"t!aKOB cpaKTH"t!eCKM pa3BaJIMJI aH- TMpyCCKMR COI03 M BhiBeJI PoCCMIO H 3 MeJK,n;yHapO,ll;HOR M30JIHD;HM. liOJihCKOe BOCCTaHHe 1863-1864 rr. M IIOIIhiTKM AHrJIMM H <f>paHD;HM BMemaThCH rro.n; rrpe.n;JioroM 3Toro BOCCTaHMH BO BHyTpeHHHe ,n;eJia POCCMM Bhl3BaJIH OCTphiH KpH3 MC B MX OTHOIIIeHHHX, 3aKQHqMBIIIHRCH C6JIMJKeHH- eM PoccMH M IIpyccHM. B .n;aJihHeifmeM PoccMH 3aHHJia II03HD;MIO 6JiaroJKeJiaTeJihHOrO HeifTpaJIMTeTa B OTHOIIIe- HMH IIpyccMM BO BpeMH ee BOHR rrpOTHB ABCTpMH ..-... (1866) H <f>paHD;HH (1870- 1871). ..,.
3apy'IHBIDHCh no~~epmKOR ITpyccHH, rop'IaKOB H8'!8R aTaKy H8 He6naronpH- SITHbie ~RSI PoccHH cTaTbH ITapHmcKoro MHpHoro ~oroaopa. B OKTSI6pe 1870 r. OH 3aSIBHR, 'ITO PoccHSI 6onhme He C'IHTaeT ce6SI CBSI3aHHOH o6SI3a- TenhCTBaMH ITapHmcKoro ~oroaopa B 'IaCTH «HeRTpa- RH3aiJ,HH>> l!epHoro MopSI. HecMoTpSI Ha npoTeCThi AHrRHH, ABcTpHH H TypiJ,HH, PoccHSI npHCTynHna K C03~8HHIO Ha l!epHOM MOpe BOeHHOI'O cpROTa, BOCCTa- HOBReHHIO pa3pymeHHbi X H CTpOHTeRbCTBY HOBbiX BO- eHHbiX yKpenneHHH. ITopameHHe ct>paHIJ,HH a aoifHe c ITpyccHeif H o6'he- ~HHeHHe repMaHHH H3MeHHRH COOTHOilleHHe CHJl B Eapo- ne. Ha 3ana~Hhlx py6emax PoccHH noSIBHnach MO~HaSI BOHHCTBeHHaSI ~epmaaa. Oco6yiO yrpo3y npe~cTaBnSIR COI03 repMaHHH C ABCTpHeR (c 1867 r. - ABCTpO- BeHrpHSI). qT06bi He ~onyCTHTb 3TOI'O COI03a, rop'IaKOB opraHH30Ban B 1873 r. BCTpeqy HMnepaTopoB PoccHH, repMaHHH H AacTpo-BeHrpHH. ITo cornameHHIO, no~rrH­ caHHOMY TpeMSI MOHapxaMH, OHH 06SI3biB8RHCb OK83bi- B8Tb ~pyr ~pyry IIOMO~b, B TOM 'IHCRe H BOeHHyiO. Ho KOI'~a CIIYCTSI ~Ba I'O~a repM8HHSI BHOBb B03H8MepHR8Cb HanacTb Ha ct>paHIJ,HIO, PoccHSI BhiCTyrrHna rrpoTHB HOBOH BORHhi. 0KOH'IaTenhHo <<Coi03 Tpex HMnepaTopoB>> .,... pacnancSI B 1878 r. ...,. 3ABEPWEH~E KABKA3CKO~ BO~Hbl CTpeMSICh 3aBepmHTh npHcoe~HHeHHe KaaKa3a, pyccKoe npaBHTeRbCTBO Harrpa- BHRO Ha 6opL6y c ropiJ,aMH 3Ha'IHTenhHhie CHRhl. B an- pene 1859 r. rrana <<CTORHIJ,a>> lllaMHRSI - ayn Be~eHo. CaM lllaMHRb 6eman B ayn ryHH6, KOTOpbiR 25 aaryc- T8 1859 r. 6biR B3SIT. Ha ceBepo-3ana~e KaaKa3a aoeHHbie ~eifCTBHSI npo- THB pyccKHx BORCK Ben copaTHHK lllaMHRSI MyxaMe~ AMHHh. 3~ecb rronomeHHe pyccKHX BORCK o6nerqanocb pa306~eHHOCTblO qepKeCCKHX H a6xa3CKHX IIReMeH. B HOSI6pe 1859 r. C~8RHCb OCHOBHbie CHJihl qepKeCOB. K arrpeniO 1864 r. pyccKHe aoRcKa 3aHSIRH ace l!epHo- MopcKoe rro6epemhe A6xa3HH. 21 MaR 1864 r. 6hiR no~aa­ neH IIOCJle~HHR 0'!81' COIIpOTHBReHHSI 'IepKeCCKHX IIJieMeH. 8TOT ~eHh C'IHTaeTcSI ~aToM- OKOH'IaHHSI KaBK83CKOR .,... BOHHhl. ...,. Bxom~eHHe Hapo~oa KaBKa3a B cocTaB PocCHH cno- co6cTBOBaJIO HX 3KOHOMH'!eCKOMY H KYRbTYPHOMy pa3BH- THIO. B KOHIJ,e XIX B. 3~ech noSIBHnach caoSI ToproBo- rrpoMhimJieHHaSI 6ypmya3HSI. B Ha'IaJie 1890-x rr. 6Lwa rrpoae~eHa BJI~HKaBKa3cKaSI mene3HaSI ~opora, 6hlcTphl- MH TeMIIaMH pa3BHB8JI8Cb ~06bi'I8 HecpTH. 3.26. Co/03 mpex u.Mnepamopoe: a) .A.n.eKcanap II; 6) Bu.ll.beeJLb.M I; B) cf>panl{-Hocul}J W aMIIInb CAancSl 8 nneH Ha no- 4€THbiX ycno8111SlX. EMy 6b1n111 no- >Kano8aHbl IIIMeHIIIe 8 Kanyre, no- >K1113HeHHaSl neHCIIISl. B 1859 r. COCTOSlnaCb 8CTpe4a WaMIIInSl Ill AneKcaHApa II, Ha Koropo~ Wa- MIIInb no11y4111n pa3peweHIIIe co- 8epw111Tb nanoMHV14ea8o 8 MeKKy. 3 .27. KaBICa.JcKoe yw,eJLbe. Xyao:JICH.UIC JI.cf>. Jlazopuo
3.28. BcmynJLenue pycc~eux 6oilc1C 6 Ca.Map~eano. Xyoo:JtCnuiC H.H. Kapa3un ,, 8.29. M l f C~eo6eJLe6 MOH HCTOPJiqECKHE llCCJIE,li,OBAHHli npoaHal11113lllpyi.1Te BHeWHIOIO nolliiiTIIIKY Pocc111111 s CpeAHeH A3111111 B 1860- 1870-e rr. «nOMO~HIIIK» HaL71Aii1Te Ha Kapre repp1i1TO- p11110 CpeAHeC1 A31i1111. nepeYii1cnii1Te rocyAapaaa, cy- w,easosaawlile raM B cepeAII!He XIX B. ..., OnpeAenii1Te HanpasneHiilfl Ha- aynneHV1fl pycCK111X BOL71CK B CpeA- HeL71 A31i1111. YKa>KV1Te repp111TOpV1111 CpeAHeL71 A31i11i1, BOW€AWii1€ B COCTaB Poc- Cii1C1CKOC1 V1Mnep111111 B 1860- 1870-e rr. nOJlL'1Tir1KA POCCitWI 8 CPE.QHEiil A3111111 B HIOHe 1865 r. pyCCKHe BORCKa IIO,ll; KoMaH,n;oBaHHeM reHepaJia M.r. Tfepn.R.- eBa OBJia,n;eJIH KpyrrHeRIIIHM ropo,n;OM Cpe,n;HeH: Aa:aH TamKeHTOM :a pH,n;OM ,n;pyrHx ropo,n;oB. 3,n;ecb 6biJIO o6paaoBa- Ho TypKeCTaHCKoe reHepaJI-ry6epHaTop- CTBO (TypKeCTaHCKHR KpaH:). B OTBeT Ha 06~HBJieHHYIO 6yxapCKHM 3MHpOM <<CBSim;eHHYIO BORHY>> pyccK:ae BORCKa B Mae 1868 r. OBJia,n;eJIH CaMapKaH,n;OM :a BbiHY,D;HJIH 3MHpa B 1873 r. rrpHaHaTb aaBHCHMOCTb OT PoccHH. B TOM me ro,n;y B aaBHCHMOCTb IIOIIaJI H XHBHHCKHR xaH. B 1875 r. pyccKHe oTpSI,D;bi rro,n; KOMaH,D;OBaHHeM re- Hepana M .Jl,. CKo6eJLeBa paarpoMHJIH BORCKa KOKaH,n;cKo- ro XaHCTBa. B cpeBpaJie 1876 r. oHo 6biJIO yrrpaa,n;HeHo, a ero TeppHTOPHH 6brJia BKJIJOqeHa B cocTaB TypKecTaHCKO- ro reHepaJI·ry6epHaTopcTBa. B 1869 r . BoiicKa reHepaJia H.r. CToJieTOBa Bbrca,n;H- JIHCb Ha BOCTOqHOM 6epery KaCIIHRCKOrO MOpS! H OCHOBa- JIH ropo,n; KpacHoBo,n;cK. ,lJ,anbHeH:mee rrpo,n;BHJKeHHe BCTpe- THJIO yrropHoe corrpoTHBJieHHe TYPKMeHCKHX rrJieMeH. Hx OIIJIOTOM CTaJI Oa3HC reoK-Terre. IlOIIbiTKH pycCKHX w_ BORCK OBJia,n;eTb oaa:acoM TeprreJIH Hey,n;aqy. ..,. B 1880 r. KOMaH,n;yrom;HM pyccKHMH BORCKaMH Ha aarra,n;e TypKMeHHH 6brJI HaaHaqeH M.,IJ;. CKo6eJieB. BbrJia rrpoJiomeHa meJieaHo,n;opomHaH BeTKa OT KpacHoBo,n;cKa B CTOpOHY reoK-Terre. 12 HHBapH 1881 r. IIOCJie OJKeCTO- qeHHOrO 60H pyCCKHe BORCKa OBJia,D;eJIH reoK-Terre, a qe- pea He,n;eJIIO - Amxa6a,n;oM. 3asoeBaHHe PoccHeH: Cpe,n;Heii AaHH JIHIIIHJIO rocy,n;ap- CTBeHHOCTH HaceJIHBIIIHe ee Hapo,n;bl. Ho rrpH 3TOM rrpeKpa- THJIHCb Mem,n;oyco6Hbie BORHbi, 6biJIH JIHKBH,n;HpoBaHbi pa6cTBO :a pa6oToproBJIH. BbiCTpo CTaJIH paaBHBaTbCH xJiorr- KOBo,n;cTBO H IIIeJIKOBO,ll;CTBO, HaqaJIHCb JKeJie3HO,D;OpOJKHOe CTpOHTeJibCTBO, ,D;06bNa HecpTH, yrJIH, D;BeTHbiX MeTaJIJIOB. Ha rrpHcoe,n;HHeHHbiX aeMJIHX pyccKoe rrpaBHTeJibCTBO IIpOBO,ll;HJIO rH6KyiO IIOJIHTHKY, He BMeiiiHBaSICb B HaD;HO· HaJibHYIO KYJibTypy H peJIHrH03Hble OTHOIIIeHHH. 3 .30. Topzo6bLe p.RObL 6 Ca.MapiCanoe
fAAflbHEBOCT04HA~ non~T~KA POCC~~ )J;o cepe~HHbl XIX B. PoccHH He HMeJia o<PHu;HaJibHO npH3HaHHbiX rpa- HHD; co CBOHMH coce~HMH Ha )J;aJibHeM BocTOKe. PyccKHe nepBonpoxo~u;hl npo~oJimaJIH pacceJIHTbCH Ha aTHX 3eM- JISIX, a TaKme Ha CaxaJIHHe H KypHJibCKHx ocTpoBax. B Mae 1858 r. Mem~y PoccHeii H KHTaeM 6biJI no~­ nHcaH Ailzync1euil aozoaop, no KOTopoMy rpaHHu;a c KHTa- eM ycTaHaBJIHBaJiacb no peKe AMypy ~o Bn~eHHSI B Hero peKH YccypH. YccypHMCKHH Kpa:ii Mem~y peKoii YccypH H THXHM oKeaHoM o6'bSIBJIHJICSI coBMeCTHbiM pyccKo-KH- TaiicKHM BJia~eHHeM. B 1860 r. 6biJI no~nHcaH HOBbiH, Ile1CUHC1CUil aozoaop, corJiacHo KOTopoMy Yccy- ..... pmicKmi Kpa:ii 6biJI o6'bSIBJieH BJI~eHHeM PoccHH. ..,.. CJiomHo mJIH neperoBOpbi no onpe~eJieHHIO rpaHHD;bi Mem~y PoccHeii H .HnoHHeii. ITo ~oroBopy, 3aKJIIOTieHHOMY B HnOHCKOM ropo~e CHMO~a B 1855 r., KypHJibCKHe ocT- poBa npH3HaBaJIHCb TeppHTOpHeii PoccHH, a ocTpoB Caxa- JIHH - COBMeCTHbiM BJI~eHHeM ~Byx CTPaH. IIocJie no~nH­ caHHH ~oroBopa Ha CaxaJIHH ycTpeMHJIOCb 3HaTIHTeJibHOe KOJIHqeCTBO HnOHCKHX nepeCeJieHD;eB. B 1875 r., qT06bl H36emaTb ocJio.mHeHHH c .HnoHHeif, PoccHH corJiaCHJiacb no~nHcaTb HOBbiH ~orosop. CaxaJIHH nOJIHOCTbiO OTXO~HJI K PoccHH, a ocTpoBa KypHJibCKOH rpSI~bi- K .HnoHHH. nPOAA>KA AflSICK~ K cepe~HHe XIX B. B PyccKyiO AMe- pHKy - Ha AJIHCKY - CTaJIH npOHHKaTb aMepHKaHCKHe npe~npHHHMaTeJIH, TOprOBD;bi, 6paKOHbepbi. 3~HIIJ;aTb H CO~epmaTb 3TY TeppHTOpHIO CTaHOBHJIOCb BCe CJIOmHee. O~HOBpeMeHHO npaBHTeJibCTBO AJieKcaH~pa II cTpe- MHJIOCb yKpenHTb ~pymeCTBeHHbie OTHOI.ITeHHH, CJIO)KHB· mHecH Mem~y CiliA H PoccHe:H. MMnepaTop npHHSIJI pe- I.ITeHHe npo~aTb AJISICKY npaBHTeJibCTBY AMepHKH 3a He3HaTIHTeJibHYIO ~JISI C~eJIKH TaKoro MaCmTa6a CYMMY B 7,2 MJIH ~OJIJiapOB. HeJib3H He y'!HThlBaTb H To o6cTOHTeJibCTBO, 'ITO rJiaBHble npoTHBHHKH PoccHH B EBpone - AHrJIHSI H <f>paHD;HSI - 6biJIH B TO BpeMH Ha BOJIOCOK OT BOHHbl C CiliA. IIpo~ama AJISICKH B 1867 r . SIBJIHJiacb ~eMoH­ cTpau;Heii no~~epmKH CiliA co CTOPOHhl PoccHH. 20 V110HH 1860 r. pyCCKV1e MOpHKV1 nOA KOMaHAOBaHV1eM A.K. Wecp- Hepa sownV1 B 6yxry 3onoroii1 Por. 3AeCb 6bln OCHOBaH ropOA BnaAV1- BOCTOK, CTaBWV1ii1 KpynHbiM BOeH- HO-MOpCKV1M nopTOM POCCV1V1 Ha ,lJ,anbHeM BOCTOKe. H a reppV1ropV1V1 AnHCKV1 coxpa- HV1nocb AO HaWV1X AHeii1 MHOrO ropOAOB, OCHOBaHHbiX pyCCKV1MV1 noceneH~aMV1. CpeAV1 KpynHeii1 - WV1X - KaAbHK, HV1KOnaescK, Ho- soapxaHrenbCK, YHanawKa. 3 .31. PyccKa.R. AMepuKa 0npeAenV1Te OCHOBHble HanpaB- neHV151 BHewHeii1 nonV1TV1KV1 PoccV1V1 B ~apcrsosaHV1e AneKcaHApa II. KaKOBbl 6blnV1 rnaBHble AOCTV1:>Ke- HV1H POCCV1V1 Ha esponeii1CKOM Ha- npasneHV1V1? YAanocb nV1 PocCV1V1 npV1o6peCTV1 coi03HV1KOB B Espone? KaKoBa 6blna nonV1TV1Ka PoccV1V1 B CpeAHeii1 A3V1V1? Coorsercrsosana nV1 oHa rocyAapcrseHHbiM V1Hrepe- caM POCCV1V1? KaK pa3BV1BanV1Cb B3aV1MOOTHowe- HV1H PocCV1V1 c KV1raeM V1 s:lnoHV1eii1? KaKV1e o6CTOHrenbcrsa no6yAV1nV1 AneKcaHApa II npV1HHTb peweHV1e o npOAa:>Ke AflHCKV17 '..-.. ...... . .. , .
0 npV1YV1Hax V1 xapaKrepe pyccKo- rype[4Kollt soii!Hbl 0 XOA€ pyccKo-rype[4KOIIf BOIIfHbl V1 ee V1TOrax KaKoso 6blno nonV1TV1YecKoe no- no>KeHV1e HapoAOB 6anKaHCKoro no- nyoaposa? B YeM 3aKn10Yanacb rpaAV11..V10H- HaH ponb PocCV1V1 Ha 6anKaHCKOM nonyoapose? KaKOBbl 6blnV1 OCHOBHbl€ nono- >KeHV1H soeHHOi:1 pecpopMbl? Pacnpas~ rypelKV1X snacrellt, s KOTOpbiX OC06eHHO 0TnV1YV1nV1Cb OTPHAbl V1pperynHpHollt nexoTbl - 6awV16y3yKV1, Bbi3BanV1 B03MYU€- HV1e pyccKoro o6llecrsa. WV1pV1- nocb ABV1>KeHV1e B 3allV1Ty IO>KHO- cnaBHHCKV1X HapoAOB. B cep6cKyiO apMV110 HanpasnHnV1Cb TbiCH'-lV1 A06- pOBOnb[4eB. lnaBHOKOMaHAYIOUV1M cep6cKollt apMV1eill aan pyccKV1ill OTCTaBHOill reHepan, yYaCTHV1K o6o- p0Hbl CesaaononH, 6b1BWV111t soeH- Hblill ry6epHarop TypKecraHcKollt o6naaV1 MI. lfepHRea. 3.32. I!JLennote 6awu6y3y1Cu. Xyao:J/Cnu" B.B. Bepew,azun PYCCKO-TYPEQKAR BOMHA 1877-1878 rr. B cepe,o.111He 1870-x rr. Me.>K,LJ.YHapo,o.HbiVt asrop111rer 111 nono.>t<eHII1e Pocc111VIcKoV! 111Mnep111111 3aMeTHO yt<pen111n111cb. B TO .>t<e speM~ npereH,lJ,OBaTb Ha ponb se,lJ,yw,eV! M111po- soV! ,[J,ep.>t<aBbl 111 nOCTO~HHO yKnOH~TbC~ OT BOVtH 6blnO see 6onee 3arpy,lJ,HII1TenbHO. 6AnKAHCK~~ KP~3~C JleTOM 1875 r. B TypeiJ;KHX npo- BHHD;HSIX BOCHHSI If rep:u;erOBHHa BCITbiXHYJIH BOJIHeHHSI, KOTOphle 6biJIH mecToKo no.n;aBJieHbi TypKaMH. B anpeJie 1876 r. B BoJirapHH TaKme HaqaJIOCb BoccTaHHe npoTHB ocMaHCKoro Hra. 0Ho 6I>IJIO mecToKo no.n;a.BJieHo. B oT- BeT, B HIOHe 1876 r., BOHHY Typ:o;HH o6'bHBHJIH Cep6HSI If l:JepHOrOpHSI, CTpeMHBIIIHeCSI He TOJibKO ITOMOqb 6oJira- paM, HO If peiiiHTb CBOH HaD;HOHaJibHhle If TeppHTOpHaJib- Hbie npo6JieMbi. Ho Hx MaJioqHcJieHHbie H nJioxo o6~eH­ Hhle apMHH 6biJIH pa3rpOMJieHbi. ITo npe.n;JiomeHHIO A.M. ropqaKOBa PocCHSI, repMa- HHSI H ABCTPHH noTpe6oBaJIH ypaBHeHHSI xpHCTHaH B npaBax c MYCYJII>MaHaMH. PoccHSI, IIbiTaSICb paapeiiiHTb BOllpOC MHpHhlMH cpe.ZJ;CTBaMH, opraHH30BaJia HeCKOJibKO KOHcpepeHD;HH eBponeHCKHX .n;epmaB, Ha KOTOpbiX 6biJIH Bhlpa60TaHhl npe.n;JiomeHHSI ITO yperyJIHpOBaHHIO IIOJIO)Ke- HHSI Ha BaJIKaHax. Ho Typ:o;HH, o6o.n;peHHaa no.n;.n;epm- Koii AHrJIHH, Ha BCe npe.n;JiomeHHSI OTBeqaJia JIH60 OTKa- 30M, JIH60 BbiCOKOMepHbiM MOJiqaHHeM. liTo6I>r cnacTH Cep6Hro OT OKOHqaTeJII>Horo pa3rpoMa, B OKTSI6pe 1876 r. PoccHSI npe.n;'bHBHJia Typii,HH Tpe6oBa- HHe npeKpaTHTb BoeHHbie .n;eiicTBHSI B Cep6HH H 3aKJiro- qHTb nepeMHpHe. Ha'!aJiocb cocpe.n;oToqeHHe pyccKHX BORCK Ha romHbiX rpaHHu;ax. llMnepaTop noJiaraJI, qTo aTHMH MepaMH y.n;acTCSI npHHYAHTb Typii,HIO npHHSITb npe.n;JiomeHHa eBponeiicKHX .n;epmaB H TeM caMbiM Ha6emaTb 6oJibiiiOM BOHHbi. OH onacaJICH, qTo BORHa c Typii,Heii MomeT npeBpaTHTbCSI B BOHHY eBponeiicKHX .n;epmaB npoTHB PocCHH. l:JT06hl y.n;epmaTb ABcTpo-BeHrpHro OT BCTynJieHHSI B BOMHY Ha CTopoHe Typ:o;HH, AJieKcaH.n;p II AaJI corJiacHe Ha OKKyna- D;HIO BOCHHH If rep:u;erOBHHbl a.BCTPHHCKHMH BOHCKaMH. HA"'AnO PYCCKO-TYPEUKO~ BO~Hbl 12 anpeJIH 1877 r., HCqepnaB BCe ,ll;HllJIOMaTHqecKHe B03MO)KHOCTH ,ll;JIH MHp- HOrO yperyJIHpoBaHHSI 6aJIKaHCKHX npo6JieM, AJieKcaa.n;p II o6'bSIBHJI Typii,HH BOHHY. llMnepaTop noHHMaJI, qTo KaMnaHHSI He cyJIHT Poc- CHH HHKaKHX MaTepHaJibHbiX BbirO,ll;, OHa JIHIIIb YCJIO)K- HHT ee SKOHOMifqeCKOe ITOJIOmeHHe. Ho Bepx B3SIJIH HHbie
coo6pa>KeHHH. OH He Mor )l;onycTHTh, qTo6hi BHOBh 6biJia IIOCTaBJieHa ITO)]; COMHeHHe pOJib POCCHH KaK BeJIHKOH )l;ep>KaBbi. K TOMY >Ke eMy npHXO)l;HJIOCh cquTaTbCH H c Tpa)l;HII;HOHHOH )l;JIH Poccuu pOJihiO 3anJ;HTHHII;bi cJiaBHH- CKHX Hapo)l;OB Ha BaJIKaHax. 06~ecTBeHHoe MHeHHe Poc- CHH B :o;eJIOM IIO)l;)l;ep>KHBaJIO IIpaBHTeJibCTBO. CoOTHomeHHe CHJI CKJia)l;bmaJIOCh s rroJib3y PoccHH, so- eHHbie pe<J>opMbl HaqaJIH )l;aBaTb CBOH IIOJIO>KHTeJihHhie pe- 3YJibTaTbl. PyccKaH apMHH, s cpasHeHHH c nepHO)l;OM KpbiMCKoii soii:Hbi, 6bma Jiyqme o6yqeHa H soopy>KeHa, CTaJia 6oJiee 6oecrroco6Hoii. TeM He MeHee He3asepweHHOCTb peq>OpM CKa3hiBaJiaCb B OTCYTCTBHH )l;OJI>KHOrO MaTepHaJib- HOrO o6ecneqeHHSI, B He)l;OCTaTKe HOBeHIDHX THIIOB BOOpy- >KeHHH, HO CaMOe rJiaBHOe - B HeXBaTKe KOMaH)l;HblX Ka,ll;- pos, crroco6HbiX secTH cospeMeHHYIO soii:ey. B oco6eHHOCTH aTO KaCaJIOCb KOMaH)l;HpOB BbiCmero 3BeHa. rJiasHOKOMaH- )l;YIO~HM pyccKoii apMueii Ha BaJIKaHax 6bm Ha3HaqeH JIHIIIeHHbrH BOHHCKHX TaJiaHTOB 6paT HMIIepaTOpa BeJIHKHH KHSI3h liHKOJiaH HHKOJiaesuq. 60EBbiE .QEii!CTBL<tSI JlETOM 1877 r. BoeHHbre )l;eiicTBHH Ha- qaJIHCb JieToM 1877 r. PyccKaSI apMHH no rrpe)l;sapuTeJib- Hoii )l;OrosopeHHOCTH c PyMbiHHeii (s 1859 r. KHH>KecTsa BaJiaxHSI u MoJI)l;aBHSI o6'he)l;HHHJIHCb s aTo rocy)l;apcTso, ocTasasmeecH s 3aBHCHMOCTH oT Typn;uu) rrpowJia qepe3 ee TeppHTOpHIO H B HIOHe 1877 r. B HeCKOJibKHX MeCTaX neperrpaBHJiaCb qepe3 ,IJ;yHaH. BoJirapbi BOCTOp>KeHHO BCTpeqaJIH CBOHX OCB060)l;HTeJieH. C 60JibillHM 3HTY3Ha3- MOM WJIO C03)l;aHHe 6oJirapCKOrO HapO)l;HOrO OIIOJiqe- HHH, KOMaH)l;YIO~HM KOTOpbiM CTaJI pyCCKHH reHepaJI H.r. CToJieTos. Ilepe)l;osoii: oTpSI)l; reHepaJia H .B. Fyp1eo ocso6o,D.HJI )l;peBHIOIO CTOJIHII;Y BoJirapHH TbrpHoso. He BCTpeqag rro nyTH csoero rrpo)l;BH>KeHHH Ha 10r oco6oro COIIpOTHBJieHHH, 5 HIOJISI rypKo 3aXBaTHJI IliHIIKHHCKHH nepesaJI, qepe3 KOTOphiH mJia Hau6oJiee y)l;o6HaH )l;Opora Ha CTaM6yJI. 3 .33. llepenpaea pyccKoil apMuu 'lepe3 /{yHail e 1877 z. Xyoo:HCHuK H .J(. /{Mumpuee·OpeH6ypzcKuil
f eHepan <D.<D. Pa.QeUK111ii1, BOii1CKa KOToporo o xpaHRnll1 nepesanbl Ye- pe3 6anKaHbl, B TOM Yll1cne 111 nepe- san W111nKa, B CTOn111u,y perynRpHO )J.OHOCII1n 0 TOM, YTO «Ha Wll1nKe BCe CnOKOii1HO», XOTSl B 3TO speMSl pyCCKII1e COn.QaTbl, 1113MyYeHHbl€ 111 nnoxo 3KII1n111posaHHble, 3aMep3anll1 B CHery, HaXO)J.SlCb no.Q noCTOSlH- HbiM o6crpenoM rypoK. 3Ta cppa3a CTana CII1MBOnOM OqJII1U,11103HbiX pe- nRU,II1ii1, CKpb1BaiOll.I111X 111CTII1HHOe, He3aBII1.QHOe nono>KeHII1e .o.en. 3.34. <cHa Illumce BCii cn01COUH.0>) . Xyoo::HCnuK B.B. Bepew,azun 3.35. IIepeo wmypMOM IIJteB nbt. Xyoo::HCnuK B .B. Bepe~ntazun 0,D;HaKO nocJie nepBbiX ycnexoB nocJie,D;OBaJIH Hey ,D;atJH. BeJIHKHR KHH3b HHKOJiaR HHKOJiaeBHlJ c MOMeHTa nepe- xo,D;a ,ll;y HaH cpru<TJPiecKH noTepHJI ynpa.BJieHHe BORCKaMH. KoMaH,D;yJO~He OT,D;eJibHhiMH oTpH,D;aMH cTaJIH ,D;eRCTBo- BaTb caMOCTOHTeJibHO. 0TpH,D; reHepaJia H.II. KpH,D;eHepa BMeCTO aaxBaTa BamHeRmeR KpenocTH IIJieBHhl, KaK 3TO npe,D;yc MaTpHBaJIOCb nJiaHOM BORHhl, B3HJI HHKOITOJib, Haxo,D;HBmHRCH B 40 KM OT IIJieBHbi. IIoKa pyccKoe KOMaH,D;OBaHHe BbiHCHHJIO MecTonoJio- meHHe CBOHX OTpH,lJ;OB, Typen;KHe BORCKa 3aHHJIH IlJieB- HY, OKa3aBillYIOCH B ThiJIY HalliHX BORCK, H ITOCTaBHJIH no,D; yrpoay OKpymeHHH OTPH,D; reHepaJia I'ypKo. 3HalJHTeJibHhle CHJibi 6biJIH 6pomeHbi npOTHBHHKOM Ha TO, lJT06hl OT6HTb illHnKHHCKHR nepeBaJI. Ho BCe nonhiTKH Typen;KHX BORCK, HMeBmHx nHTHKpaTHoe npeBocxo,D;- CTBO, B3.HTb illHnKy HaTaJIKHBaJIHCb Ha repOHlJeCKOe COllpOTHBJieHHe pyCCKHX BOHHOB H 60JirapCKHX OITOJI- lJeHn;eB. IIpe,D;npHHHThle B TO me BpeMH pyccKHMH BORCKaMH TPH mTypMa IlJieBHhl oKa3aJIHCb otJeHh Kpo- BonpoJIHTHbiMH, HO OKOH'IHJIHCb Hey,D;a<reR. nAAEHII1E nJJEBHbl. nEPEJIOM 8 XOAE BOIIIHbl ITo uacTO.HHHJO BOeHHOI'O MHHHCTpa ,l];.A. MHJIIOTHHa HMnepaTOp npHHHJI pemeHHe nepeRTH K ITJiaHoMepHoR oca,D;e IlJieBHhl, pyKo- BO,D;CTBO KOTopoR 6hiJIO nopyqeHo repo10 o6opoHbi CeBacro- noJIH HHmeuep-reHepany 3.H. ToTJie6eay. Typewme BORC- Ka, He llO)l;I'OTOBJieHHhle K ,li;JIHTeJlbHOR OOOpOHe B yCJIOBHHX HaCTynHBmeR 3HMhl, BbiHYJK,D;eHhl 6biJIH B KOHD;e HOH6pH 1877 r . c.n;aTbCH. C nap;eHHeM IIJieBHhl npoHaomeJI nepeJioM B xo,11;e BOR- Hhl. t.:ITo6hl He ,D;aTb Typn;HH c noMOID;blO AHrJIHH H ABcTpo-BeurpHH co6paTbC.H K Becae c HOBhiMH CHJiaMH, pyCCKOe KOMaH,li;OBaHHe pemHJIO npO,D;OJIJKHTb HaCTynJieHHe B 3HMHHX ycJIOBHHX. OTpH,D; I'ypKo, npeo,D;oJieB uenpoxo,D;H- Mhle B 3To BpeMH ro,11;a ropahle nepeBaJibi, B cepe,D;HHe ,D;e- Ka6pH 3a.HHJI CocpHJO H npo,D;oJimHJI HaCTynJieHHe B cTopoay A,!J;pHaHonoJIH. 0TpH,D; CKo6eJieBa, o6ome,D;IIIHR no ropHhiM KpyqaM no3Hn;HH TYPeD;KHX BORCK y illHnKH, a 3aTeM pa3- rpoMHBIIIHR HX, CTpeMHTeJibHO TIOBeJI HaCTYITJieHHe Ha CTaM6yJI. B HHBape 1878 r. oTpH,D; I'ypKo OBJia,D;eJI A,D;pHa- HonoJieM, a OTPH.O. CKo6eJieBa BhiiiieJI K Mpa- MOPHOMY MOplO H 18 HHBapH 1878 I'. 3aHHJI npHropo,D; CTaM6yJia - MecTe<rKo CaH-CTecpa- Ho. ToJibKO KaTeropH'leCKHH 3anpeT HMnepaTo- pa, 6o.HBmerocH BMemaTeJibCTBa B BORHY eBpo- neRCKHX ,D;epmaB, y,D;epmaJI CKo6eJieBa OT B3.HTHH CTOJIHD;hl OcMaHCKOR HMnepHH.
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Ha HOBble llOCTbl B npaBHTeJihCTBe 6hlJIH Ha3HaqeHhi OTHIO,D;h He npOTHBHHKH npeo6pa3oBaHHH. MHHHCTpOM BHyTpeHHHX ,n;eJI CTaJI H.TI. llrHaTheB - cTopoHHHK cJiaaRHOcpHJihCKHX H,D;eH, pa3pa6aTbiBaBillHH npoeKT C03b1Ba COBe~aTeJihHOrO 3eMcKoro co6opa. M:aHHCTp cpHHaHcoB H.X. Bynze CJihiJI XOTR H BeCbMa yMepeHHhiM, HO JIH6epaJihHbiM llOJIHTHKOM. HoBble MHHHCTpbl 3Hep~Ho B3RJIHCh 3a npeTBopeHHe B mH3Hh 3aKOHOllpOeKTOB, pa3pa60TaHHbiX ew;e B nepHO,D; «,n;HKTaTyphl cep,n;n;a>> JlopHc-MeJIHKOBa. 28 ,n;eKa6pR 1881 r. 6biJI npHHRT 3aKOH 06 06R3aTeJih- HOM BhiKyne KpecThHHaMH Ha,n;eJioB. TeM caMhiM 6hiJIO npeKpaw;eHO BpeMeHH006R3aHHOe COCTORHHe KpeCThRH. B 3TOT me 3aKOH 6b1JIO BKJIIOqeHo noJiomeHHe o CHHmeHHH BhlKYITHhiX ITJiaTemeH Ha 1 py6Jih. B Mae 1881 r. 6hlJI H3,D;aH YKa3 o nocTeneHHOH 3aMeHe no,n;ymHOH no,n;aTH ,n;pyrHMH HaJIOraMH (B3HMaHHe no,n;ymHOH no,n;aTH OKoaqaTeJihHO npeKpaTHJIOCh 1 RHBapR 1887 r.). B 1882 r. 6biJIH npHHHThi Mepbl ,D;JIH ycTpaHeHHR MaJI03eMeJihH KpecThHH. Bhm yqpem,n;eH KpecThHHCKHH 6aHK, KoTo- pbi:H npe,n;OCTaBJIHJI JihrOTHhie Kpe,n;HThi ,D;JIH llOKYITKH KpeCTbRHaMH 3eMeJib. B TO me BpeMR npaBHTeJihCTBO AJieKcaH.n;pa III cTpeMHJIOCh coxpaHHTh KpecThRHCKyiO o6w;HHy. B 1893 r . 6hlJI npHHRT 3aKOH, orpaHHqHBaiOID;HH B03MOm- HOCTh BbiXO.ZJ;a KpeCThHH H3 o6~HHbl. ,lJ;pyrOH 3aKOH cy3HJI npaBa o6w;HHhl Ha nepe,n;eJI 3eMJIH H 3aKpenHJI Ha,n;eJibl 3a KpeCTbHHaMH. flo HOBOMY 3aKOHY 3a nepe.n;eJI .n;oJimHo 6biJIO nporoJiocoBaTh He MeHee 2I 3 KpecTbHHCKoro cxo.n;a H cpoK Mem.n;y nepe.n;eJiaMH He Mor cocTaBJIHTh MeHee 12 JieT. BhlJI npHHHT 3aKoH, 3anpe- w;aBmH:H npo.n;aBaTh o6w;HHHble 3eMJIH. PoccHH 6h1Jia nepBOH B MHpe CTpaHOH, r.n;e CTaJI ocyw;eCTBJIHThCH KOHT- pOJih 3a YCJIOBHRMH Tpy.n;a pa6oqHX. 1 HIOHH 1882 r. 6biJI H3,n;aH 3aKoH, 3anpem;aamHH Tpy.n; .n;eTe:H ,n;o 12-JieTHero B03paCTa. 8TOT me .ZJ;OKyMeHT orpaHHqHBaJI pa6oqHH .n;eHb ,n;eTeH OT 12 .ZJ;O 15 JieT 8 qacaMH. ,1l;JIH Ha,D;30pa 3a HC- ITOJIHeHHeM 3aKOHa BBO.ZJ;HJiaCh ClleiJ;HaJibHaH cpa6pHqHaH HHCneKn;HR. B 1885 r . nocJie.n;oBaJIO 3anpew;eHHe HOqHoro Tpy.n;a .ZJ;JIH meH~HH H HecoBepmeHHOJieTHHX. B 1886 r. BhlllieJI 3aKOH 0 B3aHMOOTHOUieHHHX npe.n;npHHHMaTeJieH C pa6oqHMH. OH orpaHHqHBaJI pa3Mep mTpacpoB. 3anpew;a- JIOCb pacnJiaq:aBaTbCH c pa6oqHMH TOBapaMH qepe3 cpa6- pHqHble JiaBKH. BMecTe c TeM 3aKoH npe.n;ycMaTpHBaJI cy- poBoe HaKa3aHHe pa6oqHx 3a yqacTHe B cTaqKax. peceneH14ax, Koropbilil 8Kni0Yan 8 ce6R Mepbi, npeAJlO)I(eHHble «c8e- AYll.J,II1MV1 niOAbMV1»: pa3peweHV1e Ha nepeceneHV1e npeAOCTa8nRnocb n111wb MV1HV1CTepCT80M 8HyrpeHHV1X Aen; nepeceneH!4aM npeAOCTa8nR- nii1Cb 3Ha4111T€nbHbl€ nbrDTbl - OHV1 OC8060)I(Aanii1Cb Ha Tpll1 roAa OT 8CRKV1X nOAaTelil 111 80111HCKOiil no- 8111HHOCTV1, a 8 nocneAy10ll.J,V1e r p111 roAa nnar111n111 noAaTV1 8 nono8111H- HOM pa3Mepe; 111M 8blnnaYV18anii1Cb He6onbwll1e AeHe)I(Hble noco6111R. 4 .1 . CMepmb nep ece/l.eH.(.{a. X yao:JICH.UIC C.B. H eaH.08 KaKV1e o6croRrenbCT8a oKa3anll1 pewaiOll.J,ee 803AeLilcr8111e Ha 8HYT- peHHIOIO nonii1TII1KY AneKcaHApa Ill? KaK 8bl AYMaere, KaKo8a 6blna rna8HaR 14enb 3aKOH08 no KpecTb- RHCKOMY 80npocy? YYII1Tbl8anll1cb n111 8 3TV1X 3aKOHaX 111HTepeCbl KpeCTbRH- CTBa? .[lalilre 0!4eHKY 14apcKOMY pewe- HV110 no pa6oYeMy 8onpocy. C Ka- Kolil !4€nbl0 OHO 6blnO np111HRTO?
06 ycraHosneHV1V1 AneKcaHAPOM Ill >KeCTKOrO nOJ1V1TV1Y€CKOro pe>t<V1Ma 0 KOHCepBaTV1BHO~ KOppeKTV1pOB- Ke nV16epaJlbHbiX pe¢opM AneKcaH- APa II OcHOBHoe coAep>t<aHV1e 3eMcKo~ V1 ropOACKO~ pe¢opM 0CHOBHOe COAep>t<aHV1e pe¢opM s o6nacTV1 o6pa3osaHV1R '-8 1883 r. B WJ1V1CC€Jlb6ypre Ha ocrpose nocpeAV1 Hesbl 6b1na nocrpoeHa neYaJlbHO V13BecrHaH TIOpbMa AJlR nOJ1V1TV1YeCKV1X 3aKJ110- YeHHbiX. 8 He(;i 8 pa3HOe BpeMH 6biJlV1 3aroYeHbl MHOrV1e AeHTeJ1V1 pesoJliOLV10HHoro ABV1>t<eHV1H. ,..,_,.. T onbKO s 1883-1885 rr. no pe- weHV110 Cosell.aHV1H, rAe nepsy10 CKpV1nKy V1rpan no6eAOHOCL€B, 6bi- J10 3aKpbiTO 9 V13AaHV1111. CpeAV1 HV1X OKa3aJlV1Cb nonynHpHble >t<ypHanbl «ronoe>> A.A. KpaescKoro V1 «Ore- YecrseHHble 3anV1CKV1» M.E. Cambi- Kosa-~eApV1Ha. KOHCEPBATHBHAR KOPPEKTHPOBKA ECI»OPM nPEAbl YIQEro LIAPCTBOBAHHR BMae 1882 r. Ha noa MII1H111CTpa sHyrpeHHII1X Aen 6bln Ha3HaYeH ,O.A. TonCTO~. 3TO CB111AeTenbCTBOBano 0 TOM, YTO AneKCaHAP Ill OTKa3anc~ OT npOAOn>KeHII1~ HaYaTbiX ero OTL(OM n1116epanbHbiX pecpopM 111 B3~n TBepAbl~ Kypc Ha COXpaHeHII1e OCHOB CaMOAep>t<aBII1~. 14 asrycTa 1881 r. 6bx- JIO orry6mnwsaHo «IloJio.meHHe o Mepax K oxpaHeHHIO ro- cy~apcTBeHHoro nop.ap;Ka H o6~ecTBeHHoro cnoKoii- CTBH.R~, KOTOpOe ,ZJ;aBaJIO IIpaBO MHHHCTpy BHyTpeHHHX ~eJI H reHepaJI-ry6epHaTopaM o6'b.RBJI.RTb JII06o:ii paiioH CTpaHbl Ha <<HCKJIIO"tlHTeJibHOM IIOJIOJKeHHH» H BbiCbiJiaTb 6ea pemeHH.R cy.n;a He.meJiaTeJJbHbiX JIHIJ;. B 1880-x rr. 6biJIH coa.n;aHbi «0T.n;eJieHH.R no oxpaHe- HHIO IIOp.R,ZJ;Ka H o6~eCTBeHHOH 6e30IIaCHOCTH» ( «OXpaH- Ka»). llx 3a,ZJ;a"tleH CTaJia CJieJKKa 3a rrpOTHBHHKaMH BJJaCTH. B 1884 r. 6biJI sse.n;eH yHHBepcHTeTCKHH ycTaB, no KOTopoMy yHH- sepcHTeTbi JIHillaJIHCb aBTOHOMHH. IlO'tJ:TH B~BOe BblpOCJia nJiaTa aa o6y"tleHHe. BbiJIH aanpeiiJ;eHbi JII06bie cTyp;eH"tJ:ec- KHe opraHHaan;HH. 3a Mane:iimee HenoBHHOBeHHe cTyp;eH- TOB OT,ZJ;aBaJIH B COJI,ZJ;aTbl. 5 HIOH.R 1887 r. 6biJI H3,ZJ;aH II;HPKYJI.Rp, nOJIY'tJ:HBillHH Ha3BaHHe 3aKOHa «0 KyxapKH- HbiX ,ZJ;eT.RX~ . CorJiacHo n;MpKyJI.apy npep;JiaraJIOCb npHHHMaTb B rHMHa3HH <<TOJibKO TaKHX ,ZJ;eTeH, KOTOpbie HaXO,ZJ;.RTC.R Ha IIOIIe"tleHHH JIHII;, npep;OCTaBJI.RIO~HX ,ZJ;OCTaTO'tJ:HOe py'tla- TeJibCTBO B npaBHJibHOM Ha~ HHMH ~OMamHeM Ha,ll;30pe»• 8TO 6biJIO C~eJiaHO ,ZJ;JI.R TOrO, "tlT06bi «OCB060,ZJ;HTbC.R OT nOCTynJieHH.R B HHX p;eTeH Ky"tlepOB, JiaKeeB, IIOBapOB, npa"tleK, MeJIKHX JiaBO'<:IHHKOB H TOMY IIO,ZJ;06HbiX JIIO,ZJ;eH, p;eTeH KOHX, 3a HCKJIIO"tleHHeM pa3Be op;apeHHbiX He06biK- HOBeHHbiMH CIIOC06HOCT.RMH, BOBCe He CJJep;yeT BbiBO,ZJ;HTb H3 cpe.n;bi, K Koe:ii OHH rrpMHap;Jie.maT». C aTon me n;eJibiO ITOBbimanacb nJiaTa aa 06Y"tJ:eHHe. IlpHHHMaJIHCb aanpeTHTeJibHbie Mepbl H no OTHOme- HHIO K rre"tJ:ani. B 1882 r . 6biJIO o6paaosaHo Cose~aHHe 'tleTbipex MHHHCTpOB, Ha,ZJ;eJieHHOe IIpaBOM aanpe~aTb Bbi- XO,ZJ; JII06oro ne"tlaTHoro opraHa. B 1884 r. BnepBbie B Poc- CHH 6biJia npOH3Bep;eHa «"tiHCTKa>> 6H6JIHOTeK: 133 Ha3Ba- HH.R OT,ZJ;eJibHhiX KHHr, co6paHHH CO'<:IHHeHHH H mypHaJIOB 6hiJIH CO"t!TeHhi «He,ZJ;OrryCTHMhiMH K o6p~eHHIO~.
MaorMe pe- JIMrMM no,n;BepraJIMCb orpaHM'IeHMHM CO CTOpOHbi BJI8CTM. By.n;,n;McTaM (KaJIMbiKaM M 6ypHTaM) aanpe~aJIOCb CTpOMTb xpaMbi, OTnpaBJIHTb 6orOCJiymeHM$1. I10JIHKaM-K8TOJIMKaM 6biJI 38KpblT )l;OCTyn K rocy,n;apCTBeHHblM )l;OJimHOCTHM B IJ;apCTBe llOJibCKOM. YmecTO~MJIOCb OTHOllleHMe K npMaepmeHIIaM 1fY)1;8M3- Ma. ITo BpeMeHHbiM npaBMJiaM 1882 r. y eapeea OTHHJIM npaao ceJIMTbCH aae ropo.n;oa M MeCTe~eK .n;ame B npe.n;e- nax qepTbi oce.n;nocTM; MM 3anpe~anocb npMo6peTaTh He,n;BMmMMOe MM~eCTBO a ceJibCKOM MeCTHOCTM. B 1887 r. 6biJia coKpa~eHa caMa ~epTa oce.n;nocTM. Tor.n;a me 6hiJIO onpe.n;eneHo, KaKOM npoiieHT OT o6~ero ~MeJia o6~aeMhiX a ~e6HhiX 3aae,n;eHMHX MOrJIM cocTaBJIHTb eapeM. BbiJIM BBe,n;eHbi OrpaHM'leHM$1 )l;JI$1 38HHTM$1 HeKOTOpblMM BM.n;a- MM npocpeCCMOH8JibHOM .n;eHTeJibHOCTM, HanpMMep B 8,li;BO- K8Type. Bee 3TH npMTecHeHMH He pacnpocTpaHHJIHCb aa eBpeeB, nepellle,ll;lllMX B npaBOCJI8BHYIO Bepy. B TO me apeMH aa npHcoe.n;HHeHHbiX aeMJIHX Cpe.n;ae:H AaHM 6biJIM ocTaaneHbi B HenpMKOCHOBeHHOCTH My- .,... cyJihMaHcKaH IIePKOBb M MycyJihMaHCKMe cy,n;hr. Y B 1885 r. cocTOHJIOCb OTKpbiTMe ,ll;aopHHCKoro 6aHKa. Ero aa.n;a~e:H CT8JIO npe.n;OCT8BJieHHe JibrOTHbiX Kpe.n;HTOB )l;JI$1 no.n;.n;ep- maHM$1 nOMe~H~bMX X03HMCTB. 12 HIOHH 1890 r. 6hiJIO M3.n;8Ho ~nonomeHMe o ry6epH- CKMx H yea.n;HhiX aeMCKHX yqpem.n;eHHHX ·~ • B HMX aeMc- KOe caMoynpaBneHMe paccMaTpHaanoch KaK ~aCTb rocy- .n;apcTaeaaoro ynpaBJieHMH. llpH na6paHHH aeMCTB ycn- JIHJIMCb COCJIOBHbie Ha~aJia: 3eMJieBJia.n;eJib~eCK8$1 KypH$1 CT8HOBMJI8Cb ~HCTO )l;BOpHHCKOM, 'lHCJIO rJiaCHbiX OT Hee yaeJIH~MBanocb, a MMy~eCTBeHHbiM 1IeH3 CHHmancH. IIo- BhilllaJICH H36HpaTeJihHbiM IIeHa .D;JIH ropo.n;cKOM KYPMM. 12 HIOJI$1 1889 r. 6biJI H3,li;8H 38KOH 0 3eMCKHX yqaCT- KOBbiX H81J8JibHMK8X. 0H OTMeHHJI ,li;OJimHOCTM H MeCTHhie ~pem.n;eHHH, OCHOB8HHhie H8 6eCCOCJIOBHbiX M Bbi60pHbiX Ha~anax (MHpOBbie nocpe.n;HMKH, yea,n;Hhie no KpeCThHH- CKHM ,n;eJiaM npHCyTCTBM$1 M MHpOBOM cy,n;). BMeCTO HHX C03,li;8B8JIHCb 3eMCKHe yqaCTKH BO rJiaBe C 3eMCKMMH Ha- 'l8JibHHK8MM. OHM KOHTponHpoaaJIH o6~HHHOe caMo- ynpaaneHHe KpeCTbHH, paCCMaTpHBaJIH He3H8~HTeJihHbie cy.n;e6Hble .n;ena, paapelllaJIM aeMeJihHhie cnopbi. .D:onmHoc- TH 3eMCKMX H8~8JibHMKOB MOrJIH 38HHM8Tb TOJibKO ,li;BOp$1- He. KpecTbHHe, no cyTM, 6biJIH nocTaBJieHbi B JIH'liHYIO 3a- BMCMMOCTb OT 3eMCKHX Ha~aJibHHKOB. B 1892 r. BhilllJIO aoaoe ropo,n;oBoe nonomeHHe. 0Ho 3H8'lHTeJibHO nOBhlillaJIO M36HpaTeJibHbiM u;eH3 H 3aKpeiiJIH- JIO npaKTMKY BMemaTeJibCTBa anacTeii B .n;ena ropo,n;cKoro caMoynpaaneHHH. MOH HCTOPH'IECKHE ::a HCCREAOBAHHH ==- CpaBHHTe BHyTpeHHtoto nonH- ::::3 THKY AneKcaHApa II H AneKca- =HApa Ill. ==-:::a «nOMOU4HHK» ::;::a J Mo>KHO n111 Ha(:irlll o6UIIIIe YepTbl ::;::a BO BHyTpeHHe(:i noniiiTIIIKe AneKCa- :::0:::. HApa II Ill AneKCaHApa Ill? ::;::a ..J B YeM npiiiH~IIInlllanbHOe pa3nlll- ::;:::a Yllle BO BHyTpeHHetlt nOniiiTIIIKe ::::=. AneKcaHApa II 111 AneKcaHApa Ill? ~ 4 eprotlt OCeAnOCTIII Ha3bJBanlll Yacrb repp111rop111111 Pocc111tltcKotlt 111Mnep111111, Ha KOropotlt pa3pewa- nocb nOCTOflHHOe npO>KIIIBaHIIIe espees. B npeAenax YepTbl oceA- nocrlll espeflM 3anpeU~anocb npo- )KIIIBaTb s d?nax. a TaK)Ke s K111ese, Cesacronone 111 ~me . BHe YepTbl OCeAnOCTIII npaBOM Ha >KIIITenbCTBO nonb30sanlllcb Kyn~bl 1-lil rlllnb- AIIIIII, n111~a C BblCWIIIM Ill cne~111 anbHblM o6pa3osaHIIIeM, peMec- neHHIIIKIII, COnAaTbl, npOXOAIIIBWIIIe cny)K6y no peKpyrcKOMY ycrasy. noYeMy pecpopMbl s o6nacr111 npocseU~eHIIIfl 111 neYaTIII noABeprniiiCb CTOnb KapAIIIHanbHOMY 1113MeHeHIIIIO? KaK Bbl AYMaere, noYeMy AneK- caHAP Ill nosen caMoe pewlllrenb- Hoe HacrynneHIIIe Ha opraHbl Mea- Hero caMoynpasneHIIIfl? Aatltre o~eHKY Ha~IIIOHanbHotlt no- niiiTIIIKIII AneKcaHApa Ill. CornacHbl n111 Bbl c yrsep>KAeHIIIeM, 4TO nepiiiOA npasneHIIIfl AfleKCaHA- pa Ill 6bln nepiiiOAOM KOHTppecpopM?
06 OCHOBH~X HanpasneH~RX 3KOHOM~4eCKOill non~T~K~ AJle KCa H- ,D,pa Ill 0 HOB ~X R BneH~RX B pa3B~T~~ cenbcKoro X03R~crsa KaKOBO 6 blnO COCTORH~e poc- C~illCKO~ npOMbiWneHHOCT~ B nope- cpo p MeHHble ro,[lbl? KaKOBbl oco6eHHOCT~ npoMbiW- neHHoro nepesopora s Pace~~? KaK s no pecpopMeHHble rDA bl pa3- s~sanocb cenbCKoe xo3Rillcrso? 4.2. Muliucmpbt tjJuHaHcoe Poccuuc~eou u.Mnepuu: a) H.X. ByHze; 6) HA. BbtULHezpaoc~euu n p111 AneKcaHApe Ill npaBII!TeJlbCTBO npeAnp111HII1MaJlO 3HeprW-1Hble AeV1CTBII151, HanpaBJleHHble Ha pa3BII1T111e OTe'-leCTBeHHOill npOMbiWJleHHOCTIII. Vl3 arpapHOill Aep:>t<a - Bbl Pocc11151 nooeneHHO npespaw,anacb B arpapH0-111HAY- CTp111aJlbHYIO. B Mae 1881 I'. Ha IIOCT MHHH· CTpa q>HHaHCOB 6hiJI Ha3HaqeH BHAHhiH yqeHbiH·3KOHOMHCT H.X. ByBre.. Ha nepBoe MecTo OH CTaBHJI peq>opMHpOBaHHe CHCTeMhl c6opa HaJIOI'OB. BYHf'e BhiCTYnHJI 38 OCJI86JieBHe HaJIOI'OBOI'O 06JIO.>KeHH.H KpeCTb.HH, npoBeJI CHH.>KeHHe Bbi· KynHbiX nJiaTemeH H HaqaJI IIOCTeneHHYIO OTMeHy no,zzyru- HOH no,n;aTH. qT06bi B03MeCTHTb noTepH rocy,n;apCTBa OT npHH.HTH.H 3THX Mep, B y Hre BBO,ZI;HJI KocBeHHhie HaJiorH 11 HaJiorH c .n;oxo,n;oB. BhiJIH ycTaHOBJieHbi aKII;H3Hhle c6opbi ua Bo,n;- Ky, Ta6aK, caxap, Heq>Tb; 06JiaraJIHCb HOBbiMH HaJIOI'aMH I'OpO,ZI;CKHe ,ll;OMa, TOpi'OBJI.H, IIpOMbiCJibl, ,ll;OXO,ll;bl OT ,n;e- He-'KHbiX KanHTaJIOB; nOBbiiiiaJIHCb TaMO-'KeHHbie nOIIIJIH· Hbi Ha TOBaphl, BB03HMhie H3·3a rpaHHII;bi.. ToJibKO c 1882 no 1885 r . nOIIIJIHHbl BblpOCJIH 6oJiee qeM Ha 30% . IIpaBHTeJihCTBO noMoraJio pocTy poccHHCKOH npo- MbiiiiJieuuocTH HCXO,ll;.H TaKme 113 nOTpe6HOCTeH yKpenJie· HH.H BoeHHOH MOIII;H.. O.n;uoBpeMeuuo oHo ocyiii;eCTBHJIO 3HaqHTeJibHOe COKpaiii;eHHe apMHH, qTQ npHHOCH JIO ,ZI;O· nOJIHHTeJibHO 23 MJIH py6JieH B I'O,ll;. B 1887 r. BMecTo Bhiiiie,n;IIIero B OTCTaBKY H.X. ByHre nocT MHHHCTpa <PHHaucoB 3aH.HJI H A . BbtUJ.Hezpa8cKuil.. CBoei1: rJiaBHOH aa,n;aqeJ1: oH cqHTaJI 6biCTpoe yJiyqiiieHHe COCTO.HHH.H ,n;eHe.>KHOI'O o6paiii;eHH.H B CTpaHe. C 3TOH rx;eJibiO MHHHCTepcTBO <PHHaHcoB HaKanJIHBaJIO 6oJihiiiHe 3anacbi ,n;eHer, a aaTeM npHHHMaJIO IIIHpoKoe yqacTHe B c,n;eJIKax ua aapy6emHhiX 611pmax. B peay JibTaTe noKyna- TeJihHa.H CnOC06HOCTb py6JI.H 3HaqHTeJibHO IIOBbiCHJiaCb. B TaMomeHHOH noJIHTHKe npaBHTeJihCTBO cTaJio c HO· BOH 3HeprHei1: ,ZI;BHraTbC.H no nyTH yBeJIJiqeHH.H noiiiJIHH, ,n;ocTHI'IIIHX npH BbiiiiHerpa,n;cKoM cBoei1: BbiCIIIei1: TOqKH. B 1891 r. 6biJI yqpem,n;eH HOBbiH TaMomeHHbiH TapHq>. Ec- JIH B npe,ZI;hi,D;Y III;HH nepHO,ll; nOBbiiiieHHbiMH c6opaMH 06Jia• I'aJIOCb B OCHOBBOM BB03HMOe B POCCHIO Cblpbe, TO T e nepb RMH CTaJia 06Jiai'8TbC.H H rrpO.n;yKII;H.H MaiiiHHOCTpOeHH.H.
B 1892 r. MHHHCTpoM QlHHa.HCOB 6biJI Ha3Ha"tJeH CJO. Bum- me. OH pa3pa6oTaJI 3KOHOMH"tJeCKYIO rrporpaMMY, KOTO- paR rrpe~ycMaTpHBaJia: IIpOBe~eHHe meCTKOH HaJIOrOBOH IIOJIHTHKH, yBeJIH'tJeHHe KOCBeHHbiX HaJIOrOB, BBe~eHHe rocy~apCTBeHHOH MOHOIIOJIHH Ha npOH3BO~CTBO H npo~a­ my BO~KH; ~aJihHenmee yBeJIH"tJeHHe TaMomeHHhiX nom- JIHH; ~eHemHYIO pecpopMy C :a;eJihiO yKperrJieHHH py6JIR; IIpHBJie'tJeHHe B CTpaHy HHOCTpaHHOrO KaiiHTaJia. B6JihmyiO -qacTh 3TOH rrporpaMMhi BHTTe npeTBOPHJI B mH3Hh yme nocJie cMepTH AJieKcaH~pa III. 1890-e ro~hl cTaJIH rrepHo~oM He6hiBaJioro B3JieTa pyccKoii: npoMhim- JieHHOCTH. 3a ~eCRTHJieTHe IIpOMbiillJieHHOe IIpOH3BO~CTBO B CTpaHe Y~BOHJIOCh, a BhiiiYCK npo~yKD;HH TRmeJIOH npo- MbiiUJieHHOCTH yBeJIH'tJHJICH B TPH pa3a. Oco6eHHO 6biCTpo pa3BHBaJIHCb OTpaCJIH HapO~HOrO X03RHCTBa, CBR3aH- Hhie C HOBbiMH BH~aMH TOITJIHBa - yrJieM H HecpTbiO. 9 IlpHTOK ~eHer H3-3a py6ema B03poc rrocJie ycrremHoro 3aBepmeHHH B 1897 r. ~eHemHOH pecpopMbi. IlOBbiilleHHe me TaMomeHHhiX c6opoB c~eJiaJio 6oJiee BhlrO~HhiM ~JIR HHOCTpaHHbiX npe~npHHHMaTeJieH He BB03 npOMblillJieH- HbiX TOBapoB, a HX npOH3BO~CTBO B caMoii: PoccH:a. B 1893 r . Ha"tJaJICR HOBhiH no~'beM meJie3HO,ZJ;opomHo- ro cTpOHTeJibCTBa. "YBeJIH"tJeHHe ~JIHHbi meJie3HhiX ,ZJ;opor COCTaBJI.HJIO B cpe~HeM CBhlille 2, 7 TbiC. KM B ro~. Ha'tJaJIOCb cTpOHTeJihCTBO Tpa.HCCH6HpCKOH meJie3HO~opomHOH MarH- cTpaJIH H3 EBpOIIbi K 6eperaM THxoro oKeaHa. B 3TO me BpeM.H rrpaBHTeJibCTBO aKTHBHO CKYIIaJIO "tJaCTHbie meJie3- Hbie ~OpOrn, C03~aBaR e~HHYJO TpaHCIIOpTHyiO CeTh CTpaHbl. 06HHID;aHHe KpeCTb.HH 3aCTaBJI.H- JIO DOMeiD;HKOB nepeXO~HTb K MCIIOJib30BaHHIO C06CTBeH- HOrO HHBeHTap.H H HaMMY BOJibHbiX pa60THHKOB . Ilo-HO- BOMY opraHH30BbiBaJIH o6pa60TKY CBOMX 3eMeJib IIOMeiD;HKH ITpH6aJITHHCKHX, 3ana~HbiX, IOr0-3ana~HbiX, IOmHhiX ry6epHHH CTpaHbi. "YBeJIH'tJHJiaCb crre:a;HaJIH3aD;H.H CeJibCKOrO X03RHCTBa ITO OT~eJibHbiM paHOHaM. IlOJibCKHe, llpH6aJITHHCKHe, a TaKme IlcKOBCKa.H H IIeTep6yprcKa.a ry6epHHH nepemJIH Ha Bblparu;HBaHHe TeXHH"tJeCKHX KYJibTYP M rrpoH3BO~CTBO MOJIOKa. ~eHTp 3epHOBOrO X03RHCTBa rrepeMeCTHJICR B cTeiiHble paHOHbi "YKpaHHbi, !Oro-BocToKa H Hnm- .,.,.. Hee IIoBoJimbe. ~ TeM He MeHee ypomanHOCTb nOBhimaJiacb Me~JieHHO. rJiaBHOH IIpH'tJHHOH 6hiJIO TO, 'tJTO IIO~aBJI.HIOID;aH "tJaCTb KpecTb.HH o6pa6aTbiBaJia IIOJIR cTaphiMH crroco6aM:a. B 3THX ycJIOBH.Hx noro~Hbie HeypH~HD;hl MOrJIH rrpHBeCTH R cTpam- HbiM nocJie~cTBH.HM. TaK, B 1891- 1892 rr. PoccHii:cKa.a HMrrepH.a nepemHJia roJio~. BCJie~CTBHe KOToporo yMepJio CBbiille 600 TbiC. -qeJIOBeK. 4.3. C.IO. Bumme. Xyoo:JICnUK H.E. P en u n 4 .4. P e.M.onmnbte pa6ombL na :J/CeJLe3nOil oopoze. 4Jpaz.M.enm. Xyoo:J/CnUK KA. Ca 6Ul.fKUil Aal71re o6ll.IYIO xapaKrepv1CTV1KY 3KOHOMW1€CKOI71 nOnV1TV1KV1 An€KCaHA- pa Ill. KaKOBbl 6blnV1 ee OCHOBHbl€ ~enV1 V1 pe3ynbTaTbl? CpaBHV1Te 3KOHOMV1Y€CKV1e npo- rpaMMbl H.X. 6yHre, V1.A. BbiWHe- rpaACKoro V1 C.IO. BV~ne. KaKV1e ny- TV1 nOAbeMa Ha~V10HanbHO~ 3KOHO- MV1KV1 npeAnaran Ka)I(Abl~ V13 HV1X? B YeM 3aKntOYanV1cb rnaBHble npo6neMbl cenbcKoro xo3AI71crea apaHbt?
06 OC06eHHOCTflX COCnOBHO!il crpyKrypbt nopecpopMeHHoro o6ll.e- crsa 0 pOnV1 KpeCTbflHCKOiil 06ll.V1Hbl B nopecpopMeHHOiil gepesHe 0 npOLeCCaX pa3MbiBaHV1fl ABO- pHHCKOro COCnOBV1fl 0 cneu,V1cj:>V1Ke pOCCV11i1CKOii1 6yp- >Kya3V1V1 V1 nponerap1-1ara 4ro raKoe cocnosV1fl? Ha KaKV1e cocnoBV1fl genV1nocb HaceneHV1e PocCV1V1? 4.5. fipUeM 60.ll.OCmfibLX cmapwun A .ll.eKcaniJp oM III. XyiJo:JICH.UIC H.E . P enun BonOCTHble CYAbl HaKa3biBanV1 KpeCTbflH 3a raKV1e npocrynKV1, KaK Hepa3yMHafl rpara geHer, nbHHCTBO V1 ga>Ke Kongoscrso. KpecTbflHe raK>Ke nogsepranV1Cb HaKa3aHV1flM, KOTOpbte gaBHO y>Ke 6blnV1 ynpa3A- HeHbl gnfl gpyr1-1x cocnosV11i1. Ha- npV1Mep, sonoCTHble cygbl V1MenV1 npaso npV1rosapV1BaTb YneHoB cso- ero cocnoBV1fl, He AOCTV1rWV1X 60 ner, K nopKe. He no,D,LJ.aiOll.V1XCfl ne- pesocnV1TaHV110 KpeCTbHH BOnOCTHble cy,D,bl V1MenV1 npaso V1CKn10YaTb V13 06ll.V1Hbl, YTO 03HaYano ,IJ,nfl npOBV1- HV1BWV1XCfl BbiCblnKy B CV16V1pb. non01KEHME OCHOBHbiX CnOEB O&IQECT O rMeHa KpenocTHoro npasa nplllsena K KapAli1HanbHbiM li13MeHeHll1s:!M B COl...lllaJlbHOt/1 ccpepe. npoli1CXOAli1T noCTe- neHHOe pa3pyweHll1e COLll1aJlbHOtl1 crpyKrypbl arpapHoro o6~eCTBa ll1 cpopMll1pOBaHll1e o6~eCTBa li1HAYCTpll1aJlbHO- ro. Oco6eHHO cepbe3Hble li13MeHeHll1s:l 3arpoHynll1 ,o,sops:~H­ crso ll1 KpeCTbs:lH. Bo BTOpoii noJIOBHHe XIX B. coxpaH.HJIOCh cocJIOBHoe ~eJie­ HHe o6~eCTBa. B CBo~e aaKoHoB P occHiicKoii HMnepHH Bee ropo~cKoe H ceJibcKoe HaceJieHHe ~eJIHJIOCh Ha qeTbi- pe rJiaBHbiX paapSI~a: ~BOp.HHCTBO , ~yXOBeHCTBO, ropo~­ CKHX H ceJihCKHX o6biBaTeJieii . BbiCIIIHM, rrpH- BHJierHpoBaHHbiM COCJIOBHeM OCTaBaJIOCb ~BOpSIHCTBO. 0HO ~eJIHJIOCb Ha JIH~Oe H ITOTOM- CTBeHHOe. B paapSI~ ropo~CKHX o6hiBaTeJieii BXO~HJIH IIOTOMCTBeHHbie noqeTHhle rpam~aHe, KYIID;hi, MeiD;aHe, peMecJieHHHKH. K qHcJiy CeJibCKHX 06biBaTeJieR OTHOCHJIHCb KpeCTb.HHe, Ka3aKH H ~pyrHe KaTeropHH JIIO~eii, 3aHHMaB- IIIHXCSI CeJibCKHM X03SIRCTBOM. Ho BMecTe c paaBHTHeM KaiiHTaJIHCTHqec- Koro IIpOH3BO~CTBa IIIJIO qJOpMHpOBaHHe 6yp- mya3HOrO 06ID;eCTBa C ~BYMSI era OCHOBHbiMH KJiaccaMH - 6yp myaaHeii H npoJieTapHaToM. Bo BTOpoii noJIOBHHe XIX B. KpeCTb.HHe IIO-rrpemHeMy COCTaBJISIJIH IIO~aBJISliOID;ee 60JibiiiHHCTBO HaceJieHH.H PoccHiicKoii HMrrepHH. KpeCTb- .HHe BXO~HJIH B COCTaB CaMoyrrp aBJISIIOID;HXCSI CeJibCKHX o6ID;eCTB - o6r.:u;HH. HecKOJibKO ceJibCKHX o6ID;eCTB cocTaB- JISIJIH BOJIOCTb. "t.J:JieHbl 06I.D;HHbl 6biJIH CBSI3aHbl KpyrOBOR rropyKOR B ynJiaTe HaJIOrOB H BbiiiOJIHeHHH IIOBHHHOCTeR. ilOSTOMy CyiD;eCTBOBaJia CHJibHaSI 3aBHCHMOCTb KpeCTb.HH OT 06ID;HHbl. Ha ceJihCKOM cxo~e Ha TPH ro~a H36HpaJIHCb cTapoc- Ta, c6opiD;HK rro~aTeii H rrpe~cTaBHTeJIH o6ID;HHbi ~JI.H yqacTHH B BOJIOCTHOM cxo~e . BoJIOCTHOii cxo~ H36HpaJI BOJIOCTHOrO CTapiiiHHY. .IJ:JI.H KpeCTb.HH cyr.:u;eCTBOBaJI OC06biR BOJIOCTHOR Cy~, 'IJI€Hbl KOTOpOrO TaKme H36HpaJIHCb C€JibCKHM CXO~OM. llpH STOM BOJIOCTHbie Cy~bi BbiHOCHJIH CBOH peiiieHHSI He TOJibKO Ha OCHOBe HOpM 3aKOHOB, HO H pyKOBO~CTBY.HCb 06bi'IaSIMH. HHr.:u;eTa, THrOTbi, CBSI3aHHhie c BbiKYITHbiMH nJiaTe- maMH, He~OCTaTOK 3eMJIH H ~pyrHe Heyp.H~HD;bl KpeiiKO
CBSI3biB8JIH OCHOBHYIO qaCTh KpeCThSIH C o6~HHOH . Be,n;h aHa rapaHTHPOBaJia CBOHM qJieHaM rro,n;,n;epmKy. KpoMe Ta- ro, pacrrpe,n;eJieHHe aeMJIH B o6~nHe rroMoraJio Bhi»<HTh cpe,n;HHM H 6e,n;HeHIIIHM KpecThSIHaM B cJiyqae roJio,n;a. Ha- ,n;eJihi Mem,n;y 06I.I:{HHHHKaMH pacrrpe,n;eJISIJIHCh qepeCIIOJIOC- HO, a He CBO,ll;HJIHCh B o,n;HoM MecTe. Kam,n;hiH qJieH o6- ~HHhi HMeJI ITO He60JihiiiOMy Ha,n;eJiy (IIOJIOCe) B pa3HhiX MecTax. B aacyiiiJIHBhiH ro,n; yqacTOK, pacrroJiomeHHhiM B HH3HHe, MOr ,ll;8Th BIIOJIHe CHOCHhiH ypomaif, B ,ll;O»<,ll;JIH- Bbie me rO,D;hl BbipyqaJI Y'!8CTOK Ha IIpHrOpKe. MHoroBeKoBoe cyru;ecTBOBaHHe o6~MHhi HaJIO»<HJIO CHJihHhiH OTrreqaTOK Ha IICHXOJIOrHIO pyCCKOrO KpeCTbSI- HHHa. Ero coaHaHHIO 6hiJIH rrpHcyru;H KOJIJieKTHBH3M, pa3BHTOe qyBCTBO CIIpaBe,ll;JIHBOCTH. 0CB06om,n;eHHe OT KpeiiOCTHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH IIPHHeCJIO B ,n;epeBHIO 60JihiiiHe rrepeMeHbl. YcHJIHJIOCh paccJioeHHe KpecThSIH. Heo6xo,n;HMOCTh nJiaTHTh BhiKYIIHhie IIJiaTe»<H H IIO,ll;YIIIHYIO IIO,ll;8Th pe3KO YCHJIHJia IIOTpe6HOCTh B ,n;eHh- rax. IlpOHCXO,ll;HJIO BOBJieqeHHe 60JihiiiHHCTB8 KpeCThSIH- CKHX X03SIHCTB B pbiHQqHhie OTHOIIIeHHSI. IIocJie KpecThSIHCKOH pecpopMhi 1861 r. 6hiCTpO IIIJIO paCCJIOeHHe ,D;BOpSIHCTBa 38 cqeT aKTHBHOrO rrpHTOKa B rrpHBHJierHpOB8HHOe COCJIOBHe BbiXO,D;~eB 113 ,n;pyrHx cJioeB HaceJieHHSI. B 1856 r. ,D;JISI rrpe,o;oTBpa~e­ HHSI 3TOrO 6biJIH IIOBhiiiieHhl KJiaCChi qHHOB, ,ll;8B8BIIIHX npaBO Ha JIHqHoe H IIOTOMCTBeHHOe ,ll;BOpSIHCTBO. TeM He MeHee BO BTopoi1: rroJIOBHHe XIX B. qHcJieHHOCTh ,D;BOpSIH- CTBa BblpOCJia. TaK, B 1867 r. IIOTOMCTBeHHhiX ,D;BOpSIH 6biJIO 652 ThiC., a B 1897 r. CBhiiiie 1 MJIH 222 ThiC. IlOJIHTHqecKOe IIOJIOmeHHe ,ll;BOpSIHCTBa HeCKOJihKO ocJia6Jio: rrpH aaqHcJieHHH Ha cJiym6y Bee 6oJiee yqH- ThiBaJIHCh IIO,ll;rOTOBJieHHOCTh K HeM H o6pa30B8HHe, BCe MeHbiiie IIpHHHM8JIOCh BO BHHM8HHe COCJIOBHOe rrpoHcxom,n;eHHe. K KOH~Y XIX B. cpe,n;H ocpH~epoB 6hiJIO 51,2% IIOTOMCTBeHHbiX ,D;BOpSIH, a cpe,n;H qHHOB- HHKOB Bhlcmero H cpe,n;Hero 3BeHa - 30,7% . Bcero ,o;BopSIHe cocTaBJISIJIH 114 qacTh OT o6ru;ero KOJIMqecTBa cJiymaru;Hx. IIocTerreHHO ,n;sopSIHCTBO yTpaq:aBaJio CBOH aeMJieBJia- ,o;eJihqecKHe rroaH~HH. IIocJie KpecThSIHCKOH pecpopMhi 1861 r. IIJIOIIJ;8,ll;h IIpHH8,D;JiemaBmeH ,D;BOpSIH8M 3eMJIH yMeHhiiiaJiaCb B Cpe,o;HeM Ha 0,68 MJIH ,n;eCSITHH B ro,n;. 'LfHCJIO IIOMe~HKOB cpe,n;R ,ll;BOpSIH COKp~aJIOCh. Bee qaru;e ,o;BopSIHe aaHHMaJIHCh rrpe,n;npHHHMaTeJih- CTBOM. HeKOTOphie H3 HHX CTaJIH BJia,D;eJih0:8MH KpynHhiX IIpOMhiiiiJieHHhiX npe,n;npHSITHH, aKIJ:HH H He,D;BH)KHMOCTM, aaHSIJIH BH,D;Hhie rroCThi B 6aHKax. MHorHe rrp1106peJIH npo<tJeCCHH Bpaqa, IOpHCTa, CT8JIH IIHC8TeJISIMH, xy,o;om- HHK8MH, apTHCT8MH. M epV1nOM 3a:>KI-1TOYHOCTV1 Yaute scero HBnHnocb HanV1YV1e s X03H~ ­ crse onpeAeneHHoro KonVIYecrsa nowaAelil, 6e3 KOTOpbiX HeB03- MO:>KHO 6blnO o6pa6aTbiBaTb 3eM- ntO. Eie3nowaAHbl~ KpeCTbHHVIH CTan CVIMBOnOM gepeBeHCKO~ Hl-1- uteTbl. B KOHL(e 1880-x rr. s Espo- nelilcKo~ POCCV1V1 27% ABOpOB 6bl- nV1 6e3nOWaAHbiMV1. npV13HaKOM I 6eAHOCTV1 CYVITanOCb HanV1YV1e OA- HOiil nowaAVI. TaKVIX X03H~CTB 6bl- no OKOnO 29%. B TO :>Ke BpeMH OT 5 AO 25% X03H~CTB VIMenVI AO Ae- CHTVI noWaAe~. 3TV1 X03H~CTBa CKy- nanVI 6onbWI-1e 3eMenbHble snaAe- HI-1H, HaHI-1Manl-1 6arpaKOB. 4.6. Ha .lltupy. Xyoo:HCnwc CA. Kopooun
4 .7. JlpO.MblUJJU' HHUKU .Melfenambl omopou noJLoounbt XIX o.: a) C.H. Ma.uonmoo; 6) C.M. TpembRKOB 8 1856 r. Kyne4 n.M. TpeTbflKOB npL-1o6pen 2 KapTL-1Hbl pyccKL-1X xy- AO:>KHL-1KOB 3TO nOCJlY:>KL-1!10 HaYa- JlOM ¢opML-1pOBaHL-1fl KOJ1JleK4L-1L-1 npOL-13BeAeHL-11i! pyCCKL-1X L-1 L-1HO- CTpaHHbiX :>KL-1BOnL-1C4eB, KOTOpaSl K 1890-M rr HaCYL-1TbiBana y:>Ke 1276 KapTL-1H, 47 1 pL-1CYHOK L-1 10 CKYilbnTYP pycCKL-1X XYAO:>KHL-1KOB, a TaK:>Ke 84 KapTLo1Hbl L-1HOCTpaHHbiX Macrepos B 1892 r . TpeTbfiKOB nepeAaJl BCIO KOJ1JleK4L-110 MOCKBe, a s 1893 r 6b1JlO opraHL-130BaHo orKpbiTOe nocell.leHL-1e ranepeL-1. PaaBHTHe KanHTan:HaMa B PoccHH aeno K pocTy KOJIHqecTaa 6yp.myaaHH. Cpe~H KpynHeilmHx Ka- nHTaJIHCToa-npOMhimJieHHHKOB 6biJIO HeMaJIO BhiXO~I.J;eB 1:13 6oraToro KyneqecTaa (I'y6oHHH, MaMoHTOBhi), ~aopsm­ CTBa (Bo6pHHCKHe, BpaHHD;KHe, IToTOD;KHe, IliHnOBbi), HO MHOrO 6biJIO 1:1 KpeCTbSIH, OC06eHHO CTapoo6pSI~D;eB (Mop030Bbl, PSI6ymHHCK.He, ryt{KOBbl, KOHOBaJIOBbi). Byp.mya3HSI aKTHBHO nononHSIJiach H 3a cqeT t{HHOBHHKOB. ilOMHMO pyCCKHX, Cpe~l:I KpynHeHilll:IX OTeqeCTBeH- HhiX npe~npHHHMa·rene:H 6hiJIH npe~cTaBHTeJIH MHOrHx Hapo~oa Poccmi - yKpaHHI.J;hi, apMSIHe, a3ep6a:H~.maHu;hl, eapeH. IToSIBHJIOCh H HeMano HHOCTpaHHhiX npe~npHHH­ MaTene:H (Ho6eJIH, ,ll;.m. lOa, r.A. BpoKap). IIepHo~ CKJia~hiBaHHSI poccHilcKoli 6yp.mya3HH cos- nan no BpeMeHH C aKTHBHOH ~eSITeJibHOCTblO HapO~HH­ KOB BHYTPH CTpaHhi 1:1 c pocTOM peaonrou;noHHOH 6oph6bl aana~HoeaponeilcKoro nponeTapHaTa. IToaTOMY 6yp.mya- 3HSI B POCCHH CMOTpena Ha CaMO~ep.maBHYIO BJiaCTb KaK Ha CBOIO aa~l:ITHHI.J;Y OT peBOJIIOI.J;HOHHhiX BbiCTynJieHHH. H XOTSI HHTepechi 6yp.mya3HH nepe~Ko ~eMJISIJIHCh rocy- ~apcTBOM, Ha aKTHBHhie, pemHTeJibHble ~eHCTBHSI npOTHB caMo~ep.maBHSI ona ae peruan:ach. MHOrHe npe~CT8BHTeJil:I 3TOrO HOBOrO TIOKOJieHHSI 6yp- .mya3HH CTpeMHJIHCh TIO~~ep.>KaTb yqeHhiX, BKJia~biBaJIH ~eHI,rH B C03~aHHe 6H6Jil:IOTeK, KapTHHHhiX ran:epeH. 3a6o- TSICb o paaBHTHH o6paaoaaHHSI 1:1 a~paaooxpaHeHHSI, npo- MhiillJieHHHKH 1:1 TOprOBI.J;hl OTKpbiBaJIH 60JibHl:II.J;hi, npHIO- Thl, paaJIHt{Hhie yqe6Hhie 3aae~eHHSI. 3Hat{HTeJihHYJO ponh B paCmHpeHHH 6JiarOTBOpHTeJihHOCTl:I H MeiJ;eHaTCTBa Cbl- rpaJIH C .M. 1:1 IT.M. TpeThSIKOBhi, A.A. KopaHHKHH, K.T. Co~aTeHKOB, IT.K. 1:1 ,n;.rr. BOTKHHhi, C.H. MaMoHToa. Eru;e o~HHM KnaccoM HH~ycTpHaJibHoro 06~eCTBa SIBJISieTCSI npOJieTapHaT. K TipOJieT8pHaTy OTHOCH- Jil:ICb BCe HaeMHble pa6oq1:1e, B TOM t{HCJie 3aHSITbie B CeJib- CKOM X03SIHCTBe H npOMhiCJiax, HO ero SI~pOM SIBJISIJIHCb l}Ja6pHt{H0-3aBO~CKHe, ropHhie 1:1 .>KeJie3HO~OpO.>KHble pa- 6oql:Ie - npoMhimneHHhiH nponeTapHaT. K cepe~HHe 1890-x rr. B CqJepe HaeMHOrO Tpy~a 6hiJIO 3aHSITO OKOJIO 10 MJIH qeJIOBeK. Pa6oq11::H Knacc PoccHH HMeJI pSi~ oco6eHHOcTeH:. OH 6hiJI TeCHO CBSI3aH C KpeCTbSIHCTBOM . 3Ha'll:ITeJibHaSI qaCTb ¢a6pHK H 3aBO~OB pa3Mei.D;aJI8Cb B CeJiaX, a CaM npOMbiWJieHHbiH npoJieTapHaT llOCTOSIHHO nonOJIHSIJICSI BhiXO~u;aMH 1:13 ~epeaHH. B PoccHH Ha6nro~an:acb 6QJihmaSI KOHI.J;eHTpai.J;HSI npoJieTapl:IaTa H8 KpynHhiX npe~npHSITHSIX no CpaBHeHHIO C ~pyrHMH CTpaHaMH . HaeMHhiH l}Ja6pH'IHhiH pa6oq1:1:H SIBJISIJICSI, KaK npa- BHJIO, npoJieTapl:IeM B nepBOM nOKOJieHHH H COXpaHSIJI TecHyro CBSI3h c ~epeBHeli. Bonee nonoBHHhi nponeTapHeB
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0 BHeWHenom1Tii1YeCKii1X npi110p111- TeTaX AlleKcaHApa Ill 0 TOM, KaK li13MeHI!1JlaCb nOJlli1Tii1Ka POCCI/1111 Ha 6aJ1KaHaX 0 nollli1Tii1Ke Pocc111111 e Eepone 111 ee C6Jlii1>KeHII11!1 C Cl)paHU111eill 0 3aeepweHII1111 3aeoeeaHII1R CpeA- Heill A31111!1 0 np111YII1Hax o6ocrpeHII1R pyccKo- smoHCK111X OTHOWeHII1Vt KaKOBbl 6blllll1 OCHOBHble HanpaB- lleHii1R BHewHeill nonli1TII1Kii1 Pocc111111 np111 AlleKcaHApe II? KaKOBbl np111YII1Hbl 111 111Tor111 pyccKo- rypeuKoill eoii!Hbl 1877-1878 rr.? KaK pa3BII1Ballli1Cb OTHOWeHii1R POCCI/1111 C BeAYW.Ii1Mii1 eeponeiiiCKii1Mii1 Aep>KaeaMII1 np111 AlleKcaHApe II? o6ones neoHHA HHKOnaeBH~ 1844-1913 PyccKI!1L71 reHepan. YYaCTHii1K pyccKo- rypel.IKOL71 BOL7!Hbl 1877-1878 rr. npeMbep-Mi11Hii1CTp npaBii1TeJlbCTBa 5onrapli11!1 a 1882-1883 rr BHEW RA non T AnE CAH ~ Ill 0 cHOBHbiMV1 3aAa4aMV1 BHewHeiil nonV1TV1KV1 Pocc111V1 np111 AneKcaHApe Ill cran111 yKpenneHVIe sn111~HV1~ Ha 6anKaHax, nOAAep.>KaHVIe A06pOCOCeACKV1X OTHOWeHVIiil CO BCeMVI CTpaHaMVI, nOVICK HaAe.>KHbiX COI03HII1KOB, ycraHOBneHVIe MV1pa 111 rpaHVIU. Ha 10re CpeAHeiil A3111V1, 3aKpenneHV1e POCCI/1111 Ha HOBbiX reppV1TOp111~X ,[J.anbHero BoCTOKa. IIocJie BepJIHHCKoro KOHrpecca paccTaHOBKa c:aJI ua BaJIKaHax :aa- MeHHJiaCb. YcHJI:aJiaCb pOJib repMaHHH H ABcTpo-Bearp:a:a. IlpaBHTeJIH PyMbm:a:a H Cep6:a:a, nonaBm:ae no.ZJ; BJI:aSIH:ae ABcTpo-Beurp:a.a :a He no.rryq:aam:ae no HTOraM BOHHbi c Typn,:aeR TO, 1lTO liM OOeiD;aJIR, BRHRJIH BO BCeM POCCHIO. B To me apeMH Pocc:aH paccYIHThiBaJia ua 6JiaromeJia- TeJibHOe OTHOmeH:ae K HeR npaBHTeJibCTB HOBbiX He3aBH- CHMbiX rocy,ZJ;apcTB, oco6euuo BoJirap:a:a. B IleTep6ypre paapa6oTaJI:a .ZJ;JIH BoJirap:a:a .ZJ;OCTaTOYIHO JI:a6epaJibHYIO KOHCTHTYII,HIO. rJiaBOR BoJirap:a:a 6hiJI :aa6paH A.JLeK:canop Bammen6epz. Ha aamuble MHHHCTepcK:ae nocThi 6biJIH uaauaqeHhl pyccK.ae aoeHHhle, a npaB:aTeJihCTBO BoJirap:a:a aoarJiaB:aJI JIH. Co6oJLee. B BoJirap:aro 6hiJIH uanpaBJieHhl pyccK:ae reuepaJibi :a a<P:an,ephl, coa,ZJ;aBm:ae :aa 6oJirapcKoro HapO.ZJ;HOrO OIIOJiqeHHH COBpeMeHHYIO apMHIO, CHJib- HeRmyiO Ha BaJIKaHax. 9 Ho B Mae 1881 r. KHSi3b ArreKCaHAP coaepm:aJI rocy- .ZJ;apcTBeHHhiR nepeaopoT. OnacaHCb, YITO BoJirap:ag MO- meT IIOJIHOCTbiO nonacTb no.ZJ; BJIHHH:ae AacTpo-BeHrp.a:a H repMaHHH, ArreKCaH.ZJ;p III OKa3aJI .ZJ;aBJieH:ae Ha BaTTeH- 6epra H 3aCTaBHJI erO BOCCTaHOBHTb KOHCTHTYII,HIO. K aToMy apeMeH:a B BocTOYIHOR PyMeJI:a:a acnhlxHyJio HapO,ZJ;HOe BOCCTaHHe. Typeii,KHe qHHOBHHKH 6hiJIH H3rHaHhl H3 3TOR IIpOBHHII,HR, H fihiJIO 06'bHBJieHO 0 IIpHCOe,ZJ;HHeHHH ee K BoJirap:a:a. 06'be,ZJ;HHeHHe BoJirap:aH, npOTHBOpeq:aa- mee cTaTbHM BepJI:aHcKoro ,ZJ;oroaopa, Bhi3BaJio ocTphiR Kp:aa:ac Ha BanKaHax. Haapeaana BORHa Mem,ZJ;y BoJirap:a- eR :a Typn,:aeR c He:aa6emHbiM BOBJieYieH:aeM a Hee Pocc:a:a H ,ZJ;pyrmc. aeJIHKHX ,ZJ;epmaB. Ho Pocc:aH ue 6hiJia roToaa K 60JibillOR BORHe, K TOMY me ArreKcaH.ZJ;P III He co6:apaJicH aam;:am;aTb .. ue6Jiaro,ZJ;apuyro~ BoJirap:aro. MMnepaTop npe.ZJ;JIOmHJI BoJirap:aH CaMOCTOHTeJihHO pemaTb caoH ,ZJ;eJia H He CTaJI BMem:aBaTbCSi B 6oJirapo-Typeii,KHe OTHOilleHHH. PeaK:aR noaopoT a IIOJIHTHKe Pocc:a:a Bhi3BaJI m:a- poKyro BOJIHY aHT:apyccK:ax uacTpoeHHR Ha BaJIKaHax. B HOH6pe 1886 r • .ZJ;HIIJIOMaTHYieCKHe OTHOmeHHH Mem,ZJ;y Pocc:aeR :a BoJirap:aeR 6biJIH paaopaauhl. BJIHHH:ae Poc- c:a:a 6hiJIO no.ZJ;opaauo TaKme B Cep6:a:a :a PyMhiH:a:a.
0 pa3BII1H1111 npocBei.J..leHII1s:t BO Bropolll nonoBII1He XIX B. 0 AOCTII1>KeHII1s:tX pyccKolll HayKII1 Bropolll nonoBII1Hbl XIX B. KaK111e r111n~ cpeAH111X yye6H~x 3aBeAeH1111ii Cyi.J..leCTBOBaJ1111 B nope- cpopMeHHOiil Pocc111111? KorAa 6b1Jl 1113AaH t.t111pKyns:tp «o KyxapK111HbiX Aers:tx»? KaKosa 6b1Jla 1..1e11b 3TOrO AOKyMeHra? n epBble BOCKpeCHble WKOJlbl 6biJ1111 opraHII130BaHbl B K111ese, HO 6bla- po pacnpoapaHII111111Cb 111 B Apyrll1x ropoAaX POCCII1111. 3TII1 yye6Hble 3a- BeAeHII1s:t npeAHa3HaYaJ1111Cb Alls:t pa6oraiOI.J..l111X Aerelil 111 s3pocnbiX. 06yYeHII1e BeJlOCb no BOCKpeCHbiM AHS'IM, HO BO MHOfii1X WKOJlaX - BeYepOM B 6yAH111. 06yYeHit1e, KaK npas1.1no, 6biJlO 6ecnnaTHbiM. 4.10. Ycmnbtlt cttem. XyaoJ/CnuK H .II. Bolaanoo·BeJlbCicuil nPOCBE BTOPO EHHE M HAYKA BO nOnOBHHE X X a. O rMeHa KpenocrHoro npasa, ycnex111 s 3KOHOMII1Ke no- sneKJll-1 3a co6oll! rny6oK!I1e 1113MeHeHII1~ so scex o6nacr~x Kynbrypbr. Pa3BII1Banocb npocse~eHII1e HapoAa, poena ero rpaMOTHOCTb. PyCCK111e yYeHble BHeCnl-1 BeCOMblill BKllaA B pa3BII1TII1e M111pOBOil1 HayKI-1. TiepBbie ,n;Ba .n;ecSITRJieTRSI noc- Jie OTMeHhl KpenocTHoro npaBa npomJIR no.n; aHaKOM OC03H8HHSI 06~eCTBOM R rocy,n;apCTBOM He06XO,li;RMOCTR mRpoKoro npocBe~eHRSI Hapo.n;a. B cTpaae noSIBRJIRCb KOMRTeTbl rpaMOTHOCTR, UpOCBeTRTeJibCKRe opraHR38- D;HIL 0HR R3,li;8BaJIR }"Ie6HHKH, npOBO,li;RJIR C60p Cpe,n;CTB )l;JISI Hy:n<,n; illKOJibl. TioJiy~RJIR pacnpocTpaaeHRe paaJIR~Hbie <PopMbi BHemKOJibHOro o6pa3oBaHHSI. B 1859 r. 6hiJIR opraHRao- B8Hbi nepBble B PoccRR BOCKpeCHhie mKOJibi. K 1862 r. RX HaC'IHTbiBaJIOCb 6oJiee 300. OrpoMHYIO poJib B pacnpo- cTpaHeHHR npocBe~eHHSI HrpaJIH aeMCTBa. ToJihKO c 1864 UO 1874 r. 6biJIO OTKpbiTO UO'ITR 10 TbiC. 3eMCKHX illKOJI. OcHOBHbiM TRUOM cpe,n;Hei1: rnKOJibi 6hiJIR rHMH83HH. B 1861 r. B PoccHH 6biJIO 85 MymcKHX rHMHaaRli, r.n;e }"IHJIOCb 25 Tblc. qeJioBeK. CnycTSI 'leTBepTb BeKa 'IRCJIO rRMH83Hll BblpOCJIO B TpH paaa, rRMH83RCTOB CT8JIO 6o- Jiee 70 TbiC. K H8'laJIY 1890-x rr. 6hiJIO T8Kme OTKpbiTO OKOJIO 300 meHCKHX cpe,n;HHX }"Ie6HhiX aaBe,n;eHRH. B HRX 3aHHMaJIOCb ,li;O 75 TbiC. ,n;eBymeK. 0TKPbiJIHCb HOBble yHHBepcHTeThi B ToMcKe H O.n;ecce. K KOHD;Y XIX B. B PoccHH aac~HTbiBaJIOCb CBhlrne 60 ro- cy.n;apcTBeHHbiX BbiCillHX }"Ie6HbiX 3aBe,n;eHRH. BcepoccRlicKa.H nepenHCb HaceJieHHSI 1897 r. BnepBble ,ll;aJI8 UOJIHYIO KapTRHY ypOBHSI rpaMOTHOCTH HaCeJieHRSI CTpaHhi. Cpe,n;HHH ypoBeHh rpaMOTHOCTH cocTaBJISIJI 21,1% . IlpH'leM cpe,n;R MYm~RH rpaMOTHbiX 6biJIO 29,3% , a cpe,n;R meH~HH - 13,1% . Bhlcmee o6paaoBaHHe RMeJIH HeMHorHM 6oJiee 1 % HaceJieHHSI, cpe,n;Hee - 4 % • <1>.11. JlRTKe 6biJIR o6cJie,n;oBaHbl KaM'laTKa, llyKOTKa H pSI,n; ocTpOBOB ceBep- Holi ~acTH THxoro OKeaaa. HwwJLae.M MuxailJLOBU'le.M fip:HCe6aJLbCICU.M 6biJI OTKpbiT :u;eJiblll pSI,n; HeR3BeCTHbiX eBpOneHD;8M ropHbiX xpe6TOB H 03ep, BnepBble 6biJIO ,n;a- HO OllHCaHHe HeKOTOpbiX jKHBOTHbiX. Hu~eoJLail Hu~eoJLaeBU'l Mu~eJLyxo-MaKJLail nocBSITHJI cBoiO mH3Hb H3y~eHRIO Hapo,n;oB IOro-BocTO'IHOH AaHH, ABcTpaJIHH, ocTpOBOB THxoro OKeaHa. ,ll;Ba c noJIOBRHOH ro.n;a OH npomRJI B HoBOH rBRHee.
MaTeMaTHK H MexaHHK lla<l>HYTHH JlbBOBHq l.Je6biilleB CBH3biBaJI CBOH HRyqHbie HHTepecbi c o6JiaCTbiO MaTeMaTHqecKoro aHaJIH3a. YBJie- qeHHeM yqeHOrO 6biJIR TeOpHH MamHH, a TaKme KOHCTpy- HpOBRHHe pa3JIHqHbiX MeXaHH3MOB. <l>H3HK A.nex:can{)p FpuzopbeButt CmoJLemoe B 1876 r. noJiyqHJI 3HaqeHHe, 6JIH3KOe K CKOpOCTH CBeTa. Tipo<Peccop Anex:canop Cmenanoeutt llonoe 25 anpe- JIH 1895 r. B PyccKOM <l>H3HqecKOM o61.1.eCTBe npoqHTaJI AOKJIRA no paAHOCBH3H H npoAeMOHCTpHpoBaJI H3rOTOB- JieHHbiH HM npHeMHHK-nepeAaTqHK paAHOBOJIH. B 1876 r. llaeeJL Hux:oJLaeeutt .H6JLottx:oe C03AaJI AY- roByro sJieKTpHqecKyro JiaMny. BcKope JiaMnoqKH H6Jioq- KOBa OCBeTHJIH YJIHII;bl H AOMa MHOrHX ropOAOB MHpa. B 1881 r. MopcKoft o<Pm:J;ep A.nex:canop 4>eoopoeu'l Mo:HCailcx:uil cKoHcTpyHpoBaJI nepBbiH B MHpe caMoJieT, HCnbiTRHHH KOTOpOrO OAHaKO 3RKOHqHJIHCb HeyAaqeft. B 1888 r . MexaHHK·caMoyqKa 4>eoop A6pa.MoBu'l BJLu- noe H306peJI ryceHHqHbJH TpaKTOp. llepy ~MumpuR Heanoeu'ta MenoeJLeeea npHHRAJie- mHT CBbrrue 500 TPYAOB no XHMHH, <l>H3HKe, ceJibCKOMY X03HHCTBy, SKOHOMHKe, npocBeiJJ;eHHIO. BceMHPHYIO CJia- BY npHHecJio eMy OTKpbiTHe B 1869 r. nepHOAHqecKoro 3aKoHa XHMHqecKHx sJieMeHTOB. PeKTOP Ka3aHcKoro yHHBepcHTeTa Anex:canop MuxailJLOBU'l BymJLepoe 3aJio- mHJI OCHOBbl opraHHqecKOH XHMHH. BacuJLuil BacuJLbeBu'l ~ox:yttaee noJiomHJI Haqa.n:o Ha- yKe o CBOHCTBax pa3JIHqHbiX noqB. B 1889 r. ero TPYAbi 6biJIH YAOCTOeHbl 30JIOTOH MeAaJIH Ha BbiCTaBKe B llapHme. H ean MuxailJLOBU'l Cellenoa C03AaJI yqeHHe o pe<t>- JieKcax roJIOBHoro M03ra. M3biCKaHHH B STOH o6JiaCTH npOAOJimHJI Haan llempoeutt llaBJLOB. Ero y"t:J:eHHe o6 YCJIOBHbiX pe<t>JieKCRX nOCJiymHJIO OCHOBOH COBpeMeHHbiX npeACTRBJieHHH 0 M03re mHBOTHbiX H qeJIOBeKa. HJLM HJlbU'l Mett1iU1C08 H Hux:oJLail 4>eoop08U'l ra.Jtta- JleR opraHH30BaJIH nepByro B PoccHH 6aKTepHoJiornqecKyro CTaHIJ;HIO, paapa60TaJIH MeTOAbi 6opb6bl ITpOTHB 6emeHCTBR. B o6JiaCTH ryMaHHTap- HbiX HRYK CJieAyeT BbiAeJIHTb pa60Tbl pyCCKHX HCTOpH- KOB. Cepzeil MuxailJLOBU'l CoJLOBbeB C03ARJI 29-TOMHYJO «HcTopHro PoccHH c APeBHeftmHx BpeMeH,.. C.M. Co- JIOBbeB npHHMJiemaJI K TaK Ha3biBReMOH rocyp;apCTBeH- HOH IDKOJie, KOTOpaH cqHTaJia rOCYARPCTBO ABHmyiJJ;eH CHJioft HCTopHqecKoro pa3BHTHH. YqeHHK C.M. CoJIOBbe- Ba BacuJLuil Ocunoautt KJL10'teecx:uil - aBTop MHOrHx HCTOpHqecKHX HCCJieAOBaHHH H 4Kypca pyccKoft HCTo- PHH,., KOTOpbiH oH qHTaJI B MocKOBCKOM yHHBepcRTeTe. BoJihmoe 3HaqeHHe yqeHblif npHAaBaJI H3yqeHHIO cou;H- aJibHO-sKOHOMHqecKHx npJiqHH HCTOpHqeCKHX C06biTHH. 4 epe3 HecKOnbKO ner, ycoaep- weHcraosas CBOe 111306peTeH111e, A.C. nonoa A06111nCR 150-K111nO- MeTposoli1 AaJlbHOCTII1 nepeAaYII1 111 np111eMa. B 1900 r. paA1110np111- eMHII1K nonosa 6bln 111CnOJlb30aaH a npaKTII1YeCKII1X ~eJlRX AJlR cnace- HII1R pb16aKOB a <DII1HCKOM 3anii1Be. 3a csoe orKpb1TII1e yYeHbllil 6bl11 YAOCTOeH 6onbwoli1 3onoroli1 MeAa- 11111 Ha BceM111pHOii1 abiCTaaKe a na- p111)Ke a 1900 r. OnpeAe11111Te, YTO 6biJlO xapaK- repHo AJlR pa3aii1TII1R npocaell(eH111R B POCCII1111 B 3TII1 rOAbl. KaK111MII1 np111YII1HaMII1 6bl11111 o6yc- noaneHbl AOCT1!1)KeHII1R OTeYeCTBeH- HOCi HayKII1 BO BTOpOCi n0110a111He XIX a.? KaKoe np111MeHeHII1e Haw11111 HayY- Hble OTKpbiTII1R a )KII13HII1 niOAelil? KaK Bbl AYMaere, YeM o6bRCHRer- CR 111HTepec 06U(eCTBa K ryMaHII1Tap- HbiM HayKaM, 111 B YaCTHOCTII1 K 111C- TOp111YeCKII1M, BO aropoCi nOJlOBII1He XIX a.?
0 pom11 mnepaTypbl 111 1113o6pa3111· TeJlbHOrO 111CKYCCTBa B )KII13HII1 nope- cpOpMeHHOiil Pocc111111 0 CYLJ..lHOCTII1 Kp111TW-iecKoro pea- n1113Ma 0 TBOpYeCTBe BeAYLJ..lii1X nii1CaTe- nelit 111 XYAO)KH111KOB Bropolit nonoBII1· Hbl XIX B. KaKOB~ oco6eHHOCTII1 pa3BII1TII1~ n111reparypb1 111 1113o6pa3111TenbHoro 111CKYCCTBa nepBolit nonoBII1Hbl XIX B.? KaKII1e HanpaBneHII1~ B nll1repary- pe 111 111306pa3111T€JlbHOM 111CKYCCTB€ 6blflll1 B€AYLJ..lii1MII1 B nepBOiil nOJlOBII1· He XIX B.? KaKoBa 6btna ponb Pocc1111itcKolil aKaAeM111111 XYAO)KeCTB B pa3BII1TII1111 )KII1BOnii1CII1? KpynHelilw111x n111carenellt 111 KOM· no3111ropoB nepBolit nonoBII1Hbl XIX B. 4.12. Pycc~eue nucameJtu: a) clJ.M. ,[(ocmoeec~euu: 6) JIB . ToJtcmou; e) M.E. CaJtmbt/Coe·IJ:{eopun nHTEPATY A 30&PA3 CKYCCT 0 H E B eAYLl..lii1MII1 o6nacHIMII1 AYXOBHoi:1 .>KII13HII1 Pocc111111 sro- poi:1 nonoBII1Hbl XIX a. npoAon.>Kanll1 ocrasaTbGl flli1Tepa- rypa 111 1113o6pa3111TenbHoe 111CKyccrso. B ycnos111~x pocra rpaMOTHOCTll1 HaceneHII1~ 111 OTcyTCTBII1~ 803MO.>KHOCTII1 W111pOKOrO o6cy.>KAeHII1~ Ha3pe8Wli1X .>KII13HeHHbiX npo6- neM pyccKa~ n111reparypa 111 XYAO.>KecrseHHa~ Kynbrypa 6blnll1 He ronbKO 3HaYII1TeJ1bHbiMII1 KYilbTYPHbiMll1 ~sneHII1 · ~Mll1, HO 111 BblnOJ1H~nll1 Ba.>KHble 06Ll..leCTBeHHble 3aAaYII1. OcHOBHhiM xy,ZJ;oJKeCTBeHHhiM uarrpaBJie· HHeM BTopoii rroJIOBHHhl XIX B. cTaJI KPHTH~ecKHR pe- aJIH3M. 0H OTJIH~aJICH IIOBhlilleHHhiM BHHMaHHeM K OT06- paJKeHHIO peaJibHOR JKH3HH Ha OCHOBe ee KpHTH~eCKOrO BocnpHHTHH. HaH6oJiee HPKHM npHMepoM .HBJI.HeTCH TBop- ~ecTBO MuxauJl.a E8zparjJo8u'la CaJl.mbtK08a-meapuna. CMemuoii, uo O,ZJ;HOBpeMeHHO cTpamuoii rrpe,ZJ;cTaeT PoccHH B IIpOH3Be,ZJ;eHHHX BeJIHKOrO CaTHpHKa ( ~ I'y6epHCKHe O~ep­ KH~, ~HCTOpH.H O,li;HOrO ropo,ZJ;a~, ~rocrro,ZJ;a roJIOBJieBhl~, ~IIoMna;zyphl H rroMrra,ZJ;ypmH~ ) . PyccKaH JIHTepaTypa BTopoii IIOJIOBHHhl XIX B . IIhiTa- Jiacb ,ZJ;aTb o6o6~eHHhiR rropTpeT repo.H cBoero BpeMeHH, ~eJioBeKa ,ZJ;eiicTBHH, ue JKeJiaiO~ero MHPHTbCH c cy~ecT­ Byrom;eii ,ZJ;eiicTBHTeJibHOCTbiO. B JIHTepaType rro.HBHJIHCb HOBble repOH - HHTeJIJIHreHThl, HHrHJIHCThl, rrpo<PeCCHO- HaJibHhle peBOJIIOII;HOHephl. 0,1J;HHM H3 rrepBhiX CBOe BH,ZJ;e- HHe TaKoro repoH npe,ZJ;JIOJKHJI H 8an Cepzee8u'l Typzene8 B pOMaHaX «HaKaHyHe~ H «0TII;hl H ,ZJ;eTH~ . llHCaTeJib C TpeBoroli ua6JIIO,ZJ;aeT 3a TeM, KaK pa3pymeHHe cTaporo 06~eCTBa CTaHOBHTCH ,ZJ;JIH IIO,ZJ;06HhiX JIIO,ZJ;eR CaMOII;eJibiO. Ha~~6oJiee TpeBOJKHO aTa TeMa npo3B~ana co cTpauHn; poMaHa ~eaopa MuxailJl.08U'la ~ocmoe8cKozo «Bechl~. IIpeKJIOHeHHe o6pa3oBaHHOR ~acTH o6~ecTBa nepe,11; pe- BOJIIOII;HOHHhiM pOMaHTH3MOM rrpHBO,li;HT K rrOHBJieHHIO JIIO,ll;eH, ,li;JIH KOTOphiX rJiaBHhiM JI03yHrOM CTaHOBHTCH yTBepJK,ZJ;eHHe, ~To n;eJib onpaB,ZJ;hiBaeT cpe,ZJ;cTBa. B Hx C03HaHHH rrpOHCXO,li;HT pa3MhiBaHHe HpaBCTBeHHhiX ITO· HHTHR. Pa,ZJ;H ,li;OCTHJKeHHH cBoeii n;eJIH OHH HAYT ua ca- Mhle cTpamHhle rrpecTyrrJieHHH. Eo BTopoii rroJIOBHHe XIX B. OTHOCHTCH pacn;BeT TBop- ~eCTBa Jlb8a H uKoJl.ae8u'la ToJl.cmozo. B ero poMaHax «Boi~Ha H MHP~, «Auua EapeHHHa~, «BocKpeceuHe~, no- BeCT.HX, paCCKa3aX C IIOTpHCaiOID;eR xy,ZJ;OJKeCTBeHHOR CH- JIOR paCKphiBaiOTCH CJIOJKHeRmHe ,li;BHJKeHHH ~eJIOBe~ec­ KOR ,ll;ymH, BhiHOCHTCH 6ecno~a,ZJ;HhiR rrpHroBop MopaJIH, HpaBaM, yCTOHM, n;apH~HM B BhiCilleM 06~eCTBe.
C KOH~a 1870-x rr. aa~maaeTCH JIHTepaTypHaH ,D;eH- TeJILHOCTh Anmona IlaBJLOBUlla "CfexoBa. 't.!exoBCKHe re- poH - MeJIKHe ~HHOBHHKH, pa30pHBIDHeCH ,li;BOpHHe, IlpOBHHI.I;HaJibHaH HHTeJIJIHreHI.I;HH, CTy,D;eHThl. 0,D;HHM H3 IIOCJie,D;OBaTeJihHhiX CTOpOHHHKOB KpHTH- qeCKOrO peaJIH3Ma 6hiJI HwcoJLail AJLe~<:canopoBUll He~<:­ pacoB. Be,D;y~ee MecTo B ero TBop~ecTse 3aHHMaJia TeMa HapO,IJ.HOH »<H3HH, ee 6ecrrpOCBeTHOCTH H ropeCTH (IIOaMa «KoMy aa PycH mHTh xopomo» H ,D;p.). PyccKaH mHBOIIHCL BTopo:H rroJIOBHHhl XIX B. pemaJia Te me o6m;ecTseHHLie sorrpocLI, ~To H JIHTepaTypa. Be,D;~HM aarrpasJieHHeM pyccKoii mHBOIIH- CH CTaJI KpHTH~eCKHH peaJIH3M. 0,D;HHM H3 KpyrraefimHX XY)J.O»<HHKOB 3TOrO HarrpaB- JieHHH HBJIHeTCH BacuJLUU rpuzopbe8Ull IIepoB. Oa cy- MeJI C 06JIH~HTeJihHhiM rracpOCOM IIOKa3aTh MHOrHe He- IlpHrJIH)J.Hble CTopOHhl cospeMeHHOH eMY mH3HH. KapTHHhl Ileposa - aTo pa3sepHYThiH paccKa3 o IIOJIOmeHHH pOCCHHCKHX COCJIOBHH ( «CeJihCKHH KpeCTHbiH XO,ll; Ha Ilacxe», « lfaerrHTHe B MbiTHm;ax», «IlpHe3)J. ry- sepaaHTKH B KyrreqecKHH )J.OM >>, «IlO- CJie,D;HHH Ka6aK y aacTaBhll> ). Oco6oe BIIe~aTJieHHe IlpOH3BO)J.HT IIOJIOTHa, H3o6pamarom;He aeJierKyiO mH3Hh ,D;e- Teii ( «Tpo:HKa»). B 1863 r. 14 BhlrrycKHHKOB AKa.u.e- MHH xy,D;omeCTB OTKa3aJIHCb IIHCaTb 06H3aTeJihHhle )J.JIH IIOJIY'!eHHH ,li;HIIJIO- MOB KapTHHhl Ha CIOmeT CKaH,D;HHaB- CKOH MHc}>OJIOrHH. OaH o6ocaOBhiBaJIH 3TO TeM, ~TO B COBpeMeHHOH »<H3HH ecTL 6oJiee .u.ocTOHHhle cromeThl. ByaTapH rroKHHYJIH aKa,D;eMHIO H ocaosa- JIH IJeTep6yprcKyiO apTeJih xy,li;Ojf(HHKOB, KOTopaH B 1870 r. 6hiJia rrpeo6pa3osaaa B TosapHJ:~ecTBO rrepe,D;BH»<HhiX xy.u.omecTBeHHhiX BhiCTa- BOK. IJepe,D;BH)KHbiMH 3TH BbiCTaBKH Ha3biBaJIHCh IIOTO- MY, ~TO HX YCTpaHBaJIH He TOJibKO B IleTep6ypre H MocKBe, ao H rro ace:H PoccHH. 3To 6biJIO caoeo6pa3aoe «xom.u.eaHe a aapo,D;» pyccKHX xy.u.omHHKOB. OcaoBHhiM KpHTepHeM OT6opa KapTHH Ha BhiCTaBKH, CTaBmHe Bhl,ll;aiOID;HMHCH C06hiTHHMH B »<H3HH pOCCHHCKOH rrpo- BHH~HH, 6biJIO Tpe60BaHHe OTpamaTh »<H3Hh CO BCeMH ee OCTpbiMH Ilp06JieMaMH, BO BCeH 3JI060,D;HeBHOCTH. XyiJo:HCnuKu·nepeoeu:HCnuKu 4 .13. PyccKue nucame.nu: a) All. f[exoe; 6) HA. HeKpacoe 4.14. TpoilKa. XyiJo:HCnuK B.r. llepoe
4.16. Heu38ecmna.H. XyiJo:HCnuK H.H. KpaMcKoil 4 .17. CocnoBbtu 6op. XyiJO:HCKUK H.H. II!Uuti(;UH. PyKOBO~HTeJieM H TeopeTHKOM nepe~BIDKHHKOB 6biJI HBan Hu~oJLaeBu't Kpa.Mc~ou. KpaMcKo:H: BorueJI B nc- Topino pycCiwii mHBOITHCH rrpem~e Bcero KaK Bbi~aro­ IIJ;Hiic.a rropTpeTHCT. OH co3~aJI n;eJiyro cepHro o6pa30B KpynHeiirnHx ~e.aTeJieM: pyccKoii KYJibTYPbi - M.E. CaJI- TbiKOBa-:rn;e~pHHa, H.A. HeKpacoBa, JI.H. ToJicToro. MHorne npOH3Be~eHH.H KpaMcKoro CTO.HT Ha rpaHH rropT- peTa H TeMaTHtiecKoii KapTHHbi ( <<HeH3BeCTHa.a•>, <• Hey- TernHoe rope»). Cpe~H xy~omHHKOB, rro~rrncaBIIIHX rrepBbiR ycTaB ToBapn~eCTBa nepe~Bll'f<HHKOB, 6biJIH TaKme H.H. re, A.K. CaBpacoB, M.M. liiHIIIKHH, 6paTb.H K.E. H B.E. Ma- KOBCKHe, B.r. IIepoB. HecKOJibKO no3~Hee K HHM rrpnco- e~HHHJIHCb M.E. PerrHH, B.A. CypHKOB, 6paTb.H B.M. H A.M. BacHeD;OBhl, H.A. .ffporueHKo, K.A. CaBHD;KHH H ~p. C cepe~HHbi 1880-x I'I'. yq:aCTHe B BhlCTaBKax IIpliHHMa- IOT B.A. CepoB, M.M. JleBHTaH, B.,n;. IloJieHOB. BeprnHHoii peaJIH3Ma B pyccKoii mHBOIIHCH BTopoii rroJIOBHHbi XIX B. cnpaBe~JIHBO C"t:IHTaeTc.a TBOp"t:IeCTBO HJLbU EcjJu.MOBU'ta Penuna H BacuJLu.R. HBanoBu'ta Cy· pU~OBa, KOTOpbie B CBOHX KapTHHaX C03~aJIH C06Hpa- TeJibHbiR o6pa3 pyccKoro Hapo~a. HaH6oJiee rpoMKoe o6- IIJ;eCTBeHHOe 3By-qaHHe HMeJIH pa60Tbi PerrHHa «BypJiaKH Ha BoJire•> , <<He m~aJIH », «0TKa3 OT HCIIOBe~H•> , «ApecT nponaraH~HcTa». B 1870- 1880-x rr. xy~omHHK yBJieKc.a HCTopn-qecKHMH TeMaMH - «IJ;apeBHa Co<l>b.H», «MBaH rpo3HbiH H CbiH ero MBaH 16 HO.H6p.H 1581 ro~a·>' <<3a- nopomD;bl rrnrnyT ITHCbMO Typen;KoMy cyJITaHy». PenHH 06Jia~aJI H HeCOMHeHHbiM ~apOM IIOpTpeTHCTa, OCTaBHB HaM o6pa3bl IIHCaTeJieH, KOMII03HTOpOB, aKTepOB. IloJIOTHa BacHJIH.H MBaHOBH"t:Ia CypHKOBa - aTo xy~o­ mecTBeHHO BOCC03~aHHa.H HCTOpH.H, I'JiaBHbiM repoeM KOTO- pOR HBJI.aeTc.a pyccKHR Hapo~. «YTpo cTpeJien;KoM: Ka3HR•>, «MeHIIIHKOB B Bepe3oBe», <•Bo.apbiH.a Mopo3oBa», «Ilo- KopeHHe CH6HpH EpMaKOM» - aTH KapTHHbi BOIIIJIH a 30JIOTOH <t>oH~ pyccKoii xy~omecTBeHHoii KYJibTyphl. K maHpy pyccKHX Hapo~HbiX CKa3aHHii o6paTHJIC.H Bu~mop MuxauJLOBU'l BacneLfOB (<•AJieHyrnKa», «BHT.H3b Ha pacnyTbe», «BoraTbipH », «IIocJie no6oHIIJ;a Mrop.a CB.HTOCJiaBH"t:Ia c IIOJIOBD;aMH»). Ero KapTHHbi npoHHKHy- Tbl ~YXOM HapO~HbiX CKa30K, peJIHI'H03HbiMH HCKaHH.HMH H pa3MbiiiiJieHH.HMH o cy~b6e Hapo~a-6oraTbip.a. rJiaBHbiM 06'beKTOM BHHMaHH.H MHOI'HX xy~O'f<HHKOB cTaJI cpe~HepyccKHH rreii3am, cypoBa.a npHpo~a PyccKoro CeBepa. KapTHHbi H Bana H 8aH.08Utta m UUl~una nepe- ~aiOT MoryiiJ;eCTBO, CHJIY, aeJIH"t:IHe pyccKoii npHpO~bi ( «Pomb•>, «Py6Ka Jieca•>, «CocHOBbiH 6op» ). AJLe~ce10 KonopambeBu'ty CaBpacoBy 6JIHme neft3am JIHpH"t:IeCKHH, IIpOHH3aHHbiH IIJ;eMSIIIJ;eM JII060Bbl0 K po~HOM 3eMJie { «rpatiH npHJieTeJIH»).
Oco6oe MecTo B neiba.me BTopo:H nonoBHHhi XIX B. 3aHHMaeT Apxun H 6ano6U'i Kyuno:m:u, KOTOpbi:H 6brn MacTepoM nopa3HTeJihHhiX cBeTOBhiX 3<P<PeKTOB ( «YKpa- HHCKaH HO'Ih•>, <•Bepe3oBaH po~a* , «Ho'Ib Ha ,ll;Henpe•>). ll3yMHTeJibHhie no KpacoTe pyccKHe ne:H:3a.mH H3o6pa.me- Hhi Ha KapTHHax Hcaa1ea H.!l.bU'ia Jle6umana. BonhiiiOH nonynHpHOCThiO noJib30BaJIRCh nonoTHa H 6ana Koncman- muno6u~ta Auea306C1COZO, KOTOpbi:H 6onhiiie Bcero nro6Hn H3o6pamaTb Mope. 8noxo:H: pac~BeTa CKYJibn- TYPhi cTana BTopaH nonoBHHa XIX B. Ha116onee H3BecTHbiM CKYJihnTopoM 6hiJI M ap!C M ameeeeu'i Anmo1CO.!l.b- c1Cuu. ITo CBOHM B033peHHHM OR npH- MhiKaJI K nepe,n;BHmHHKaM. AHTOKOJib- CKHM co3,n;an cepHro HCTOPH'IeCKHX IIOpTpeTOB: «llBaH l'p03HbiH>>, <<fleTp I», «.HpocJiaB My,n;phiH*, <•EpMaK•> . Bhr,n;aro~HMCH co6hiTHeM B KYJih- TypHo:H .mH3HH CTpaHbi CTaJIO OTKpbi- THe B MocKBe B HIOHe 1880 r. co3- ,n;aHHoro Ha Hapo,n;Hhre no.mepTBOBaHHH naMHTHHKa A .C. ITymKHHy. ABTopoM naMHTHHKa 6hiJI H3BeCTHhiH CKYJihn- TOp A.!l.eKcanop Muxau.11.oeu'i One- Kywun . Muxau.11. Ocuno6U'l MUJcewun B cBoeM naMHTHHKe <•TbiCH'IeJieTHe Poc- CHH •> B HoBropo,n;e (1862) H3o6pa3HJI 129 CKyJihiTTypHbiX <lJMryp Bhi,ll;aiO~MX­ CH ,n;eHTeJie:H: poccMHCKoii HCTOPMR. ITo- ,n;o6HhiM npHeMOM OH ITOJib30BaJICH H npH C03,ll;aHHM naMHTHHKa EKaTepHHe n B fleTep6ypre (1873). 4.18. IIeu.Ja:HCHaR JICU80nUCb emopou noJLOBUHbt XIX e.: a) H a ocmpoee BaJLaa.M. XyiJo:HCHUIC A.H. KyuniJ:JICu; 6) TuxaR o6umeJLb. XyiJOJICHUIC H.H. Jieeumau 4.19. CKyJLbnmypa emopou noJLoeunbt XIX e.: a) llaMRmllUIG A.C. JiywKuHy. CIGyJLbnmop A.M. OneKywuH; 6) HeaH TpoJJLbtit. CKyJLbnmop M.M. AnmoiCOJLbCKuu KaK o6w.ecrseHHas:t )I(VI3Hb VI pa3- BVITVIe npOCB€W.€HVIR BO BTOpOL7! no- nOBVIHe XIX B. orpa3VInVICb Ha pyc- cKoL71 nvtreparype, Ha ee MeCTe B )l(vt3HVI o6w.ecrsa? KaKVIe npo6neMbl no,LlHVIMana nVI- reparypa BTOpolii nonOBVIHbl XIX B.? B YeM npVIHU,VIn VIanbHoe pa3nVI- YVIe )I(VIBOnVICVI nepBOL71 VI BTOpOL71 nonosvtHbl XIX a.? Yro Hosoro BHecnVI nepe,LlBVI)I(HVI- Kvt B pyccKOe VICKyCCTBO? K KaKOMY HanpasneHVIIO B VICKYCCTBe OHVI OT- HOCSlTCSl? KaK Bbl .LlYMaere, noYeMy xy,LlO)I(- HVIKVI He TOnbKO OT06pa)l(anVI )I(V13Hb Hapo,Lla, HO VI ace Yaw.e o6paw.a- nVICb K VICTOpVIYeCKVIM CIO)I(eTaM?
0 HOBbiX HBJleHIIIHX B apXIIITeKTy- pe, MY3b1Ke, rearpe 0 cBoeo6p a3111111 pyccKot:1 MY3bi- KaflbHot:1 KYilbTYPbl 0 pon111 rearpa B o6w,ecrBeHHot:1 >K1113HIII nopecpopMeHHOt:1 POCCIIIIII 0 CaM06biTHbiX HapOAHbiX npo- MbiCJlaX Q KaKOBbl oco6eHHOCTIII pa3BIIITIIIH apXIIITeKTypbl nepBOt:1 nOJlOBIIIHbl XIX B.? KpynHet:1wlllx a p x iiiTeKropoB 111 KOMn03111TOpOB nep BOt:1 nOJlOBIIIH~ XIX B. KaKIIIe xyAo>KecrBeHHble Hanpa s- neHIIIH 6blfllll rocn OACTBYIOilIIIMIII B pyCCKOM TearpanbHOM IIICKYCCTBe nepBot:1 nonoBIIIHbl XIX B.? O co6aH crpaHIIIL.ta B pyccKot:1 apxlll- r eKr ype Bropot:1 nonoBIIIHbl XIX B. - :no AOXOAHble MHOrQ3Ta>KHble Ill MHOrOKBapT111pHble AOMa, 1113 KOTO- pbiX 3aKa3YIIIK crpeMIIIJlCH 1113BJleYb MaKCIIIMaJlbHYIO np1116blflb, 3arpa- YIIIBaH Ha IIIX crpOIIITeflbCTBO MIIIHIII- MaJlbHble cpeACTBa. Coopy>KeH111e TaK111X AOMOB He rpe6oBano 111 3Ha- Y111TeflbHbiX rBopyecKII1X y c 111n111t:1 . OHIII cran111 nponoroM K noHBne- HIIIIO TlllnOBOt:1 apx111TeKrypb1 XX B. AP TEKTYPA, MY3biKA, TEATP, HAPO,AHOE TBOP'IECTBO XyAo>KeCTseHHa~ KYilbTypa BTopolil nonosii1Hbl XIX s. CTaHOBII1TC~ BC~ 6onee AeMOKpaTII1YHOiil 111 BC~ 6onee Kp111TII1YeCKOiil no OTHOWeHII110 K Cyll.eCTBYIOLL111M nop~A­ KaM. 0Ha npespall.aeTc~ s csoeo6pa3HYIO o6Ll.eCTseH- HYIO Tp1116yHy, nbiTaeTc~ AOHeCTII1 AO snacTII1 caMble 6o- ne3HeHHble npo6neMbl, cyll.eCTBYIOLL111e s CTpaHe, npeAnaraeT cso111 nyTII1 nepeyupolilusa >KII13HII1. V1CTOYHII1- KOM BAOX HOBeHII1~ MaCTepos KYilbTypbl BC~ B 60JlbWelil CTeneHII1 CTaHOB~TC~ HapOAHOe TBOpYeCTBO 111 TpaA111U,II1111. B apxnTeKType oKOH'IaTeJihHO R3mHJI ce- 6H KJiaccnu;H3M. HOBbie TlHihi 3,11;8HHH rrpOMbiiiiJieHHhiX npe.n;rrpRHTHH R l'OCy,ll;apCTBeHHbiX yqpem.n;eHHH, BOK3a- JIOB, M8l'83HHOB, p biHKOB, 60JibHRIJ;, 6aHKOB, MOCTOB, Te- aTpOB Tpe60BaJIR HOBbiX apXRTeKTypHbiX peiiieHHH. 3o.n;- '!Re CT8JIH RCK8Tb HX B npOIIIJIOM, RCIIOJib3YH MOTHBbl H 3aKOHOMepHOCTR CTapbiX apXRTeKTypHbiX CTHJie:i1:: l'OTH- KR, peHeccaHca, 6apoKKO n rrp. 8To rrpnaeJio K rocno.n;- CTBY aKJieKTHKH (oT rpeqecKoro cJioaa « 3KJiere:i1:H~ -- Bbi6npaTh, H36npaTb). MoTRBhl anoxn Bo3pom.n;eHRH nc- ITOJih3yeT M. M ecMaxep npn npoeKTHpoBaHHR Apxnaa rocy.n;apCTBeHHOrO COBeTa, A.M. KpaKay -- BaJITHHCK0- 1'0 BOK3aJia n oco6HHKa 6apoHa UlTnrJinu;a Ha AHrJin:i1:- cKo:i1: Ha6epemHoii HeBbi. PacrrpocTpaHeHHhiM cTaHOBRTCH HeopyccKH:i1: (RJIH ncea.n;opyccKM:i1:) CTRJib . B Mo.n;y axo.n;HT IIIaTpOBhie 3aaep- IIIeHHH, 6aiiieHKR, Y30p'I8Tble ,ll;eKOpbl, <}lnry pHbie H8JIHq- HHKR. B 3TOM CTHJie 6hiJIR ITOCTpOeHbl 3H8MeHRTbie MOC- KOBCKHe 3,ll;aHnH: JilcTopnqecKn:i1: My3e:i1: (A.A. CeMeHoB n B.O. Ulepay.n;), ropo.n;cKaH .n;yMa (,IJ:.H. "tJnqaroa), BepXHMe TOpl'OBbie pH,ll;bl (A.H. IloMepaHu;ea). 4.20. IIaMRmn UJf:U ap xumeKmyp bt Bmopou noJJ.06Uttbt X I X e.: a ) H cmopu <LecKuil .llty Jeil; 6) Bepx nue mopzOBbte pRiJbt
BTopaa nonoBHHa X I X B. - BpeMa pac~Be­ Ta pyccKoro MY3hiKaJihHoro HCKyccTBa. Ero CHMBOJIOM cTaHOBHTCa TBOp"<IeCTBO Mory-qe-H: KY"<:IKH - co,ApymecTBa naTH Bbl,li;8IOII'I;HXCR KOMIT03HTopoB: MuJLuR A.JLeJCceeBuva BaJLaJCupeBa, Mo{}ecma IIempoBuva MycopzcJCozo, ~e- 3apR AnmonoBuva K10u, A.JLe-,ccan{}pa IIopcjJupbeBu'la Bo- po{}una, HuKoJLaR An{}peeBU'la Pu.M.cJCozo-KopcaJCoBa. KoMn03HTOpbi Mory"<Ie-H: KY"<:IKH co3,n;ann pa,n; 6eccMepT- HhiX npoH3Be,JJ;eHHH, cpe,JJ;H KOTOpbiX ,JJ;paMhl MycoprcKoro (< BopHC ro,n;yHOB •> H (< XOB8HII'I;HH8•>, onepa PHMCKOro- KopcaKOBa <<IlCKOBHTRHKa•>, MY3hiKaJibHoe nonoTHO Bo- POAHHa <<KHR3b Mroph>>. BTopaa nonOBHHa XIX B. no,n;apnna MHPY reHHH IIempa H JLbU'la q ailJCOBCJCozo. BepmHHaMH ero TBOp"<IecT- Ba RBJIRIOTCR onepbl «EBreHHH 0HerHH» H «IlHKOB8R ,n;a- M8•>, 6aneThl «Jie6e,n;nHoe o3epo», <<Cnall'l;aa KpacaBnn;a», «~eJIKYH"<IHK». B 1860 r. 6naro,n;apa cTapaHHRM nnaHHCTa H 6necTa- II'I;ero ,n;npnmepa HuKoJLa.R. FpuzopbeBu'la Py6unwmeilna noasnnoch MocKoscKoe oT,n;eneHne PyccKoro MY3biKaJibHO- ro 0611'1;eCTB8 H CHMQJOHHqeCKHH OpKeCTp. B 1866 r. npH My3hiKaJibHOM o611'1;eCTBe 6brna co3,n;aHa KOHcepsaTopna. McTopna pyccKoro TeaTpa BTopo-H: noJIOBHHbi X I X B. CBH3aHa c HMeHeM AneKcaH,n;pa HHKonaeBH"<Ia OcTpoBcKoro, co3,n;aBmero oRono nonycoTHH nbec ( «rpo- 38», «JieC>>, <<BecnpH,Z1;8HHHII;8>>, <<BOJIKH H OBII;bl>> H ,n;p.). OH BblcTynan npoTHB HeBemecTBa, OTCTaJIOCTH, B3biBaa K ryMaHHOCTH, npOCBell'l;eHHIO. IIepBoe MecTo B TeaTpaJihHOM MHpe 3aHHMaJI Ma- JihiH TeaTp. IIocTaHOBKaMH nhec B HeM pyKOBOAHJI caM A.H. OcTpOBCKHH. BoJihillHM ycnexoM nOJih30Banca AJieKC8H,ll;pHHCKHH TeaTp B IleTep6ypre. B aKTepcKo-H: cpe,n;e Bbl,n.aroll'l;eeca MecTo npnHa,JJ;nema- no TeaTpaJihHhiM ,n;nHacTHRM Ca,n.oBCKHX, CaMo-H:noshlx, BacnnheBhiX. B 1870-x rr. B3omna 3Be3,n;a Mapuu HuJCo- JLaeBHbt Ep.M.oJLoBoil. IIoaBJieHne KpynHo-H: npo- MhiiiiJieHHOCTH H COBpeMeHHOrO TpaHCITOpTa npHBeJIO K HC"<Ie3HOBeHHIO Tpa,n.H~HOHHbiX npe,n;MeTOB 6biTa, HO 3T8 anoxa cTaJia BpeMeHeM B03pom,n.eHHH HHTepeca K ,n;peB- HHM nony3a6hiThiM pyccKHM peMecnaM. M3,n.enHa Hapo,n;- Hhrx MacTepos H3 npe,n.MeTOB nosce,n;HeBHoro 6h1Ta npe- Bpall'l;aiOTCH s npoH3Be,AeHHH ncKyccTBa. B aTo BpeMa s Poccnn CKJia,ll;biBaiOTCH HJIH B03pom.n.aroTca xy,n;omecT- seHHhie npOMbiCJibl, llOJiy-qHBillHe MHpOBYIO H3BeCTHOCTb: ,Zl;biMKOBCK8H HrpyiiiKa, rmeJibCKaH nocy,n;a, XOXJIOMCK8R pOCITHCb ITO ,n;epesy, ll8BJIOBOllOC8,n.CKHe ITJiaTKH H III8JIH, MCTepCKaR H naJieXCKaH Jl8KOB8H MHHH8TIOpa. 4.21. ll.Jf. CfaiLK08CKUU. 4.22. M .H . EpAW JI08a . X yiJoJIWUK BA . Cepoe KaK Bbl .nyMaere, noYeMy rocno.n- CTBYIOll.111M111 CTIIlnflMIIl apX111T€KTypb1 BropoLii nonoslllHbl XIX B. cran111 3K- neKTII1Ka 111 HeopyccKIIlLii cr111nb? B YeM 3aKniOYaercfl npeeMCTBeH- HOCTb MY3biKanbHOLii Kynbrypbl nep- BOLii 111 BropoLii nonOBIIlHbl XIX B.? KaKOBa 6blna o6ll.eCTBeHHafl ponb rearpa? Kat<111e HOBble Yeprbl noflBIIl- nlllcb B rearpaflbHOM lllCKYCCTBe? n oYeMy BO BTOpOLii nOflOBIIlH€ XIX B. npo111CXO.Ilii1T B03pO>K.Il€HIIle HapO,IlHbiX npOMblcnOB? Kat<111e o6ll.111e yepTbl xapaKTepHbl ,!lnfl pyccKoli! xy.nmKeCTBeHHolil Kynb- rypbl BTOpoli! nonOBII1Hbl XIX B.?
0 poae HaceneH~5l B nope¢op- MeHHOiii Pocc~ ~ 06 ~3M€H€H~5lX B o6n~Ke ropOAOB 0 >K~3H~ ~ 6b1Te ropOACK~X «Bep- XOB» ~ «H~30B» 06 ~3MeHeH~5lX B >K~3H~ AepeBH~ KaKoB 6btn rpaA~~~OHHbllii o6pa3 >K~3H~ pOCC~IiiCKOrO Kp€CTb5lH~Ha B nepBolii nonoB~He XIX B.? KaKOBbl xapaKrepHble YepTbt ABO- pHHCKoro 6b1Ta nepBolii nonoB~Hbl XIX B.? B 1863 r. B Pocc~~ 6btno ronbKO rp~ ropoAa c HaceneH~eM CBbiWe 100 TbiC YenoBeK (nerep6ypr, MOCKBa, 0AeCca), B 1897 r. ~X 6btno y>Ke 14, np~YeM Y~cno >K~­ renelii nerep6ypra ~ MocKBbl npe- Bblc~no 1 MnH yenoBeK. 4.23. PoccuucKuu zopoa 8mopou noJL08UHbL XIX e.: a ) KOHKa; 6) mop zo8bte pRiJbt b T: HOBbiE I.IEPTbl B >KM3HM rGPOAA H JIEPEBHM n o,D, BJlV'lf!HV'leM nepeMeH B 3KOHOMV1Ke V1 06~eCTBeHHOM ycrpolllcrse B nopecpopMeHHolll PocCV'lV'l npoV130WJlV1 3Ha - YV1TellbHble V13MeHeHV1fl s o6pa3e )f(V13HV1 HaceneHV'lfl. AK- TV'lBHO WJla yp6aHV13aU,V1fl, BHe,o,peHV'le B )f(V13Hb pa3JlV1YHbiX rexHV1YeCKV1X ,o,ocTV1)f(eHV1111. B 6biTY nepenneranV'lCb seKo- Bble Tpa,D,V1U,V1V1 V1 HOBWeCTsa V1H,D,yCTpV1aJlbHOro o6~eCTBa . 0TMeHa KpenoeTHOrO npaBa H nOJIOJKH- TeJihHhie e~BHrH B 3KOHOMHKe PoeeHH Bhi3BaJIH poeT Ha- eeJieHHSI C 74 MJIH 'leJIOBeK B 1860 r. ~0 126 MJIH qeJIO- BeK B 1897 r . M xoTSI PoeeHSI ocTaBaJiaeh eTpaHoM ~epeBeHCKOH (B eeJihCKOH MeeTHOeTH npOJKHBaJIO nO'lTH 87% ee rpaJK~aH), ropO~CKOe HaeeJieHHe 3a 3TO BpeMSI notiTH y~BOHJIOeh. TaKHM o6paaoM, B eTpaHe aKTHBHO llieJI npou,ece yp6aHH3811,HM. llaMeHeHHSIM nO~BeprJIOCh ropo~eKOe KOMMYHaJihHOe X03SIHeTBO. YJIMD;hi MOeTHJIHCh 6yJihiJKHHKOM H 6pyetiaTKOH, ITOSIBHJIHeh ae<J;>aJihTOBhie TpOTyaphi, a B 1860-X rr. - KepOCMHOBhie <J;>OHapH, KO- TOphie noeTeneHHO BhiTeCHSIJIMeh raaoBhiMH. B KOHn;e 1870-x rr. B IleTep6ypre aaropeJIMeh aJieKTPM'leCKHe JiaMni>I. B 1886 r. B MoeKBe 6hrJia noeTpoeHa 6oJihmaSI :meKTpHtiecKaSI eTaHU.MSI. Bo MHOrMx ropo~ax PoeeMR no- SIBHJIMeh BO~OnpOBO~ H KaH8JIH38U.HSI. Y Jiyq:maJieSI BHyTpMropo~eKoM TpaHenopT. B Ha'laJie 1860-x rr. B IleTep6ypre 6hiJia npoJIOJKeHa nepBaSI KOH- HO-JKeJie3HaSI ~opora - KOHKa. B 1870-x rr. OHa ITOSIBH- Jiaeh B MoeKBe H O~eeee, a aaTeM M B ~pyrHx ropo~ax. B 1892 r. no yJIHD;aM KHeBa nporneJI nepBhiH TpaMBaii. K KOHU.Y 1890-x rr. TpaMBaH yme xo~HJIH no yJIHU.aM MoeKBhi, KaaaHH, HMJKHero HoBropo~a. KypeKa H ~py­ rMx ropo~OB . PoeT ~eJioBo:K JKM3HM npMBeJI K paaBHTHIO epe~eTB eBSI3H. B 1852 r. ey~eeTBOBaJia TOJihKO o~Ha TeJierpa¢- HaSI JIHHHSI, eoe~HHSIBma.R MoeKBY H IleTep6ypr, a K Ha- <JaJiy 1870-x rr. TeJierpa¢Hoi1: eeThiO 6hiJIH oxBatieHhi npaKTH<JeCKH Bee ry6epHCKHe M yea~Hhie ropo~a. B 1882 r. 6hiJIH OTKphiThi TeJie¢oHHhre JIHHHH B Ile- Tep6ypre, MoeKBe, O~eeee R PHre H nepBaSI Mem~yro­ po~Ha.R TeJie<J;>OHHaSI JIHHHSI IleTep6ypr - faT"t.JMHa. B ropo~e Kam~oe eoeJIOBHe npo- JKHBaJio B oeo6oii ero qaeTH. B u,eHTpe paenoJiaraJIHeb 60JihliiHe 6apeKHe oeo6HSIKM. 3~eeh JKe 6biJIO MHOrO He-
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HeayHTLI - •IJieHhi KaTOJUl'-IecKo:H: MOHamecKo:H: opraHH3aii,HH (opAeHa), CTaBHB- me:H: IJ,eJibiO yKpenneane n pacnpocTpaaeaHe KaTOJIHIJ,H3Ma 11 BJiaCTH nanhi pnM- CKoro. HacneKTOP - AOJI»<.HOCTHOe JIHIJ,O, npoBep.HIO~ee npaBHJibHOCTb "IhHx-nn6o AeHCTBMH. HacTaHU,HH - cTyneHh B cTpoeHHH noAqnaeHHbiX APYr APYrY opraaoB. HaTeHAaHT - BOeHHbiH, aanMMaiO~HHC.H caa6meaneM BORCK. Ha«t>anTepHH - nexoTa. Kaau,eJinpHH - OTAeJI yqpemAeHH.H. <(KanHT3JIHCTLie>> KpeCTLHHe - KpeCTb.HHe, HMeBillHe KaiiHTaJI (AeHbrH, KOTOpbie BKJI3AbiBaiOT B npOH3BOACTBO) H 3aHMM3BillMeC.H npeAIIPHHHMaTeJibCTBOM. Kape - nocTpoeane nexoTbi qeThlpexyronhHHKOM AJI.H oTpamean.H aTaKH co Bcex CTOpOH. KJiaccLI - 6onhmne rpynnhi JIIOAeii, OTJIMqaiO~nec.H no cBoeMy MecTy B npoH3- BOACTBe H pacnpeAeJieHHH ero pe3yJihTaTOB. KoMMyHaJILaoe xoaSIHCTBO - coBoKynaoCTh npeAIIPH.HTHH no o6cnymnBaHHIO aa- ceneHHSI ropo)l,OB. KoacepBaTH3M - Teqeane, cTopoHHHKH KOToporo OTCTaHBaiOT HAeH coxpaaeHHH TP8AHI.I,HH, npeeMCTBeHHOCTH B noJIHTHqecKoii 11 KYJihTypaoii »<.H3HH. KoacnHpau,HH - MeTOAhi, npnMea.HeMhle aeneraJihHOH opraaHaan;neii AJI.H coxpa- HeHM.H B TaHHe CBOero Cy~eCTBOB3HH.H H Ae.HTeJibHOCTH. KoaCTHTyu,Houaoe npaBJienHe - yrrpaBneane rocyAapCTBOM B cTporoM cooTBeT- CTBHH C HOpMaMH KOHCTHTYI.I,HH. Koau,eccHH - )l,oroBop, 3aKJiroqeaHhiH rocyAapCTBOM c qacTHhiM npeAIIPHHHMa- TeneM, HHOCTpaHHOH qmpMOH Ha HCIIOJib30BaHHe IIpOMbiillJieHHbiX npe)l,rrpH.HTHH, npnpOAHhiX 6oraTCTB, rrocTpoiiKy mene3HbiX AOpor n APYrHx xo3.HHCTBeHHbiX 06'heKTOB. Kocneam.Ie aaJiorn - aan;eaKa, ycTaHaBmrBaeMaH rocyAapcTBOM aa TOBaphi Mac- coBoro noTpe6neHH.H. KpaMoJia - aaroBop, M.HTe»<., aeqTo 3arrpe~eaaoe. Kpe)l,nT - rrpeAOCTaBneaHe AeHer HJIM TOBapoB B AOJir c rrocJieAyiO~HM 11x B03- Bp~eaHeM c rrpon;eaTaMH. JlerKaH IIpOMLilliJieHHOCTL - IIpOH3BOACTBO H3AeJIHH, rrpeAHa3HaqeHHbiX )l,JIH IIOTpe6JieHH.H, OTJIHqaeTCH OT T.H»<.eJIOH IIpOMbiillJieHHOCTH - IIpOH3BOACTBa cpeACTB rrpOH3BOACTBa (MeTaJIJia, M3IDHH, TOIIJIHBa H T.)l,.). Jleli:6 - IIpHCTaBKa, 03Haqaro~afl <( COCTOH~HH rrpH MOHapxe>>. Jln6epaJIH3M - Teqeane, 06'beAHHHIO~ee CTOpOHHHKOB napJiaMeHTCKOrO CTpO.H, rpa»<.A8HCKHX CB060)l, (Bbi6opa Bepbi, CB060Abi CJIOBa, C06paHHH, 06'beAHHeHHH H T.A.) H CB060Abi npeAIIPMHHMaTeJibCTBa. Maaenp - rrepeABHmeane BoiicK aa TeaTpe BoeHHhiX AeiicTBHH. MaaH«J>ecT - TopmecTBeaaoe nHCbMeaaoe o6pa~eHHe BepxoBHOH BJiaCTH K aa- ceneHHIO. MaconLI - qneHbi pennrnoaao-rroJIHTnqecKoii opraan3an;nn, KOTopa.H CBoeii IJ,eJihiO npoBoarnamaeT o6'heAHHeHne qeJioBeqecTBa. IIepBnqaa.H opraHH3aiJ,HH aa- 3hiBaeTC.H JIO»<.eH.
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Pa,IJ;HKaJILHLIH - peiiiHTeJihHhlH o6paa ,IJ;e:iicTBHH. PeaK~SI - nOJIHTHKa aKTHBHoro conpoTHBJieHHSI nporpeccHBHhlM nepeMeHaM B o6~ecTse. PeBOJilO~HOHHhiH rryTh paaBHTHSI - nyTh pa3BHTHSI o6~eCTBa, npe,IJ;nOJiararo~~d1: pe3KHH, CK8'tJK006pa3HhlH nepexo.n; K HOBOMY o6~eCTBeHHO-ITOJIHTH'tJeCKOMy ycTpOHCTBY. PecKpHnT - nHChMO MOHapxa K no.n;,IJ;auHoMy. Pe~H,IJ;HB - nosTopHoe npoSIBJieu.ae "tJero-Jin6o. PocTOB~ecTBO - npe,li;OCTaBJieu.ae ,Z~;euer B .n;oJir c sanMauneM c .n;omKHHKa npo- u.euToB c npe,~J;ocTaBJieHuo:ii cyMMhl. CeiiM - uaasaune aaKouo.n;aTeJihHoro opraua BJiaCTH B pa,IJ;e CTpau. B Ha'<laJie XIX B • .n;enyTaThl B ceiiMhl na6npaJIHCh OT cocJIOBHH, a npasa nx 6biJIH orpaun- '<leHHhlMH. CeKTaBTLI - '<~JieHhl peJinrnoaHhlX rpynn, ue npnaHaiO~Hx Y"tJeHne ocuosuo:ii II,epKBH. CenapaTHLIH MHp - MHp, aaKJIIO'!eHHhlH c npoTHBHHKOM o.n;HHM na rocy,Z~;apcTB, BXO,ll;Si~HX B KOaJIHII,HIO CTpaH, Be.n;yiii,HX BOHHy, 6ea Be)J;OMa HJIH COrJiaCHSI CBO- HX COI03HHKOB. CuTe~ - noKpaiiieHHas:I XJIOII'tJaTo6yMamuas:I TK8Hh. Co~HaJIHCTH'IeCKHe yqeBHH - yqeHHSi o6 ycTpoii:cTBe o6~ecTBa, ocuosauuoro ua 06~eCTBeHHOH C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha OCHOBHhle cpe,IJ;CTB8 npOH3BO,ll;CTBa (3eMJIIO, npe.n;npHSiTHSi H T ..n;.) npH OTCYTCTBHH 3KCITJIY8T8II,HH '<leJIOBeKa '<leJIOBeKOM. CTauu~a - 60JihiiiOe Kaaaqhe ceJieune. CTa'IKa - oprauHaosauuoe npeKpa~eune pa60Thl c u.eJihiO .n;o6HThCSI swnoJiue- HHH Tpe60B8HHH. CyKuo - IIIepcTSIHas:I TKaHh. CropTYK - sepxHSISI MymcKas:I O,l.l;em,ll;a, THn nn,Z~;maKa c ,ll;JIHHHhlMH noJiaMH. Tapul}l - uopMa B3HM8HHSI HaJiora HJIH nJiaThl aa noJih30BaHHe 'tleM-JIH6o. Teppop - cpnan"tJecKoe uacHJIHe, snJIOTh .n;o YHH''iTOmeHHSI, no OTHOIIIeHHIO K no- JIHTH'tleCKHM npOTHBHHKaM. THcueuue - KHHroneqaTaune. TOB8pHO-,IJ;eHe3CHhle OTHOIDeHHR - OTHOIIIeHHSi Mem.n;y JIIO,ll;hMH B XO)J;e npOH3BO,li;- CTB8 H 06MeHa TOBapOB (H3)1;eJIHH, npOH3BO,ll;HMhlX ,IJ;JISi npO,ll;a>KH). ToBapuoe npoH3BO,I.l;CTBO - nponaso,ZJ;CTBO na.n;eJIHH, opneuTnposauuoe ua pwHOK, T .e. H3rOTOBJieHHe TOBapOB CITeii,HaJihHO )J;JISI npO,ZJ;8>KH. YKJia,IJ; 3KOBOMH'IeCKHH - OC06hlH THIT X03SiHCTBa, B OCHOBe KOTOporo Jie>KaT on- pe,ZJ;eJieHHas:I <})OpMa C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha Cpe,ZJ;CTBa npOH3BO,li;CTB8 H COOTBeTCTBYJO- III,He OTHOIIIeHHH B xo,ZJ;e 3Toro nponaso.n;cTsa. B nepso:ii noJIOBHHe XIX B. ocHoB- HhiMH 3KOHOMH""ieCKHMH yKJia,li;8MH B PoccHH 6wJIH: cpeo,ZJ;aJihHO-KpenocTHH'<IecKHii (rOCITO,ll;CTBYIO~HH), MeJIKOTOB8pHbiH (peMeCJieHHbiH) H K8llHT8JIHCTHqecKHH (aK- THBHO pa3BHB8BIIIHHCSi). Yp6auHaa~HSI - poeT ropo,ZJ;OB H ycHJieuue HX poJIH B mHaHH o6~ecTsa. YcTaB - CBOA npasHJI, onpe,ZJ;eJISilO~Hii ycTpoii:cTBO, nops:I,ZJ;OK .n;eRTeJihHOCTH op- raHH3aii,HH HJIH rocy,ZJ;apcTseuuoro opraua. Y CTOH - OCHOBhi; TO, '<ITO CJIO>KHJIOCh, YCTOSiJIOCb.
cltJienm - 3eMJI.HHhle yKperrJieHH.H. cltpaK - po,n; cropTyKa c Bhlpe3aHHhiMH crrepe,n;H rroJiaMH H c ,ll;JIHHHhiMH y3KHMH cpan,n;aMH C3a.,ll;H. cltypam - KOPM ,n;JI.H Jioma.,n;eH:. Xy,n;omecTBeuua.H KYJibTypa - coBoKyrruocTh rrpoH3Be,n;eHHH, co3,n;aHHhiX MacTe- paMH xy,n;omecTseuuoro TBOpt~ecTBa (JIHTepaTopaMH, MY3hiKaHTaMH, xy,n;omHHKa- MH, apxHTeKTopaMH, cKyJihiiTopaMH). Xy,ZJ;omeCTBeBBbiH CTHJib - COBOKYIIHOCTb rrpH3HaKOB, xapaKTepH3YIOIIHX RCKyc- CTBO orrpe,n;eJieuuoro uarrpasJieHH.H. I.J;eB3 - ycJIOBHe, OrpaBHtiHBaiOIIee yqaCTHe tieJIOBeKa B OCylleCTBJieBHH TeX HJIH HHbiX npaB, B tiaCTHOCTH B Bbi60pax. I.J;euaypa - IIpOCMOTp IIpOH3Be,ll;eHHH, rrpe,ZJ;Ha3HatieBHhiX ,ll;JI.H IIetiaTH, IIOCTaHOB- KH, HHOr,n;a ,n;ame IIHCeM C II,eJihiO KOBTpOJI.H. I.J;HpKyJI.Hp - paCIIOp.HmeHHe opraHa BJiaCTH IIO,ll;tiHHeHHhiM yqpem,n;eHH.HM. lJepTa OCe,ZJ;JIOCTH - TeppHTOpH.H, Ha KOTOpOH pa3pelliaJIOCb B 1791- 1917 rr. B PoccHH rrocTOHHHOe rrpomHBaHHe espees. OxsaTh!BaJia 15 ry6epHHH. llyiiKa - ,n;oJirorroJiaH MymcKa.H o,n;em,n;a, rrepsouatiaJibBO cso6o,n;uoro rroKpO.H, II03,ll;Hee CXO,ll;Ha.H C KacpTaHOM. 3KOBOMJI'IeCitHH KpH3HC - T.HmeJiaH CHTyaii,H.H B pa3BHTHH 3KOHOMHKH, BpeMH ee yrra.,n;Ka. 3KCIIe,IJ;HII,H.H - IIOe3,li;Ka rpyiiiihi JIHII, C KaKHMH-JIH60 II,eJI.HMH (HaytiBhiMH, BOeH- HhiMH, IIpOCBeTHTeJihCKHMH).
Bceo6aqaA HCI'OpHR IJ;apCTBOBaHHe A.JieKcaH~pa I "Yqpem~eHHe MHHHCTepCTB B PoccHH HarroJieOHOBCKHe 1799-1815 r BOHHbi 1803 r. ITycK aBTOM06HJIH c rrapoBbiM ~BHraTeJieM ' . ~. 1812 r. 1813- 3arpaHHtiHbiH 1814rr. IIOXO~ 0TetiecTBeHHaH PYCCKOH soiiaa. apMHH 26 asrycTa 1812 r. Bopo~HHCKOe cpameHHe BeHCKHH KOHrpecc H co3~aHHe 14-1815 r CBHlll;eHHoro coro3a MroJibCKaH peBOJilO~liH BO <l>paH~HH 1840rr. Ha"tJaJio IIpOMbllllJieHHOrO rrepeBopoTa B PoccHH 1825- 1855 rr. IJ;apCTBOBaHHe HHKOJiaH I ITpoBo3rJiameHHe 182 3 ~OKTPHHbl MoHpo 0TKpbiTHe nepBOH meJie3HOH ~oporH B PoccHH ITpasJieHHe KOpOJieBbi BHKTOPHH 830r. ITapJiaMeHTCKa.H pett>opMa B AHrmm BoiiHa TaHllHHOB B KHTae 1864 rr. 1856 rr. ITepBaH BceMHpHaSI npOMbllllJieHHaSI BbiCTaBKa B JloH~OHe
Y Ka3 0 «BOJibHbiX xJie6onarnu;ax» YliaCTHe PoccHH B III H IV aHTHHaiiOJieo- HOBCKHX KOaJIHD;HSIX 1825 r. BoccTaHHe ~eKa6pHCTOB 1841 rr. PecpopMa rocy~apcTBeHHbiX KpeCTbSIH rr..n;. KHceJieBa flepBaSI HMIIepHSI BO <l>paHD;HH 1827 r. 8o1n116pa ~IJL~~l<t':<odl''"l HaBapHHCKoe MOpCKOe cpameHHe <l>HHaHCOBaSI pecpopMa E .<I>. KaHKPHHa 1853 r. 18 HOR6ptl CHHoncKoe MOpCKOe cpameHHe IlepBaSI onHyMHaSI 1854 r. HacHJibCTBeHHoe «OTKpbiTHe>> .HnoHHH Coa~aHHe rocy~apCTBeHHOrO COBeTa IIpoBoar JiarneHHe He3aBHCHMOCTH BeHecyaJibi. CHMOH BoJIHBap 1828- 1829 rr. PyccKo-Typeu;KaSI BOii:Ha 1848- P eBOJIIOD;HSI 1849 rr. B EBpone 06opoHa CeBaCTOIIOJISI
O XpoHOJIOrHH ocHOBHhiX HCTOpHqecKHX BceMHpHaH npOMbllliJieHHaH BbiCTaBKa B Ilapume 06paaoBaHHe repMaHCKOH HMnepHH IJ;apCTBOBaHHe A.T.IeKcaH~pa III O¢ opMJieHHe TpofrcTBeHHoro COI03a repMaHHH, ABcTpo-BeHrpHH H .HTaJIHH 1882 r. IJ;apCTBOBaHHe A.T.IeKcau~pa II BoccTaHHe cHnaeB B HH~HH 3eMCKaH H Cy~e6HaH pe¢opMhl CTaqKa 0TKpbiTHe nepBOH JIHHHH MeTpOnOJIHTeHa B JlOH~OHe I HuTepHan;HOHM TpeThH pecny6JIHKa BO <l>paH:qHH ua HHKOJibCKOH MaHy¢aKType IloJiomeHHe 0 3eMCKHX uaqaJibHHKax 1885 0CHOBaHn:e HH~HHCKOrO Ha:qHOHaJibHOrO KOHrpecca
co6LITHii: BTopoii: n<!,JIOBHHLI XIX BeKa O Pe<PopMbl M3R~3H B .ffiiOHHH 1869 rr. Haqa.n:o CTpOHTeJibCTBa TpaHccH6HpCKOR MarHCTp8JIH 1861 r. 0TMeHa KpeiiOCTHOrO rrpaBa B PoccJnl ropO~CK8$1 peQ:>opMa Co3~aHHe ABcTpo- BeHrepcKOR HMIIepHH 1 r. PyccKo- Typen;Kag BORHa 1870-1871 rr. <l>paHKO-rrpyCCK8$1 BORHa 1881 rr. «Hapo~Hag BOJI$1>) 1917 rr. I.J;apCTBOB8HHe HHKOJiag II 1 Mapra Y6HRCTBO ArreKcaH~pa II ,Zl;eHemHag peQ:>opMa C.IO. BHTTe
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nOAPO&HEE Anucu.M-06 E.B., Ka~tencJCuil A.B. Pocci-ui B XVIII - rrepBOH rroJIOBHHe XIX BeKa I E.B. AHHCHMOB, A.B. Ka- MeHCKHH. - M.: 1994. FopiJun JIA. M.HTem. pecpopM8TOpOB I .H.A. rop~HH. JI.: 1989. HJLbUii C.B. BHTTe 1 C.B. MJibHH. - M.: 2006. KuJLH-CICaJt 0.11. IlecTeJib 1 O.M. KH.HHCKa.H. - M.: 2006. Jleean006CICUU AA. BpeM.H rpaHOBCKoro: y HCTOKOB cpop- MHPOB8HH.H pyccKoH: HHTeJIJIHreHI.J;HH I A.A. JieBaH~oB­ CKHH. - M.: 1990. MuponenJCO C.B. CaMo~epm.aBHe H pecpopMbi. IloJIHTH- qecKa.H 6opb6a B PoccHH B Ha'laJie XIX B. I C.B. MHpo- HeHKO. - M.: 1989. MuponeH-JCO C.B. CTpaHHI.J;bi TaHHOH HCTOPHH caMo~ep­ m.aBH.a: IIOJIHTH'lleCKa.H: HCTOpH.H POCCHH nepBOH IIOJIOBH- Hbl XIX cToJieTH.H I C.B. MHpoHeHKO. - M.: 1990. MocKBa. BbiT XIV- XIX BB. - M.: 2005. MocKBa B O'lepKax 40-x ro~oB XIX BeKa. - M.: 2004. Ilanmun H.K., liJLu.M.aiC E.F., Xopoc B.F. PeBOJIIOI.J;HOH- Ha.H Tpa~HI.J;H.H: B PoccHH. 1783-1883 I ll.K. IlaHTHH, E.r. IlJIHMaK, B.r. Xopoc. - M.: 1986. IIecJCoe A.M. IlaBeJI I I A.M. IIecKOB. - M.: 2003. PoccHiiCKHe KOHcepBaTopbi. - M.: 1997. Ce~tenJCoea T.r., Ce.M.enJCoe A.B. ,IJ;eHem.Hble pecpopMbi PoccHH B XIX B. 1 T.r. CeMeHKOBa, A.B. CeMeHKOB. - CII6.: 1992. CoJL06be6a A.M. IlpoMbiiiiJieHHa.a peBOJIIOI.J;H.H B PoccHH B XIX BeKe 1 A.M. CoJIOBbeBa. - M.: 1990. ToMcunoe B. ApaK'lleeB 1 B. ToMCHHOB. - M.: 2003. (/JeiJopoe BA. ,IJ;eKa6pHCTbi H Hx BpeM.H 1 B.A. <I>e~opoB. - M.: 1992. (/)eiJopoe BA. M.M. CnepaHcKHH H A.A. ApaK'lleeB 1 B.A. <l>e~opoB. - M.: 1997. ~bt.M.6aee H.H. CJiaB.HHOcpHJibCTBO. - M.: 1986. :3uiJeJLb.M.an H.JI. PeBoJIIOI.J;H.H: cBepxy B PoccHH. - M.: 1988.
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    Y)l;K BBK 373.67.1:94(47) 63.3(2)H72 )1;18 Ha )"'eORHK noJiyqeHLInoJIOxtHTeJILHble 3aKJIJ0'1eHH.a PoccMiicKolf aKat~;eMHH uayK (M 10106-5215/ 55 OT 03 .08.2009) " PoccMHCKOH aKat~;eMHH o6pa3oBaRHH (M 01-5/7t~;-63 OT 10.07.2009) CepUJL <(Ax:aiJeMu'lecx:uu ULKOJtbH.btil y'le6H.UK>> ocH.o8aH.a 8 2005 zoiJy IIpoeKT «PoccHikKaSI aKaAeMHSI HayK, PoccmicKaSI aKaAeMHSI o6paaoBaHHSI, I1:3AaTeJihCTBO <<IlpocBelleHHe•> - pOCCH:HCKOH lllKOJie•> PYKOBOAHTeJIH rrpoeKTa: BHu;e-rrpe3HAeHT PAH aKaA. B .B . Ko3JWB, npeawtJ;eHT PAO aKaA. H .,a. Hwc.aniJpoB, ynpaBJISIIOUHH AH:PeKTOP H:JtJ;aTeJibCTBa <•IIpocBelleHHe» tJJI.-Kopp. PA O A.M. KoniJaKOB H ayqHhie peAaKTOpbi cepww: aKaA. PAO, A-p neA. HayK A.A. Ky3U€1fOB, aKaA. PAO, A-p neA. HayK M.B. Pw:HCaKOB, A-p 3KOH. HayK C.B. CuiJopenKo CepuR <(Ccpepbt>> ocH.oBaH.a 8 2003 zoiJy PyKOBOAMTeJIH npoeKTa: t.IJI.-Kopp. PA O, A-p rreA. HayK A.M. KoniJaKoB, t.IJI.-Kopp. PAO, A-p reorp. HayK B .n. J(ponoB JlmrnH yqeOHO-MeTOAJf'le<:KHX KOMJIJieKCOB <•C<I>EPhf» no HCTOpHH H ayt.IHhiH p yKoBOAH:TeJih: A-P HCT. HayK A .A. J(anun o B H ayqHhi H KOHCYJihTaHT: aKaA. P A H, A-p HCT. HayK H .X . Ypun oB AsTop 6JiaroAapHT A-pa HCT. uayK JI.r. K ocyJmHy aa noMOUh B coaAaHH:H yqe6HHKa. ,L(aHHJIOB A.A. )1;18 IfcTopHH. P occHSI B XIX seKe. 8 KJiacc : yqe6. AJISI o611eo6paaosaT. ISBN 978-5-09-028265-9 yqpemAeHHH c rrpH:JI. Ha aJieKTpoH. IIOCHTeJie I A .A. ,il;aHHJIOB ; Poe. aKaA. HayK, P oe. aKM. o6paaoaaHHSI, H3A-BO <•IlpocBelleHHe•>. - 3-e H3A. - M. : IlpocBelleHHe, 201 2 . - 127, [1] c. : HJI. - (AKaAeMHtJeCKHH lllKOJihHhiH yqe6HHK) (Cc}:>ephi ). - ISBN 9 78-5-0 9-0 28265-9. ,[{BHHhlli Y'I C611liK npO,ll;OJDl<8CT JlHHHIO Y'IC6HO-MCTOAH'ICCI<HX KOMTIJlCKTOB TIO 11CT0plill POCCI111 JlHHHH *Ccj:>epbl •> . Ji13,n;aH.HC IIO,ll;!'OTOBJJCHO B COOTBCTCTDHH C C]>e,n;epaJJbllblM KOMTIOIICH- TOM r ocy,n;apC'I'BCHHO!'O o6pa30DBTCJlhHO!'O CTBIIABPTB H OCBC~BCT BOllpOChl Kypca HCTOp1111 PoccHH 8 KJJacca. Co,n;epmaTCJJhHO MaTepuaJJ yqe6HHKa HanpaeJJeH Ha c]JOPMHposaHHe npe,n;CTBBJJCHHH yqa~HXCR 0 HOBOH HCTOpHH POCCHH, OC06CHHOCTRX ee COU,IIBJlbHO-;)KOHO- MH'ICCKOI'O, nom1TH'IecKoro u KYJJhTYPHOl'O paasaTHR s XIX s. Co6biT11R 11CTOPHH Poc- CHH, OCBC~CHHbiC B ABHHOM yqe6HHKC, npe,n;CTaBJlE'Hbl B TCCIIOil B3BHMOCBR311 C KJ!lO'ICBblMII npou,eccaMn sceMHpuoi1: HCTOPI1H, npoTeKaBUIHMH s CTpaHax Esponhi, A3nl!, AMepHKII. IlOK83aHO B3811MIIOC BJJHJlHHC PocCHH 11 Kpynuei.fUIHX CTpau MHpa. r JlaBHbiMH oco6emwc- TRMH ,ll;BHHO!'O y<Je6HHKB RBJJRIOTCR cj)HKCHpOBBHHhli-i B TCMBTli'ICCKHX pa3aOpOT8X cpopMaT, JJaKOHH'IHOCTb 11 meCTKBSI CTPYKTypHposaHHOCTh TCKCTa, paaHoo6pa3Hhli-i 11JJJJIOCTpaTns- Hbli1 pR,lJ;. Hcnon&aosaHHe 3JJCKTPOHHOro np11nomeHHR K yqe6HnKy noasOJIHT ana•mTeJJhHO pac- WHPHTh HH<]>OpM81.1,1110 (TCKCTOBYIO 11 BH3Y8JJbHYIO) H Hay<JH'fbCR npHMCHRTb ee npH TIOA· l'O'I'OBKC TBOp<! CCK11X pa60T. Y,l],K 373.67.1:94(47) BBK 63.3(2)u72 <' {1J)lBTC"1bCTBO • IlpocBClJ.ICHI!et, 2010, 2012 f Xy)lomecTBCHHoe oQ>opMne1111e. Jll3)laTCJibC'1'1JO • IlpOCBClJ.ICIII1E'>, 2010, 2012 Bee npana 31llJ.IHlJ.IeHbl
  • 4.
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  • 5.
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  • 6.
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  • 7.
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  • 8.
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  • 9.
    0 HaYane npasneH!Ilfl111Mneparo- pa AneKcaHApa I 0 pecpopMax HernacHoro KOM!Il- rera s HaYane XIX s. KaK Ha3blsanii1Cb BbiCW!Ile opraHbl snacr111 np111 EKarep!llHe Ben111Ko~? Tepp111rop111fl crpaHbl 6b1na cronb o6w111pHa, YTO nocnaHHbllit nocne cMeprlll EKarep111Hbl Ben111Kolit ro- Het..~. npeoAonesaswllllit s cpeAHeM 180 sepcr B AeHb, np111Be3 secrb 06 3TOM C06b1Til1111 B V1pKyTCK nlllWb cnycrfl 34 AHfl, a Ha KaMYarKy n111wb Yepe3 rp111 MeCfll..la. 1.1. 0CH061ible COCJL06UJL Poccuu 6 na'LaJLe XIX 6. BHYTPEHHAR nonMTHKA AJ1EKCAHAPA I B 1801-1806 rr. Y>Ke B nepBble ro.o,bl npasneHIIlrl AneKcaH.o,pa I nporlBIIl- nocb era reep.o,oe HaMepeHIIle c noMOW,btO pecpopM 1113- MeHIIlTb K nyYweMy nono>KeHIIle .o,en B crpaHe. B Ha~ane XIX B. PoccMsr 6biJia KpynHefirueH KOHTMHeHTaJibHOH .n;ep.maBOH MMpa. 0Ha npocTMpanacb OT BanTMKM .n;o TMxoro oKeaHa, ..... oT ApKTHKM .n;o "Y:epHoro Mopsr M KaBKa3a. ...,.. CTpeMHTeJibHO poena M HaceneHMe cTpaHbi. K Ha~a­ ny BeKa OHO COCTaBMJIO 43,7 MJIH ~eJIOBeK. Pa3Me:m;eHHe aToif MaCChi poccM.HH 6hmo HepaBHOMep- HbiM. 3a YpanoM npo.mMBano JIMrub 3 MJIH ~enoBeK . Boc- TO~Hasr CM6Mpb M .II,anbHMH BocTOK 6hiJIM e:m;e rro~TM He OCBOeHbl pyCCKMM HaCeJieHMeM. CTpaHa 6biJia MHOI'OHaD;MOHaJibHOH - Ha ee rrpo- CTOpax npomMBaJIO 6onee 100 Hapo.n;oB. OHM HcnoBe.n;o- BaJIM rrpaKTH~eCKM Bee ocHOBHbie MMpOBbie penMrMM. O.n;- HaKo 87% HaCeJieHM.H 6biJIM rrpaBOCJiaBHbiMM. OcHoBy aKOHOMMKM cocTaBJI.HJia <Peo.n;aJibHO-KperrocT- HM~ecKa.H CMCTeMa xo3.HHCTBa. OcHoBy rroJIMTM~ecKoro C'l'posr - caMo.n;ep.maBHasr MOHapxHsr. HMrrepaTopy npH- Ha.n;ne.mana BC.H TIOJIHOTa 3aKOHO.D;aTeJibHOH M paCIIOp.H.n;H- TeJibHOH BJiaCTM. • locyAapcrseHHble KpecTbf!He 40-45% KpenocrHble KpeCTbf!He 40-45% • Mell.aHcrso 4% • Ka3aYecrso 6% )J,sopfiHCTBO 1 % • npasocnaBHOe AYXOBeHCTBO 1 % • KyneYecrso 0,5% B pe3yJibTaTe .n;Bopn;oBoro rrepe- BopoTa MapTa 1801 r . Cbi H y6MTOI'O HMIIepaTOpa IlaBna I A.neKcaHop B B03pacTe 24 neT BCTYIIMJI Ha poc- CHHCKHH rrpecTOJI. AneKcaH.n;p I nonaran, ~To Heo6xo.n;MMO rrpoBe.n;eHHe KopeHHbiX pecpopM c n;enhiO o6HOBJieHM.H cTpaHbi. Crro.n;- BHJKHHKaMM-pecpopMaTopaMH CTaJIM CBepCTHHKH MOJIO.D;OI'O n;apsr, C KOTOpbiMM OH HeKor.n;a BOCIIMTbiBaJIC.H H ~HJIC.H. Cpe.n;M HHX 6hiJIH rpacp IIA. CmpozaHOB, H .H. HoBocuJtb- ~eB, KH.H3b AA. q apmopbtucKuu, rpa¢ B.II. Ko'l.y6eu. BMecTe c AneKcaH.n;poM I OHM cocTaBHJIH TaK Ha3biBae- MbiM HerJiaCHbiM KOMMTeT, Ha 3ace.n;aHM.HX KOTOporo o6- cym.n;aJIHCb npoeKTbi rrpeo6pa3oBaHHif.
  • 10.
    llpH HeiiOCpe~CTSeHHOM y~aCTHHqneHOS Hernacuoro KOMHTeTa 6hmH ocym;ecTsne- Hbi rrepSbie marH HOSOrO n;apCTSOS8HH.H: 06'b.HSneHa 8MHHCTHS! 12 TbiC. qenoseK, IIOCTp8~8SillHM rrpn llasne I; suosb OTKpbiTbi rpaHHD;hi; pa3perneuo CS060~HO SS03HTb 38II~HOesporreHCKHe KHHrH H TOsa- pbi. llpn AneKcau~pe I 6hln co3~au cosem;aTenbHbiH HerrpeMeHHbiH coseT H3 12 q enoseK, s o6.H3aHHOCTH KOToporo sxo~nnn pa3pa6oTKa H o6cym~eune samueii- rnnx 38KOHOIIpOeKTOS. rnaSHbiM pe3ynhT8TOM ~e.HTenbHOCTH He- rnacuoro KOMHTeTa ~onmuo 6bino CTaTb orpaun- ~eune caMo~epmasn.H. Ho suaqane pemeHo 6bl- no rrposecTH peq:>opMbi s o6nacTH yrrpasneHH.H CTpaHOH. B ceHT.H6pe 1802 r. uaqanach pe- Q:>opMa SbiCillHX opraHOS rocy~apCTSeHHOH snaCTH. CeuaT rronyqnn cTaTyc <<sepxosHoro MecTa>>, ua~e­ neHHoro HCIIOnHHTenbHbiMH, cy~e6HbiMH H H8~30pHbiMH cpyHKD;HS!MH. O~uospeMeHHO rnasHbiMH oprauaMH rocy~apcTseHHo­ ro ynpasneHHS! SMeCTO KOnnerHH CTanH 8 MHHHCTepCTB. ,[(n.H o6cym~eHHS! 06ID;HX SOIIpOCOS yrrpasneHHS! CTpaHOH 6hm y~pem~eH KoMHTeT MHHHCTpou. O~HHM H3 caMhlX samHbi X pemeunii AneKcau~pa I cTan yKa3 OT 20 <PespaJI.H 1803 r . o <<BO.ablibtX x.ae6on auu"ax>>, no KOTOpOMy IIOMeiD;HKH MOrnH OTIIYCK8Tb CSOHX KpeiiOCT- HbiX Ha somo c 3eMenhHhlMH ua~enaMH 3a Bbi Kyrr. 3To 6hm rrepsbiH s HCTopnn P occn n 3aKOH, ~asasmnii B03- MO>KHOCTb OCS060JK~eHHS! KpeCTb.HH OT KpeiiOCTHOH 38- SHCHMOCTH. B 1803 r. Ha'Ianacb peQ:>opMa uapo~uoro rrpocseiD;e- HH.H, KOTOpa.H C~enana o6pa30S8HHe 6onee ~OCTYIIHhlM ~n.H <<HH3lliHX>> cnoes HaceneHHS!. 3Hal:JHTenbHYIO 8BTO- HOMHIO (He38SHCHMOCTb OT Bn8CTeii) IIOn~HnH YHHSep- CHTeTbi , 'IHCnO KOTOpbiX ysenH...IHnOCb. B 1804 r. 6bm c~enau rrepshlii mar K OTMeHe Kperro- CTHoro npasa s llpH6anTHKe: 'IeTKO orrpe~eneHhi pa3Mephl KpeCTb.HHCKHX IIOSHHHOCTeH H rrnaTeJKeH, a KpeCTb.HHe IIpH3H8Hbl HaCne~CTSeHHbiMH sna~enbD;8MH CSOHX 3e- MenbHbiX ~acTKos. ITo MHeHHIO AneKcau~pa I, pecpop- Mbi S llpn6anTHKe ~On>KHbi 6hmH S 6y~ym;eM <<IIOK83aTb rrpHMep seeM: PoccHH>>. 1.2. A.aefCcanop I (a ) u ezo cnooeuJICnufCu: B.ll. Ko'ly6eu ( 6); IIA. Cmpozanoe ( 6 ) n paKTV1YeCKOe 3HaYeHV1e yKa3a 0 «sonbHbiX xne6onaw1.4ax» 6blno HesenV1KO. 3a 25 ner (.4apcrsosa- HII1~ AneKcaH.o,pa I n111wb 47 Tbtc. KpeCTb~H (T. e. MeHbWe 0,5% OT 06U.(ero Ylllcna KpenOCTHbiX) CMOr- 11111 raKIIIM o6pa30M Kynii1Tb ce6e cso6o.o,y. 6onbWII1HCTBO noMeU.(I/1- KOB .O,a:>Ke He nOMbiW11~11111 0 «pa3- .o,aye csoeVI co6crseHHOCTV1». 111cno11b3Y~ Kapry, .o.alilre xapaKre- p111crV1KY repp111rop111anbHbiM oco6eH- HOCT~M Pocc111111 a HaYa11e XIX a. 01.4eH111Te .o.e~Te11bHOCTb Hernac- Horo KOMIIITeTa. KaKoso 6~110 3HaYeHII1e neps~x pecpopM AneKcaH.o,pa 17
  • 11.
    06 OCHOBH~X HanpasneH~~X BHewHelilnon~r~K~ AneKcaHApa I 0 soeHHbiX KaMnaH~~x Pocc~~ s Espone ~ Ha KasKa3e KaK~e BHewHenon~T~YeCK~e 3a- AaY~ 6bln~ peweHbl so sropolil no- nos~He XVIII s.? 1.3. H anoJteon Bonanapm B cpa:>t<.eH~~ np~ Ayaepn~u,e om~­ Y~nacb pyccKa~ rsapAelilcKa~ Kasa- nep~~- ,[l,Ba 3CKaApOHa KOHHOiil rsapA~~ onpoK~Hyn~ 6aranbOH cppaHU.Y30B ~ 3axsar~n~ 3HaM~ (op- na). P~AOBOiil KOHHOrsapAeeu, las- p~nOB noAo6pan 3HaM~ y c6~roro C HOr cppaHU,Y3CKOrO OpilOHOCU,a, HO CaM 6b1Jl 3aKOJlOT Henp~~TenbCK~M~ WTbiKaM~. 0AHaKO rpocpelil 6b1Jl noAXBaYeH P~AOBbiM OMenbYeHKO ~ BbiHeceH c non~ 6o~. BHEWHRA non TMKA B 1801-1812 rr. H aYaB csoe u,apcTBOBaHV1e c peWV1TeJlbHbiX AeV1CTBV1ill npor111s HanoneoHOBCKoill <DpaHLJ,V1111, AneKcaHAP I 6blfl nOCTaBJleH B AaJlbHeillweM nepeA He06XOA111MOCTbiO co103a c Heill. TV1Ilb3111TCKV1ill MV1p pa3BfBan pyKV1 o6o111M COI03HI!1KaM B HOBbiX repp111TOp1!1aJlbHbiX np11106peTeHV1s:lX. 3TO, B CBOIO OYepeAb, Hel!136e>KHO BeJlO K 060CTpeHV110 npOTV1BOpe4111ill Me>KAY HV1MV1. CMeHa HMrrepaTopoB rrpHBeJia K rrepeMeHaM BO BHemHeM: IIOJIHTHKe. .AJieKcaH.D;p I B0306HOBHJI ToproBmo c AHrJIHeM:. BhlJIH OT03BaHhi Ka3a~hH ~aCTH, HarrpaBJieHHhie IlaBJIOM I B rroxo.D; Ha 6pHTaHCKHe BJia.D;eHHR B MH.D;HH. 0,D;HOBpeMeHHO YXY.D;IDHJIHCh OTHOIIIeHHR C <f>paHn;HeH. B 1801 r. PoccHR 11 AHrJIHR 3aKJIIO~HJIH KOHBeHIJ;HIO <<0 B3aHMHo:i1: .D;pyJK6e>>, HarrpaBJieHHYIO rrpoTHB BoHarrapTa. C IJ;eJihiO o6e30IIaCHTh ce6R OT QJpaHIJ;Y3CKOI'O BTOpJKeHHR Ha ocTpoBa AHrJIHR cTpeMHJiach rrepeHecTH 6oeBhie ,D;eHCTBHR B KOHTHHeHTaJibHYIO EBporry. ,ll;JIR 3TOI'O B 1805 I'. 6biJia C03.D;aHa O~epe,D;HaR (TpeTbR) aHTHqlpaHIJ;y3- CKaR KoaJno~lUI B cocTaBe AHrJIRH, PoccHH, ABcTpHH r. ll lliBeiJ;Hll. ..,. HarroJieoH 6biJI BhlHYJK.D;eH rrepe6pocHTh CBOH OCHOBHhie CllJihi B IJ;eHTpaJibHYIO E Bporry. 3,D;ecb <1JpaHIJ;Y3hl cHa~aJia pa3- rpoMHJIM aBCTPHHCKHe BOHCKa B cpaJKeHHH rro.D; Y.ll.b.M.O.M. H 3aHRJIH B eHy, a 3aTeM HaHeCJIH rropaJKeHHe aBCTpo-p yCCKOH apMHH (B KOTOpOH HaXO.D;HJIHCh aBCTp HMCKHH 11 poccHiiCKHH HMrrepaTophi) no.D; Aycmep- .ll.Ul{e.M. (20 HOR6p R 1805 r .) . PoCCHR IIOTepRJia IIO~Tll 15 TbiC. CBOHX COJI,D;aT H OQJHIJ;epOB. TpeTbR KOaJIHIJ;HR p acrraJiaCh, O.D;HaKO CBOeH n;eJIH OHa .D;OCTHI'Jia: BTOpJKe- HHe H arroJieoHa B AHrJIHIO TaK H He cocTORJIOCh. __j 0.D;HOBpeMeHHO PoccHR rrpoBO.D;HJia aKTHBHYIO IIOJIHTHKY Ha KaBKa3e. B 1801 I'. B ee COCTaB .D;06pOBOJihHO BOIIIJia BocTO~HaR rpy3HR. B 1803 I'. 6bi- Jia 3aBOeBaHa MlmrpeJIHR, B 1804 I'. - MMepeTHR, r y - PHR H rRH,D;JKa. B 1805 I'. B XO,D;e pyccKo-rrepCH.D;CKOH BOHHhi 6biJIH 3aBoeBaHhi Kapa6ax H lliHpBaH. B 1806 r. 3aBepmHJIOCh rrpHcoe.D;HHeHHe oceTHHCKHX 3eMeJih. CTpe- MHTeJihHOe npoHHKHOBeHHe PoccHH B 3aKaBKa3be o6ecrro- KOHJIO He TOJihKO TypiJ;HIO H IlepCHIO, HO ll eBpo- r,. rreM:cKHe ,LJ;epJKaBhi. ...,-
  • 12.
    PyKOBO,ll;HBmHH: BHemaeH: noJIHTH- KoH:PoccHH A.A. "'IapTophlifCKHH (nomiK no HaiJ,HOHaJib- HOCTH) 6biJI CTOpOHHHKOM aHTHcppaHU.Y3CKOH KOaJIHU.HH. C ee llOMOJ.D;blO OH CTpeMHJICSI ,ll;06HTbCSJ OCB060)K,ll;eHHSJ IloJibmH. "'IapTOpbiHCKHH npe,ll;JiaraJI AJieKcaHAPY I He TOJibKO 6opOTbCSJ C cppaHu;y3aMH CHJiaMH peryJISipHOH ap- MHH, HO H ITO,ll;,ll;ep)KaTb OCB060,ll;HTeJihHOe ,ll;BH)KeHHe Ha- pO,ll;OB OKKynHposaHHhiX HanoneoHOM CTpaH, noo6e- I.D;aB HM ocso60)K,ll;eHHe nocne pa3rpoMa <l>paHU.HH. AJieKcaHAP I ,ll;aJI cornacHe Ha aTo, O,ll;HaKO He CrremHJI BhlrrOJIHSJTb o6eJ.D;aHHOe AO OKOH~aHHSJ 3aTSJ)KHOH BOHHhi. HanoneoH )Ke, Ha060pOT, CTpeMSJCb HCITOJib30BaTb OC- B060,ll;HTeJibHOe ,ll;BH)KeHHe ITOJISIKOB, He TOJibKO ll006eJ.D;aJI HM llO,ll;,ll;ep)KKY, HO H C03,ll;aJI 3aBHCHMOe OT <l>paHIJ;HH repu;or- CTBO BapmascKoe H3 noJibCKHX TeppMTo- pHH:, BXO,ll;HBlllHX B COCTaB IlpyCCHH H ABcTpo-BeHrpMH. 3,ll;ech 6hmo OTMeHeHo KpenocTHOe npaso, o6ei.D;aHhi ,ll;eMoKpaTH- ~eCKHe cso60,ll;bl. OH o6ei.D;aJI rrOJISIKaM nocne pa3rpoMa PoccHH soccTaaosJieHHe yTpa~eHHOH HMH roCy,ll;apCTBeHHOCTH. 8TO He TOJibKO ITO,ll;TOJIKHYJIO ITOJISJKOB K rrO,ll;- ,ll;ep)KKe HanoneoHa, HO H 3acTaBHJIO AJieK- caH,ll;pa I AYMaTb HaA pemeHHeM «rrOJihCKoro sonpoca•>. B 1806 r. BORHa B Espone scnhrxHyna c aosoH: cHnoH:. Bhxna co3,ll;aHa ~eTsepTaSJ aHTHcppaau;y3cKaSI KoaJIHU.HSI B cocTaBe AHrJIHH, PoccHH, IlpyccHH 11 IIIBeu;HH. 0TBeTOM Hanoneoaa CTaJIO o6'hSJBJie- HHe B 1806 r. AHrJIHH <•KOHTHHeHTaJILHOH 6JIOKM:LI•> - 3arrpeTa Ha BCSIKHe CBSI3H Me)K,ll;Y HeH H CTpaHaMH espo- rreHCKOrO KOHTHHeHTa, ~TO ,ll;OJI)KHO 6biJIO ITO,ll;OpBaTb 6pHTaHCKYJO aKOHOMHKY. Boeshle ,ll;eifcTBHSJ KOaJIHU.HH npoTHB HanoneoHa 6hiJIH Hey,ll;a~HhiMH AJISJ Hee H Ha 3TOT pa3. B HeManoH: CTeneHH soeHHhlM nopa)KeHHSIM cnoco6- CTBOBaJio TO, ~To PoccHSJ sena soH:Hy aa Tpex cppoHTax. C 1804 r. OHa 6biJia BbiHY)K,ll;eHa HMeTb 3HR'lHTeJibHbie CHJihl aa BocTO~HOM KasKa3e AJISJ 6opb6bi c IlepcHeH:. A B ,ll;eKa6pe 1806 r. HanoneoHy y,ll;aJIOCb rrOATOJIKHYTh K soH:ae c PoccHeH: H Typu;Hro, KOTopoH: 6biJIH o6ei.D;aHhi ITO,ll;,ll;ep)KKa <l>paHU.HH H B03BpaJ.D;eHHe KpbiMa H rpy3HH. Ilocne pa3rpoMa IlpyccHR <l>paHU.HSI BhiiDJia K rpa- HHU.aM PoccHH. AJieKcaHAP I noHHMaJI, ~To soeHHbie H MaTepHaJihHbie pecypcbx cTpaHhi HCTOJ.D;eHhi. OH 6hiJI Bbl- HY)K,ll;eH noifTH Ha MRP c HeHaBHCTHhiM eMy Hanoneo- HOM, KOTOpbiH CaM rrpe,ll;JIO)KHJI Ha~aTb neperOBOpbi. 1 .4. P yCCI<.aJl. ap.~.t uJl. 6 na•1aJte X I X 6 . K «KOHTVIHeHranbHOiil 6noKaAe» 6btnli1 BbiHy>K,O.eHbl npv1COeAii1HII1Tb- GI V1ran111S1, H111AepnaHAbt, V1cnaHII1Sl 111 ,D,aHII1Sl, a s 1807 1809 rr. raK- )!(e POCCII1Sl 111 AsCTpii1S1.
  • 13.
    B T~nb3~Te nocpeA~peK~ HeMaH 6bin ycraHosneH nnor. Ha nnory HaXOA~nCR nas~nbOH, B KOTOpOM ~ scrper~n~cb AneKcaHAP I ~ HanoneoH ~ HeKoropoe speMR 6e- ceAosan~ c rna3y Ha rna3. Ha cne- AYIO~~i/1 AeHb ~Mneparopbi sape- T~n~cb s caMOM T~Jlb3~Te AneKcaHAP I np~cyrcrsosan Ha CMOTpe cppaHL.4Y3CKOIII rsapA~~. Bcmpe'la AJteKcaHopa I u H anoJLeoHa 8 TUJ/.b3Ume 8 1807 z. n epeXOA sotllcKaM~ 6apK11aR Ae TOJlJl~ 5am~IIICK0f0 MOpR RBJlReT- CR nepBbiM B BOeHHOi/1 ~CTOp~~ nepexoAOM 3an~sa no JlbAY. 3a pyKoBOACTBO soillcKaM~ s 3Toil1 soii1He 5apKnail1 Ae Tonn~ 6bi1l Harpa>KAeH OpAeHOM (BRTOrO AneKcaHApa HescKoro ~ npo~3se­ AeH B Y~H reHepana OT ~Hcj:>aHTe­ p~~ (neXOTbi). BcTpeqa HNDrrepaTopoB ilrreK- caH,ll;pa I H HarroJieoHa I rrpoxo,u;HJia 25 HIOHH 1807 r. aa rrJioTy Ha peKe HeMaH B paiioHe rrpyccKoro ropo.u;a TuJLb· 3uma. 0Ha rrpHBeJia K 3aKJiroqeHHIO MHpHoro .u;oroBopa Mem,u;y ,li;BYMH CTpaHaMH. PoccH.H rrpH3HaBaJia Bee 3aaoeBaHMH Ha- noJieoHa, 3aKJiroqaJia c <l>paau;Heii coro3 11 IIpHCOe,D;HHHJiaCb K «KOHTHHeHTaJibHOH 6JIOKa,D;e>>. IlpyCCH.H <t>aKT~eCKH npeapan:t;aJiaCb B 3aBH- CHMOe OT <l>paHIJ;HH rocy.u;apcTBO. Il3 qacTM rrpyccKoii 11 aBCTpHHCKOM TeppHTOpHM 6biJIO C03,D;aHO 3aBHCHMOe OT <l>paHII;HH BapmaacKoe repu;orcTBO. CeKpeTHbie cTaThH .u;oroaopa rrpe.u;ocTaBJIHJIH PoccHH cao6o.u;y ..-. .u;eiicTBHH rrpoTHB Typu;HM, MpaHa 11 IliBeii;HH. ___..:J CeKpeTHhie .u;oroaopeHHOCTH a THJih3HTe OTKPhiBaJIH ,D;JIH A.neKcaH.u;pa I B03MOJKHOCTH pacmHpeHHH rpaHHII; HMnepHH 3a cqeT coce,u;HMX cTpaH 11 6JiarorroJiyqHoro 3a- BepmeHMH 3aTHHyameiicR 6opb6bi c Typn;Heii M Mpa- HOM, a TaKJKe Ha3peBaBmeif BOMHbl CO lliBeii;HeM. 8TH HanpaBJieHHSI H CTaJIH rJiaBHbiMH BO BHeiDHeif ITOJIHTH- Ke PoccHM. BoeHHbie .u;eii- CTBHH HaqaJIHCh 9 cpeapaJISI 1808 r. PycCKMe BOHCKa B TeqeHMe MeC.HII;a OBJia,D;eJIH BCeM IOJKHOH H cpe,u;HeM <l>HH- JI.HH,D;HeM H .AJiaH,D;CKHMH OCTpOBaMH. 16 MapTa 1808 r . HMrrepaTop A.neKcaa.u;p I o6'b.HBMJI o rrpHcoe,u;HHeHMH <l>HHJIHH,D;HM K PoccHM. B MapTe 1809 r . oTpH,u; rro.u; py- KOBO,D;CTBOM reHepaJia M.B. BaplCJLa.R fJe ToJLJ/.U coBep- IDMJI 6ecnpHMepHhlii rrepexo.u; no Jih,D;Y BanTHMCKoro MO- p.H M 3aHHJI ropo.u; YMeo B Illaeu;MH. B 3TO BpeMH oTpH,u; reHepaJia II.H. Bazpamumw 6hiJI HarrpaBJieH aa AJiaa.u;- CKHe OCTpOBa ,D;JISI IIOCJie,D;yiOI.IJ;ero HaCTYIIJieHMSI Ha CTOJIMII;Y IliBeii;HM CToKrOJihM. 9 IIopameHHe IliBeii;HH rrpHBeJio K cBepme- HHIO TaM KOpOJI.H H rrpOCb6aM 0 rrpeKpa- III;eHHH BOHHhi. O,u;HaKO ilrreKcaa.u;p I He rromeJI Ha MHp. OH C03BaJI B ropo.u;e Bopro B <l>HHJIHH,D;HH 3ace.u;aaHe ceiiMa, KOTOphiH o6'hHBHJI o rrpMcoe,u;HHeHHH Be- JIHKoro KH.HJKeCTBa <l>HHJI.HH,li;CKOrO K PoccHM. KH.HJKeCTBO rroJiyqaJio mHpOKMe npaBa CaMOynpaBJieHH.H Ha OCHOBe 3aKO- HOB, ,D;eHCTBOBaBIDHX llpM mBe,D;aX. r ep6 BeJLUICOZO 1CH.JI.JIC€Cf1U3a clJUH.JLJLHiJCICOZO
  • 14.
    IlocJie aToro H8'iaJIHCbrreperosopbi o MHpe co IIIse- n;HeR. CorJiacHo no,n;rrHcaHHOMY 5 ceHTSI6pSI 1809 r. MHp- HOMY .n;orosopy, PoccHH nepe.n;asaJiaCh BCSI TeppHTOpHSI <l>HHJISIH,ll;HH, IliBeD;HSI IIpHCOe,D;HHSIJI8Cb K <<KORTH- ..,. HeHT8JibHOR 6JIOKa,D;e~. ~ Ha nepBOM aTa- rre BORHbi (1806- 1807 rr.) Typn;HSI soesaJia npoTHB Poc- CHR B COI03e C <l>paHn;HeR. BoRHa npRHSIJia 38TSI.>KHOR xa- paKTep. IlepeJIOM B BORRe HacTynHJI B 1811 r., nocJie Ha3HaqeHHSI rJiaBHOKOMaH,n;yiDID;HM pyccKHMR BORCK8MH M.ll. KyTy3oBa. CTpeMHTeJihHhiMH ,n;eRCTBHSIMR OH cy- MeJI OKpy.>KHTb Typen;KyiO apMHIO H BbiHY,D;HTb npOTHBHH- K8 nepeRTR K neperosopaM o MHpe. B 1812 r. B Byxa- pecTe 6hiJI ITO,D;ITHC8H MHpHbiH AOJ'OBOp, IIO KOTOpOMy Beccapa6HSI ocso6o.m,n;aJiach oT Typen;Koro BJia,D;bi'ieCTBa H npHcoe,n;HHSIJiacb K PoccHH; Typn;HSI TaK.me o6eiD;a- ...... Jia o6Jiel'"t{HTh rroJio.meHHe Cep6:a:a. ~ 3Ta BORHa Ha'iaJiach no HHHD;HaTHBe IlepcHH. PyccKyro K8BK83CKYIO apMHIO so3- rJiaBJISIJI BHa'iaJie reHepaJI H.B. Fyooau•t. B KOpOTKHR CpOK ero BOHCK8 CyMeJIH IIOKOpHTb rSIH,ll;.>KHHCKOe, Ille- KHHCKOe, Kapa6axcKoe, IliHpsaHcKoe, Ky6HHCKoe H Ba- KHHCKoe X8HCTB8. 0,n;H8KO IIOCJie Hey,D;a'iHOJ'O IIITypMa ro- po,n;a 3pRB8HH (EpeBaHa) B 1808 r. KOM8H,D;YIOID;HM 6hiJI Ha3Ha'ieH A.II. Top.Jttacoa. B 1810 r. IlepcHSI H Typn;nSI 38KJIIO'iHJIR coi03 rrpo- THB PoccHH. B 1812 r. pyccKRe BORCKa aTaKosaJIH ap- MRIO nepCOB H o6paTHJIH ee B 6erCTBO, ITOCJie qero 38HSI- JIH ApKeBaH H JleHKopaHh. 3TR rro6e.n;hl peruHJIH Hcxo.n; soRHhi s rroJib3Y PoccHH. B 1813 r. 6hiJI rro,n;nHcaB FIO- JtucmaHCICuu MHpHbiH .n;orosop. Illax rrpH3HaJI aa PoccH- eft TeppHTOPRH rpy3HH, ,II;arecTaHa, IliHpBaHa, MRHrpe- JIHH, llMepeTHH, A6xa3HH H rypHH. OB 6hiJI BbiHy.m,n;eH aaKJIIO'iHTh c Pocc:aeR soeHBhiR coroa H rrpe.n;ocTa- ..,. BRTb eR npaso cso6o,n;Horo rrJiaBaHRSI Ba KacrrHR. ~ TRJib3HTCKHR MHp 6biJI BbiBy.m,n;eHBbiM H ITOTOMY He MOr 6biTb npoq- HbiM :a ,n;oJirose'iHbiM. B 1809 r., so speMSI HOBOR <}lpaH- Ko-ascTpHRCKOR BORHhi, PoccHSI xoTSI H o6'hSIBHJia soft- BY AscTpHH, BO aKTHBBhiX ,n;eRCTBHH npoTHB Bee He rrpe.n;npHHRMaJia. Y'iaCTHe PoccHH B <•KOHTHHeBTaJibHOR 6JIOKa,D;e>> 6hiJIO H8CTOJibKO 3KOBOMR'ieCKH o6peMeBHTeJib- HbiM ,ll;JISI Hee, 'iTO B 1810 r. OB8 <}laKTR'ieCKH OT- ..,. K838JI8Cb BbiiiOJIHSITb CBOH 06SI38TeJibCTB8. ~ B anpeJie 1811 r. npoH30IIIeJI paapbiB <}lpaHKo-pyc- CKoro COI038 H H8'i8JI8Cb yCHJieHH8SI IIO,ll;J'OTOBK8 o6eHX CTpaB K HeH36e.mHOR BORRe. 1 .5. PoccuucKue noJLKoaoau,bt Ha'laJLa XIX e.: a) M.H. Kymy.Joa; 6) M.B. BapKJLau ae TOJLJLu; e) II.H. Bazpamuon B YeM COCTOSUla cneu.111cp111Ka M€>K- AYHapOAHOrO nono>KeHII1H Pocc111111 B HaYane XIX B.? Ha30BII1Te np111YII1Hbl 111 nocneA- CTBII1H 3aKmoYeHII1H Ti11nb3111TCKoro M~t~pa Me>KJJ.y Pocc~t~eLII il1 <DpaHU.VIeLII. 4eM MO>KHO o6bRCHi11Tb 060CT- peHil1€ OTHOW€Hi11LII POCCVIVI C nep- CVI€111, Typu.111eii1 il1 WB€U.i11€LII B Ha- Yane XIX B.?
  • 15.
    L 0 pe¢opMax M.M.CnepaHcKoro a HaYane XIX a. 4ro raKoe pe¢opMa? KaK111e pe¢opMbl rocyAapcrseH- Horo ynpasneHIIIfl 6blnlll nposeAeHbl np111 EKarepiiiHe Ben111Ko~? p KAR CTb CKOro H ecMoTpfl Ha ro YTO pecpopMbl M.M. CnepaHcKoro npaKTII1YeCKII1 He 6bl11111 pea1111130BaHbl, era pe¢opMarop- CKII1e nOII1CKII1 COCTaBI/111111 TY OCHOBy, Ha KOTOpoi/i 8 AaJlb- Hei/iweM Bb1pa6aTbiBaJ1111Cb HOBble npoeKTbl npeo6pa3o- saHII1ill. IIocJie THJih· 3HTCKoro MHpa AJieKcaH~p I npo~oJimaJI peq)apMaTop- CKYIO ~eHTeJihHOCTh. Ho c oxJiam~eHHeM u,apH K qJieHaM HerJiaCHOrO KOMHTeTa B03HHKJia IlOTpe6HOCTh B HOBhiX JIHU,aX, KOTOphi e, O~HaKO, ~OJI)KHhl 6hiJIH npO~OJI)KHTh npe)KHee HanpaaJieHHe pe¢opM. llMnepaTop 6hiCTpo Ha- meJI qeJIOBeKa, KOTOphlH OTBeqaJI 3THM Tpe60BaHHHM . HM CTaJI M.M. Cnepaucx:uil. I.MXaM~·~:::;;OBl IlepBhiH npoeKT no- JIHTH't.!eCKHX npeo6pa3oBaHHH CnepaHCKHH npe~JiomHJI u,apro e~e B 1803 r . OH cTaBHJI Bonpoc o Heo6xo~HMac­ 'rH OCTOpOmHOrO BBe~eHH.H B CTpaHe KOHCTHTYU,HOHHOH MOHapxHH. O~HaKo JIHmh nocJie THJih3HTCKoro MHpa u,apb nopyl.!HJI eMy COCTaBHTh IlpOeKT BCe06'heMJIJO~eH pe¢opMhi rocy~apCTBeHHoro ynpaBJieHH.H . TaKoii npoeKT 6hiJI roTOB K OKT.H6pro 1809 r . HM CTaJio <•BBe~eHHe K YJIOmeHHIO rocy~apCTBeHHhiX 3aKOHOB•>, B KOTOpOM CO- ~epmaJIHCh CJie~yiOm;He IlOJIO)KeHH.H. 1772-1839 rocyAapcreeHHbllil AeRrenb, pecpop- Marop B 1810-1812 rr.- ceKpe- rapb rocyAapcrseHHoro cosera. Ha- XOAIIIllCR a onane B 1812-1825 rr.) YnpasneHIIIe Ca3AaH!IIe rocyAapCTBOM ioCyAapcrseHHOrO Ha OCHOBe cosera - npiiiHUIIIna cosell(arenbHaro pa3AeneHIIIfl opraHa anacre~ np111 IIIMneparope Ca3AaH!IIe HapOAHOe lOCyAapCTBeHHO~ npeACTaBIIITenbCTBO AYMbl- csepxy AOHIII3y: opraHa or rocyAapcrseHHO~ 3aKOHOAaTenbHO~ AYMbl snacr111 AO sonoCTHbiX AYM
  • 16.
    Ocyw;ecTBJieHRe npoeKTa CnepaHCKoro,D.OJDKHO 6bmo cTaTb samHbiM rnaroM Ha nyTR pecpopM. KoHeqHyiO u;eJib pecpopMaTop BR,D.eJI B orpaHRt.IeHHH caMo,n.epmaBHOH BJiaCTR RMOepaTopa li JIHKBR,ll;aiJ;Rli KpeiTOCTHOrO npasa. AJieKcaH,n;p I B u;eJIOM o.n;o6pHJI npoeKT CnepaHcKo- ro. O,n;HaKo ero cJie,n;osaJio npeTBOPSITb B mR3Hb nocTe- neHHO, He Bbi3biBaSI llOTpSICeHHH B o6w;eCTBe. 1 SIHBapSI 1810 r. 6biJI 06HapO,D.OBaH MaHRQ_)eCT 0 C03,D.a- HRH Focyoapcmeennozo coeema. Ero rJiaBHo:H: aa,n;aqeft 6bi- no HaBe,D.eHRe ITOpSI,n;Ka B no,n;rOTOBKe li npHHHTHH 3aKO- HOB. Bee npoeKTbi aaKoHOB Tenepb ,n.onmHbi 6biJIR paCCMaTpHBaTbCSI TOJibKO t.Iepe3 rocy,n;apCTBeHHbiH COBeT. CoseT ou;eHHBaJI He TOJibKO HX co,n;epmaHHe, HO M caMy He- o6xo,n;RMOCTb HX npRHSITHSI. B ero aa,n;at.IR sxo,n;MJIO TaKme pa3'bSICHeHHe CMbiCJia 3aKOHOB, npRHSITHe Mep K HX HCllOJI- HeHMIO. KpoMe Toro, qneHbi coseTa ,n;onmHbi 6biJIH pac- CMaTpHBaTb OTt.IeTbi MHHHCTepCTB H BHOCHTb npe,D;JIOmeHHSI no pacnpe,n;eneHRIO rocy,n;apcTBeHHhlX ,n.oxo,n.os H pacxo,n.os. rocy,n;apCTBeHHbiH COBeT 6biJI npH3BaH CTaTb He 3aKO- HO,D.aTeJibHbiM, a 3aKOHOCOBew;aTeJibHbiM opraHOM npH HMnepaTope. B 1811 r. CnepaHCKRH no.n;roTOBRJI HOBhlH npoeKT peq)OpMbi, no KOTopoMy CeHaT npe,n;noJiaranocb paa,n;e- JIRTb Ha llpaBHTeJibCTBYIOID;HH (OH ,D;OJimeH 6biJI CTaTb Ha,D. MRHHCTepCTBaMH B Kat.IeCTBe BbiCmerO RCITOJIHH- 'reJibHOrO opraHa) R Cy,n;e6HbiH (srBJISIIOII.J.HHCSI Bbicme:H: cy,n.e6HOH HHCTaHu;HeH H KOHTpOJIHPYIOII.J.RH BCe cy,n;e6- Hbie yqpem,n;eHRSI CTpaHbi). 3TOT OpOeKT, O,D.HaKO, TaK H He 6biJI ocym;ecTBJieH. CnepaHCKHH paapa6aTbiBaJI H npOeKTbi 3KOHOMHt.IeCKRX pecpOpM. 0HH npe,n;ycMaTpM- BaJIH orpaHHt.IeHHe pacxo,n;os rocy,n;apcTBa H HeKOTopoe yBeJIHt.IeHRe HaJIOrOB C ,D;BOpSIH. Tipeo6paaosarmsr 1810- 1811 rr., cTpeMneHHe npe,n;o- CTaBHTb KpenOCTHbiM rpam,n;aHCKHe npaBa Bbl3BaJIR 6yp10 HerO,D;OBaHHSI cpe,n;H BbiCillHX 'IHHOBHHKOB li 60JibillHHCTBa ,n;sopsrH. CnepaHcKoro o6BHHSIJIH ,n;ame B npe,n;aTeJibCTBe 3a ero CHMOaTRH K nOpSI,D;KaM BO ct>paHIJ;HR, KOTOpbie OH SIK06bi xoTeJI sseCTH B PoccrrH B yro,n;y Hanoneony. Tipo- THBo,n;e:H:cTBHe pecpopMaM CTaJIO HOCHTb OTKpbiTblH xapaK- Tep. K KPRTHKe npaBRTeJibCTBa npHcoe,n;RHHJIHCb TaKHe asToprrTeTHbie JIIO,D;H, KaK, HanpHMep, H.M. KapaM3UH - O,D;HH 11:3 H,D;eOJIOrOB KOHCepBaTH3Ma. AJieKCaH,D.p npeKpac- HO noHHMan, t.{TO aTaKa Ha CnepaHcKoro, no cyw;ecTBy, HanpasneHa B ero co6cTBeHHbiH a.n;pec. U:apb 6onee He MOr c,n;epmHBaTb BOJIHY KpMTHKH H npHHSIJI pemeHrre o6 oTcTaBKe CnepaacKoro. B MapTe 1812 r. CnepaHCKHH 6hm BbiCJiaH B HrrmHHH Hosropo,n;, a 3aTeM B TiepMb. MOH HCTOPH'-lECKJfE HCCJlEl}.OBAHIUl ::::::. npoaHam t3HpylitTe pecpopMbl ::::::. M.M. CnepaHcKoro. ::::::. ::::::. ::::::. « noMO~HHKll ::=a .J Onpege11vn e ~em-1 V1 3agaYV1 pe- :::::::;a cpopM. ::::::=. , KaKV1e ccpepbl )KV13HV1 o6~ecr8a ::::a 8 OCH08HOM 3aTpOHY11V1 pecpopMbl? :::::::;a :::::::;a J noYeMy r11a8Hble n0110)KeHV1H :::=. npoeKTa CnepaHcKoro r aK V1 He ===a 6bi11V1 pea11V1308aHbl? ::::a CnepaHCKV11ii conp080)I(Aan AneK- caHgpa I Ha ero aa peYe c Hanone- OHOM 50HanapTOM B 3pcpypre 8 1807 r. V1 npV1CytCTBOBan Ha OAHOiil V13 aapeY V1Mneparopoa. nocne 6e- cegbl co CnepaHCKV1M HanoneoH 6bln nopa)KeH o6pa3oaaHHOCTbiO V1 yMoM MV1XaV1na MV1XaV11l08111Ya V1 8 wyrKy cKa3a11 A11eKcaHAPY 1: «He yrogHo 11111 o6MeHHTb Bawero co- 8eTHII1Ka Ha KaKoe-HII16YAb rep~or­ CT8o 8 E8pone?» KaKV1e pecpopMbl B POCCV1V1 C06V1- pa11CH npoaecr111 CnepaHCKII11ii? CornaCHbl 11111 Bbl c o~eHKolil npo- eKTa pecpopM CnepaHcKoro KaK KOHCTII1TY~V10HHOro? noYeMy? 5bl1la 11111 CBH3b Me)I(Ay geHTeJlb- HOCTbiO HernaCHOrO KOMII1TeTa V1 CnepaHcKoro? noYeMy A11eKcaHgp I ornpaa111n CnepaHcKoro 8 ccbi11Ky?
  • 17.
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  • 18.
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  • 19.
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  • 20.
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  • 21.
    0 3arpaH~4HOM noxoAepyccKo~ apM~~ s 1813-1815 rr. 0 pa6ore BeHcKoro KOHrpecca ~ C03AaH~~ Cs~m.(eHHoro cot03a 0 BHeWHenon~T~4eCKO~ AeR- TenbHOCT~ Pocc~~ Ha 6anKaHax ~ ocsoeH~~ CesepHo~ AMep~K~ ( KaKO~ ~enb~ C03AaBan~Cb aH- T~cppaH~Y3CK~e KOan~~~~? KorAa ~ KeM ~3 pyccK~x 3eMne- npoxOAL.leB 6btna orKpbtTa Cesepo- 3anaAHaR AMep~Ka? Teno M.V1 Kyry3osa ornpas~n~ s nerep6ypr no nyr~ cneAosaH~R TbtCfl4~ n~Ae~ BbtXOA~n~ npoc- T~TbCR C Ben~K~M nonKOBOA~eM. Or Hapsbt AO nerep6ypra (oKono 200 KM) rpo6 C ero renOM n~A~ Hecn~ Ha nne4ax. 25 ~~Hfl 1813 r. M.V1. Kyry3os c Bbtcw~M~ no4ec- TflM~ 6btn noxopOHeH B HeAaBHO so3BeAeHHOM Ka3aHcKoM co6ope, nepeA KOTOpbtM 4epe3 HeCKOnbKO neT s ero 4eab 6btn noaasneH na- MRTH~K. 1 .12. IIa.t~tJLmnuK M.H. Kymyaoey. CKy JLbnmop B.H . 0pJL06CKUU 3ArPAHM'IHbiM noxo -PYCCKO APMM • BHEWHRR nonMTMKA B 1813-1825 rr. O TeLJeCTBeHHafl soii!Ha 111 3arpaHIIILJHblll1 noxoA pyccKolll apMIIIIII np111Be11111 K TOMy, LJTO POCCIIIfl Ha HeCKOJlbKO Ae- CflTIIIJleTIIIIil nana BeAyw.elll Mlllposolll Aep>Kasolll, oKa3bl- saswell1 onpeAellfliOW,ee B03AelllcTBII1e Ha esponelllcKyiO Ill MlllpOBYIO nOlliiiTIIIKY. C H3rH8HHeM Bpara H3 rrpe~enoB PoeeHH BOMeKaM 6hln ~aa rrpHKa3 rrepeeetih rpaaH:u;y H aatiaTb rrpeene~oBaHHe HerrpHSITe- nSI. Haqanaeh BORHa aa oeBo6oJK~eaHe EBporrhi OT BnaeTH HarroneoHa. B SIHBape 18 13 r. pyeeKaSI apMHSI no~ KOMaH~oBa­ HHeM M.M. KyTyaoBa rreperrpaBHnaeh qepea HeMaH 11 B KOpOTKHa epOK oq11eT11na OT <})paHJ.I;Y30B ITOnbeKI1e 3eMnl1. 28 SIHBapSI 1813 r. oHa aaHSina BapmaBy 11 Bhimna .... K rpaHI1I.I;8M IJpyee1111:. ..,. IlepBOM Ha np113hiB AneKeaH~pa I K eoaMeeTHhlM ~e:MeTBHSIM rrpoTI1B HarroneoHa OTKni1KHynaeh Ilpyee11SI, 3aKmoqHBIIIaSI e Poee11e:M BOeHHhiM eoroa. BbieTpo poena apM11SI eoi03HHKOB. Beero aa rronTopa-~Ba MeeH:u;a apMI1SI Ilpyee1111, Harrp11Mep, yBen.wii1naeb 6onee tieM B ~Ba paaa 11 eoeTaBHna 100 Thie. qenoBeK. O~HaKo rnaBHOM e11no:M B 6oph6e rrpOTI1B HarroneoHa oeTaBanl1eh pyeeKI1e BOMeKa. 4 MapTa 1813 r. OHH OeB060~HnH OT <})paa:u;y30B Bep- ni1H, a 19 MapTa aaaSinl1 raM6ypr. Bee aTo eoa~aBano yenOBI1SI ,ll;nSI rrepeHeeeHHSI 6oeBhlX ~eifeTBI1M Ha Tepp11TO- pHIO eaMOH <I>paan;1111. ,lJ;nSI :noro no rrpHKaay KyTyaoBa rnaBHhie el1nhi pyeCKOM apMHI1 eTanH eoepe~OTOt{HBaTbCSI 3a 8nh6o:M B pa:Moae Jle:Mrrn;Rra. O~HaKo B paarap 3TI1X npHrOTOBneHHM, B eepe~HHe arrpenSI 1813 r ., TSIJKeno aa6onen M.M. KyTy30B. 28 an- penH oa yMep B ropo~Ke ByHn;nay. TeM BpeMeaeM Ha- rroneoa cyMen co6paTb HOBYIO apM11IO, rrpeBoexo~HBIIIYIO "l£11eneHHOeThiO 06'he~HHeHHhie pyCeKo-npyceKHe eHnhi. B KOH:u;e arrpenSI 1813 r . pyeeKo-rrpyeeKHe BOMCKa rroTep- rrenl1 rropaJKeHHe npH JlroTn;eHe, a aaTeM rrpH Bay:u;eHe H 6hmH BhJHYjl<,ll;eHhi rroifTM aa rrepeMMpHe e HanoneoHoM. 8Ta nayaa 6bma Herronb30BaHa ~nSI e03~aHI1SI HOBOM (IISITOH) aHTH<}lpaa:u;yaeKOM Koani1D;HH B coeTaBe Poee1111, IlpyeeHH, AHrnHH, IllBe:u;11R H ABeTp1111. B aBryeTe ao- eHHhie ~e:McTBHSI Boao6HOBHnHeh e HOBOM e11no:M.
  • 22.
    4-7 OKT.H6p.H 1813r. no.n: JieM:nn;aroM npo- Haomno o,n:ao H3 KpynaeM:mHx cpameHHH Toro speMeHH - BHTBa aapo,n:os. B xo,n:e ero o6'he,n:HaeHHhie pyccKo-rrpyccKo-ascTpHM:cKHe soM:- cKa tiHcneaaocTbiO 300 TbiC. qenoseK rrpH 1370 opy- .D:H.RX aaaecmi rropa.meaHe 190-TbiC.HtiHOH apMHH Ha- noneoaa, soopymeaaoM: 700 opy,n:H.HMH. L Cpa:HceHue nofJ Jleilnl{UZOM. rpa610pa XIX 6. IIocne :noro nopameHH.fl <I>paau;H.H sena 6opb6y yme TOJibKO H8 C06CTBeHHOH TeppHTOpHH. 18 M8pTa 1814 r. COI03Hbie soM:cKa BCTYIIHJIH B IIapHm. Harrone- OH IIO,ll;IIHC8JI OTpetieHHe OT npeCTOJia H OTIIp8BHJIC.fl B CCbiJIKY Ha OCTpOB 8Jib6y. Bo <l>paHIJ;HH 6biJIO BOCCTa- aoaneao rrpaaneaHe ,n:HaacTHH Byp6oaos. O,n:aaKo BJI8CTb Kopon.H, no aacTO.HHHIO A.neKcaa,n:pa I, 6hiJia orpa- HHt~eaa KOHCTHTYIJ;HeH. ,rt:n.H pemeHH.H sonpocoa rrocneso- eaaoro ycTpoM:cTaa Esporrhl a ceHT.R6pe 1814 r. B Beae 6biJI coasaa Koarpecc CTpaa-no6e,n:H- TeJibHHu;. Pemarom;HM: ronoc a,n:ech HMeJIH ,n:eneran;HH PocCHH, BenHKo6pHTaHHH H AscTpHM:cKoM: HMrrepHH. BbiJIO pemeao soccTaHOBHTh espo- rreM:cKHe rpaHHIJ;bl, KOTOpbie cym;ecTBO- B8JIH ,n:o aat~ana aasoesaTeJihHbiX noxo- ,n:os <Ppaan;yacKHX apMHH (.n:o 1792 r.). O,n:aaKo 3TO rronomeaHe 6blno rrpHH.HTO c cephe3HhiMH oroaopRaMH, TaK KaR Tpe6o- sanoch soaaarpa,n:HTb HaH6onee aKTHBHbiX yqacTHHKOB 6opb6bl c HarroneoaoM. AscTpH.H H IIpyccH.R sepaynH not~TH see csoH yTpat~eHHhie aeMJIH H nonyqHJIH HOBbie. AarnH.H ,n:o6Hnach rrepe- .,.:.. ,n:aqH eM: ocTpoaa ManbTbi H MoaHqecKHx ocTpoaos. ~ AneRcaa,n:p I BbiCTYITHJI c npe,n:nomeaHeM o6'he,n:H- HHTb IIOJibCRHe aeMJIH rro.n: caoeM: snacThiO. HecMoTp.H aa Hey,n:OBOJibCTBHe IlpyCCHH, T8KOe pemeHHe COCTO.HJIOCb. MaaecTHe o 6ercTse Hanoneoaa c ocTposa 8Jib6bi H BOCCT8HOBJieHHH ero HMIIepHH BO <l>paHD;HH BeCHOH 1815 r. CH.HJIO B03HHKIDHe aa BeacROM Roarpecce cnopHhie sorrpochi H ycKopHno ,n:ocTHmeaHe cornameHH.H. 06'he,n:HHeHHhiMH cHnaMH apMHH Aar- JIHH, IlpyccHH H HH,n:epnaa,n:os Hanone- oa 6biJI paarpoMnea a 6HTae npH Ba- mepJLoo H cocnaa Ha ocTpos Cs.HToM: EneHhi B ro.maoM: t~aCTH ATnaHTHqecKoro oReaHa. Bo rnase pocc1111i1CKolil apM1111!1 Ha 6eJlOM KOHe KpaCOBaJlCfl AfleK- CaHgp I. B OAHOYaCbe poccl!11i!CKII11i1 li!Mneparop aan He npocro no6e- A111TeneM HanoneoHa, Ho 111 «~a peM ~apelil». MeoaJtb 6 'lecmb 6cmynJtenu.R pycc~eux 60UCK 6 IIapuJIC 1.13. Bumaa npu BamepJtoo
  • 23.
    BencKuu Konzpecc anOAHCTpHSI VloaHH 1776-1831 PyccK~~~ rpeYecK~~ rocyAapcrseH- Hbl~ AeRTeJlb. PyKOBOA~Jl BHeWHe~ non~T~Ko~ Pocc~111 B 1816-1822 rr. nepBbl~ npaBII1TeJlb He3aBII1CII1MO~ rpeu111~ B 1827-1831 rr. E~e EKarepvtHa II a caoe apeMs:~ crpeMvtJlaCb K C03AaHvtiO Ha oaJlKaH- CKOM nonyocrpose, KoropbiM snaAena Typuvts:~, npaaocnasHo~ rpeYecKo~ vtMnepvtvt. Aa:>Ke caoero aroporo sHyKa oHa Ha3aana KoHc- TaHTvtHOM B YeCTb OCHOBaTeJlS'l KoHcTaHTvtHonons:~ 111 HaMepeaanacb nocrasvtrb ero so rnaae 3roro 6y- AY~ero rocyAapcraa B KoHn;e pa6aThi BeHcKoro KOHrpec- ca ero y"<IaCTHHKaMH 6hiJIO IIpHHHTO perneHHe BpeMH OT BpeMeHH npOBOAHTh HOBbie 06J::D;He BCTpe"<IH AJIH o6ecne- "<IeHHH HepyiiiHMOCTH IIOCJieBOeHHOrO IIOpHp;Ka. AneKCaHAP I BhiCTymm c npep;JiomeHHeM C03AaTh C6RU{ennbtil co103 B HHTepecax o6ecne"<IeHHH MHpa B EBporre H crroKoi1:- CTBHH BHyTpH rocyp;apCTB - "<IJieHOB COI03a. 14 CeHTH6- pH 1815 r. TaKOH co103 6hiJI C03AaH. ITepBoHa"<IaJihHO a Hero BOIIIJIH PoccHH, ITpyccHH H ABcTpHH. BcKope K CBHIIJ;eHHOMY coi03Y npucoep;HHHJIHCh npaBHTeJihCTBa Bcex eBporrei1:cKHX rocyp;apcTB, 3a HCKJIIO"<IeHHeM AHr- JIHH, OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH H nancKoro rocyp;apcTBa. Y"<IaCTHHKH co103a 3aKpenHJIH 3a co6oi1: rrpaBo BoeHHO- ro BTOpmeHHH B TY CTpaHy, rp;e npOH30Hp;eT peBOJII0- D;HH, BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MHeHHH npaBHTeJib- CTBa CaMOH 3TOH CTpaHhi. 9 1 Op;HaKo yme K Ha"<IaJiy 1820-x rr. Bee "<IaJ::D;e CTaJIH p;aBaTh o ce6e 3HaTh nponlBope"<IHH Memp;y cTpaHaMH - y-qacTHHD;aMH co103a. KaMHeM npeTKHOBeHHH, npuBep;- IIIHM K pa3BaJiy CBH~eHHOrO COI03a, CTaJI BOCTO"<IHhiH Bonpoc. BocTO"<IHhiH Bonpoc 6hiJI Bhl3BaH ocJia6JieHHeM H HaMeTHBIIIHMCH pacnap;oM OcMaHCKOH HMIIepHH (Typn;HH) H 6apb60H eBponeHCKHX p;epmaB 3a pa3p;eJI ee BJiap;eHHH. ITocJie pa3rpoMa HanoJieaHa AJieKcaHp;p I aepHyJicH K :ap;ee co3p;aHHH Ha BaJIKaHax rpe"<IecKoro rocyp;apcTaa IIOA noKpOBHTeJihCTBOM Poccuu. B 1821 r. BCIIhiXHYJIO BoccTaHHe B rpe'-leCKHx o6JiaCTHx OcMaHCKOH HMrrepHH. A B 1822 r. rpen;HH 6hiJia npOB03rJiaiiieHa He3aBHCHMOH pecrry6JIHKOH. llhiTaHch rrop;aBHTh BOCCTaHHe, TYPKH mec- TO'-IaHIIIHM o6pa30M pacupaBJIHJIHCb C era y"<IaCTHHKaMH. rpa¢ H. KanoaucmpuR. OKa3h!BaJI Heo6XOAHMYIO nop;- p;epmKy BOCCTaBIIIHM. B pa3rap BoccTaHHH PoccHH rrpep;'hHBHJia Typu;u:a Tpe6oBaHHe rrpeKpaTHTh npeCJiep;OBaHHH rpeKOB H ITpH- 3HaTb He3aBHCHMOCTb rpeD;HH. 3BepCTBaMH TypOK 6biJIH B03Myrn;eHhl H B p;pyrux eBponei1:cKHX CTpaHax. PocCHH Ha'-laJia ycuJieHHO roTOBHThCH K HOBOH ao:Hae c Typu;ueH:. Op;HaKo nop;p;epmKa BoccTaBrnHx rrpoTHBope'-IHJia npHHD;HIIaM CBH~eHHoro cai03a. K TOMY me HH AHrJIHH, HH ABCTPHH He meJiaJIH yKpenJieHHH no3HII;HH PoccHH Ha BaJIKaHa.x. BocTO'-IHhiH Borrpoc, TaKHM o6pa3oM, TaK H He 6h!JI peiiieH, a CaH~eHHhiii co103 oKa3aJicH Ha rpaHH pacnap;a.
  • 24.
    Cesepo-3ana.n;aa.H AMepHKa 6hiJia OTKpbiTapyccKHMH 3eMJierrpoxo.n;n;aMH B Hat.IaJie XVIII B. Tor.n;a me TaM rro.HBHJIHCb nepBbie pyccKae noceneaa.H, a 3TH 3eMJIH sowna a cocTaB PoccHH. YKa30M Ilasna I B 1799 r. 6biJia co3p;aHa PyccKo·AMepwcancKaJL KOAtna- HUJL C npaBOM nOJib30BaHHJ'I IIpOMbiCJiaMH H nOJie3HblMH HCKorraeMbiMH Ha .AJI.HcKe (B PyccKoii AMepaKe). B n;apcTsosaHHe HMnepaTopa AneKcaH.n;pa I PocCHSI )l;06HJiaCb 3Hat.IHTeJibHbiX ycrreXOB B OCBOeHHH CBOHX aMe- pHKaHCKHX sna.n;eHHii. B 1804 r. ropo.n; HoBoapxan- zeJLbCK (c 1867 r. - CHTKa) 6biJI o6'bJ'IBJieH n,eHTPOM pyccKHX sna.n;eHaii Ha AJISICKe. B 1808 r. PocCMJ'I ycTa- HOBaJia .n;HrrJioMaTHt.IecKae OTHorueHMSI c Coe.n;MHeHHhiMH lllTaTaMH. B 1812 r. B KaJIMcpopHHH pyccKHMH nepece- Jiean,aMH 6hiJI ocaosaH Q:>opT (KperrocTb) Pocc. 4 ceH- TSI6p.H 1821 r. AneKcaH.n;p I no.n;nacaJI MaHHcpecT o6 acKJIIOt.IHTeJihHhiX rrpasax Poccaa Ha AJIJ'ICKY cesepaee 51-ii rrapaJIJieJIH. BepHHroso MOpe 6hiJIO o6'hRBJieao BHyTpeHHHM MopeM Poccu:H. 1.14. <l>opm Pocc llHTepechi PoccHH B Cesepaoii AMepHKe rrocTeneaHo BXO)l;HJIH B npOTHBOpet.Iae C HHTepeCaMH paCTYIIJ,HX l1 Ha- 6HpaiOIII,HX cHJIY CIIIA. He.n;oBOJihCTBO aKTHBHOCTbiO pyc- CKHX rroceneHn;es B AMepaKe rrpo.HBJISIJia a AHrJIHSI. KpoMe Toro, ocsoeHu:e a co.n;ep.maHHe TaKHX .n;aneKHX TeppHTOpHH Tpe6oBaJIO KOJIOCCRJibHbiX cpep;CTB, KOTOpbiX y Poccau: He 6hiJIO. llMeHHO no3TOMY AneKcaH.n;p I no- wen Ha 3aKJIIOt.IeHHe B 1824 r. )l;OPOBOpa C Coe.n;u:HeHHhiMH IIITaTaMu. ITo HeMy 6hiJia soccTaHosne- Hhi cso6o.n;a MoperrnasaHHJ'I a pbi6Hoii JIOBJIH B BepaHro- BOM MOpe, a pyCCKHe BJia)l;eHHJI 6hiJIH orpaHHt.IeHbi 54-if rrapanneJihiO. B 1825 r. 6hiJia no.n;nHCaHa pyccKo-aarJIHHCKaH KOH- sean,aJ'I no AJIHCKe, KOTopaJI pa3pewana, B t.IaCTHOCTH, cso6o.n;Hoe nnaBaHu:e aHrJIHHCKHx cy.n;os B BepHHrOBOM MOpe. Bee 3TO CBH)l;eTeJibCTBOBaJIO 0 Hat.IaJie IIOCTeneHHOrO yxo.n;a PoccHiicKoii HMnepHH c TuxooKeaHcKoro rro6e- pe.mbJI CesepHoii AMepHKH. O c8oeHit1e ce8epo 3anagHoV1 AMe- p1t1Kit1 6blno genoM Ype3Bbl'-laV1Ho CnO>KHbiM lt1 OnaCHbiM. noCTOHH- Hble Ha6erlt1 lt1HAeV1l.(e8 CT0111nlt1 pyccKit1M noceneHL(aM He TOnbKO HeManbiX cpeACT8, HO 1t1 >Kit13Hit1. TonbKO 8 1802 r. np1.1 non~TKe C03AaTb noceneHI-1e Ha ocTpo8e CI-1TKa 6blno y61-1To 6onee 200 ne- peceneHL(e8. Ha3081-1Te OCH08Hble npi-1'-11-1Hbl 3arpaHit1'-IHoro noxoga pyccKoV! ap- MI-11-1. KaKit1e l.(enl-1 npecnego8an C8H- ll.eHHbiV1 (01037 B YeM 6blna np1-1'-11-1Ha Tore, '-ITo eoCTO'-IHbiV! eonpoc TaK 1-1 He 6bln peweH np111 AneKcaHgpe I? KaKit1X BHewHenoni-1TI-1YecKI-1X yc- nexoe go61-1nacb Pocc1-1H a oceoe- Hit11t1 AMep1-1Kit1?
  • 25.
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  • 26.
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  • 27.
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  • 28.
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  • 29.
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  • 30.
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  • 31.
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  • 32.
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  • 33.
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  • 34.
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  • 35.
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  • 36.
    rJiaBHhiM IIYHKTOM rrpeo6pa30BaHHH, ocym;eCTBJieHHhiXB 1837- 1841 rr., .HBH- JIOCb BBe,ZJ;eHHe KpeCTb.HHCKOrO CaMO- yrrpaBJieHH.H. B .u;epeaa.ax CTaJIH co3.u;aaaThC.H mKOJihi H 60JihHHIJ;hi. TaM, r.u;e 3eMJIH ae xaaTaJio, Haor.u;a rrpH- HHMaJIOCh pemeaHe o rrepeceJieHHH KpeCTh.HH aa cao- 6o.n;Hhie 3eMJIH B .u;pyrHe paHOHbi CTpaHbl . JJ:JI.H TOrO 'ITOfihi o6e30IIaCHTh KpeCTh.HH OT HeypO)Ka.H, fihiJIO pe- meHO OCTaBHTh '18CTh 3eMJIH H8 << ofim;eCTBeHHYIO 38- rramKy>>. Ha 3TMX yq8CTKax KpeCTh.HHe p860T8JIH coo6- m;a H IIOJib30BaJIHCh IIJIO,ZJ;aMH ofim;ero Tpy.u;a. KpoMe Toro, 6bma 3anpem;eaa rrpo.u;8)K8 KpenocTHhiX 38 .u;oJirH; 3anpem;aJiacb TaK*e <•po3HH'IH8.H >> npo.u;8*a qJieaoa o.u;aoii ceMhH. B 1842 r. 6hiJI rrpHH.HT yKa3 o6 ~ o6.a38HHhiX >> KpecTh.HH8X. ITo aeMy rroMetu;HKH MOrJIH OCB060)K,li;8Th KpeCTb.HH IlpH 38KJIIO'IeHHH C HHMH ,ZJ;OrOBO- pa 0 rrpe,u;OCTaBJieHHH HM 3eMeJihHhiX Ha,ZJ;eJIOB B H8CJie,u;- CTBeHHOe BJI8,ZJ;eHHe. 3a 3TO KpeCTh.HHe 06.H38Hbl 6hiJIH abi- IIOJIH.HTh pa3JIH'IHhle IIOBHHHOCTH B IIOJih3Y 6hiBIIIHX BJI8.n;eJihu;ea. O.u;aaKo 3THM CBOHM rrp8BOM rroMer.u;HKH IIO'ITH HHr,ZJ;e TaK H He aOCilOJih30a8JII1:Ch. Tor,ZJ;8 )Ke rro- Mei.U;HK8M 6biJIO ,ZJ;8HO p83pemeaHe ocao6o*.u;aTb KperrocT- HhiX 6e3 3eMJII1:. O.u;aaKo, aecMoTp.a H8 ace 3TH aoaoaae.u;eHH.H, Kpe- nocTaoe npaao a PoccHH npo.n;oJI)KaJIO coxp8H.HThC.H . 60Pb6A C PEBOI110 r.-10HHbiMVI HACTPOEHL-1~MVI 0,!HHM 113 Ba)KHeHmHx aanpaaJieHHH n;apcTaoaaHH.H HHKOJI8.H I cTa- Jia 6opb6a c mo6biMH npo.aaJieHH.HMH aecorJiacH.a c rro- JIHTHKOH aJI8CTeH. IJ;apb IIO-HOaOMy OpraHI1:30BaJI )J;e.HTeJibHOCTb IlOJIHTM:- qeCKOH IIOJIHIJ;HH 11 IIOCTaaHJI ee IIO,ZJ; CaOH JIH'IHhiH KOHT- pOJih. B 1826 r. 6biJIO C03,li;8HO III OTAeJieHHe II;8PCKOH Kaan;eJI.apHH. EMy rropyqaJIHCh ace rroJIM:TH'IeCKHe .u;eJia 11 KOHTPOJih 3a aacTpoeHH.HMH yMoa. Opraabl III oT.n;eJieHH.H fihiJIH C03,ll;aHhi 11 Ha MeCTaX. JJ:JIH H8Be,ll;eHHH Hy)KHOrO aJiaCTHM rrop.a.u;Ka a pacnop.a*eHHH me<Pa III oT.n;eJieHHH H8XOAHJiach 11 aoopy*eaaa.a cHJia Kopnyca maa.u;apMoo. IIIe<PoM III oT.n;eJieHHH H Kopnyc8 )K8H.u;apMoa 6hiJI o6Jie- 'IeHHhiH oco6hiM .u;oaepHeM n;8p.a reaep8JI A.rte~ecanap XpucmocjJopoeutt Ben~eenaop(jJ. IIo.n; *ecTKHM KOHTPOJih 6hma rrocT8aJieH8 rreti8Th. IJ;eH3ypHbiM yCT8B 1826 r. 6hiJI MeTKO H83aaH COBpeMeH- HHKaMM ~ qyryHHbiM>>. BhiJIO 3arrper.u;eao npHHHM8Th KperrocTHhiX KpecTh.HH B cpe,ZJ;HHe H abiCIIIHe yqe6Hhie 3aBe,ZJ;eHHH, orpaHH'IHa HX o6pa3oaaa11:e rrpHxo.u;cKHMH ytiHJIHIII;8MH c OAHHM KJiaCCOM 06yqeHH.H. HeAOBOnbGBO BbiCWIIIX cnoes npe- o6pa30BaHIII51MIII K111cenesa npiiiBe- no HIIIKOnafl I K y6e:>K.D,eHIIIIO, YTO xoTb KpenoaHoe npaso 111 f~BnReT­ CR 3Jl0M, HO nonbiTKIII ero HeMeA- neHHOiil OTMeHbl rpo3RT nporeaoM co aopoHbl npiiiBep>KeHLeB Kpeno- CTHIIIYecrsa: «HeT COMHeHIIIR, YTO KpenOCTHOe npaBO B HbiHeWHeM ero y Hac nono>KeHIIIIII ecTb 3JlO, AJlR BCeX OUWTIIITeJlbHOe Ill OYeBIIIA- HOe; HO npiiiKaCaTbCfl K OHOMY Te- nepb - 6bln0 6bl 3JlOM, KOHeYHO, ell.(e 6onee r1116enbHbiM». 2.2. AX. BewceuiJop(jJ aonPOCbl MA: IB YeM npof~BIIInacb AeflrenbHOab npaBIIITenbCTBa HIIIKonaR I no yKpen- neHIIIIO rocyAapa seHHoro annapara? C KaKolil l.eflbiO npoBOAIIInacb pe- cpopMa n .,I],. KlllceneBa? noYeMy HIIIKOJlai1 I He peWIIIJlCR OTMeHIIITb KpenoaHoe npaso? noYeMy Ill OTAeneHIIIe nonyYIIInO GOnb WlllpOKIIIe nonHOMOYIIIfl?
  • 37.
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  • 38.
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  • 39.
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  • 40.
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  • 41.
    OCHOBH~X HanpasneH~RX BHewHeli1 nomrr~K~HVIKonaR I 06 yc~neH~~ sn~RH~R Pocc~~ Ha M~posoli1 apeHe KaK~e 3aAaY~ pewana BHeWHRR non~T~Ka Pocc~~ s nepsoli1 Yersep- r~ XIX s.? ,, '• . ,·~- .· • ! gv ! . . eccenbpoAe lKapn BacMnbeBM~ 1780-1862 POCG11i!CKII11i1 rocyAapcrseHHbllii AeR- Tenb. PyKOBOAiiln BHeWHelii nOJlliiTIII- ~Iii POCCIIIIII B 1816-1856 rr._) 2 .5 . Boccmaew ue 6 IIo:n.bw e BHEWHRR nonHTHKA HHKOIIAR I B 1826-1849 rr. A KTII1BHas:J sHeWHs:ls:l nonii1TII1Ka Pocc111111 s 1820-1850 rr., C OAHOI71 CTOpOHbl, pacw111ps:1na rpaHII1U,bl 111Mnep111111 111 cnoco6CTBOBana poCTy ee Bnll1s:lHII1s:l B pa3nW-1HbiX pa!71o- HaX M111pa, a c Apyrol71 - Bbl3blsana pa3Apa>KeHII1e KpynHel71wll1x esponel71cKII1X Aep>Kas 111 111x >KenaHII1e orpa- HII1Y111Tb npeAenbl 3Toro snll1s:JHII1s:l. B 3TII1X ycnosll1s:JX 111x OTKpbiTOe BOeHHOe CTOnKHOBeHII1e C POCCII1ei71 CTaHOBII1- nOCb Hell136e>KHbiM. POCCIMI 1.-1 PEBO!liOUI.-11.-1 B EBPOnE Ilpn H nKonae I PoccR.H nrpana ae,n;ym;y10 poJib a .mR3HR Eaporrbi. ,IJ;ayM.H ocaoa- Hbi MR HaiipaBJieHR.HMR ee BHernHeif IIOJIRTRKR 6biJIR 60pb6a C peBOJIIOD;R..HMR R IIOIIbiTKR perneHR.H BOCTO"<IHO· ro aorrpoca. IlOCT MRHRCTpa RHOCTpaHHbiX ,n;eJI POCCRR C 1822 r. 3aHRMan K .B. Hecce:n.bpoae, C"<IRTaBrnn:H rnaaHoii :u;eJibiO CBOeH ,n;e.HTeJibHOCTR IIpOTRBO,n;eHCTBRe eaporreHCKOMY pe- BOJIIOD;ROHHOMY ,li;BR.meHRIO. H nKona:H I rrnaanpoaan aoeHHbiH rroxo,n; ao <l>paH- D;RIO ,li;JI.H IIO,ll;aBJieHR.H peBOJIIOD;RR 1830 r., HO TOr,n;a .me acrrblxayno aoccTaHne B IIonbrne. IIoacTaHII,bl 3axaaTRJIR anacTb B Baprnaae n rrpoao3rnacnnn co3- ,n;aHne Han;noaaJibHOro rrpaanTeJibCTBa so rnaae c KH.H3eM A .A . qapTopbiHCKRM. BcKope rronbcKa.H ap- MR.H 6biJia HarOJIOBY pa36RTa, a IIOJibCKa.H KOHCTRTy· D;R.H OTMeHeHa. HnKonaif I c 6oJibrno:H Tpeaoro:H: aocrrpRH.HJI peao- JIIOD;RR 1848 r. B Eaporre. Oa rrpepaan ,n;nrrnoMaTR"<Iec- KRe OTHOilleHR.H C <l>paHD;Reif H IIpOB03rJiaCRJI 6opb6y «co cMyToif». ,I(n.H 6opb6bl c B03MO.mHoif peaoniOII,ROH· HOH «aapaaoif» HnKonaif ,n;BRHYJI K aarra,n;HbiM rpaHHD;aM RMrrepnn apMRIO. B 1849 r. no rrpocb6e AacTpHH HHKona:H I HarrpaBHJI B BeHrpHIO 140-TbiC.H"<IHYIO apMHIO, B Te"<IeHHe HeCKOJib· KRX He,n;eJib pa3rpOMHBillYIO BOOpy.meHHble CHJibl IIOBCTaHD;eB, KOTOpble ,li;O TOrO II06e,m- ,n;aJIR aBCTpHHCKHe BOHCKa, R IIOKOH"<IRJia C aoccTaHHeM B 3TOH qacTH AacTpHHCKOH HM· rrepHH. O,n;aoapeMeHHO B cTpeMneHHR ocna6RTb OcMaHCKYIO HMrrepHIO HHKOJiaH I rro,n;,n;ep.mn- BaJI OCB060,n;HTeJibHOe ,li;BH.meHHe 6aJIKaHCKRX Hapo,n;oa. Bee aTo ae Morno He 3aTparHBaTb HHTe- pecoa ,n;pyrHx eaporreifcKnx ,n;ep.maa, o6ecrro- KOeHHbiX 3Ha"<IHTeJibHbiM ycHJieHHeM PoccHH.
  • 42.
    PYCCKO-nEPCJ.1ACKAS1 BOC1HA 1826-1828rr. nonyqHB H3- BeCTHH 0 C06biTHHX B neTep6ypre B ~eKa6pe 1825 r., HpaHCKHH max pemHJI BepHyTl> TeppHTOpHH, OTOme~mHe K PoccHH no ~oroaopy 1813 r. Ero aKTHBHO noAAep.ma- Jia AHrJniH. HacTynJieHHe HpaHCKOH apMHH B 1826 r. 6biJIO He- o.m~aHHbiM ~JIH PoccHH, HO ao:HcKa reRepaJia All. EpMo- .n.oea cyMeJIH nepeReCTH BOHHY Ha TeppHTOPHIO nepcHH. Ero ycnex 3aKpenRJI H HOBbiH KOMaH~YIOII(HH aoiicKaMH Ha KaaKa3e H.f!>. IlacJCeButt. ,ll;opora Ha TerepaH 6bl- na OTKpbiTa, H nepCHH 3anpOCHJia MHpa. no 3aKmoqeHHOMY B 1828 r. B Typ1CMaH.ttae ~oroaopy K PoccHH OTOmJIH 3aBHCHMhle oT Hpa- aa EpeaaHCKoe H HaxHqeaaHCKOe xaRCTBa, npH3HaBaJIOCh HCKJIIOqnTeJihHOe npaao PocCHH HMeTb BoeHHhiH cpJIOT Ha KacnnH. max ~OJI.>KeH 6h!JI 3anJiaTHTh PoccHH 20 MJIH py6ne:K. TaKne HTOI'H BOHHhl HaHOCHJIH CHJihHhiH y~ap no no- 3Hll,HHM AHrJIHH B 3aKaBKa3be H pa3BJI3hiB8JIH PYKH HHKOJiaiO I B OTRomeHHH Typn.HH. PYCCKO-TYPEUKAS1 BOC1HA 1828-1829 rr. Cpa3y nocJie OKoaqaunH BOHHhl c HpauoM PoccHJI o6'bJIBHJia ao:HRy Typii,HH. Boe- Bble ~eHCTBHH pa3BepHyJIHCh He TOJihKO Ha BaJIKaHax, ao H Ra KaaKa3e. 100-TbiCH"tJHaJI apMHH II.X. Bumzenzu.- meilna 3aHHJia ~yHaHCKHe KHH.>KeCTBa, Ha "t!epHOM MOpe 6biJIH B3S!Tbl KpenOCTH ARana, Cyx.YM-KaJie, nOTH. BecRo:K 1829 r. HOBhiH pyCCKHH rJiaBHOKOMaH~IOII(HH 6aJI- KaHCKOH apMHeii reRepaJI H.lf. ,l(utJutt 6hiJI y.me y aopoT KoHcTaHTHHOnOJIH. 06ecnoKoeH- Hhle TaKHM XO~OM C06biTHH eaponeHCKHe ~ep.maBbl OKa- 3aJIH ~aaJieHHe Ra cynTaua, qTo6hl npe~oTapaTHTh 3a- xaaT KoHcTaHTHHonoJIH H noJIHhiH pa3rpoM Typii,HH. 2 ceHTH6pH 1829 r. 6h!JI no~nHcaH Aapuanono.n.bcKuil MHPHhiH ~oroaop, 3aMeTHO yKpenHBmHH no3HII,HH Poc- CHH Ha BaJIKaHax. no HeMy PoCCHJI npHo6peJia yCTbe ,ll;yHaH, BOCTOqHOe no6epe.>Khe "t!epHOI'O MOpH OT yCThH peKH Ky6aHh ~o nopTa ca. HHKOJiaH H pH~ ~pyrHx TeppHTOpHH:. Boccpop H ,ll;ap~aHeJIJihl o6'hHBJIHJIHCh OTKpbiTbiMH ~JIH npOXO~a TOprOBbiX cy~OB BCeX CTpaH. npH3HaBaJiaCh BHyTpeHHHH aBTOHOMHH I'pen;HH, Cep6HH, MoJI~aaHH H BaJiaxHH. 060CTPEHJ.1E PYCCKO-AHrni.1C1CKJ.1X nPOTJ.1BOPE41.1C1 noTepneamaH nopa.meHHe Typn;.HH npe~JIO.>KH­ Jia PoccHH 3aKJIIOqHTh coi03H}IqecK.He OTHome- HHH Me.>K~y ~BYMH CTpaHaMH. no ~OrOBOpy 3 a ycnex~ s pyccKo-nepc~ACKO~ BO~He 111.<!). nacKeB~4 6blll B03Be- AeH B rpaQ:>CKOe AOCTO~HCTBO, eMy 6blll no)KanosaH noYeTHbl~ r~ryn 3p~BaHCK~~ ~ 1 MJlH py6ne~ ac- C~rHa~~flM~. BblnJla4eHHbl~ nep- C~e~ no yCJ1oB~flM TypKMaHYa~c­ Koro M~pHoro AOrosopa. 2.6. Poccuucteue no.~t~eoeoiJqw nepeou no.JtOBUHbt XIX e.: a) A.JI. EpMo.~toe; tJ) H.lP. IIacteeeu'l; e) H.H. !(utJu'l W~pOKO ~3BeCTHbiM CTall nOAB~r 6p~ra pocc~~cKoro ¢nora <<Mep- Kyp~~». 14 Mafl 1829 r. <<MepKy- p~~» scryn~Jl B 6o~ C ABYMfl ry- pe~K~M~ KOpa6JlSlM~, ~3 KOTOpOro Bblwen no6eA~TeneM. Kopa6nb 6blll Harpa)I(AeH KOpMOBbiM reop- r~eBCK~M cpnaroM ~ BbiMnenoM.
  • 43.
    CrpeMRCb ocna6~Tb ponbPocc~~ Ha KasKa3e, AHrn~R nonbtranacb ~cnonb3osarb ocso6oA~TenbHoe AB~)KeH~e HapoAOB KasKa3a, oKa- 3btBaR ~M nOMO~b Opy)K~eM ~ no- CbiJlaR TyAa BOeHHbiX COBeTH~KOB. B HOR6pe 1836 r. pyccK~e cropo- )Kesbte cyAa 3aAep)Kan~ y no6e- pe)KbR KasKa3a aHrn~tilcK~Vi Ko- pa6nb, Bbtrpy)Kasw~VI opy)K~e. 3ro nocras~no o6e crpaHbt Ha rpaHb BOVtHbl. aMHnb 1797-1871 npeABOA111TeJlb KaBKa3CKII1X rop~eB. C 1834 r. - 111MaM Ye4Hii1 111 Aare- craHa. B 1859 r. CAanal pocc1!1VICKII1M ~M Ha n04eTHbiX yCJlOBI!1RX. j 2 .7. Kmo Kozo? XyiJoJtCHUK tPA. Py6o 1833 r . oRa o6si38JiaCb He nponycKaTb 'lepea npoJIHBbi soeHHble cy.u;a esponeRCKKX rocy.u;apcTB, a PoccH.H rapaH- THpOBaJia eR B CJIYl:Jae He06XOJJ;HMOCTH ITOMOID;b BORCKa- MII. B peayJibTaTe 3aKJIIO'leHH.H aToro .u;orosopa OTHome- HH.H Mem.u;y PoccHeR :a AHrJIHeR c.u;eJiaJIHCb spam.u;e6Hb1MH. Bopb6a aa npaso ToproBJIH B ll;eHTpaJibHOH AaHH :a Mpaue npHBeJia K «ToproBOR BORRe» Mem.u;y AHrJIHeR :a PoccHeR. AHrJIH'laHaM B xo.u;e ee y .u;aJIOCb OCJia6HTb no- 3HD;HH pyccKHx Kynn,oB. HeHMosepHbiMH ycHJIH.HMH AHrJIHH y.u;aJIOCb ocJia- 6HTb BJIR.HHHe PoccHH B Typn;HH: rapaHTHposaTb 6ea- onacHOCTb 3TOR CTpaHbl OTHbiHe JJ;OJijKHbl 6biJIH BCe Be.u;y- ID;He eBpone:HcK:ae .u;epmaBbi, a Boccpop :a ,Il;ap.u;aHeJIJibi 6biJIH 3aKpb1Tbl JJ;JISI BCeX BOeHHbiX CYJJ;OB, BKJIIO'laH poc- CHRCKHe. ¥ CHJieHHe no3HD;HR AHrJIHH ua BJI:amHeM H Cpe.u;HeM BocToKe coa.u;as8Jio yrpoay BJIH.HHHIO Pocc:aH 11 BbiHym- JJ;8JIO ee npOBOJJ;HTb 6oJiee aKTHBHYIO ITOJIHTHKY. KABKA3CKA~ BO~HA IlocJie npHcoe.u;nHeHH.H K PoccRH rpy3HH, qacTH ApMeHHH H Aaep6aR.u;maua TeppHTO- pMH o6nTaHHH MHoro'IHCJieHHbiX Hapo.u;oB CeBepHoro KasKaaa (Hx Ha3biB8JIH ropn;aMH) oKaaaJIRCb oKpymeH- HbiMH pOCCHRCKHMH BJia.D;eHHSIMH. IlpaBHTeJibCTBO npe.u;npHHSIJIO ITOITbiTKH BHeJJ;pHTb Ha 3THX TeppHTOpH- SIX pOCCHRCKHe 3aKOHbl. 3TO Bbi3BaJIO COITpOTHBJieHRe. ropn;bl oco6eHHO 6biJIH B03Mym;eHbl aanpeTOM coBep- maTb Ha6erH Ha coce.u;eR H ToprosaTb aaxBa'leHHbiMH ITJieHHHKaMH, 'ITO SIBJIHJIOCb OJJ;HHM H3 HX OCHOBHbiX aaH.HTHR. C 1817 r. uaqaJiaCb OTKpbiTa.H BORHa ropn;es H pyccK:ax BORCK. B BOCTOl:fHOH qacT:a CeBepHoro KaBKaaa n;eHTpOM co- npOTHBJieHH.H pOCCHRCKOR BJiaCTH CT8JIH qe'IH.H H 'laCTb ,Il;arecTaua. Ha aana.u;e KaBKaaa 6opb6y c poccHRCKH- MH BJiaCTSIMH BeJIH 'lepKeCbl, a.D;blrH, a6xa3bl. 060CHO- BaHHeM 3TOR 6opb6bl CT8JIO pacnpOCTpaHeHHe Cpe.u;H MYCYJibMaH CesepHoro KasKaaa Yl:feHR.H o «ITYTH K cnaceHHIO » - MIOp:a.u;:aaMa. O.u;HHM H3 noJiomeHHR MIOpHJJ;H3Ma C'lHT8JIOCb y'laCTHe B CB.HIJJ;eHHOH BORHe npoTHB uesepHbiX (HeMycyJibMaH). Ha TeppHTop:a::a qe'lHH H ,Il;areCTaHa Ha OCHOBe MIOpHJJ;H3Ma B03HHKJIO peJIHr:aoaHoe rocy.u;apcTBO - HMaMaT. B 1834 r. liMa- MOM (npaBHTeJieM HMaMaTa) CTaJI illaMHJlb. EMy y.u;a- JIOCb o.u;epmaTb p.H.u; rro6e.u; HaJJ; pyccKHMH BORCKaM:a. Cym;ecTBeHHYIO IIOMOID;b ropn;aM oKa3biBaJIH Typn;H.H :a AHrJIHSL
  • 44.
    0AHaKO ITOCTeneHHO pyCCKHeBOHCKa Ha'laJIH TeCHHTb rop~eB. B caMOM HMaMaTe yc:aJIHJIHCb BHYTpeHHHe npo- THBopeq:asi. PJIAOBble rop~bi npoJIBJIJIJIH Bee 6oJibmee He- AOBOJibCTBO cypOBOH BJiaCTbiO lliaMHJIJI, ITOCTOJIHHbiMH no6opaMH c ero CTOPOHbi. 3To o6ycJIOBHJIO nopameHHe HMaMaTa. TeppHTOPHJI, noABJiaCTHaJI illaMHJIIO, coKpam;a- Jiacb. 0KOH'laTeJibHaJI no6eAa HaA HHM, TaK me KaK H HM rop~aMH .AAbireH, npoH30mJia yme nocJie 3aBepme- HHJI ~apcTBOBaHHJI HHKOJiaJI I. KaBKaacKaJI BORHa 6biJia otieHb AJIHTeJibHOH :a TJime- JioH: AJIH PoccHH. 0Ha CTOHJia 6oJibm::ax mepTB ::a MaTepH- aJibHbiX cpeACTB, 3aMeAJIHJia 3KOHOMH'leCKOe pa3BHTHe CTpaHbl. POCO.UI ~ IUHTPAIIbHASI A3VISI OnacaJICb ycHJieHHH AHr- JIHH, pocc:aH:cKoe npaBHTeJibCTBO np:aHsrJio Mepbi K poeT)' CBOero BJIHHHHJI H B paBOHax Ka3axCKHX KO'leBHH. B 1830-e rr. 6biJia YHH'ITOme:aa xaucKaJI BJiaCTb B Kaaax- CTaHe, aero ceBepHaJI qacTb paaAeJieHa Ha oKpyra BO rJia- Be c pyccKHMH q:aHOBHHKaMH. B 1830- 1840-e rr. BeJIOCb aKTHBHoe cTpOHTeJibCTBO yxpeiTJieHHH. HHTepecbi PoccHH H A.HrJIHH CTOJIKHYJIHCb B XHBHHCKOM, KoKaHACKOM H ByxapcKOM xaHCTBax. Oco6eHHO ocTpbiMH 6biJIH OTHome- HHH PoccHH H XHBbi. MecTHl>Ie »<HTeJIH HaDaAaJIH Ha pyccKHe KyneqecKHe KapasaHbi, o6pa~aJIH B pa6CTBO 3axBa'leHHbiX ITJieHHHKOB. IlpaBHTeJIH XaHCTBa CTpeMH- JIHCb ITOA"'HHHTb ce6e Ka3axCKHe aeMJIH. B aTOM cTpeM- JieHHH X:aBy noMepmHBaJIH aurJIH'laHe. B 1839 r. H3 OpeH6ypra B cTopouy XHBbi BbiCTyn:aJI OTPJIA BO rJiase c opeH6yprcKHM reHepaJI·ry6epHaTopoM B.A. IlepoBCKHM. 0AHaKo CHJibHl>Ie Mopoabl :a Maccosble 3a6oJieB8HHH npHBeJIH K TOMY, "'TO qepe3 ABa C ITOJIOBH- HOH MecJI~a noxoA 6biJI npeKpa~eH. C Henp:aJITeJieM pyccKHe soH:cKa TaK :a He BCTpeTHJIHCb. 3aBoeBaH:ae XHBbi H coceAHHX c HeH: TeppHTop:aH: 6biJIO OTCpO'IeHO Ha HeCKOJibKO AeCJITKOB JieT. 2.8. illmyp M ayJLa FuMp bt. Xyaoxnu" 4>A Py6o 8 YeM np111YII1Ha TOrO, YTO np111 HIIIKOJlae I POCCIIIfl 111rpana 8eAYll.IYIO ponb 8 e8pone~cKo~ noniiiTIIIKe? noYeMy 80CTOYHOe Hanpa8JleHII1e 8HewHe~ noniiiTIIIKIII CTano np111 Hill· Konae I OAHIIIM 1113 8a>KHe~wlllx? LfeM MO>KHO 06bf!CHII1Tb np111YII1Hbl 060CTpeHII1fl aHrJlo- pyCCKIIIX npOTII1- 80peYII1~ 8 1830-e rr.? K KaKIIIM noCJleACT8111flM OHO np1118eno? Lfm 3acTa8Jlf!JlO Pocc11110 TaK ynopHO CTpeMIIITbCfl K 0811aAeHII110 Ce8epHbiM Ka8Ka3oM?
  • 45.
    0 nplii4111Hax. xoge111 lt1Torax KpbiMCKolil 80ii!Hbl 1853- 1856 rr. npoc? l peweH 8 nep8olil nono- cronerlil~ 80CT04Hbllil 80- n o80AOM K HaYany 801i1Hbl nocny- )l(lt1nlt1 co6b1Tiil~ 8 Lo1epycanlt1Me. Typl..(1t1~ nepegana Kn1041t1 OT OAHOii! 1.13 C8~Tb1Hb Xplt1CTit1aHCTBa - 81.1¢- neeMCKOro XpaMa - KaTOnlt14eCKO- My AYX08eHCT8y. Pocc1.1~ norpe6o- 8ana 8epHyTb 1.1x npa8ocna8Hb1M C8~U.eHHit1KaM, a nocne orKa3a Typu,1.11t1 88ena 8olilcKa 8 ,D,yHalilc- Kit1e KH~)I(eCT8a. -==MOH HCTOPH~CKHE .:::: HCCJIE,ll.OBAHBH -=:: npoaHanH3Hpyl1Te OC.HOBHble -=:: :nanbl KpbiMCKOH BOHHbl. -== -== ((nOMOlLHHK» C::: c::: B YeM 8bl 81t1Ait1Te nplil41t1Hbl 80- c:::: eHHbiX HeygaY Typl..(lillt1 Ha nep8oM-=: 3Tane 801i1Hbl? C::: KaKyiO ponb 8 xoge 80iiiHbl c:::: Cblrpana 8blcagKy aHrno-¢paHI..(y3- -=:: 8 KpbiMY OCeHbiO r;::::: -==Cpa8Hit1Te 80opy)l(eHiile poe--=: Cll11i!CKOii! apMII11t1 111 aHmo-¢paHU,y3- c::t:: CKII1X 80~CK. c::t:: -== KPbiMCKAR BOHHA 1853-1856 rr. K pbiMCKas:J soii!Ha, KoropyiO PoC0·1s:l sena nporviB Kpyn- Heillwltlx p,ep)l(aB M111pa, noKa3ana Heo6xop,lt1MOCTb He- Mep,neHHoro 111 pew111renbHOro pecpopM1t1poBaHit1s:l scex CTOpOH )l(lt13Hit1 pOCCitlii!CKOro o6~eCTBa . HAI.fAJlbHbl~ 3TAn BO~Hbl CTpeMS:ICh paciiiHPHTh cBoe BJIHS:IHHe aa Ba.n:Kaaax, HHKOJiaii I m.n;an JIHIIIh cnyqa.H ,D;JIS:I OKOIPiaTeJihHoro pa3rpoMa Typn;HH. OcMaHCKaS:I HM- nepHS:I B OKTH6pe 1853 r. o6'b.aBHJia PoccHH Boiffiy. B 3a- na.n;aoii EBpone aTy BOHHY Ha3hiBaJIH BocToqaoii, a B POCCHH - KpbiMCKOH. Boiiaa aaqanach aa .l(BYX <PpoaTax - BanKaHCKOM H 3aKaBKa3CKOM. Ha KaaKa3e TypKaM y.n;anocb 3axaaTHTh ae.n;ocTaToqao yKpenneHHhiH nocT Ca. HHKOJiaS:I, ao 3a- TeM OHH noTepneJIH TS:Imenoe nopameHHe no.n; KapcoM. CaMbiM S:IpKHM co6hiTHeM aToro nepHo,n;a BOHHhl ... cTano CunoncKoe cpa:J~Cenue. Y 18 HOR6pR 1853 r. OTpS:I,D; KOpa6JieH qepHOMOpCKOrO cpJIOTa no,n; KOMaH,D;OBa- HHeM BHn;e-a,n;MHpana rr.c. H axuMoBa, npoae.n;sr npe.n;aapHTeJibayro pa3Be,n;Ky, aTaKOBaJI B CH- aoncKoii 6yxTe npeBOCXO,li;HBIIIHH no qHCJieHHOCTH Ty· pen;KHH <PnoT. Ilocne TpexqacoBoro 6oR Bee Ko- .-.. pa6JIH rrpOTHBHHKa 6hiJIH noTOnJieHhl. .,.I BCTYn11EHit1E B BO~HY AHrJ1111111 111 <l>PAH 111111 TeM apeMeHeM B neqaTH 3aii8,ll;HbiX CTpaH pa3pa3HJiaCb aHTHpyCCKaR HC· TepHSI, a npaBHTeJlbCTBa .AHrJIHH H <l>paHD;HH 3aKJIIOqlfJIH BOeHHbiH COI03 C Typn;HeH. B qepaoe MOpe 6hiJI BBe,n;eH aarno-<Ppaau;yacKHR $JIOT. B MapTe 1854 r. AHrJIHS:I H <I>paan;HSJ o6'bRBHJIH Pocc1-m Bonay. Coro3HHKH no aHTHpyccKon KOaJIHD;HH nnaHHPOBaJIH aaaecTH no PoccHH y.n;apbi co Bcex CTopoa. Aarno- q,paau;yacKHe KOpa6JIH aTaKOBaJIH Ha qepHOM MOpe O.n;eccy, aa BaJITHKe AJiaa,n;cKHe ocTpoaa, aa Bapean.e- BOM Mope KonbCKHH 3aJIHB, aa BenoM Mope Conoaeu;- KHe OCTpOBa H ApxaareJihCK, aa THXOM oKeaae IleTponaa- JIOBCK-KaMqaTCKHH. Ho Bee 3TH aana,n;eHHS:I 6hiJIH ycneiiiHO oTpameHhl. Tor.n;a AHrnHS:I H <I>paan;HS:I npHHSJ· JIB. pemeaB.e nepeaecTH ao:Hay aa TeppHTOPHIO Pocclnl. B ceHTSI6pe 1854 r . apMHSJ coro3HHKOB qHcJieHHOCThiO 6onee 60 ThiC. qenoBeK Bblca,n;Hnacb B KphiMY H aaqana aacrynneaHe aa CeaacTonoJib - rnaaayro pyccKyro .-.. KpenOCTb Ha qepHOM MOpe. .,.
  • 46.
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  • 47.
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  • 48.
    BbiClliaSI MaTeMaTHKa CTaJiaTenepb O~HHM H3 OCHOB- HbiX npe~MeTOB BO acex yHHBepcHTeTax CTpaHbl. B HHX 6biJIH OTKpbiTbl ClleiJ,HaJibHbie <f>H3HKO-MaTeMaTH'leCKHe <t>aKyJihTeThi. Bonhmo:H: BKJIM B pa3BHTHe MaTeMaTH'lec- KOH <f>H3HKH BHec MuxauJL BacuJLbe8u'l OcmpozpaiJcKuil. HaH6oJibmHx ycnexoB MaTeMaTHKH PoccHH ~o6HJIHCb B reo- MeTpHH, r,D;e 6biJIH C~eJiaHbl OTKpbiTHSI MHpOBOrO ypoB- HSI. CaMhiM srpKHM H3 HHX cTano co3,D;aHHe B 1826 r . He- eBKJIH,li;OBOH reoMeTpHH npo<t>eccopoM Ka3aHcKoro yHHBepcHTeTa HuKOJtae.M H8ano8u'le.M Jio6a'le8cKu.M. B o6nacTH <l>H3HKH XIX BeK Ha'laJicsr c H3o6peTeHHSI nepBOrO HCTO'lHH:Ka aJieKTpH'leCKOrO TOKa, B pe3yJibTaTe 'lero BCSI MHpOBaSI HayKa H TeXHHKa BCTYllHJIH B Ka'leCT- BeHHO HOBhiH aTan pa3BHTHSI. B PoccHH nepBasr pa6oTa B aToM: o6naCTH nosrBHJiach yme B 180 1 r. B 1802 r. Bacu- JLuil BJLaiJu.Mup08Ull n emp08 pa3pa6oTaJI raJibBaHH'lec- KYIO 6aTapeiO. Yme B 1832 r. lla8eJL Jlb808U'l illuJLJLunz C03~aJI nepBbiH B MHpe npaKT:KqeCKH npHrO~HbiH aJieKTpH:- 'leCKHH TeJierpa<f> - npH6op ~JISI rrepe~a'lH TIHCbMeHHbiX coo6ru;eHHH no npoBo~aM. B 1850 r. B.C. .fl1w6u H3o6pen 6yKBone'laTaiOrn;H:H: annapaT ~JISI Tenerpa<f>a. PoccHHCKHe Hccne~oaaTeJIH TPY~HJIHCb BO BCeX OTpaCJISIX XHMHH - TeopeTH'leCKOH, opra- HH'leCKOH, HeopraHH'leCKOH. Koncmanmun Cu· zu3.MY1-1-iJ08Utt KupxzofjJ pa3pa6oTaJI cnoco6 nony- 'leHHSI rJIIOK03bl. B 1840 r. repMaH IiiBaHOBH'l recc OTKpbiJI OCHOBHOH 3aKOH TepMOXHMHH, Bbi- pa:>KaBlliHH IIpHHU,Hll COXpaHeHHSI ::meprHH npHMeHHTeJibHO K XHMH'leCKHM rrpou,eCCaM. rr.r. Co6oJieBCKHH H B .B. Jli06apCKHH IIOJIO:>KHJIH Ha'laJIO llOpOillKOBOH MeTaJIJiyp- rHH. Y HCTOKOB opraHR'leCKOH XHMHH B Poc- CHH CTOSIJIH H.H. 3HHHH, A.A. BocKpeceHc- KHH, IO.<l>. <l>pHu,me. HAYKA ~ nP0~3BOACTBO O~Ho:H: H3 srpKHX oco6eHHoc- Te:H: nepBo:H: nonoBHHbi XIX B. CTaJIO 6hiCTpoe BHe~peHHe HayqHbiX H TeXHRtJeCKHX HOBmecTB B npoH3BO~CTBO. Bb~a­ IOIU;HHCSI MeTaJIJiypr na8eJt IIempo8U't Anoco8 pa3pa60TaJI 'leTblpe BapHaHTa TeXHOJIOrHH ITOJiyqeHHSI 6yJiaTHOH CT8JIH. B 1830-x rr. KpenocTHble MexaHHKH HH:>KHeTarHJib- CKoro MeTannyprH'lecKoro 3aBo~a EfjJu.M H MupoH fJepe- nano8bL nocTpOHJIH nepByiO nap oByiO mene3HYIO ~opory. B 1843 r. Ha'laJIOCb CTpOHTeJibCTBO nepBo:H: ,D;ByxnyTHOH mene3HOH ~oporH Me:>K,D;Y IleTep6yproM H MocKBOH. XHMHKH H.H. 3HHHH H A.M. ByTnepoB co3~aBaJIH yCTOH'lHBbie XHMH'leCKHe KpaCHTeJIH ~JISI TeKCTHJibHOH npOMbiiDJieHHOCTH. Ha ocHoBe pa3pa6oTOK pyccKHX reo- rpa<t>oB B 1842 r. MHHHCTepcTBO <l>HHaHCOB H3,D;aJio rrep- BYIO aKOHOMHKO-reorpa<f>H'leCKYIO KapTy PoccHH. 2.12. ErjJu.M (a) u M upon (6) q epenanOBbL n apOB03 4epenaHOBbiX B03111n no- e3Aa c PYAOiil secoM 6onee 200 nyAOB (3,2 T). Ero CKOpOCTb CO- crasn5lna 12- 13 BepCT B YaC (13-14 KM/Y). KaK~~te np~~tMepbt rosopfn o TOM, YTO CIIICTeMa o6pa30BaHIIIR B POCCIIIIII B 1820-1850-e rr. HOC~~tna cocnos- Hbtlit xapaKrep? PaccKa)t(~~tTe o rnaBHbtX AOCT~~t)Ke ­ HIIIHX pyccK~~tx yYeHbtX s o6nacr111 ry- MaH~~trapHbtx Ill eCTeCTB€HHbiX HayK. KaK~~te npoueccbt pa3BIIITIII51 poc- c~~tlitcKOro o6l.l.eCTsa cnoco6crsosa- n~~t 6btCTpOMY pa3BIIITIIIIO pyCCKOVt HayKill?
  • 49.
    E 0 KpynHelilwl-1x reorpa¢1-14eCKI-1x OTKpb1TI-1f!XpOCCI-11i!CKI-1X 1-1CCJl€.D,OBa- Teneli! s nepsolil nonos1-1He XIX s. lllMeHa Bbi.D,aiOLl(I-1XOl pOCCI-11i1CKI-1X nyTewenseHHI-1KOB XVII- XVIII ss. Ha1-16onee sa>t<Hble OTKpb1TI-1fl, CAe- naHHble pOCCI-11i1CKI-1MI-1 nepBOOTKpbi- BaTenf!MI-1 s XVII- XVIII ss. 2.13. a) H.cf>. Kpy3enw.mepn; 6) <P.cf>. BeJZJZUILczay.Jen; B) M.n. Jla.JapeB PYCCKME DEPBOOTKPbiBATEnM M DYTEWECTBEHHMKM XIX seK oan speMeHeM KpynHeillwlllx reorpacpw-leCKIIlX OTKpbiTIIli/1, COBepWeHHbiX pyCCKIIlMIIl lllCCneAOBaTen~MIIl. PoCCIIlrt snepBble ocyw,eCTBIIlna AaBHIOIO Me'-ny: ee KO- pa6nll1 BbiWnlll s M111posoil! oKeaH. 111.<1>. KPY3EHWTEPH 111 IO.<l>. fliKSIHCKII1Vl B 1803 r. no YKa- aaHluo A.neKcaH)l;pa I Ha Kopa6JIHX <<Ha,ll;eJK,ll;a•> H <<Re- Ba•> 6biJI8 npe,li;IIpHHHTa 3KCrre~I..HH ,li;JISI HCCJie,li;OB8HH.R. ceBepHoi-i qacTH THxoro OKeaHa. 8To 6biJia rrepBa.R. pyc- cKa.R. KpyrocBeTHa.R. aKcrre)l;H~H.R.. Ee B03rnaBHJI "'IJieH- KoppecrroH,ll;eHT IleTep6yprcKoi1: aKa,ll;eMHH HayK H ean <Peaopoeu'l Kpy3enwmepn. B xo.n,e nnaBaHH.R. 6biJio BrrepBhie HaHeceHo Ha KapTy 6onee ThlC.R.'lH KHJIOMeTpoB 6eperoB ocTposa CaxaJIHH. MHoro HHTepecHbiX Ha6JIIO)l;eHHH ocTaBHJIH yqacTHHKH rryTeiiieCTBHH He TOJibKO o ,D;anbHeM BocToKe, HO H o ,lJ;pyrHx pai-ioHax, qepea KOTOpbie OHM rrporrJibiBaJIH. Ko- MaH)l;Hp <•Hesbi•> IOpuu <Peaopoeu'l JiuoutcKuil OTKpbiJI O,li;HH H3 OCTpOBOB rasaHCKOrO apxHnenara, H83B8HHbiH era HMeHeM. MHoro ,ll;aHHbiX 6biJIO co6paHO yqacTHHKaMH aKcne.n.Hli.HH o6 A.neyTcKHX ocTposax H An.R.cKe, .,... OCTposax THxoro H Jle,li;OBHToro oKeaHoB. ...,. <l>.<l>. 6Efl11111HCrAY3EH 111 M.n. 11A3APEB O.n.HHM H3 yqeHHKOB H rrocne)l;osaTenei-i: KpyaeHmTepHa CTan <Paaaeu <Paaaeeeu'l B eJLJLunczay3en. OH 6wn yqacTHHKOM nepso:H: pyccKo:H: KpyrOCBeTHOH 3KCIIe,li;H~HH . B 1819-1821 rr. BenmmcrayaeHy 6biJIO nopy"'leHo B03rJiaBHTb HOByiO KpyrOCBeTHYIO 3KCIIe,li;H~HIO Ha illJIIQ- rrax <<BOCTOK>> (KOTOpbiM OH KOM8H,ll,OBaJI) H <<MHpHbifl» (KOM8H,li;Hp MuxauJL IIempOBU'l J!a3ape6). rnaBHOH ee ~eJibiO 6biJIO 0603Ha"'!eHO <<IIpH06peTeHHe IIOJIHeHIIIHX II03H8HHH 0 HameM 3eMHOM mape>> H <<OTKpbiTHe B03MOJKHOH 6JIH30CTH AHTapKTH"'IeCKOro noniOca•>. 9 16 .R.HBap.R. 1820 r. 3KCIIe)l;H~HSI IIO,li,OIIIJI8 K 6eperaM HeBe,li;OMOH B TO speMSI AHTapKTH,ll;bi, KOTopyiO BenJIHHC- rayaeH H83B8JI <<Jib,li;HHHbiM MaTepHKOM>>. IlOCJie CTOSIHKH s ABcTpaJIHH pyccKHe Kopa6JIH ABHHYJIHCb B TporrH- qecKyiO "t.J:aCTb THxoro oKeaHa, r)l;e HMH 6biJia OTKpwTa rpyrrna ocTposoB, HaasaHHaH ocTposaMH PoccHHH. 3a 751 ,ll,eHh IIJI8B8HHSI pyCCKHe MOpSIKH IIpOillJIH OKOJIO 50 TbiC. KM. BbiJIH C,ll;eJiaHbl B8JKHeHmHe reorpaqm- "'!eCKHe OTKpbiTHSI, npHBe3eHhl n,eHHbie KOJIJieK~HH, ,Z1;8H- Hbie H86JIIO,ll;eHHH 38 BO,li;8MH MHpOBOrO OKeaHa H Jie,li;H- HhiM IIOKpbiTHeM HOBOrO KOHTHHeHTa.
  • 50.
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  • 51.
    0 HaYaJle 30JlOTOfOBeKa pycCKOVl mneparypbt 0 pa3BI-1TI-11-1 rearpa, MY3biKI-1, ap- XI-1TeKrypbt, ::>KI-1BOni-1CI-1 nepsoVI no- JlOBI-1Hbt XIX B. 111MeHa BbtAa10ll(I-1XOl npeACTaBI-1- TeJletll xyAo::>KecraeHHotll KYllbTypbt XVIII a. apaM3HH HHKonaM MHxaMnOBH~ 1766-1826 PyccKII1111 n111carenb, yYeHbtill. OcHoBo- nono:>KHIIIK pyccKoro ceHTII1MeHranll13- l Ma. Aarop OAHOro 1113 nepabtX MOHY· MeHranbHbiX TPYAOB no 111CTOp111111 Pocc111111 - «ll1crop111111 rocyAapcraa POCCII1ii!CKOrO». 2.15. Pycc~eue nucameJLu nepeou noJLoeuH-bl X I X e.: a) A.C. IIyut~cun; 6) B A. JKyK06C1CUU. Xyoo:JICnuK OA. Kunpenc~euu XYA01KECTBEHHAR KYnbTYPA nepsas:~ noJlOBI!1Ha XIX B. BOWJla B 111CTOp11110 KaK HaYaJlO 3onoToro seKa pyccKolil xyAo>KecraeHHolil Kynb'fYpbt. Ee OTJlii1YaJlll1 CTpeMII1TeJlbHas:! CMeHa XYAO>KeCTBeHHbiX CTr.1- nelit, B3aVIM006oraw,eHII1e 111 TeCHas:! B3aii1MOCBs:!3b Jlii1TepaTY- pb1 111 APYrlllX o6naaeli1 111CKycasa, yc111neH111e o6w,easeHHO- ro 3ByYaHII1s:! C03,D,aBaeMbiX np01113Be,D,eHII11i1, Op1aHII1YeCKOe e,D,II1HCTBO 111 B3aii1MO,D,OnOJlHeHII1e 11YYW111X o6pa3U,OB 3ana,D,- HOeBponeii!cKOii1 111 pyccKolil HapO,D,HOiil KYllbTYPbl. PYCCKA~ fl~TEPATYPA B nepsoM: rroJIOBHHe XIX B . pyc- cKaH JIHTepaTypa BCTyrrHJia B csoM: 30JIOTO:i1: BeK. Oaa rro,ll;- HHMaJia BamHeHIIIHe 06~eCTBeHHhle Ilp06JieMhi. 0)l;HOH H3 rJiaBHhiX 6biJia rrpo6JieMa yKperrJieHHH a a u;HoaaJIJ.Horo Ca M OC03HaH H H. IlHCaTeJIH H IIOaThi o6pam;aJIHCb K HCTO· pHqecKOMY rrpOIIIJIOMy CTp8Hhl, IlbiTaJIHCb HaRTH B HeM OTBeTbl Ha OCHOBHbie BOIIpOCbi CBOero BpeMeHH• .5IpKHM IlpHMepOM coqeTaHHH JIHTepaTypHOH pa60Thl H )l;eHTeJihHOCTH HCTOPHKa CTaJio TBopqecTBO HHKOJiaH MH· xaM:JIOBHqa KapaM3HHa. CeaTHMeHTaJIH3M KapaM3HHa H ,zu>yrHX JIHTepaTOpOB IlpOHBJIHJICH B H)l;eaJIH3ai.I,HH CeJibCKOH )KH3HH, B3aHMOOTHOIIIeHHH KpeCThHH H IIOMe~HKOB. IloHBJieHHe poMaHTH3Ma B pyccKoii JIHTepaType CBH· 3aao c HMeHaMH Bacu.nuR- Anapeeeu'la )KyKoec-,wzo, K .<I>. Phmeesa, B.K. KIOxeJib6eKepa, A.M. 0)l;oescKoro. B HaqaJie csoero TBopqecTsa poMaHTHqecKHe rrpaH3- Be,ll;eHHH ca3)l;aJIH HaiiiH seJIHKHe rroaThi A.ne~ecanap Cep- zeeeu'l IIywKun H Muxau.n IOpbeBu'l Jlep.MonmoB. Mx IlpOM3Be,ll;eHHHM, B OTJIHqHe OT MeqTaTeJibHbiX, a IIOpOH H MHCT~eCKHX pa60T JKyKOBCKOrO, 6hiJIH IlpHCyn:J;H )KH3HeH· Hblll OTITHMlf3M, aKTHBHaH II03HD;HH B 60pb6e 3a H)l;eaJibl. OcHoBaTeJieM HaTYPaJ!bHaii IIIKOJibi (KpHT~ecKoro pea- JIH3Ma) HBHJICH H UKO.nau Bacu.nbe8U'l rozo.nb. .HpKMM rrpo- H3Be)l;eHHeM aTOrO XY,ll;O)KeCTBeHHOrO HanpaBJieHHH CTaJia era IIOBeCTb <<illHHeJih>>, IIOJIO)KHBIIIaH, HapH)l;y C ,ll;pyrHMH era pa6oTaMH ( <<MepTBbie ,ll;YIIIH•>, «PeBH- 30p>> ), aaqano <<roroJieBCKOMY rrepMO,ll;Y•> pyc- cKoii JIHTepaTyphl ( 1 830-1840-e). <<Bee Mhi BbiiiiJIH H3 <<illHHeJIH >> rorOJIH >>, - OTMe- qaJI II03me <P.M. ,I.I;OCTOeBCKHH. PeaJIHCT~HbiH MHp pyccKoro KyneqecT- sa OTKpbiJI qHTaTeJIIO H 3pMTeJIIO B nepBOH CBOeH )l;paMe <<CBOH JIIO,ll;H - coqTeMCH>> (1849) A.neKcanap HuKo.naeBu'l OcmpoB- cKuu, pacKpbiBIIIHH OTJIHqHTeJihHhie qepTbi rrpe,ll;CTaBHTeJieii cTpeMHTeJihHO ycHJIHBas- IIIero csoe 3HaqeHHe KyrreqecTBa.
  • 52.
    B 1840- 1850-xrr. u;eHTpa.rrhBOe MeCTO B mnepaType 3aHSIJia TeMa KpenOCTHOH .n;epeBHH, ee 06hr<IaeB H Bpa- BOB, HOBhiX SIBJieHHH :>KH3HH. ilO,D;JIHHHhiM C06hiTHeM CTaJI BhlXO,ll; B CBeT B 1847- 1852 rr. <c38IIHCOK OXOTHH- K8» HBaH.a CepzeeBu'la TypzeH-eBa, orrncaBmero He TOJihKO IIpHpo.n;y Cpe.n;HepyCCKOH IIOJIOChi, HO H KpeiiOCT- BhiX KpeCTh.HB, K KOTOphiM OB OTHeCC.H C HCKpeBBeH CHMIIaTHeH H TeiiJIOTOH. llepBaR rroJIOBHBa XIX B. cTa.rra BpeMeHeM cTaHOBJie- HHR COBpeMeHHOrO JIHTepaTypHOrO .H3biKa, OCHOBaHHOrO B8 Tpa,D;HD;HSIX HapO,D;HOH peqH H CMeHHBmerO TSI:>KeJIO- BeCHyiO llHChMeHHYIO peqh rrpe.n;meCTByiOm;ero BeKa. B 1820- 1830-e rr. Bee aKTHBHee 3aRBJI.H- eT o ce6e B TeaTpe poMaHTHqecKa.H mKoJia c xa- paKTepHhlM ,D;JISI Hee 8KIJ;eBTOM aKTepOB Ha BHyTpeBHHX rrepe:>KHBaHHSIX repoeB H repo- HKO-Tpare,D;HHHOH TeMaTnKoii rrhec. Kpyrr- HeiimnM rrpe,D;CTaBHTeJieM pOMaHTH3M8 B pyccKOM TeaTpe cTaJI IIaBeJt CmenaH.o- BU'l MottaJtoB. Ero repoH OTJIHqaJIHCh ca- MOOTBepmeHBOCThiO B 6opb6e 3a CB06o.n;y H crrpaBe,D;JIHBOCTh, a ero nrpa - 6ypHOH 3MOIJ;HOHaJihBOCThiO. C 1840-x rr. OCHOBOIIOJIO:>KHHKOM pea- JIH3M8 Ha pyCCKOH CD;eHe CTaJI Be.JIHKHH aKTep MocKoBcKoro MaJioro TeaTpa M uxa- uJt Ce.MiiH.OBU'l m enKUH., BbiXO,D;eu; H3 Kperro- CTHbiX. OR 6biJI rro.n;JIHHHhlM pe<t>opMaTopoM pyccKoro aKTepcKoro HCKyccTBa. Il.I,eiiKHH - rrepBbiH, KTO rrpe,D;JIO:>KHJI IIO.n;qHHHTh sech crreKTaKJih e.n;HHOH H.n;ee. Kam.n;a.H ROBaR poJih Il.I,err- KHHa B MaJioM TeaTpe cTaHOBHJiach KpyrrHeiimHM o6m;e- CTBeHBhlM co6hlTHeM B :>KH3HH MocKBbi. E.n;HBhiH rrpem.n;e lleTpOBCKHH TeaTp B MocKBe B 1824 r. 6hlJI pa3.n;eJieB aa BoJihmoii (rrpe.n;aa3HaqeaBhiH ,D;JIR orrepHhiX H 6aJieTHhiX rrocTaHOBOK) n MaJihiH (.n;pa- MaTnqecKnJ.i). B I1eTep6ypre aan6oJiee H3BeCTHhiM 6hl.JI A.r.!eKCaH,D;pHBCKHH TeaTp. IMJ!ij!Q llepBaR noJIOBHBa XIX B. rrpom- Jia IIO,ll; 3B8KOM yCHJieHH.H pyCCKOH Han;no- HaJihBOH TeMaTHKH. Hapo.n;Hhle MOTHBhl OT- qeTJIHBO 3ByqaJin B MY3hlKaJihHhlx TBopeHHRx A.E. BapJiaMOBa, A.A. AJIR6heBa, A.Jl. ry- PHJieBa. PoMaHTnqecKoe HarrpaBJieHne B MY3hl- KaJihHOM HCKYCCTBe npe,D;CTaBJI.HJI A.!LeKCaH.Op HuKOJtaeBU'l BepcmoBcKuil, asTop rrorryJIRp- HOH orrephi <cACKOJih,D;OBa MOrHJia». 2.16. M.C. IQenKun 2.17. II.C. MottaJL06 6 Kpyzy nottumameJLeit. Xyoo:JI(HUK H.B. He6pe6 2.18. KoMno.JUmOpbt: a) AA. A JuLt5be6; 6) M.H. FJLunKa
  • 53.
    2.20. Caamoecmao .Mailopa. Xyoo:HCnuKIIA. <Peoomoa 2.21. .HaJLeHue Xpucma napooy. Xyoo:HCHUK AA. Haanoa IJ;eHTpa.rrbaoe MecTo B MY3bii<.aJibHOM HCKyccTBe nep- Bo:H: noJIOBHHbi XIX B. npHH8,ll;JieJKHT MuxauJLy HeaHoeu- tty FJLUH.Ke, 3aJIOJKH:BilleMy OCROBbl pyCCI<.OH Raii;IiORaJibROH mKOJibi B MY3bii<.e. HaH6oJiee HpKoe npe.n;cTaBJieHHe o TBOplleCTBe I<.OMIT03HTopa .n;aeT ero onepa <<.IKR3Rb 3a :o;a- PH•> ( <<llBaa CycaRHH•>, 1836). BoraTaH co:o;Ra.rrbaa.H aacbi~eaaoCTb OTJI:w~a.rra MY3bi- KaJibaoe TBOplleCTBO p;pyroro pyCCKOI'O KOMll031iTOpa - AJLeKcaHiJpa Cepzeeeu'la papzOMbt:HCC1Cozo. Ero rJiaBaoe npoH3Be.n;eHHe - onepa <<Pyca.n:I<.a •> 03Ha.MeaoBa.rro pom.n;e- HHe aoBoro maapa pycci<.o:H: onepbr - aapo.n;ao-6hiTOBo:H: ITCHXOJIOI'HlleCI<.OH .n;pa.Mbi. E@!:i•1•M3W B pycci<.o:H: JKHBOITHCH Kpynae:H:me:H: qmrypo:H: KJiaccH:o;H3Ma CTa.rr KapJL IIaeJL06Utt Bp10JLJL06. B o.n;ao:H: H3 Ca.MblX li3BeCTHbiX li MaCIDTa6HbiX CBOHX pa60T - <<ilO- CJie,ll;HHH AeHb ilOMITeR>> (1830-1833) OH BnepBbie B Kalle- CTBe repoa npe.n;cTa.BHJI aapo.n;, nepe.n;a.a .n;ocTOHHCTBO, repo- H3M R BeJIH'llle npOCTOI'O lleJIOBei<.a B YCJIOBHHX llplipO,ll;HOH I<.aTaCTpOcpbl. HpKHMH npe.n;cTaBHTeJIHMR poMaH- TH3Ma B pyCCI<.OH JKiiBOllliCii CTaJIH 3a- MellaTeJibRbre nopTpeTHCTbi Opecm Aaa:Mo6utt KunpencKuil (1782- 1836) H BacuJLuil AHapee6utt TponunuH (1776- 1857). O.n;HRM H3 Kpynae:H:mHx MacTepoB pyccKo:H: mHBOITHCH cTaJI AJLeKcanap Anapeeeutt H6anoe. OcaoBHbiM rrpoH3- Be.n;eaHeM ero JKH3HH CTaJia KapTnaa «HBJieHHe XpHCTa aapo.n;y•>, aap; co3p;a- HHeM KOTopo:H: MacTep TPYAHJICH 20 JieT (1837-1858). 0CHOBOITOJIOJKHHI<.OM KpHTR'leCKOI'O peaJIH3Ma B pycci<.o:H: JKHBOIIHCH HBJIHeT- CH IIaeeJL Anapeeeu'l c'Peaomoe (1815- 1852). B CBOHX maHpOBbiX Kap- THRaX OH cyMeJI OTpa3HTb KpyiTHble CO- D;IiaJibHbie npo6JieMbi. Pom.n;eaHe nonyJiapaoro B XIX B. 6biTOBOI'O maapa CBH3a.HO C TBOplleCTBOM AJLeKce.R. Fa6pUJL06utta Benel{uanoea. Ero KapTHHbi cTa.rrR aacTOH~HM OTKpbr- THeM B pyCCKOH JKiiBOllliCH. 0HH 6biJIIi nocBa~eHhi noBce.n;aeBHOMY TPYAY H 6biTY KpeCTbHH. IJ;eaTpaJihHbiM co6hiTHeM xy.n;ome- CTBeaao:H: JKii3RH POCCHii TOI'O BpeMeHH CTaJIO OTKpbiTHe B 1832 r. B MocKBe YllHJIH~a JKHBOITRCH, BaHRHH H 30,ll;lleCTBa.
  • 54.
    APXI.1TEKTYP" B apxHTeKTYJ>enepsoH: noJIOBHHbl XIX s. KJiaccHnH3M 3~ep)KaJICa ,n;oJihme, '!eM B ,n;pyrHX 06JI8CTaX XY,ll;O)KeCTBeHHOrO TBOp- 'leCTBa. OH rocno,n;cTBOBaJI npaKTH'leCKH .n;o 1840-x rr. Ha'laJio XIX B. 6hiJIO BpeMeHeM 6hlCTpOH 38CTpOHKH CTOJIHn - 1IeTep- 6ypra H MocKBhi, a TaK)Ke neHTpaJih- HoH: qacTH KpynHhlX ry6epHCKHX ropo- .n;os. Oco6eHHOCThiO CTpOHTeJihCTBa 3TOrO nepHO,ll;8 CT8JIO C03,ll;8HHe apXHTeK- TypHbiX 8HCaM6JieH - pa,n;a 3,ll;8HHH H co- opy)KeHHH, 06'be,ll;HHeHHhiX B O,ll;HO neJIOe. KpynHefimHMH npe,n;cTaBHTeJiaMH pyccKoro aMDHpa 6blJIH AnopeRn ,[{Mumpue6U'l 3axapo6, Anopeu Hwcu(/Jopo6u'l Bopouuxuu, KapJL H6aH-06U'l Poccu. Bee 3TH apXHTeKTOpbi pa60TaJIH B OCHOBHOM B 1IeTep6ypre. B MoeRBe B CTHJie aMnHp 6hiJIH BhiiTOJIHeHhi pa6oThi Ocuna H 6aH-o6u'la Bo6e: peKOHCTPYHPOBaHHaa nocJie no- )Kapa 1812 r. KpacHaa ITJIOina,ll;b, TeaTpaJibHaa llJIOin~h c BoJihmHM TeaTPOM, TpHYMcpaJihHaa apKa H .n;p. B aTOM )Ke CTHJie TBOpHJI H ,I{eM.MH- H6anoBu'l )i{u.M~pou. C H8'laJIOM yn~Ka KJI8CCHnH3Ma B 1830-e rr. H8'lH- HaeT pacnpOCTpaHaThCa •PYCCKO-BH38HTHHCKHH~ CTHJib, ApxHTeKTopoM KoucmaumunoM Anopee6u'leM TonoM B 3TOM CTHJie 6h!JIH co3,n;aHhi xpaM XpHcTa CnacHTeJia (1837- 1889), BoJihmofl KpeMJiescKHH .n;sopen, OpyjKeii- Haa naJiaTa, HHKOJiaeBCKHH (HbiHe - JleHHHrp~CKHH) BOK3aJI H ,n;p. 2.24. XpaM Xpucma Cnacume.Ml. Apxume~emop KA. Ton 2.22. Ka3anc~euu co6op. Apxume~emop A.H. Boponuxun 2 .23. Tpuy.MC/JaJLbH.aR ap~ea. ApxumeKmop O.H. Boee AoKa)f(L~~Te, YTO B pa3BLI1TLI1Li1 ore- YeCTBeHHolit Kynbrypbl B nepBolit no- JlOBLi1He XIX B. HacrynL~~n 3onorolit BeK. TBopYeCTBO KaKIIIX pyc cKL!1X xy- AO:>KHLI1KOB nepBolit nonoBIIIHbl XIX B. BaM HaLI16onee 6JlLi13KO? noYeMy? 4TO HOBOrO np011130WJ10 B TeaT- pailbHOiit )1(1!13HLI1 3Toro nepL~~OAa?
  • 55.
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  • 56.
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  • 57.
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  • 58.
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  • 59.
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  • 60.
    no rOTOBKA KPECTbSIHCKO~PE<l>OPMbl Bnepsble o Heo6- xo,D;HMOCTH OTMeHbl KpenocTHOro npasa A.11eKcaH,D;p II OcpHD;H8JibHO 38SIBHJI B pe'IR, npOR3HeCeHHOH 30 M8pTa 1856 1'. nepe,D; npe,D;CT8BHTeJISIMH MOCKOBCKOI'O ,ll;BOpSIH- CTB8. Ilp:H 3TOM OH IIO,l];'lepKHyJI, "t!TO 6y,D;eT 1'0p83,ll;O Jiy<I- me, eCJIH JIHKBH,ll;8D;HSI KpenOCTHH"tleCTBa npOH30H,D;eT CBepxy, HejKeJIH jK,!J;8Tb, KOI',ll;8 3TO CBepmRTCSI CHH3Y. A.11eKCaH,D;p II, TaK me KaK R ero npe,D;mecTBeHHRKR, ,D;06HB8JICSI, 'lT06bi npOCb68 0 pemeHHH KpeCTbSIHCKOI'O sonpoca RCXO,D;HJia OT noMem;RKOB. Ho 6oJibillHHCTBO ,D;BO- PSIH ynopHo YKJIOHSIJIOcb oT KaKHX-JIH6o xo,D;aTaHCTB. 3 SIHBapSI 1857 r. A.11eKCaH,D;p II o6pa30BaJI CeKpeTHLm KOMHTeT ~,ll;JISI o6cym,D;eHHSI Mep no ycTpOHCTBY 6biT8 IIO- MenJ;H'tfbHX KpeCTbSIH •. 0,D;H8KO MHOI'He 'lJieHbl KOMHTeTa 6biJIH SipbiMH IIpOTHBHHK8MH OCB060jK,l];eHHSI KpeCTbSIH H BCSI"tJ:eCKH TOPM03HJUI ero pa6oTy. H Tor,D;a A.11eKcaH,D;p II pemHJI npe,!];IIpRHSITb 60Jiee ,D;eHCTBeHHble Mepbl. B KOHD;e OKTSI6pSI 1857 1'. B IleTep6ypr npR6biJI BHJieHCKHH reHepaJI-ry6epH8TOp B.H. Ha3u.Moa, 6LIBmRH: B MOJIO,D;OCTH a,D;'biOTaHTOM A.11eKcaH,D;pa II. OH npHse3 RMnepaTopy aApec { o6pam;eHHe) OT ,D;BOpSIH BRJieHcKoii, KoseHcKoii H rpo,n;HeHCKOH ry6epH:HH. 0HH 6LIJIH CKJIOHHbl OCB0- 60,D;HTb KpeCTbSIH, HO TOJibKO 6e3 Ha,D;eJieHHSI HX 3eM- JieH. B csoeM a,D;pece ,D;BopsrRe npocHJIH y HMnepaTopa pa3pemeHRSI o6cy,D;HTb aToT sonpoc. A.11eKcaH,D;p II pe- IIIHJI BOCIIOJib30BaTbCSI CHTYaD;HeH, H 20 HOS16pSI 1857 1'. Ha HMSI Ha3HMOBa 6Lm ,D;aH pecKpHIIT o6 yq:pejK,D;eHHH H3 'lHCJia MeCTHbiX IIOMenJ;HKOB ry6epHCKHX KOMHTe- TOB ,ll;JISI IIO,ll;I'OTOBKH npoeKTOB KpeCTbSIHCKOH pecpop- Mbl. B pecKpHnTe yKa3LIB8JIHCb paMKH pecpopMbl: oc- so6ojK,D;eHRe KpeCTbSIH C 3eMJieH 38 BbiKyn, ,!];0 BbiiiJI8Tbl KOTOpOI'O OHH ,ll;OJI>KHbl HeCTH IIOBHHHOCTH B II0Jib3Y IIOMenJ;HKOB. 5 ,D;eKa6psr 1857 1'. IIO,D;06HOe jKe yKa3aHHe 6hlJIO ,D;aHo neTep6yprcKOMY reHepaJI-ry6ep- HaTopy rpacpy II.H. HrHaTbesy. BcKope TeKcT pecKpHnTa nosrBHJICSI B ne'laTH H no,D;ro- TOBKa peQ>opMhl CT8Jia rJiacHoii. B cpespaJie 1858 r. CeK- peTHbiH KOMHTeT 6LIJI nepe:HMeHOBaH B rJiaBHbiH KOMHTeT. B 46 ry6epH:HSIX 6biJIH yq:pem,D;eHbl ry6epHCKHe 4 KOMHTe- Tbl 00 yJiyq:meHHH 6biT8 IIOMenJ;H'lbHX KpecTbSIH•. B MapTe 1859 r. B Ka"tJ:eCTBe ~pa6o-qero opraHa• npH r JI8BHOM KOMHTeTe 6biJIH y'lpem,D;eHbl T8K H83biB8eMbie peOaKZ~tUOH.H.bLe KO.MUCCUU, KOTOpbie 38HHM8JIHCb pac- CMOTpeHHeM MaTepHaJIOB, npe,D;CTaBJieHHbiX ry6epHCKHMH KOMHTeTaMH, H COCTaBJieHHeM H8 HX OCHOBe 06m;er0 npo- eKTa 38KOH8 06 OCB060jK,l];eH:HH KpeCTbSIH. Ilpe,D;Ce,D;aTeJieM KOMHCCHH 6hlJI H83Ha"tJ:eH reHepaJI Jl.H. PocmOBZ~teB. neKcaHAP II 1818-1881 V1Mneparop BcepoccL~~IilcKLillil ( 1855- 1881 ). V1HLIIL.4LilaTOp npoBeAeHLIIR WLII poKoMacwra6HbiX pe<popM e crpaHe. B AOpesoniOULIIOHHolii 11Li1Teparype , YAOCToeH 3nL~~rera «Oceo6oAL~~Tenb» (3a OTMeHy KpenocrHoro npaea 1861 r.). 4 neHbl peAaK~LiiOHHbiX KOMLIICCL~~iil 6~nL~~ Ha3saH~ cospeMeHHL~~KaML~~ «KpaCHbiMLil 6tapOKpaTaML!I», TaK KaK BbiCTynanL~~ 3a ocso6o)f(AeHL~~e KpeCTbfiH C 3eMneiil 3a BbiKyn Lil npespa~eH~e ~x s MenK~x 3e- MenbHbiX co6crseHHL~~KOB npL~~ co- x paHeHII1111 noMe~ll14bero 3eMne- snaAeH111fl. 3TII1 111Aell1 KOpeHHbiM o 6pa30M OT111114aJ1111Cb OT 6 0JlbW111H· CTBa npeAnO)KeH111iil, BbiCKa3aHHbiX ABOpfiHCTBOM B ry6epHCK~X KOM~­ TeTaX, 111 )KeJlaHII1iil noAaBJlfltO~eiil 4acr111 noMe~II1KOB, nonarasw~x. 4TO y)K ecn111 111 ocso6o)f(AaTb KpeCTbfiH, TO 6e3 3eMn~.
  • 61.
    3.2. CfJteHbt peiJaK!{UOHHbtX KOMUCCUU: a)JO_cp_ CaMapun; 6) H A. M U.!t/Omun; e) II.II. Ce.Menoe; z) JI.H. PocmOB!{ee -==MOH HCTOPH'IECKHE C:::: HCCJIE)l;OBAHH.H c:::: npoaHallH3Hpy~Te OCHOBHble C:::: nono.>KeHHSI KpecTbHHCKO~ pe- c:::: «f>opMbl 1861 r. c:::: c:::: c:::: -==KaKV1e nVIYHble 111 V1My~easeH- c=::: Hble npasa nonyYanV1 KpeabflHe c=::: nocne orMeHbl KpenoaHoro npasa? c:::: ...J KaKoe KOnw-leaso 3eMnV1 OHV1 c:=: nonyyan111? Yro raKoe BbiKyn 111 or- .:::::::: pe3KV1? -=c: J Kro raKV1e speMeHHoo6R3aHHble c::::=: KpeCTbflHe? -=t= Cran n111 pyccKV1ill KpeabRHVIH ~~~::;:: co6aseHHV1KOM csoeill 3eMnV1? -== PocToB~eB rrpnBneK K pa6oTe KOMHCCHM rrocne~o­ BaTenhHhiX CTOpOHHliKOB rrpoBe~eHHH pecpopM H3 "'HCna nn6epanhHhiX "!HHOBHHKOB H rroMe~HKOB - H.A. Mu- .a10muna, IO.cJJ. CaM.apuna, B.A. qep1wcc1eozo, .H.A. Co- .aoebeea, II.JI. CeM.enoea (6y,zzym;ero TaH-IllaHcKoro). B OKTH6pe 1860 r. pe~aK~HOHHb!e KOMHCCHH 6h!nH 3aKphiThl. Pa6oTa no ~oBe~eHmo pecpopMhl ~o KoHu;a 6hlna rrepeHeCeHa B rnaBHhiH KOMHTeT. 3aTeM rrpoeKT pe<}lopMbl 6hln YTBep)K~eH B rocy~apCTBeHHOM COBeTe. OCHOBHbiE nonmKEHI..UJ KPECTbSIHCKOJil PE<l>OPMbl 1861 r. 19 lf>eBpaJIH 1861 r. ArreKcan~p II rro~rrncan ManncpecT «0 BCeMHnOCTHBeMmeM ~apOBaHHH KperrOCTHbiM niO~HM rrpaB COCTOHHH$1 CB060~Hb!X cenhCKHX 06h!BaTeneif H 06 ycTpoiicTBe HX 6hiTa», a TaK)Ke «<Iono)KeHHe o KpecTha- Hax, Bhlme~mHX H3 KperrOCTHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH». KpecThHHe, paHee rrpHHa~ne)KaBmne rro- Me~HKaM, 06'bHBnHnHCb CB060~HhiMH H Ha~enanHCb rpa)K~aHCKHMH rrpaBaMH. IlpH OCB060)K~eHHH OHH ITOny"'MH 3eMniO, HOB OrpaHH- "leHHOM pa3Mepe H 3a BhlKyrr na oco6hlx ycnoBHHX. Pa3- Mep 3eMenbHOrO H~ena, KOTOpbrn ITOMe~HK rrpe~OCTaB­ nan KpeCTbHHaM, He MOr 6b!Tb Bhlme YCTaHOBneHHOH 3aKOHOM BOPMhl. B pa3HhlX ry6epBnax aTa HOpMa KOne6MaCb OT 3 ~0 12 ~ecHTHH. 3.3. Manu(/Jecm AILeKcanopa II o6 omMene Kpenocmnozo npaea 3.4. Cfmenue Manwpecma 1861 z. Xyoo;J~Cnwc B.M. Kycmoouee
  • 62.
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  • 63.
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  • 64.
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  • 65.
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  • 66.
    CY.QE6HAR PE<l>OPMA CaMhiMrrocJie.n;oBaTeJihHhiM rrpe- o6pa30BaHHeM A.rreKcaH.n;pa II CTaJia Cy.n;e6Haa pec]lopMa, IlpOBe,ll;eHHaH Ha OCHOBe HOBhiX cy.n;e6HhiX ycTaBOB, IIpH- H.HThiX B Hoa6pe 1864 r. Cy.n; CTPOHJIC.H Ha rrpnHu;nrrax 6ypmya3Horo rrpaBa: paBeHCTBe Bcex cocJIOBHH rrepe.n; 3a- KOHOM, rJiaCHOCTH cy.n;a, He3aBHCHMOCTH cy.n;eif, COCT.H3a- TeJibHOCTH 06BHHeHH.H H 3aiD;HThi, Bbi60pHOCTH HeKOTO- pbiX cy.n;e6HbiX opraHOB. BhlJIH C03,ll;8Hh1 ,ll;Be CHCTeMhi CY,ll;OB - MHpOBhie H o6:w;ne. MnpOBhie cy.n;hx paccMaTpHBaJIH MeJIK.He yro- JIOBHhle H rpam.n;aHCKHe ,ll;eJia. 0HH C03,ll;aBaJIHCh B ropo.n;ax H ye3.n;ax. MnpoBhie cy.n;hn BepmHJIH rrpaBocy.n;ne e.n;nHo- JIWIHO. 0HH Bhl6HpaJIHCh 3eMCKHMH C06paHHHMH H ropo.n;- CKHMH AYMaMH. CncTeMa o6m;nx cy.n;oB BKJIIO~aJia OKpymHhie cy.n;hi H cy.n;e6Hbie rraJiaThi. qJieHhi oRpymHoro cy.n;a Ha3Ha~aJIHCh HMrrepaTOpOM H paCCMaTpHB8JIH yrOJIOBHbie H CJIOmHhie rpam.n;aHCKHe .n;eJia. PaccMoTpeHne yroJIOBHhiX .n;eJI rrpo- ncxo.n;HJIO c yqacTneM 12 rrpncamHhiX 3ace.n;aTeJieH. llpnc.HmHhiM Mar 6hiTh rro.n;.n;aHHhiH Poccnn B B03pacTe OT 25 ,ll;O 70 JleT, rrpomHB8IOID;HH B ,ll;aHHOH MeCTHOCTH He MeHee 2 JieT. CrrHCKH rrpHc.HmHhiX yTBepm.n;aJIHCh ry6ep- HaTopoM. AneJIJUI~HH no rroBo.n;y pemeHH.H OKpymHoro cy.n;a rro.n;aBaJIHCh B cy.n;e6Hyro rraJiaTy. llpn'leM aneJIJiarvra no rroBo.n;y rrpnroBopa, BhiHeceHHoro cy.n;oM rrpncamHhiX, He .n;orrycKaJiaCh. BwcmeH: cy.n;e6Hoii HHCTaHu;neH: 6biJI CeHaT. 3.10. PoccuucTCue JOpucmbt emopou no;weunbt XIX e.: a) <P.H. nJleBaTCo; 6) B.!{. CnacOBU'l,' 8) A.<P. Konu Pec]lopMa ycTaHaBJIHBaJia rJiaCHOCTh Be.n;eHHH cy.n;oB. 0HH CTaJIH rrpoBO,ll;HThC.H OTKphiTO. CocT.H3aTeJihHOCTh CTO- poH o6ecrre'IHBaJiaCh rrpncyTCTBHeM Ha cy.n;e6HOM pa36npa- TeJihCTBe rrpoKypopa - rrpe.n;cTaBHTeJI.H o6BnHemra n a.n;so- KaTa, 38Iu;Hill;aBIDero HHTepeCbi 06BHH.HeMOPO. XoT.H HOBaa cy.n;e6Haa cncTeMa e:w;e coxpaHaJia p.H.n; rrepemHTKOB rrpOIIIJIOPO (OC06hie BOJIOCTHbie cy,ll;hl ,ll;JIH KpeCTb.HH, CY,ll;hl ,ll;JIH .n;yXOBeHCTBa, BOeHHhiX H BhiCIIIHX 'IHHOBHHKOB), TeM He MeHee OHa OKa3aJiaCb CaMOH rrepe- ,ll;OBOH B TO BpeM.H. KO MeCTHbllil >K111Tenb He MOnO>Ke 25 ner. YaaHasnll1sancfl BbtCOKII11i1 o6pa30BarenbHblli1 111 111Myll..leaBeH- Hblli1 l..leH3: Bbtcwee 111n111 cpeAHee o6pa3osaHII1e 111 snaAeHII1e HeABII1· >KII1MbiM 111Myll..leCTBOM, BABOe 6qnbW111M, YeM np111 Bbt60pax B 3eMcrsa no 3eMnesnaAenbYecKoli1 Kyp111111. np111 3roM M111posbte cyAb111 nonyYanll1 AOBOnbHO BbiCOKYIO 3a- pa60THYIO nnary - OT 2,2 AO 9 TbiC. py6neli1 B roA. B pyccKOM o6ll..lease B03HII1K He· 06btYali1Hblli1 111HTepec K aABOKaTCKOti1 AeflrenbHOall1. Ha 3TOM nonp111ll..le npocnas111n111cb BbtAatoll..lll1ecfl 10p111c Tbl <D.H nnesaKO, KHfl3b A.lll. Ypy· cos, B.)J.. Cnacosii1Y, A.<D. KOHII1 111 Apyr111e, 3ano>K111BWII1e ocHOBbt pyc- cKoVI WKOnbl aABOKaTOB-oparopOB. aon noYeMy nocne orMeHbt Kpenocr- Horo npasa rocyAapcrso oKa3anocb nepeA He06XOA111MOCTbiO npoBeAe- HII1fl Apyrii1X pecpopM? KaKII1MII1 o6aoHrenbcrsaMII1 6btno o6ycnOBJleHO C03AaHII1e MeCTHOrO caMoynpasneHII1fl? KaKOBbt nntocbt 111 MII1HYCbl 3eMCKOii1 pecpopMbi? KaK111e np111Hl..lll1nbt 6btnll1 nono>Ke- Hbt B OCHOBY CyAe6Holi! pecpopMbi? KaK Bbt AYMaere, noYeMy 111MeHHO CyAe6Hafl pecpopMa OKa3anacb Hall1- 6onee nocneAosarenbHolil?
  • 67.
    0 pecpopMV1posaHV1V1 HaYanbHolil 06OCHOBHbiX HanpaBn€HV1f'IX BO- €HHOii1 pecpopMbl KaKyiO nonV1TV1KY nposog111n HV1- Konali1 I s o6nacr111 npocsell.eHV1f'l 111 o6pa3osaHV1f'l? KaKosa cyrb CV1CT€Mbl peKpyrcKV1X Ha6opos? npV1YV1Hbl nopa>KeHV1f'l Pocc111V1 s KpbiMCKolil soli!He? 8 rV1MHa3V1V1 npV1HV1ManV1 gerelil «scex cocnos1111i1, 6e3 pa3nV1YV1f'l 3BaHV1f'! 111 sepoV1cnosegaHVIf'!», npasga, np111 3TOM ycraHasnV1sa- nacb BbiCOKaf'l nnara 3a o6y4eHV1e. 3 .11. Kypcucm1ea. Xyao.HCHUK HA. JipowenKo PE.OPMbl B O&IIACTH O&PA30BAHHA H BOEHHOro AEnA J1V16epanbHble npeo6pa3o8aHV1fl 8 o6w,ecr8e, crpeMne- HV1e npa8V1TenbCT8a npeoAonerb orcra8aHV1e 8 80eHHoiil o6naCTV1, a TaiOKe COKpaTV1Tb 80eHHble paCXOAbl 8bl38a- nV1 He06XOAV1MOCTb np08eAeHV1fl KOpeHHbiX pecpOpM 8 apMV1V1. 3Ha'-lV1TenbHOVi nepecrpoVIKe noA8eprnacb CV1CTe- Ma o6pa3o8aHV1fl. PE<l>OPMbl B 0611ACTI!1 nPOCBEU4EHI!1st B MIOHe 1864 r. 6hi- no yTBepm.n;eHo IIonomeHMe o Ha~aJihHhiX Hapop;HbiX ~MJIMIIJ,aX. 0THbiHe TaKHe ~HJIMIIJ,a MOrJIH OTKpbiBaThC.H o6m;eCTBeHHhiMM y~pemp;eHM.HMM M ~aCTHbiMH JIMIJ;aMM. 9TO npMBeJIO K C03p;aHMIO Ha~aJihHhiX IIIKOJI pa3JIR'!HhiX TMIIOB - rocy,ZJ;apCTBeHHhiX, 3eMCKMX, u;epKOBHo-npMXO,ZJ;- CKMX, BOCKpeCHhiX. CpOK o6~eHM.H B TaKMX IIIKOJiaX He npeBhima.rr, KaK npaBnno, Tpex .rreT. C HO.H6p.H 1864 r. OCHOBHbiM TMIIOM y~e6Horo 3aBe- ,ZJ;eHM.H cpe,ZJ;Heli cTyneHM cTaJIM rMMHa3MH. OHM pa3,ZJ;en.a- JIMCh Ha K.rraccM~eCKMe M peaJibHbie. B KJiaccn~ecKMX rHMHa3HJIX 60JibillOe MeCTO OTBO,li;MJIOCb ,ZJ;peBHMM .H3bi- KaM - .rraTMHCKOMY M ,ZJ;peBHerpe~ecKoMy. B HMX roTOBM- JIM Mono,ZJ;emh ,ZJ;JI.H nocTynneHM.H B yHMBepcaTeTbi. CpoK o6y~eHM.H B KJiaCCM~eCKMX rMMHa3M.HX CHa~aJia 6biJI Ce- MMJieTHMH, a C 1871 r. - BOCbMMJieTHMH. PeaJihHbie rHMHa3MM 6biJIM npM3BaHhi roTOBMTh <<K 3a- H.HTM.HM pa3JIM~HbiMM OTpaCJI.HMM npOMhiiTIJieHHOCTM M ToproBJIH>>. 06~eHMe B HMX 6hiJIO ceMMJieTHHM. OcHOBHoe BHHMaHMe y,ZJ;eJI.HJIOCh H3y~eHMIO MaTeMaTMKM, ecTeCTB0- 3HaHM.H, TeXHM~ecKMX npe,ZJ;MeToB. ,IJ;ocTyrr B YHMBepcMTe- Tbi ,ZJ;JI.H BbiiiYCKHMKOB peaJihHhiX rMMHa3MH 6hiJI 3aKphiT. OHM Mornn rrpo,ZJ;onmaTh y~e6y B TeXHH~ecKnx BhicrnHx ~e6HbiX 3aBe,ZJ;eHH.HX. B MIOHe 1864 r . 6biJI YTBepm,ZJ;eH HOBbiH ycTaB ,IJ;JI.H YHMBepCHTeTOB, KOTOph!H BOCCTaHaBJIHBaJI aBTOHOMMIO 3THX ~e6HhiX 3aBe,ZJ;eHMH. BhiJio nonomeHo Ha~a.rro meHCKOMY cpe.n;- HeMy o6pa30BaHMIO - IIO.HBMJIHCb JKeHC- KMe rMMHa3MM, HO ypoBeHb IIO,ZJ;rOTOBKM B HHX ycTyiiaJI ypOBHIO IIO,ZJ;rOTOBKM B MYJKCKMX rMMHa3H.HX. IlOCKOJihKY BblnyCKHMIJ;bi rMMHa3MH He MOr- JIM IIOCTyiiaTb B YflMBepCMTeTbl, ,ZJ;JI.H HMX 6biJIM OTI<pb!Thl Bbicmne meHCKMe KYPChi B MocKBe, IIeTep6ypre, Ka3a- HM, KneBe. B ,ZJ;aJihHelirneM ,ZJ;eBymeK CTaJIM ,ZJ;onycKaTh H B YflHBepCMTeThl, HO B Ka~eCTBe BOJihHOCJiyiiiaTeJieH.
  • 68.
    BOEHHbiE PE<l>OPMbl BHOSI6pe 1861 I'. BOeHHhlM MHHH- CTpOM CTaJI /{A. M UJL/Omuu. ITo.n; ero pyKOBO)J;CTBOM OCy~eCTBHJIHCb BOeHHhle pe<PopMLI, paCTSIHYBillHeCSI Ha HeCKOJILKO JieT. B 1863-1864 rr. 6LIJIO npose.n;eHo pe<PopM:aposaH:ae soeHHo-yqe6HbiX aase.n;eHHH. 06w;ee o6paaosaH:ae oT.n;e- JISIJIOCL OT cneu;HaJILHOI'O: o6m,eo6pa30BaTeJILHY10 IIO,IJ;I'O- TOBKY 6y.n;yw;:ae OlPHIJ;epLI IIOJiy'IaJIH B BOeHHLIX I'HMHa3HSIX, a npo<PecCHOHaJILHYIO - B BOeHHbiX yq:a- JIHID;aX. B 3THX yqe6HLIX aase.n;eH:aHx o6yqaJIHCL npe- HMy~ecTBeHHO ,D;eTH )J;BOpSIH. ,Il;JISI JIHIJ;, He HMeBillHX cpe.n;aero o6paaosaHHSI, coa.n;asaJIHCL IOHKepcK:ae yq:a- JI:aw;a. B HHX npHHHMaJI:a npe.n;cTaB:aTeJieH: scex cocJIOBHH. B 1868 r. ,D;JISI nonoJIHeHHSI IOHKepcKHX y'IHJIH~ 6hlJIH coa.n;aHLI soeHHhle nporHMHa3HH. ITepe- CMaTpHBaJIHCb H COBeprueHCTBOBaJIHCb rrporpaMMhl BLICWHX soeHHLIX yqe6HLIX aase.n;eHHH. B 1867 r. 6hiJia OTKpbiTa BoeHHo-rop:a.n;:aqecKaSI aKa.n;eMHSI, B 1877 r. - MopcKaSI aKa.n;eMHSI. KopeHHLIM o6paaoM H3MeHHJICSI nopSI,D;OK IIOIIOJIHeHHSI apMHH: BMeCTO peKpyTCKHX Ha60p0B, cym,eCTBOBaBillHX CO BpeMeH IleTpa I, BBO)J;HJiaCL BCeCOCJIOBHaSI BOHHCKaSI IIOBHH- HOCTL. CorJiacao yTBepm.n;eHHOMY 1 HHBapSI 1874 r . ycTaBy, npH3hiBy IIO)J;Jie:>KaJIH JIHI.J.a BCeX COCJIOBHH C 20 JieT (II03)J;Hee - C 21 ro.n;a). 06~HH CpOK CJiy>K6LI B CyXOIIYTHhlX BOHCKax COCTaBJISIJI B 15 JieT, H3 HHX 6 JieT - ,D;eHCTBHTeJILHOH CJiy>K6LI, 9 JieT - B aanace. Bo <PJioTe - 10 JieT: 7 JieT - .n;eH:cTBHTeJILHOH cJiym- 6LI, 3 I'O,D;a - B aarrace. ,Il;JISI JIHD;, IIOJI~HBIIIHX o6pa- 30BaHHe, CpOK ,D;eHCTBHTeJILHOH CJiy>K6bi COKpaw;aJICSI OT 4 JieT (,D;JISI OKOH'IHBillHX Ha'!aJILHbie ~HJIH~a) )J;O 6 MeCSIIJ;eB (,D;JISI HMeBillHX BhlCmee o6pa30BaHHe). OT .n;eH:cTBHTeJILHOH soeHHOH cJiym6LI ocso6om.n;aJIHCb e,D;HHCTBeHHLie CLIHOBLSI H e,D;HHCTBeHHLie KOpMHJILIJ;bl ceMLH. Ocso6om.n;eHHLie oT rrpH3biBa aa'IHCJISIJIHCL B orroJI'IeH:ae, co6:apaeMoe JIHmb so BpeMH BOHHbi. He rro.n;JiemaJIH rrp:a3LIBY rrpe.n;cTaBHTeJIH Hapo.n;os CeBepa, Cpe.n;HeH: AaHH, qacTb >KHTeJieH: KaBKaaa 11 CR6HpH. B apMHH 6hlJIH OTMeHeHbi TeJieCHLie HaKaaaHHSI, YJIY'IIIleHo n:aTaH:ae, rrepeo6opy.n;osaHLI KaaapMLI, pac- mMpSIJiacL CeTb COJI)J;aTCKHX illKOJI. B peayJILTaTe pe<PopM PoccHH rroJiy'IHJia Maccosyro apMHIO COBpeMeHHOI'O THIIa. l13 apMHH 6LIJIH H3I'HaHLI MymTpa H naJIO'IHaSI .n;:acu;:anJIHHa. CoJI.n;aT TerrepL ~HJIH He TOJILKO BOeHHOMY ,D;eJiy, HO H rpaMOTe, 'ITO cyw;e- CTBeHHO IIO)J;HSIJIO aBTOpHTeT BOeHHOH CJiy>K6LI. n po~CXOA~nO nepesoopy~eH~e apM~~ ~ ¢nora. B 1867 r. BMec- ro rnagKOCTBOnbHbiX opyg~lil BBe- geHbl Hape3Hble, HaYanacb 3aMeHa YyryHHbiX ~ 6pOH30BbiX opyg~lil Ha aanbHble; B 1870 r. npiiiHHTbl Ha soopy~eHIIIe ycosepweHCTBOBaH- Hble BIIIHTOBKIII aMepii!KaHCKOfO ~3o6perarenH 5epgaHa. 3.1 2 . ..QA. Mu;uomuu aonPo I KaKOBbl AOCTOIIIHCTBa Ill HeAO- CTaTKIII pecpopMbl a o6nacr111 npo- csell.eHIIIH? KaK~e ~3MeHeHIIIH npo~3own~ a apM~~? noYeMy peKpyrcKaH nos~H ­ HOab nepeaana orseYarb norpe6- HoaHM rocygapasa?
  • 69.
    0 TOM, KaKpecpopMbl npeTsopfi- Jl111Cb B >KV13Hb 0 «KOHCTII1TY~II1111 Jlop111c- Mem11- B YeM 3aKJ110Ya11111Cb npoTV1sope- '-1111fl KpeCTbfiHCKolil pecpopMbl? KaKOBbl HeAOCTaTKV1 3eMcKolil pe- cpopMbl? 0 KaK111e ::meMeHTbl cocnosHOCTV1 TaK 111 He yAaJlOCb npeoAOJleTb s Cy- Ae6Holil pecpopMe? B YeM npoTV1BopeYV1BocTb pe- cpopM s o6nacr111 npocseuteHV1fl? n oKyweHV1e Ha AneKCaHApa II npo1113owno s JleTHeM caAy so spe- Mfl nporynKV1 111MnepaTOpa. no o¢111~111aJlbHOiil sepc111111 np111'-IV1HOiil npoMaxa KapaK03osa crano TO, '-ITO era noATOJlKHyn KpeCTbfiHV1H Oc111n KoM111ccapos. 3a cnaceHV1e 111Mnepa- Topa eMy 6bl11111 no>KanosaHbl ABO- Pf!Hcrso, cpaMV111111fl KoMII1CCa- pos-KocTpoMcKolil 111 MeAanb. Ha Mecre noKyweHV1fl 6blna B03BeAeHa '-laCOBHfl, CHeCeHHafl B 1930 r. DPETBOPEHME PECIJOPM B >KM3Hb B onnow,eHII1e pecpopM s >KII13Hb npo111CXOA111IlO oYeHb cno>KHO. KoHcepsaropbl CYII1Tanll1, YTO pecpopMbl pacwa- TbiBaiOT caMogep>KaBHbllil crpolil. Il1116epanb1 Hacra111san111 Ha AOBeAeHI/1111 pecpopM AO KOHU,a. CrpeMflCb y6epeYb crpaHy or norpf1ceHII11i1, 111Mneparop 6b1Jl BbiHY>KAeH JlaB111pOBaTb. lt13MEHEHII1SI B nPABliiTEilbCTBE llot.ITH cpaay nocne o6Ha- po~oBaHH.H KpecTb.HHCKOH pe<PopMbi B OTCTaBKY 6biJIH OTITpaBJieHbi ee aKTHBHbie ytiaCTHHKH - MHHHCTp BHyT- peHHHX ,n;en C.C. JlaHcJCou, H.A. MRJIIOTHH. TontiKOM K Hatiany KOHcepBaTRBHbiX pe<PopM CTano noKymeHRe B 1866 r . JI,. Kapa1C030Ba Ha AneKca:H,n;pa II. KoHcepBaTopbr o6BHHHJIH JIR6epanhHOro MHHHCTpa rrpo- cBem;eHR.H A.B. ronOBHHHa B pa3Bparu;eHHH MOJIO~emH H~e.HMH HHrH JIH 3Ma H ~06HJIHCb ero OTCTaBKH. BMecTo oTcTaBneHHbiX JIH6epanbHbiX t.IHHOBHHKOB Ha- 3HatiaJI:M:Cb rrpe~CTaBHTeJIH KOHCepBaTHBHblX CHJI. MHHHCT- pOM BHYTPeHHHX ~eJI 6hm HaaHat.IeH IIA. BaJLyeB, nocT M:H- HHCTpa rrpocBern;eHH.H aaH.HJI JI,A. ToJLcmou, rne<PoM m~apMOB 6hm Ha3Ha"IeH H.A. IllyBaJIOB, BO rnaBe IIOJIR- D;HH lleTep6ypra 6hm rrocTaBneH C/>.C/>. TpenoB. TeM He Me- Hee AneKcaH~p II coxpaHRJI B npaBRTeJihCTBe HeKOTOpbiX JIFI6epaJIOB, TaK 'ITO pe<PopMaTOpCKa.H ~e.HTeJibHOCTb He 6bi- Jia CBepHyTa IIOJIHOCTbiO. KOHCEPBATlt1BHAA KOPPEKTlt1POBKA PE<POPM B 1867 r . 6hr- JIR cyrn;eCTBeHHO orpaH:H'!eHbi rrpaBa 3eMCTB. C O~HOH CTOpOHbi, 6biJIH paClliRpeHbl BJiaCTHhle IIOJIHOMO'IR.H rrpe~­ Ce~aTeJieH 3eMCKHX co6paHRH (rrpe~BO~RTeJieH ,li;BOp.HH- CTBa), a C p;pyroif - YCFIJIRJICS:I KOHTpOJib 3a RX ~e.HTeJib­ HOCTbiO CO CTOpOHbl IIpaBHTeJibCTBeHHbiX OpraHOB. B 1871 r . 6brna rrpoBe~eHa pe<PopMa cpe~Hero lliKOJibHoro o6paaoBaHR.H, B XO~e KOTOpOH 6biJIM JIHKBH~HpOBaHbl pe- aJibHbie rHMHa3RR. B KnaccRtieCKHX rHMHa3R.HX B ern;e 60JibilleM 06'beMe BBO- ~RJIHCb ~peBHHe .H3biKR. BMecTo peaJihHbiX rRMHa3HH coa- ~aBaJIHCb peaJihHhre ytiRJIRrn;a, cpoK o6ytieHR.H B KOTOpbrx yMeHhillHJIC.H ,n;o 6 JieT. 3.13. rocyi)apcm8ennbte i}eJLme.JLu: a) /l,A. To.JLcmou; 6) IIA. BaJtyeB
  • 70.
    cc,QL.1KTATYPA CEP.QUAn BanpeJie 1879 r. :u.apb ua3Ha'IRJI B 11eTep6ypre, XapbKOBe H O,Zecce speMeHHbiX reuepaJI- ry6epuaTopos, KOTOpbiM 6biJHI npe,ZOCT3BJieHbl 'lpe3Bbl- l.JaHHbie IIOJIHOMO'IHH. B Q>espaJie 1880 r. 6Lma npe,ZnpH- HHTa HOB3H IIOllbiTKa IIOKymeHHH Ha HMnepaTOpa. "tJepe3 uecKOJibKO AHeM AneKCaHAP II y-qpe,ZHJI Bepxosuyro pac- nopH,ZHTeJibHyJO KOMHccuro. Ee uat.JaJibHHKOM 6LIJI ua- 3Hat.Jeu xapbKOBCKHH reuepaJI-ry6epuaTop M.T. Jlopuc- M eJLU1COB, noJiy-qHBmHH noJIHOMO'IHH <t>aKTH'IecKoro npa- BHTeJIH CTp3Hbl. Ero rJiaBHOH 3a,Za'Ieii CTaJio uase,Zeune nopH,ZKa B cTpaue . Bee oxpaHHbie opraHbi 6biJIH cocpe,ZOTO'IeHbi B MnuncTepcTBe BHyTpeuuux AeJI. 0AHOspeMeuuo 6biJia ocJia6JieHa :u.eu3ypa. Jlopuc-MeJIHKOB uacTOHJI ua YBOJibHeHHH MHHHCTpa HapO,ZHOrO IIpOCBe~eHHH rpa<t>a ToJicToro. BpeMH, KOrAa Jlopnc-MeJIHKOB uaxOAHJICH BO rJiase BHyTpeHHeH IIOJIHTHKH roCy,ZapCTBa, 6biJIO Ha3B3HO CO- BpeMeHHHKaMH <cau1Cmamypou cepau,a>> - coKpaTHJIOCb 'IHCJIO TeppopHCTH'IeCKHX IIOKymeHHH, 06CTaHOBKa B CTpaue, Ka3aJIOCb, CTaJia 6oJiee cnoKoifuo:U:. ccKOHCTif1TYUif1Sf nOPif1C- MEnlf1KOBAn 28 <t>espaJIH 1881 r. JlopHC-MeJIHKOB npe,ZCTaBHJI n;apiO ,ll;OKJia,n;, B KOTOpOM npe,ZJiaraJI ,ZJIH OKOHqaTeJibHOrO yCIIOKOeHHH CTpaHbi 3a- sepmHTb ~BeJIHKOe ,ZeJIO rOCy,ZapCTBeHHbiX pe<t>opMl). Jlopnc-MeJIHKOB C'IHTaJI, qTO ,ZJIH pa3pa- 60TKH 3aKOHOB He06XO,ZHMO C03,ZaTb H3 npe,ZCTaBHTeJieif: 3eMCTB H ropO,ZOB ,ZBe BpeMeHHbie KOMHCCHH - a,ZMHHHCTp8THBHO-X03HH- CTBeHHYJO H <t>nuaucosyro. CocTaB KOMHCCHH AOJimeu 6biJI onpe,ZeJIHTb caM HMnepaTop. IIOArOTOBJieHuble B HHX npOeKTbl 3aKOHOB npe,ZIIOJiaraJIOCb HanpaBJIHTb ,ZJIH o6cym,ZeHHH B 06~yJO KOMHCCHJO, COCT3BJieHHYJO H3 Bbi60pHbiX rrpe,ZCT3BHTeJieH 3eMCKOrO H ropO,ZCKOrO caMoynpasJieHHH. IIocJie OA06peuHH B 06~eft KOMHC- CHH 38KOHOIIpOeKTbi IIOCTYIIHJIH 6bJ B rocy,ZapCTBeH- HbiH COBeT, B 33Ce,ZaHHH KOTOporo TOme y-qaCTBOBaJIH 6bl 10-15 Bbi60pHbiX, pa6oTaBWHX B 06~eH KOMHCCHH. 3TOT npOeKT IIOJiyqHJI Ha3BaHHe •KOHCTHTY:U.HH Jlo- pMc-MeJIHKOB3l). Ou MaJio noxO,ZHJI ua peaJibHYJO KOHCTHTY:U.HJO. Ho ero npeTsopeuHe B mH3Hb MOrJio CT8Tb uaqaJIOM C03,Z3HHH OCHOB KOHCTHTY:U.HOHHOH MO- uapXHH. YTpOM 1 MapTa 1881 r. AneKcaHAP II OA06p:aJI npo- eKT Jlopnc-MeJIHKOBa. Ho qepes uecKOJibKO -qacos HMrre- paTop 6biJI y6HT TeppOpHCTaMH. OpMc-MenMKOB MMxaMn TapM3noaM.. (1825-1888) PocnuiicKI-1.:1 rocyAapcrseHHbli1 AeR- renb. reHepan or t<asanep~-11-1. Bo speMR pyCCKO rypel..lKOiit BOiitHbl 1877- 1878 rr. cpaKTw-tecKVI pyt<oso-1 AVIIl pycct<l-lMI-1 soiitcKaMYI Ha Kast<a3e. B 1880-1881 rr. - MI-1H1-1crp sHy- rpeHHI-lX Aeil. noCJle y6!-1iitcrsa ,::caHApa I~orcrast<e. __) 8 OTHOW€HI-111 ne'iaTHbiX opraHOB Jlop1-1C-M€1li-1KOB He np1-1MeHRJ1 Janperos 1-1 HaKaJaHI-1171. OH npeA- no'-IVITan npoBOAVITb J1W·1Hble 6ece- Abl C peAaKTopaMI-1, BO BpeMR KO TOpbiX AaBan COBeTbl no nOBOAY )l(enarenbHbiX An~'~ npas1-1renbcrsa reM AnR o6cy)I(AeHVIR a raJerax 1-1 )l(ypHanax. KaK Bbl AYMaere, no'ieMy KOH - cepsaropbl He peWVIJlVICb «cKoppeK- TV!posarb» KpecrbRHCKYIO pecpopMy? KaKVIe pecpopMbl 1-1 no'ieMy noAsep- rJlVICb «KOHCepsaTVIBH0171 KOppeKTI-1- pOBKe»? no'-leMy speMR, KOrAa JlOpVIC- MenVIKOB HaXOAVIJlCR BO mase BHyr- peHHe171 nonVITVIKI-1 rocyAapcrsa, 6biJlO Ha3BaHO COBpeMeHHVIKaMI-1 «AVIKTa- rypoliJ cepAI..la»? Aalilre Ol..leHKY npoeKra JlopVIC- MenVIKosa. MO)I(HO Jll-1 C'iVITaTb 3TOT npoeKT KOHCTVITYI..tVIOHHbiM?
  • 71.
    06 3801110~1-11-1 CO~I-1aJlbH0-3KOHO· MI-1YeCKOrOCTpOSl POCCI-11-1 nOCJle OTMeHbl KpenoaHoro npasa 0 n p1-1YI-1Hax MeAJleHHoro ne- pexoAa ceJlbCKoro X03fliilcrsa Ha 6yp)l(ya3Hble pellbCbl BCnOMHMTE 4TO TaKOe npOMbiWJleHHbliil ne- peBOpOT? KaKI-1e Karerop~--11-1 lliOAeLil TPYAI-1- Jli-1Cb Ha npOMbiWJleHHbiX npeAnpi-1- 0TMeHbl KpenOCTHOrO nOA CYeTaM COBpeMeHHI-1KOB, Ha cpeA HIOIO KpeCTbfiHCKYIO CeMbiO np1-1XOAL-1Jl0Cb OKOJlO 30 py6neiil B roA pa3Jli-1YHbiX nnaTe)l(eLil. Anfl 6oJlbWI-1HCTBa KpecrbfiH 3Ta cyMMa 6b1Jla HenOCI-1JlbHO BbiCOKOLil. 3 .14. Kpecm b.R.n cKuu o6eiJ. X y iJo:HCnuK K.E. M aKoecKu il COQMAnbH0- 3KOHOMM'IECKOE PA3BMTME nocnE OTMEHbl KPEnOCTHOro nPABA B nepsbre rOAbl nocne orMeHbr KpenocrHoro npasa 3KOHOMIIIKa Pocc111111 nepe>t<111sana nepiiiOA aAanrau,111111, xapaKTep1113osasw111lirc~ onpeAeneHHbiM cnaAOM. 3areM s CTpaHe Ha4anc~ 3KOHOMIII4eCKIIIVr nOAbeM, CfieACTBIIIeM Koroporo crano 3asepweHIIIe npoMbrwneHHoro nepe- sopora s Ha1116onee sa>t<Hbrx orpaCil~X npo1113BOACTBa. nOJlO>KEHLIIE B CEJlbCKOM X03SHI'ICTBE BoJibHee acero KpecThHHCKaJI pe<PopMa y.n;apHJia no rroMem;HKaM. ,LI;JIH ae,n;eHHJl X03JlHCTBa C IIOMOID;biO HaeMHbiX pa60~HX IIOMe· ID;HKaM HymHO 6biJIO HMeTb 3Ha~HTeJibHble ,n;eHemHble cyMMbl. Be,n;b Ha,n;o rrJiaTHTb pa6oTHHKaM 3apa6oTHYIO IIJiaTy, IIpH06peCTH C06CTBeHHbiH HHBeHTapb H pa6o~HH CKOT. HK~ero 3Toro y 6oJibmHHCTBa .n;aopaH He 6biJIO. ,LI;o OTMeHbl KpeiiOCTHOrO rrpaaa KpeCTbJIHe o6pa6aTbiBaJIH 6apCKYIO 3eMJIIO CBOHMH opy,D;HJIMH H CBOHM CKOTOM. lloMeiD;HKH 6b1JIH BbiHym,n;eHbl C,D;aBaTb 6qJibillYIO ~acTb 3eMJIH a apeH,n;y KpecTbHHaM. IToaToMy pa3BHTHe IIOMeiD;H"tlbero X03JlHCTBa B 1860-1870-e rr. B 60JibillHH· CTBe 3eMJie,n;eJib~eCKHX ry6epHHH rrpOHCXO,li;HJIO IIO TaK Ha3biBaeMOH 0Tpa60TO~HOH CHCTeMe: KpeCTbHHe o6pa6a- TbiBaJIH OCTaBmHeCJI He C,ll;aHHbiMH B apeH,n;y IIOMeiD;~bH 3eMJIH CBOHM HHBeHTapeM, ~TO H JIBJIJIJIOCb HX IIJiaTOH 3a apeH,D;OBaHHble ~aCTKH. K TOMY me y rroMem;HKOB He 6biJIO rrpH~HH aecTH CBOH X03HHCTBa IIO·HOBOMY: pe<PopMa 1861 r . coxpaHHJia MHOrO~HCJieHHble KpeiiOCTHH~eCKHe rrepemHTKH. 0CHOB· HaH ~aCTb yrO,D;HH IIpHHa,D;JiemaJia IIOMeiD;HKaM, B HX py- KaX OCTaJIHCb rramHH, Jiyra, Jieca, BO,D;OeMbl. Y IIOMem;H· KOB OCTaJIHCb B03MOmHOCTH IIpHHym,n;aTb KpeCTbJIH pa6oTaTb Ha rQCIIO,li;CKOH 3eMJie B 3aKOHHOM IIOpH,D;Ke. KpH3HC rrepemHBaJIO H KpecTbHHCKoe X03HHCTBO. ApeH,n;a 3eMJIH rrpHBH3biBaJia KpeCTbJIHCKHe X03JIHCTBa K IIOMeiD;H~b­ HM. Ho HHoro Bblxo.n;a y KpecTbHH He 6biJIO, TaK KaK IIO pe<PopMe OHH IIOJI~a­ JIH He6oJibmHe Ha,n;eJibl. KpoMe Toro, HeCMOTpH Ha 3Ha~HTeJibHbiH poeT n;eH Ha xJie6 (6oJiee "tieM Ha 100% ), apeHp;HaH rrJiaTa 3a 3eMJIIO pocJia em;e 6blcTpee (Ha 300 H .n;ame Ha 400% ) . KpecTbHHCKHe X03HHCTBa 6biJIH o6peMeHeHbl H BCHKOrO po,n;a HaJIOrOBbiMH c6opaMH.
  • 72.
    Pe<PopMa, ocBo6o~HB KpecTbHHOT JIHti- HOH 3aBHCHMOCTH, He ypaBHHJia Hx c no- Me~HKaMH B rpa>K~aHCKHX npaBaX. 0Ha nepeBeJia KpeCTbHH H3 pa3pH~a KpeiiOCTHhiX B pa3pH~ TaK Ha3hiBaeMoro IIO~aTHOrO COCJIOBHH. rocy~apCTBO ~ 6JiaraJIO npe~CTaBHTeJieH 9TOrO COCJIOBHH IIO,Z{yiiiHOH O~aTblO, TO ecTb HaJIOroM He Ha ~eCTBO, a Ha 'leJIO- eKa BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ero ~OXO~OB . Ilocne pe<PopMhi 1861 r. coxpaHHJiacb H ~ame yKpe- IIHJiaCb KpeCTbHHCKaH 06~HHa. 0Ha IIOMOraJia KpeCTbH- HaM BhiiiJia'IHBaTb IIO~aTH, IIO~~ep>KHBaJia IIpHMepHO paBHhiH ~ocTaToK cBoHx "<~JieHoB. O~Ha.Ko o6~HHa, B Ko- Topoii cy~eCTBOBaJIH KpyroBaH IIOpyKa H orpaHHtieHHH B CB06o~e nepe~BH>KeHHH, CKOBhiBaJia X03HHCTBeH- ~ HYIO ~eHTeJihHOCTb KpeCTbHH. ...,. <l>~HAHCOBASI nOll~T~KA HecMOTpH Ha TPY~HOCTH, poc- CHHCKaH 9KOHOMHKa cyMena ~ocTaTO'IHO 6hlcTpo rrepe- cTpOHTbCH. 3TO CJiytiHJIOCb BO MHOrOM 6Jiaro~apH 9KOHO- MHqeCKOH IIOJIHTHKe rocy~apCTBa. 3KOHOMH'IeCKHe pe<l>OpMhi rrpaBHTeJibCTBO HatiaJIO C H3MeHeHHH B ,z~;eJITeJibHOCTH 6aHROB. B 1860 r. 6hiJI oT- KPhiT rocy~apCTBeHHhiH 6a.HK, KOTOphiH rrpe~Ha3HaqaJICH ~JIH <l>HHaHCHPOBaHHH qacTHhiX rrpe~rrpHHTHH. OH ~onmeH 6hiJI tCO~eHCTBOBaTb CHJIOH Kpe~Ta• pa3BHTHIO HaHOOJiee Ba>KHhiX OTpaCJieH npoMhlillJieHHOCTH: MeTaJI.nyprHt{ecKOH, MaiiiHHOCTpoHTeJibHOH, caxapHOH, TeKCTHJibHOH; IIO~­ ~epmHBaTb 'laCTHhle 6aHKH. 9 B 1860-1870-e rr. CTaJIH B03HHKaTh "<~aCTHhle 6a.HKH, B rrepByiO oqepe~h B IleTep6ypre, a aaTeM B MoeRBe H ~py­ rHx ropo~ax. Hx coa~a.HHe oKaaano orpoMHoe BJIHHHHe Ha 9KOHOMH'IecKoe paaBHTHe PoccHH. Bea HHX 6hl- JIO 6hl HeB03M0)KHhiM CTaHOBJieHHe HOBhiX <l>opM rrpe~pHHHMaTeJibCTBa. O~HHM H3 aaqHHaTeJie:H: 6aHROBCKOro ~eJia CTaJI paa6oraTeBmHH Ha BHH- HhiX OTKyrrax B.A. KoKapeB. ITo ero HHHD;Ha- THBe 6hiJIH coa~aHhi MocKOBCKHH KyrreqecKHH H BoJimcKo-KaMCKHH 6aHRH ~JIH <l>HHa.HCHpoBa- HHH C03~a.HHH HOBhiX IIpOMhlillJieHHhiX rrpe~­ IIpHHTHH. BcRope 9TH 6a.HKH cTaJIH KpyrrHeii- mHMH B cTpa.He. Ha Bhi~aHHhle HMH Kpe~HThi 6hiJIH IIOCTpOeHhi ~eCHTKH COBpeMeHHhiX 3aBO~OB H <l>a6pHK. 3.15. a) Bo.n.:HCcH:o·Ka.M.cH:uu 6aHH: 8 CaHH:m·Ilemep6ypze,· 6) M oH.embt epeM.eH 4apcmeoeaH.u.R. uM.nepamopa A.n.eH:caH.opa II n poMbiWJleHHIIIKitl >K.Qallltl KpeCTb· SlHCKOI71 pe<f>OpMbl, C03HaBaSl, YTO AJlSl pa3Bit!Tit!Sl ¢a6p~t~YHoro Aena HY>KHbl cao6oAHble pa6oY~t~e pyK~t~. 0AHaKO Ha MHOfltiX ¢a6p~t~KaX Ill 3aBOAaX K MOMeHTy OTMeHbl Kpe· noCTH~t~Yecraa pa6oran111 np~t~Kpen­ neHHble pa60Yitle. KaK TOJlbKO 3Titl IltOAIII nonyY~t~Illtl cao6oAy. HeHa· BltiCTb K noAHeBOilbHOMy TPYAY 3acraa~t~na ~t~x ronnaM~t~ 6pocaTb pa6ory 111 yxoA~t~Tb c 3aBOAOB. He noMorna aepHyrb pa6oY~t~X 111 Bbl- pocwaR B HeCKOJlbKO pa3 3apa60T· HaSl nnara. no3TOMY a nepaoe apeMSl nocne pe¢>opMbl MHor~t~M npeAnp~t~SlTitiSlM npit!WJlOCb COKpa· Tlt!Tb np01t13BOACTBO.
  • 73.
    -==MOH HCTOPWIECKBE S:C HCCJIE,1J;OBAHIDI-=::: 0xapaKTepH3yJitTe HTOrH 3KO- 11=: HOMH'fecKoro pa3BHTHR Poe- -=;::: CHMCKOM HMnepHH B 1860- ii=F 1870-e rr. -== ''00MOU4HHK)) Hali1A111Te Ha Kapre OCHOBHble Mecra A06bJYII1 none3HbiX 111CKona- eMblX BO BTopoi:1 noJJOBII1He XIX B. nepeYII1Cflli1Te OCBOeHHble B 3TOT nepl'IOA HOBble Mecra A06b1Yii1. .J Hali1A111Te Ha Kapre nocrpoeH- Hble B noCJJepecpopMeHHble roAbl )l(eJJe3Hble AOPOfl.1. KaKoBo 3KOHOM111YecKoe 3HaYe- Hl'!e 3Tii1X )l(efle3HbJX AOpor? KaKaR c111creMa rpyAa npeo6- naAana B Poccl'!li1 B nope<f>opMeH- Hble roAbl? 3.17. Ilapoeo.J K olloMencKozo .JaeoiJa -== >KEJIE3HO.QOPO>KHOE CTPOVITEJibCTBO CTaHOBJieHJte 6aHKOB 6biJIO TeCHeHmHM o6pa30M CBH38HO C >KeJie3HO,n;OpO>KHbiM CTpOHTeJlbCTBOM, KOTOpoe TaKme BCH'leCKH noom;pHJIOCb npasHTeJibCTBOM. IIpasHTeJibCTBO pa3pa6oTaJIO nporpaM- MY npHBJietieHHH K meJie3ao,n;opomaoMy cTpOHTeJibCTBY qaCTHblX JIHD; H HHOCTpaHHOrO KanHTaJia, npe,LyCMOTpeB ,ll;JIH HHX cym;eCTBeHHbie JibrOTbl H noom;peHHH. 1868-1872 ro,n;bl BOillJIH B HCTOpHIO Poc- CHH K8K nepHO)J; ~>KeJie3HO,!J;OpO>KHOH ro- pSI<IKH~. EcJIH s 1861 r. npoTameaaocTb >KeJie3HbiX ,!J;Opor B POCCHH COCTaBJIHJI8 2 TbiC. KM, TO K aaqaJiy 1880-x rr. - CBhime 22 TbiC. KM. Ha aTOM CTpOHTeJibCTBe BblpOCJIO HOBOe nOKOJieHHe rrpep;npHHH- M3TeJieH, TeCHO CBH3aHHbiX C qHHOBHHKaMH H rocyp;ap- CTBeHHbiMH 3aKa3aMH. IIocTpOHB meJie3ao.n;opomayiO seTKY B 500-600 sepcT, npe.n;npHHHMaTeJih KJiaJI ce6e s KapMaH 25-30 MJIH py6Jieii:. Cmpoume/lbcmeo :JtCeJle3noiJopo:JtCnozo Mocma 'lepe3 peKy 0Ky ( 1863-1864) O co6eaao m;e.u;po nJiaTHJIO npaBHTeJihCTBO 3a cTpoH- TeJibCTBO >KeJie3HbiX ,1.0pOr, CBH33HHbiX C BOeHHbiMH aym.n;aMH. KpoMe Toro, aeKOTOpbiM npe.u;npHHHMaTeJIHM 6hiJIO pa3pemeao npHo6peTaTb 3a rpaaHn;eii: 3a rocy.u;ap- CTBeHHbtii C':leT BarOHbl H napOB03bi, 6eCIIOillJIHHHO BB0- 3HTb peJihCbi H ,u;pyrHe aeo6xo,u;HMbie )J;JIH cTpoH- .:... TeJibCTBa MaTepHaJibl. ..,. BoJibmHHCTBO HOBbiX .n;opor cTpOHJIOCb aenocpe.u;- CTBeHHO B H H Tepecax npOMbiillJieHHOCTH H TOprOBJIH ( HoBKH- illya, KHaemMa- MsaHoso- MocKsa - HH>KHHH H osropo.n;). C 1861 no 1877 r . nepeso3Ka rpy- 30B no meJie3HbiM .u;oporaM yseJIH'IHJiaCb s 25 pa3, B TO speMH KaK aa peqaoM TPaHcnopTe JIHmb aa 59% .
  • 74.
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  • 75.
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  • 76.
    npaB, C03.D;RHHSI D;eHTpRJihHhiXnpe.D;CTRBHTeJihHhiX ~pejK,D;eHHH, BBe,D;eHHSI rpajf()I;RHCRHX CB060.D;. HeROTOphle pa.D;HRRJILHO HacTpoeHHhle npe.D;CTaBHTeJIH aeMCTB (H.H. lleTpyHReBHli, )l;.H. illaxoacRoii, <l».H. Po- .D;Hllea, ll.A. )l;oJirOpyROB) o6paTHJIH BHHMRHHe HR «pe- BOJIIOD;HOHHhle B03M0jf(HOCTH MRCC ~ H B3SIJIH HR BOOpy- jf(eHHe HeneraJILHhle MeTO.D;hl 6opL6hl. Ha.D;ejK)l;hi Ha B03Bpa.IIJ;eHHe .D;OBepHSI Mejf()I;Y 3eMCRHMH JIH6epaJIRMH H npaBHTeJihCTBOM nOSIBHJIHCh C npHXO.D;OM R BJIRCTH M.T. JlopHc-MeJIHROBa. 0.D;HRRO nocne rH6eJIH AneRCRH.D;pa II maHc Ha COTPY.D;HH"tleCTBO JIH6epaJioB c BJIRCTh10 ORR3RJICSI ynym;eHHhiM. KOHCEPBATOPbl flpOTHBHHKH cy~eCTBeHHhiX nepeMeH B jf(H3HH o6~eCTBR ORR3aJIHCh B CJIOjKHOM nOJIOjf(eHHH: 3R~H~RTh CTRphle nopSI.D;RH B ROHD;e 1850-x - HRtJaJie 1860-x rr. He pemaJICSI HHRTO. ll03TOMY rJIRBHhiMH yCTpeMJieHHSIMH ROHCepBRTOpOB CTRJIH nonhiTRH orpa- .D;HTh HMnepaTOpCRYIO BJIRCTh OT BJIHSIHHSI JIH6epaJihHhiX 'IHHOBHHROB H, no B03M0jKHOCTH, He .D;OnyCTHTh, 'IT06hl pe$OpMhl y~eMJISIJIH HHTepeChl .D;BOpSIHCTBR. ARTHBHOCTh ROHCepBRTOpOB HMeJia ycnex . Ha npaBHTeJILCTBa nocTeneHHO 6hiJIH y,D;aJie- Hhl ocHOBHhle paapa6oT1IHRH KpecTLSIHCROH pe«PopMhl. B .D;RJILHeiimeM noJiojf(eHHe ROH- cepaaTopoa e~e 6onee yRpenHJIOCL. Kpyn- HeiimHM ,D;eSITeJieM ROHCepBRTHBHOrO HR- npaBJieHHSI CTRJI IIA. lliyeaJLoe. B 1 866 r. OH 6biJI HR3HRtleH me$OM jKRH.D;RpMOB H rJiaBHhiM HaliRJILHHROM III OT.D;eJieHHSI. H.D;eonoroM H B.D;OXHOBHTeJieM ROHcepaa- THBHOrO Rypca CTRJI ny6JIHD;HCT H H3.D;RTeJih, B npomJIOM BH.D;HhiH JIH6epaJI MH. KamKOB. OH oT- pHD;aTeJILHO OTHOCHJICSI R npOBO.D;HMhiM B CTpaHe pe$op- MRM, TaR RRR OHH, no ero MHeHH10, BeJIH R .D;aJihHeHme- MY OTphiBY HHTeJIJIHreHD;HH OT yCTOeB HRPO.D;HOH jf(lf3HH, B OCHOBe ROTOphiX JiejKHT H.D;eSI e,D;HHeHHSI HRpO.D;R C o;a- peM. PeayJILTRTOM 3Toro cTaJI poeT peaoJIIOII,HOHHoro .D;BHjf(eHHSI. 0TBeTCTBeHHOCTh 3R nO.D;06HOe nOJIOjKeHHe KaTROB B03Jiaran Ha JIH6epMoa, HRBSI3aBmHx anacTH pe- cpopMhl, «pR3BpaTHBWHe~ o6~eCTBO, H OC06eHHO HHTeJI- JIHreHD;H10. KoHcepBaTH3M RaR noJIHTHllecRaa cHna npH3BaH npH- .D;aBRTL yCTOH'IHBOCTh o6~eCTBY H BOBCe He npe~nonaraeT B03BpaTa HR3a,D;. Ho pyCCRHe ROHCepBaTOphl BO MHOroM OT- pajf(aJIH HHTepeChl .D;BOpSIHCTBR, ROTOpOe nhiTaJIOCh Bep- HYTh yTpatJeHHhle npHBHJierHH. llOTOMY OHH CTpeMHJIHCh nepecMoTpeTL MHOrHe H3MeHeHHSI H pe$opMhl. KoHcepBa- TOphl, TaR jf(e RaR H JIH6epaJihl, He HMeJIH WHpOROH no,D;- ,D;epjf(RH B 06~eCTBe. nOllHbllil KOHTpOllb HaA IIIMnepaTO- pOM, COCpeAOTOYIIIB B CBOIIIX pyKaX OrpOMHYIO BJlaGb. 3a 3TO OH nony- YIIIll np03BIIIlle nerp IV. c nOAaYIII Wyaanoaa annorb AO 1874 r . npOIIICXOAIIITlO CMelleHIIIe Ill Ha3Ha- YeHIIIe MIIIHIIIapoa, APYfiiiX BbiCWIIIX YIIIHOBHIIIKOB. 3 .20. Poccuuc~eue ~eoHcepBamopbt Bmopou no.ll06UHbt X I X 6.: a ) IIA Wy6aA06; 6 ) M .H. KamK06 B YeM 3aKJ110Yanlllcb oco6eHHOGIII nope¢opMeHHoro nlll6epaniii3Ma? KaKIIIe 1113MeHeHIIIR B l11116epanb- HOM ABIII~eHIIIIII np011130Wlllll B 1870-x - HaYane 1880-x rr.? 8 YeM Bbl BIIIAIIITe TOYKIII conpiii- KOCHOBeHIIIR n03111~1111i1 111116epa110B Ill KOHcepsaropoB nope¢opMeHHoli1 3nOXIII? 8 YeM COGORTllll OC06eHHOGIII pOCCIII!iiCKOfO KOHCepBaTI!I3Ma?
  • 77.
    0 CYLLHOCTII1 pesontO~II10HHoro HapOAH111YeCTsa 06OC06eHHOCTRX TeopeTII1YeCKII1X B033peHII1171 111Aeonoros <<Ae171aseH- HOro» HapOAHII1YeCTs a - M.A. 6aKy- HII1Ha, n .n . nasposa, n .H. TKaYesa BCnOMHMTE 0 Kro raKII1e pesontO~II1oHepbr? V1MeJla J1111 POCCII1fl OnbiT peB01110~111- 0HHbiX BbiCTyn1leHII1171? Kro raK111e co~ll1aJ1111CTbt? YeM or- 11111YatOTCfl CO~II1a11111CTbl OT Jlll16epa- 1lOB? 3 .21. H.F. £fepH.btweecJCuu r-A ara 1863 r. 6brna Bbr6paHa «3eM1leVr 111 BOJleVr» He myYaVrHO. 8 3TOT rDA, no MHeHII110 ee YJleHOB, MO)I(HO 6bt110 0)1(111AaTb KpeCTbfiH- CKOro BOCCTaHII1R B CBR3111 C TeM, YTO 111CTeKan cpoK noAnii1CaHVIR yaas- HbtX rpaMor. Ho s 1863 r. pyc- CKII1M peBOJ110~1110HepaM npii1W110Cb 111cnbrraTb ropbKoe pa30YaposaHVIe - VIX HaAe)I(Abl Ha MaCCOBble BbiCTyn- JleHiilfl KpeCTbfiH He onpaBAa11111Cb. 3APO)IQIEHHE PEBOniOL&HOHHOro HAPOAHMIIECTBA n ocne KpeCTbfiHCKOiil pecpopMbl 1861 r. HapfiAY c nll1- 6epanbHbiM 111 KOHCepsaTII1BHbiM AB111)f(eHII1eM pe3KO YCII1- nll1nOCb 111 pesontaU.1110HHoe AB111)f(eHII1e. nOV1CKV1 OPV1EHTV1POB H,n;eiiHbiM Bo:m,n;eM peBOJIIO~~~­ oHHoro ,n;BII:>KeHIUI B Poccnn B KOH~e 1850-x - Haqa.rre 1860-x rr. CTa.rr pe,n;a KTOP neTep6yprcKoro :mypHaJia 4CoBpeMeHHHK~ H.r. q epnbtw.eecKuu. B cBoHx cTaTI>.Hx OH BbiCTynaJI 3a KpeCTb.HHCKYIO peBOJIIO~HIO, pa3BIIBaJI 11,11;e11 06 406~11HHOM~ CO~HaJIII3Me, paTOBaJI 3a C03,l1;aHHe peBOJIIO~HOHHOH Opl'aHH3~HH. B HIOJie 1862 r . 'l!epHbiiDeBCKHH 6biJI apec- TOBaH H llOMe~eH B IleTponaBJIOBCKYIO KpellOCTb, r,n;e npoBeJI OKOJIO ,ll;BYX JieT. TaM oH Hrurnca.rr poMaH «'llTo ,n;eJiaTb?~ . B pOMaHe 'l!epHbiiDeBCKHH H3JIO:>KHJI CBOII B3l'JI.H,l1;bi Ha 6y,n;y~ee CO~HaJIHCTHqecKOe ycTpOHCTBO 06~eCTBa, Ha HOBYIO MOpaJib II HpaBCTBeHHOCTb. 8Ta KHHra CTaJia HaCTO.H~eil «6n6JIIIeH~ ,n;JI.H pyccKHX peBOJIIO~HOHepoB. H.n;eu 11 o6pa3 :>KH3HM repoeB poMaHa CTaJIH Ha ,n;oJirlle ro,n;~>I npiiMepoM ,n;JI.H poccHiicKoii MoJio,n;emM. B 1864 r . 'l!epHbiiDeBCKHH 6biJI npHrOBOpeH K KaTopre H llOCJie- ,n;yro~eMY noceJieHHIO B CH6HpH . B 1861 r. B IleTep6ypre B03HRKJia TaiiHa.H peBoJiro- ~MOHHa.H opraHH3a~R.H. ,[(JI.H ee Ha3BaHH.H 6biJIII B3.HTbl KJiroqeB~>Ie cJioBa o,n;Hoil 113 cTaTeii H.II. OrapeBa - t3eMJI.H 11 BOJI.H~. OpraHM3a~II.H o6'he,n;HHIIJia JIIO,n;eil 1'13 pa3HbiX o6~eCTBeHHbiX rpynn H COCJIOBIIH - «JIM~ pa3HOI'O qHHa II 3BaHHih (pa3HOqiiH~eB). IIporpaMMa «3eMJIH 11 BOJIII~ BKJIIO'laJia Tpe6oBaHII.H C03biBa napJiaMeHTa H YCTaHOBJieHII.H ,n;eMOKpaTIIqecKOH pecny6JIHKII, IDHpOKOl'O MeCTHOrO CaMOynpaBJieHII.H. Bbi,n;BMraJiacb TaK:me 11,n;e.H nepe,n;aq11 KpeCTb.HHaM Bceil 3eMJIH II 06'be)1;11HeHH.H HaCeJieHH.H B CaMOynpaBJI.HIO~ReC.H 06~11Hbi. ,[(e.HTeJibHOCTb opraHR3~1111 CBO,ll;IIJiaCb K 113,n;a- HHIO II pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO peBOJIIO~IIOHHOH JIHTepaTypbl, co,n;eHCTBIIIO no6eraM peBOJIIO~HOHepOB 113 TIOpeM, MaTe- pllaJibHOH llOMO~H CCbiJibHbiM. t3eMJI.H II BOJI.H~ l'OTOBHJiaCb HaqaTb OTKpbiTOe Bbi- CTyllJieHHe B 1863 r . , HO y:me B 1862 r. MHOrlle llJieHbl opraHM3~MII 6biJIH apecTOBaHbi. BecHoii 1864 r. «3eMJI.H 11 BOJI.H~ npHH.HJia pemeHHe o caMopocnycKe.
  • 78.
    TEOPIIISI PEB01110UIIIOHHOrO HAPOAHIII~ECTBAM,n;eH <•o6- ~HHHoro•> COII,HaJIH3Ma A.M. repii,eHa H H.r. l:JepHbi- UieBCKOro CTanH TeopeTH"t!eCKOH OCHOBOH CBOeo6pa3HOrO nonHTH"t!eCKOI'O Te"t!eHHH pyCCKOH pa,AHK3RbHOH HHTennH- reHIJ;HH - Hap O,ZJ;HJPJeCTB a. H apo,ZJ;HHKH paccMaTpHBaJIH Hapo,n;, npem,n;e acero KpecThHHCTBO, KaK pe- anhHYIO nORHTH"t!eCKyiO CHRY H C"t!HT3RH CBOeH rnaBHOH 33JJ;3"t!eH C,ZJ;enaTb 3TY CH- ny C03HaTeRbHOH H opraHH30B3HHOiL PeaoniOIJ;HH ,n;onmHa 6hrna ,n;aTb B03- MOmHOCTh POCCHH MHHOB8Tb CT3J];HIO KanHT3RH3Ma H ycTaHOBHTb HOBblH CTpOH, OCHOBaHHhiH Ha npHHIJ;Hnax pa- aeHCTBa H cnpaaeJJ;nHaocTR. KpynHhiMH TeopeTHK3MH peBORIOII,HOHHOI'O HapO,AHH- "t!eCTB8 a 1870-e rr. 6hrnH M A. Ba~eynun, II.JI. Jiaepoe H II.H. T~ea'leB. M .A . BaKyHHH 6brn HJ];eonoroM anapx:H:qeCKOro Kphrna HapOJ];HH"t!eCTBa. ,ll;nH BaKyHHHa BblCUIHM 3ROM HBRHROCb rocyJJ;apcTao. 0TaepraH u;eHTpanH30BaHHOe ynpaaneHHe, COCpeJ];OTO"t!eHHOe B OJ];HHX pyKaX, HJJ;y~ee CBepxy BHH3, OH npe,ZJ;nara.n: B3aMeH rocy,n;apcTaa cao60JJ;HYIO opraHH3a- IJ;HIO CHH3Y BBepx - pa60"t!He 8CCOIJ;H3II,HH (COI03bl), rpynnhr, o6~HHhi, aonocTH, o6nacTH H Hapo,n;hr. Cao6o,n;- Hoe o6r.u;ecTao, no MhiCnH BaKyHHHa, - 3TO o6r.u;ecTao, a KOTOpOM OCyr.u;eCTBHRCSI 6hl n p HHIJ,Hll C8MOynpaaneHHSI Hapo,n;a. BaKyHHH ynoaan na CTHXHHHhiH Hapo,ZJ;HhiH 6yHT npOTHB caMOJJ;epmaBHSI . PyccKHH napoJJ; on C"t!lua.n: H3Ha- "tianbHO HapoJJ;oM-6yHTapeM, HO ero ,n;onmHa 6hrna pa36y- JJ;HTh HHTeJinHI'eHIJ,HSI. ll.n. naapOB 6hln HJJ;eOROI'OM nponaraHJ);HCTCKOI'O Kphrna a HapoJJ;HH"t!eCTBe. On C"t!HTan, "'ITO HapOJJ;HaSI pe- aoniOII,HSI HymJJ;aeTCSI a ,n;nHTenhHOH noJ);rOTOBKe. Ocy~e­ CTBHTh TaKyiO llOJ];I'OTOBKY MOrna, no MHeHHIO naapoaa, JJ;ame He6onhUiaSI rpynna nyqUinx JIIOJJ;e.H: o6r.u;ecTaa. 0HH J];OR)KHbi 33ll3CTHCb TepneHHeM, HJ];TH B HapOJ]; H llpH no- MO~H nponaraHJ];bl llOMO"t!b eMy YSICHHTb ero IIOTpe6HOC- TH H CHny. ll.H. TKa"t!eB SIBRSIRCSI HJ);eOnOr OM 33I'OBOp~H"t!eCKO­ ro HanpaaneHHSI a HapoJJ;H H"t!eCTBe. OH nonaran, "'ITO KpeCTbSIHCTBO He CnOC06HO C8MOCTOSITeRhHO OCy~eCT­ BHTb peaoniOu;HIO. PeaoniOII,HSI JJ;onmna npHHHTh cpopMy nepeaopoTa, KOTOpbiH COBepUIHT CTpOrO 33KOHCIIHpHpo- B8HH8SI opraHH33IJ;HSI peaoniOu;HoHepoa. Ho npe,n;aapH- TenhHO aTa opraHH3aii,IUI JJ;OnJKHa 6brna «pacUiaTaTb•> cy~ecTayiOr.u;yiO anacTh rryTeM Teppopa. TKa"llea C"'IHTan neao3MOmHhiM paapyUieHHe rocyJJ;apcTaa. B xoJJ;e peao- niOu;HH, no ero MHeHHIO, JJ;OnmHa 6brna npOH30HTH aa- MeHa CTRpblX I'OCyJJ;apCTBeHHbiX HHCTHTYTOB HR HOBbie, peaoniOD;HOHHhre. 3.22. H oeoJLozu pe60JLI04UOH ll020 ~tapooH.u'leemea: a) MA. B aKyH.uH; 6) II.JI. Jlaopoe; o) II.H. T Ka'liiO B npo~3BeAeH~~x ~Aeonoroa pe- sonto~~OHHoro HapOAHW-IeCTBa 6bl- na c~nbHa ~Ae~ AOnra ~Hrenn~ ­ reH~~~ nepeA HapOAOM. BeAb ~Hrenn~reH~~~ nonyY~na o6pa3o- saH~e ~ Apyr~e >K~3HeHHbte 6na - ra ronbKO 6naroAap~ rpyAaM ~ n~weH~~M MHor~x noKOneH~i1 Ha- poAa. no3roMy, nocrpo~s cnpa- BeAn~soe co~~an~cT~YecKoe o6- ll(easo, OHa CMO>KeT B03BpaT~Tb CBOi1 A011r HapOAY- BOnPOCbiM HMR: KaKosa ponb H.r. LJepHbtweacKo- ro B peBOJliO~~OHHOM AB~>KeH~~? ,IJ.ai1re xapaKrep~CT~KY Ae~renb­ HOCT~ opraH~3a~~~ «3eMJ1fl ~ BOll~». B YeM CXOACTBO ~ pa3n~Y~e B3rfl~AOB M.A. 6aKyH~Ha, n .n . naa- poaa, n ..H. TKaYeaa? KaKOBbl xapaKrepHbte YepTbl Ha- POAH~Yeasa?
  • 79.
    0 nOR8fl€H~~ nOAnOflbH~XHa- pOAH~Y€CK~X opraH~3al(~i71. ~X npo- rpaMM€ ~ TaKT~K€ 0 np~Y~Hax nepexoAa K raKT~Ke «XO)f(AeH~R 8 HapOA» 0 AeRrenbHOCT~ HapoAH~YecK~x opraH~3al(~t71 «3eMnH ~ 80nR», «Ha- POAHaR 80nR» BCnOMHMTE KaK~e rai71Hble o6ll.eCT8a ~ opra- H~3al(~~ cyll.eCT808an~ 8 nep8ol71 nono8~He XIX 8.? B KaK~x ~3 H~x o6cy~ancR 80- npoc o L(apey6~171a8e? H eYae8 coCTa8~n « Karex~3~c pe- 80fltOL(V10Hepa » - C80A npa8V1fl, KOTOpbiM~ AOfl>KHbl 6blfl~ pyK080A- CT80BaTbCf! ero CTOpOHHV1K~ . .[nfl HeYae8a pe80fltOI..I~OHep - 3TO «o6peYeHHbll71 Yeno8eK. OH He ~MeeT n~YHbiX ~Hrepeco8, Aen, Yy8CT8, npV18H3aHHOCTet71, C06CT8eH- HOCTV1, Aa>Ke ~MeH~. Bee 8 HeM 3aX8aY€HO OAH~M VlCKfltOY~Teflb­ HbiM ~HTepeCOM, OAHOI71 MbiCflbtO, OAHOiil apacrbta: pe8ontal(V1el71». 3.23. Apecm nponazanaucma. Xy{}o:JICHUK H .E. Penun PEBOniOI.IHOHHOE HAPOAHH'IECTBO BTOPOH nonOBHHbl 1860-x - HA'IAnA 1880-x rr. rJlaBHOill U,eJlbiO HapO,lJ,HiiiKOB rlBilr!JlaCb no.o.rOTOBKa KpeCTbrlHCKOill peBOiliOL.I,il1111 B PoCCII1111. npe.o.crasneHillrl 0 cnoco6ax .o.ocTII1>KeH111rl ::noll! u,en111 y HapO.lJ.HII1YecKII1X op- raHII13au,ll1111 He pa3 1113MeHHilii1Cb no Mepe np111o6pereH111r1 OnbiTa peBOiliOL.I,iiiOHHOil! ,lJ,erJTeJlbHOCTII1. HAPOAH1114ECKII1E OPfAHII13AU111111 BTOPOLit no.nOBII1Hbl 1860-x- HA4A.flA 1870-x rr. B 1863- 1866 rr. cnomHJiacb rpyrr- rra H A. Hw.ymuna - H A . Xya-HKOBa. Ee tiJieHhi cTa- BHJIH 38.ZJ;atiy ITO.ZJ;I'OTOBKH peBOJIIOD;HOHHOrO rrepeBOpOTa . BHyTpH 3TO:iii: opraHH38D;HH .n;e:iii:CTBOBana TeppopHCTHtie- CKa.a rpyrrrra <<A.ZJ;>>, KOTOpa.H BeJia ITO.ZJ;I'OTOBKY n;apey- 6HifcTBa. B arrpene 1866 r . tiJieH 3To:iii: rpyrrrrhi ,IJ;.B. Ka- paK030B coaepiiiHJI rroKyiiieHHe Ha AneKcaH.n;pa II. B 1 869 r. C.F. Hellae6 OCHOB8JI B MOCKBe o6~eCTBO <<Hapo.n;Ha.H pacrrpaBa>>. OH nnaHHpoaan rroKpbiTb PoccHIO CeTbiO peBOJIIOD;HOHHbiX opraHH38D;HR, HO ero o6~eCTBO BCKOpe 6hlJIO pa3rpOMJieHO. B 1869 r . B IleTep6ypre cnomznc.a KpymoK <<tiaii- KOBD;eB>> (no HMeHH o.n;Horo H3 ero tiJieHoB - H.B. fJau- KOBCKozo). LfJieHaM opr8HH38D;HH Y.ZJ;8JI0Cb C03.ZJ;8Tb BCe- pOCCHRCKyiO CeTb CBOHX rpynn, B KOTOpbiX H8'18JI8Cb .ZJ;e.HTeJibHOCTb MHOI'HX BH.ZJ;HbiX rrpe.ZJ;CT8BHTeJieif Hapo,n;- HHtieCTB8. C<XO>KAEHII1E B HAPOA~> B cepe.ZJ;HHe 1870-x rr. Hapo.n;HH- KH npHIIIJIH K BbiBO.ZJ;Y, 'ITO eCJIH He rrpOH30ii.ZJ;eT HeMe.ZJ;- JieHHOR peBOJIIOD;HH, TO Ha6HpaiO~HR CHJibi KaiTHTaJIH3M H3MeHHT, I1pHCI10C06HT K CBOeMy pa3BHTHIO KpeCTb.HHCKyro 06ID;HHY. Il03TOMY, ITO HX MHeHHIO, He06XO.ZJ;HMO H.ZJ;TH B Ha- po.n;, tiT06bi BHOCHTb B ero C03HaHHe <<H.ZJ;e8Jibl Jiyqiiiero, CllpaBe.ZJ;JIHBOI'O 06ID;eCTBeHHOI'O CTpO.H >} • B 1874-1875 rr. COTHH rrporraraH.ZJ;HCTOB no.n; BH.ZJ;OM Bpaqeif, HHmeHepoB, ytiHTe- ne:iii: pa36peJIHCh no PoccHH. 0HH TOJIKO- BaJIH c KpecTb.HHaMH o peBOJIIOD;HH H co:o;HaJIH3Me. Ho MymHKH He l10HHM8JIH <<68p>> C HX I'OCllO.ZJ;CKOR petibiO. LfaiD;e BC€1'0 HMeHHO KpeCTb.HH€ H .ZJ;OHOCHJIH Ha nporra- raH.ZJ;HCTOB B rroJIHD;HIO . BnacTH OTBeTHJIH Ha <<xom.n;e - HHe B HapO.ZJ; >> BCepOCCHRCKOM 06JiaBOM H l10K838TeJib- HhlMH CY.ZJ;8MH.
  • 80.
    Heyp;aqa arHTau,HOHHoro ,n;BIDKeHH.H 3aCTaBHJiapeBOJIIOU,HOHepOB nepeHT.H K C03,ll;aHIUO CTpOrO U,eHTpaJIH30BaHHbiX H 3aKOHCIIHpHpOBaHHhiX rpynn. B KOHU,e 1876 r. B IleTep6ypre B03HHKJia opraH.H3a- U,H.H «3eMJI.H H BOJI.H•>, Ha3BaHHa.H TaK B rraMHTh 0 rrep- BOM peBOJIIOU,HOHHOM 06'be,ll;lfHeHHH 1860-x rr. Cpep;H ee yqacTHHKOB 6biJIH M.A. HaTaHcoH, A.,n:. MMxa:H:noB, r.B. IInexaHOB, C.M. KpaB'llfHCKlfH, B.H. <l>HrHep, C.JI. IIepoBCKa.H, H.A. Mopo30B. )J;JIH no.n;roTOBKH Hapo.n;Horo BOCCTaHM.H npe.n;nonara- JIOCb lfCIIOJib30BaTb KaK nponaraH,ll;HCTCKHe MeTO,ll;hl pa- 60Thi, TaK H .n;e3opraHH3aTopcKne - yHH'lTomeaHe HaM- 6onee <<Bpep;HbiX >> 'lHHOBHHKOB (liH,li,HBH,li,YaJihHbiH Tep- pop). ,[l;e3opraHH3aTOpCKOH rpyrrrre HapO,ll;HHKOB yp;aJIOCh IIpOBeCTlf p.Hp; rpOMKHX TeppopHCTH'leCKHX aKTOB. B .HHBape 1878 r. Bepa 3acymt.'l coBep- WMJia IIOKymeHMe Ha IIeTep6yprCKOrO rpa.n;oHa'laJihHHKa <l>.<l>. TpenoBa. B aB- rycTe 1878 r. 6hiJI y6MT me<P maH.n;apMoB H.B. Me3eH- u,eB, B <PeBpane 1879 r. - reHepaJI-ry6epHaTop Xaph- KOBa ,[I;.H. KponoTKHH. B MapTe 1879 r. 6biJIO COBepWeHO IIOKyWeHHe Ha HOBOrO we<Pa JKaHp;apMOB A.P. ,[I;peHTeJihHa. 2 arrpen.H 1879 r. A.K. ConoBheB COBepWMJI HOBOe IIOKyWeHHe Ha AJieKCaHp;pa II. B 1879 r. «3eMJI.H H BOJI.H•> pa3p;eJIHJiaCh Ha p;Be ca- MOCTO.HTeJihHhie opraHH3ail,MH - <<-qepHbiH rrepep;eJI>>, Kyp;a BOWJIH CTOpOHHHKH nporraraH,ll;.HCTCKOH pa60Thi, B03rJiaBJIHeMhie r .B. IInexaHOBhiM, If <cHapo.n;HyiO BOJIIO>>, 06'be,ll;HHHBWYIO CTOpOHHHKOB HH,li,HBH,li,YaJihHOrO Teppopa. <<HAPO.QHASI BOJUfn EIIJ,e B HIOJie 1878 r. aaH6onee aK- THBHhre 'lJieHhi p;e3opraHH3aTOpCKOH rpyiiiihi «3eMJIH H BOJIH» BhiHeCJIM cMepTHhiH npHroBop AJieKcaH,u;py II. llc- noJIHHTeJihHhiH KOMHTeT <•HapO,ll;HOH BOJIH>> Ha'laJI HaCTO- .HIIJ,YIO OXOTY Ha HMIIepaTopa, TIIJ,aTeJibHO C06JIIO,ll;a.H KOHCIIHpail,HIO H IIpOHBJI.HH <lJaHTaCTH'leCKyiO H306peTa- TeJibHOCTb. 1 MapTa 1881 r. Ha HMrrepaTopa 6hiJIO coBepweHo oqepe.n;Hoe noKyweHHe. AJieKcaH.n;p II 6biJI cMepTeJihHO paHeH H qepe3 HeCKOJibKO 'laCOB CKOH'laJICH. IJO'lTH BCe 'lJieHhi llCIIOJIHHTeJibHOrO KOMHTeTa «Hapo.n;Ho:H: BOJIH» 6hiJIH apecToBaHhi. B 1881 r. IIHTepo Hapo.n;OBOJihil,eB 6hiJIH Ka3HeHhi (A.ll. menH60B, C.JI. IIe- pOBCKa.H, A.,[I;. MHxa:H:JIOB, H.ll. Kn6aJih'lH'l, H.ll. Pbr- caKOB). O.n;HaKo n;apey6HHCTBO ae cTaJio Ha'laJIOM KpeCTh- .HHCKOH peBOJIIOil,HH. Hapo,n;HH'lecKoe p;BHmeHne 3aWJIO B TYIIHK. 3.24. PyccKue peBOJt/OU,UOH.epbl H.apoanuKu: a) B.H. 3acyJtu'L; 6) A.H. )Ke;ul606 3.25. Be'Lepuwca. Xyaa)l(ftuK K.E. MaKo6cKuu BO POCblfrt KaKV1e MeTOAbl V1cnonb3osanV1 s csoelil npaKTV14eCKolil AesnenbHOCTV1 HapOAHV1KV1 1860-X rr.? KaKV1MV1 npV14V1HaMV1 6b1no Bbi- 3BaHo «xo)t(JJ.eHV1e s HapoA»? B YeM 6blnV1 oco6eHHOCTV1 :noro ABV1)KeHV1fl 111 ero pe3ynbTaTbiJ noYeMy HapOAHV1YeCKOe ABI.1>Ke- HI-1e np111o6peTano see 6onee paAV1- KanbHbli1 xapaKrep?
  • 81.
    06 OCHOBHO~ ~en~~ rnaBH~X Hanpasne H~Hx BHewHe~ non~T~K~ Pocc~~ s 1860- 1870-x rr. KaKosa 6bJJ1a pacaaHOBKa npor~­ so6opasyJOLu,~x CTOpOH B KpblM- CKO~ so~He? KaKOBbJ 6bJJ1~ ycnos~H nap~>t<CKOrO M~pHOrO AOrOBOpa? KaKOBbJ 6bJJ1~ np~4~Hbl KasKa3- CKO~ BO~Hbl ~ ee OCHOBHbJe 3Tanbi? repp~rop~~ n onyY~n~ Ha3BaH~e PyccKaH AMep~Ka? Op~aKOB AileKcaHAP MHxa&ilnosH~ 1798-1883 Pocc~~tikKV!iil rocyAapcreeHHbJiil Aefl- renb, A~~tnnoMaT, KaHunep. Boc- n~~tTaHHV!K l.J,apCKOCeJ1bCKOrO J1111UeR, l Apyr A c. nywK~~tHa. MV!HIItCTp V!HO- IX AeJ1 B 1856- 1882 rr. B 1856 r. HeKoropble apaHbJ Es- ponbJ pew~n111 npVIHHTb Mepbi npo- ms 3noynorpe6neHV1~ HeanonVITaH- cKoro npaBV1TeJ1bCTBa. rop4aKOB yKnOHV1J1CH or yYaCTVIH s AV1nnoMa- TV14ecKV1X Mepax. W111poKo V13BeCT- HbJ aan111 era cnosa: «PoccVIJO ynpe- KaJOT B TOM, 4TO OHa ~30!1V1pyeTCH VI MOJ14V1T nepeA J1V1~0M TaKVIX 1 cpaKTOB, KOTOpble He rapMOHVIPYJOT HVI c npasoM, HVI co cnpaseAn~­ BOCTbJO. rosopHT, 4TO POCCVIH cep- AVITCR. POCCVIH He cepAVITCH, POCCVIH COCpeAOTa4VISaeTCH». BHEWHAA nonHTHKA AnEKCAHAPA II B HeWH$1$1 nomm.1Ka AneKcaHApa II noYTIII Ha scex cso- IIIX HanpaBJ1eHIII$1X HOCIIIJla aKTIIIBHbllil xapaKTep. Poc- CIIIIilCKOMY rocyAapcTBy yAanocb pewiiiTb CT0$1BWI!Ie ne- peA HIIIM BHeWHenOiliiiTIIIYeCKIIIe 3a,[J,a'-llll, BOCCTaHOBIIITb csoe nono>KeHIIIe KaK sen111Kolil gep>KaBbl. OCHOBH~E HAnPABnEH~R BHEWHE~ non~T~K~ POCC~~ B 1860- 1870-x rr. Ycrrex BifYTpeHHHX pecpopM An:eKcaH- .n;pa II B HeMaJIOH CTerreHH 3aBHCeJI OT BHeiiiHeH o6CTa- HOBKH: BORHa MOrJia copBaTh rrpeo6pa3oBaHHH. Mcxo.n;H H3 3Toro, 6hiJIH orrpe.n;eJieHhi rJiaBHhie HarrpaBJieHHH BHeiiiHeH IIOJIHTHKH: BhiXO,ll; H3 MeJK,n;yHapO,ll;HOH H30JIH- D;HH, BoccTaHOBJieHne pOJIH Poccnn KaK BeJIHKo:H: .n;epJKa- Bhi, OTMeHa yHH3HTeJihHhiX cTaTeif IIapnJKCKoro MHpHo- ro .n;oroBopa. 8TM CJIOJKHhie 3a,n;a-qn 6hiJIM pemeHhi MMpHhiM rryTeM BO MHOrOM 6Jiaro,n;apH 6JieCTH:ru;eMy ,ll;MII- JIOMaTH"t!eCKOMy TaJiaHTY A.M. ropqaKOBa. EBPOnE~CKAR non~T~KA rJiaBHhie YCMJIM.H pyCCKOH .n;nrr- JIOMaTHM 6biJIM HarrpaBJieHhi Ha IIOMCK COI03HMKOB B EB- porre, BhiXO,ll; M3 M30JIHD;MH H pa3BaJI aHTMpyCCKOrO 6JIO- Ka, B KOTOphrif Bxo,n;MJIM <f>paHn;H.H, AHrJIHH M ABCTPH.H. CMTyan;HH, CJIOJKMBIIIaHCH Tor.n;a B EBporre, 6hiJia Ha py- KY PoccMM. BhiBIIIMX coro3HMKOB no aHTnpyccKoif KOaJI:a- U:MM pa3,ll;MpaJIM OCTpbie pa3HOrJiaCMH, ,ll;OXO,ll;MBIIIHe IIO- poif ,ll;O BOOpyJKeHHhiX CTOJIKHOBeHHH. B ceHT.H6pe 1857 r. cocToHJiach BCTpe-qa An:eKcaH,n;pa IT c cppaHn;y3CKMM MMrrepaTopoM HanoJLeOI-WM III, a B cpeBpaJie 1859 r. 6hiJI rro.n;m-IcaH .n;oroBop o cppaHKO-pyc- CKOM coTpy,n;HMqecTBe. O.n;HaKo 3TOT coro3 He cTaJI ,n;JIM- TeJihHhiM M rrpO"t!HhiM. M Kor.n;a B arrpeJie 1859 r. Ha"tJa- JiaCh BOifHa MeJK.n;y <f>paHn;Meif M ABcTp:aeH: , PoccMH YKJIOHMJiaCh OT IIOMO:ru;M <f>paHD;HM, cephe3HO IIO,ll;OpBaB TeM CaMhiM cppaHKO-pyCCKHe OTHOIIIeHMH. 3aTO 3Ha"tJM- TeJihHO yJiyqrnMJIHCh OTHomeHMH Pocc:aM c ABcTpMeii. 8TMMM ,n;eRCTBMHMM rop"t!aKOB cpaKTH"t!eCKM pa3BaJIMJI aH- TMpyCCKMR COI03 M BhiBeJI PoCCMIO H 3 MeJK,n;yHapO,ll;HOR M30JIHD;HM. liOJihCKOe BOCCTaHHe 1863-1864 rr. M IIOIIhiTKM AHrJIMM H <f>paHD;HM BMemaThCH rro.n; rrpe.n;JioroM 3Toro BOCCTaHMH BO BHyTpeHHHe ,n;eJia POCCMM Bhl3BaJIH OCTphiH KpH3 MC B MX OTHOIIIeHHHX, 3aKQHqMBIIIHRCH C6JIMJKeHH- eM PoccMH M IIpyccHM. B .n;aJihHeifmeM PoccMH 3aHHJia II03HD;MIO 6JiaroJKeJiaTeJihHOrO HeifTpaJIMTeTa B OTHOIIIe- HMH IIpyccMM BO BpeMH ee BOHR rrpOTHB ABCTpMH ..-... (1866) H <f>paHD;HH (1870- 1871). ..,.
  • 82.
    3apy'IHBIDHCh no~~epmKOR ITpyccHH, rop'IaKOBH8'!8R aTaKy H8 He6naronpH- SITHbie ~RSI PoccHH cTaTbH ITapHmcKoro MHpHoro ~oroaopa. B OKTSI6pe 1870 r. OH 3aSIBHR, 'ITO PoccHSI 6onhme He C'IHTaeT ce6SI CBSI3aHHOH o6SI3a- TenhCTBaMH ITapHmcKoro ~oroaopa B 'IaCTH «HeRTpa- RH3aiJ,HH>> l!epHoro MopSI. HecMoTpSI Ha npoTeCThi AHrRHH, ABcTpHH H TypiJ,HH, PoccHSI npHCTynHna K C03~8HHIO Ha l!epHOM MOpe BOeHHOI'O cpROTa, BOCCTa- HOBReHHIO pa3pymeHHbi X H CTpOHTeRbCTBY HOBbiX BO- eHHbiX yKpenneHHH. ITopameHHe ct>paHIJ,HH a aoifHe c ITpyccHeif H o6'he- ~HHeHHe repMaHHH H3MeHHRH COOTHOilleHHe CHJl B Eapo- ne. Ha 3ana~Hhlx py6emax PoccHH noSIBHnach MO~HaSI BOHHCTBeHHaSI ~epmaaa. Oco6yiO yrpo3y npe~cTaBnSIR COI03 repMaHHH C ABCTpHeR (c 1867 r. - ABCTpO- BeHrpHSI). qT06bi He ~onyCTHTb 3TOI'O COI03a, rop'IaKOB opraHH30Ban B 1873 r. BCTpeqy HMnepaTopoB PoccHH, repMaHHH H AacTpo-BeHrpHH. ITo cornameHHIO, no~rrH­ caHHOMY TpeMSI MOHapxaMH, OHH 06SI3biB8RHCb OK83bi- B8Tb ~pyr ~pyry IIOMO~b, B TOM 'IHCRe H BOeHHyiO. Ho KOI'~a CIIYCTSI ~Ba I'O~a repM8HHSI BHOBb B03H8MepHR8Cb HanacTb Ha ct>paHIJ,HIO, PoccHSI BhiCTyrrHna rrpoTHB HOBOH BORHhi. 0KOH'IaTenhHo <<Coi03 Tpex HMnepaTopoB>> .,... pacnancSI B 1878 r. ...,. 3ABEPWEH~E KABKA3CKO~ BO~Hbl CTpeMSICh 3aBepmHTh npHcoe~HHeHHe KaaKa3a, pyccKoe npaBHTeRbCTBO Harrpa- BHRO Ha 6opL6y c ropiJ,aMH 3Ha'IHTenhHhie CHRhl. B an- pene 1859 r. rrana <<CTORHIJ,a>> lllaMHRSI - ayn Be~eHo. CaM lllaMHRb 6eman B ayn ryHH6, KOTOpbiR 25 aaryc- T8 1859 r. 6biR B3SIT. Ha ceBepo-3ana~e KaaKa3a aoeHHbie ~eifCTBHSI npo- THB pyccKHx BORCK Ben copaTHHK lllaMHRSI MyxaMe~ AMHHh. 3~ecb rronomeHHe pyccKHX BORCK o6nerqanocb pa306~eHHOCTblO qepKeCCKHX H a6xa3CKHX IIReMeH. B HOSI6pe 1859 r. C~8RHCb OCHOBHbie CHJihl qepKeCOB. K arrpeniO 1864 r. pyccKHe aoRcKa 3aHSIRH ace l!epHo- MopcKoe rro6epemhe A6xa3HH. 21 MaR 1864 r. 6hiR no~aa­ neH IIOCJle~HHR 0'!81' COIIpOTHBReHHSI 'IepKeCCKHX IIJieMeH. 8TOT ~eHh C'IHTaeTcSI ~aToM- OKOH'IaHHSI KaBK83CKOR .,... BOHHhl. ...,. Bxom~eHHe Hapo~oa KaBKa3a B cocTaB PocCHH cno- co6cTBOBaJIO HX 3KOHOMH'!eCKOMY H KYRbTYPHOMy pa3BH- THIO. B KOHIJ,e XIX B. 3~ech noSIBHnach caoSI ToproBo- rrpoMhimJieHHaSI 6ypmya3HSI. B Ha'IaJie 1890-x rr. 6Lwa rrpoae~eHa BJI~HKaBKa3cKaSI mene3HaSI ~opora, 6hlcTphl- MH TeMIIaMH pa3BHB8JI8Cb ~06bi'I8 HecpTH. 3.26. Co/03 mpex u.Mnepamopoe: a) .A.n.eKcanap II; 6) Bu.ll.beeJLb.M I; B) cf>panl{-Hocul}J W aMIIInb CAancSl 8 nneH Ha no- 4€THbiX ycno8111SlX. EMy 6b1n111 no- >Kano8aHbl IIIMeHIIIe 8 Kanyre, no- >K1113HeHHaSl neHCIIISl. B 1859 r. COCTOSlnaCb 8CTpe4a WaMIIInSl Ill AneKcaHApa II, Ha Koropo~ Wa- MIIInb no11y4111n pa3peweHIIIe co- 8epw111Tb nanoMHV14ea8o 8 MeKKy. 3 .27. KaBICa.JcKoe yw,eJLbe. Xyao:JICH.UIC JI.cf>. Jlazopuo
  • 83.
    3.28. BcmynJLenue pycc~eux 6oilc1C6 Ca.Map~eano. Xyoo:JtCnuiC H.H. Kapa3un ,, 8.29. M l f C~eo6eJLe6 MOH HCTOPJiqECKHE llCCJIE,li,OBAHHli npoaHal11113lllpyi.1Te BHeWHIOIO nolliiiTIIIKY Pocc111111 s CpeAHeH A3111111 B 1860- 1870-e rr. «nOMO~HIIIK» HaL71Aii1Te Ha Kapre repp1i1TO- p11110 CpeAHeC1 A31i1111. nepeYii1cnii1Te rocyAapaaa, cy- w,easosaawlile raM B cepeAII!He XIX B. ..., OnpeAenii1Te HanpasneHiilfl Ha- aynneHV1fl pycCK111X BOL71CK B CpeA- HeL71 A31i1111. YKa>KV1Te repp111TOpV1111 CpeAHeL71 A31i11i1, BOW€AWii1€ B COCTaB Poc- Cii1C1CKOC1 V1Mnep111111 B 1860- 1870-e rr. nOJlL'1Tir1KA POCCitWI 8 CPE.QHEiil A3111111 B HIOHe 1865 r. pyCCKHe BORCKa IIO,ll; KoMaH,n;oBaHHeM reHepaJia M.r. Tfepn.R.- eBa OBJia,n;eJIH KpyrrHeRIIIHM ropo,n;OM Cpe,n;HeH: Aa:aH TamKeHTOM :a pH,n;OM ,n;pyrHx ropo,n;oB. 3,n;ecb 6biJIO o6paaoBa- Ho TypKeCTaHCKoe reHepaJI-ry6epHaTop- CTBO (TypKeCTaHCKHR KpaH:). B OTBeT Ha 06~HBJieHHYIO 6yxapCKHM 3MHpOM <<CBSim;eHHYIO BORHY>> pyccK:ae BORCKa B Mae 1868 r. OBJia,n;eJIH CaMapKaH,n;OM :a BbiHY,D;HJIH 3MHpa B 1873 r. rrpHaHaTb aaBHCHMOCTb OT PoccHH. B TOM me ro,n;y B aaBHCHMOCTb IIOIIaJI H XHBHHCKHR xaH. B 1875 r. pyccKHe oTpSI,D;bi rro,n; KOMaH,D;OBaHHeM re- Hepana M .Jl,. CKo6eJLeBa paarpoMHJIH BORCKa KOKaH,n;cKo- ro XaHCTBa. B cpeBpaJie 1876 r. oHo 6biJIO yrrpaa,n;HeHo, a ero TeppHTOPHH 6brJia BKJIJOqeHa B cocTaB TypKecTaHCKO- ro reHepaJI·ry6epHaTopcTBa. B 1869 r . BoiicKa reHepaJia H.r. CToJieTOBa Bbrca,n;H- JIHCb Ha BOCTOqHOM 6epery KaCIIHRCKOrO MOpS! H OCHOBa- JIH ropo,n; KpacHoBo,n;cK. ,lJ,anbHeH:mee rrpo,n;BHJKeHHe BCTpe- THJIO yrropHoe corrpoTHBJieHHe TYPKMeHCKHX rrJieMeH. Hx OIIJIOTOM CTaJI Oa3HC reoK-Terre. IlOIIbiTKH pycCKHX w_ BORCK OBJia,n;eTb oaa:acoM TeprreJIH Hey,n;aqy. ..,. B 1880 r. KOMaH,n;yrom;HM pyccKHMH BORCKaMH Ha aarra,n;e TypKMeHHH 6brJI HaaHaqeH M.,IJ;. CKo6eJieB. BbrJia rrpoJiomeHa meJieaHo,n;opomHaH BeTKa OT KpacHoBo,n;cKa B CTOpOHY reoK-Terre. 12 HHBapH 1881 r. IIOCJie OJKeCTO- qeHHOrO 60H pyCCKHe BORCKa OBJia,D;eJIH reoK-Terre, a qe- pea He,n;eJIIO - Amxa6a,n;oM. 3asoeBaHHe PoccHeH: Cpe,n;Heii AaHH JIHIIIHJIO rocy,n;ap- CTBeHHOCTH HaceJIHBIIIHe ee Hapo,n;bl. Ho rrpH 3TOM rrpeKpa- THJIHCb Mem,n;oyco6Hbie BORHbi, 6biJIH JIHKBH,n;HpoBaHbi pa6cTBO :a pa6oToproBJIH. BbiCTpo CTaJIH paaBHBaTbCH xJiorr- KOBo,n;cTBO H IIIeJIKOBO,ll;CTBO, HaqaJIHCb JKeJie3HO,D;OpOJKHOe CTpOHTeJibCTBO, ,D;06bNa HecpTH, yrJIH, D;BeTHbiX MeTaJIJIOB. Ha rrpHcoe,n;HHeHHbiX aeMJIHX pyccKoe rrpaBHTeJibCTBO IIpOBO,ll;HJIO rH6KyiO IIOJIHTHKY, He BMeiiiHBaSICb B HaD;HO· HaJibHYIO KYJibTypy H peJIHrH03Hble OTHOIIIeHHH. 3 .30. Topzo6bLe p.RObL 6 Ca.MapiCanoe
  • 84.
    fAAflbHEBOCT04HA~ non~T~KA POCC~~)J;o cepe~HHbl XIX B. PoccHH He HMeJia o<PHu;HaJibHO npH3HaHHbiX rpa- HHD; co CBOHMH coce~HMH Ha )J;aJibHeM BocTOKe. PyccKHe nepBonpoxo~u;hl npo~oJimaJIH pacceJIHTbCH Ha aTHX 3eM- JISIX, a TaKme Ha CaxaJIHHe H KypHJibCKHx ocTpoBax. B Mae 1858 r. Mem~y PoccHeii H KHTaeM 6biJI no~­ nHcaH Ailzync1euil aozoaop, no KOTopoMy rpaHHu;a c KHTa- eM ycTaHaBJIHBaJiacb no peKe AMypy ~o Bn~eHHSI B Hero peKH YccypH. YccypHMCKHH Kpa:ii Mem~y peKoii YccypH H THXHM oKeaHoM o6'bSIBJIHJICSI coBMeCTHbiM pyccKo-KH- TaiicKHM BJia~eHHeM. B 1860 r. 6biJI no~nHcaH HOBbiH, Ile1CUHC1CUil aozoaop, corJiacHo KOTopoMy Yccy- ..... pmicKmi Kpa:ii 6biJI o6'bSIBJieH BJI~eHHeM PoccHH. ..,.. CJiomHo mJIH neperoBOpbi no onpe~eJieHHIO rpaHHD;bi Mem~y PoccHeii H .HnoHHeii. ITo ~oroBopy, 3aKJIIOTieHHOMY B HnOHCKOM ropo~e CHMO~a B 1855 r., KypHJibCKHe ocT- poBa npH3HaBaJIHCb TeppHTOpHeii PoccHH, a ocTpoB Caxa- JIHH - COBMeCTHbiM BJI~eHHeM ~Byx CTPaH. IIocJie no~nH­ caHHH ~oroBopa Ha CaxaJIHH ycTpeMHJIOCb 3HaTIHTeJibHOe KOJIHqeCTBO HnOHCKHX nepeCeJieHD;eB. B 1875 r., qT06bl H36emaTb ocJio.mHeHHH c .HnoHHeif, PoccHH corJiaCHJiacb no~nHcaTb HOBbiH ~orosop. CaxaJIHH nOJIHOCTbiO OTXO~HJI K PoccHH, a ocTpoBa KypHJibCKOH rpSI~bi- K .HnoHHH. nPOAA>KA AflSICK~ K cepe~HHe XIX B. B PyccKyiO AMe- pHKy - Ha AJIHCKY - CTaJIH npOHHKaTb aMepHKaHCKHe npe~npHHHMaTeJIH, TOprOBD;bi, 6paKOHbepbi. 3~HIIJ;aTb H CO~epmaTb 3TY TeppHTOpHIO CTaHOBHJIOCb BCe CJIOmHee. O~HOBpeMeHHO npaBHTeJibCTBO AJieKcaH~pa II cTpe- MHJIOCb yKpenHTb ~pymeCTBeHHbie OTHOI.ITeHHH, CJIO)KHB· mHecH Mem~y CiliA H PoccHe:H. MMnepaTop npHHSIJI pe- I.ITeHHe npo~aTb AJISICKY npaBHTeJibCTBY AMepHKH 3a He3HaTIHTeJibHYIO ~JISI C~eJIKH TaKoro MaCmTa6a CYMMY B 7,2 MJIH ~OJIJiapOB. HeJib3H He y'!HThlBaTb H To o6cTOHTeJibCTBO, 'ITO rJiaBHble npoTHBHHKH PoccHH B EBpone - AHrJIHSI H <f>paHD;HSI - 6biJIH B TO BpeMH Ha BOJIOCOK OT BOHHbl C CiliA. IIpo~ama AJISICKH B 1867 r . SIBJIHJiacb ~eMoH­ cTpau;Heii no~~epmKH CiliA co CTOPOHhl PoccHH. 20 V110HH 1860 r. pyCCKV1e MOpHKV1 nOA KOMaHAOBaHV1eM A.K. Wecp- Hepa sownV1 B 6yxry 3onoroii1 Por. 3AeCb 6bln OCHOBaH ropOA BnaAV1- BOCTOK, CTaBWV1ii1 KpynHbiM BOeH- HO-MOpCKV1M nopTOM POCCV1V1 Ha ,lJ,anbHeM BOCTOKe. H a reppV1ropV1V1 AnHCKV1 coxpa- HV1nocb AO HaWV1X AHeii1 MHOrO ropOAOB, OCHOBaHHbiX pyCCKV1MV1 noceneH~aMV1. CpeAV1 KpynHeii1 - WV1X - KaAbHK, HV1KOnaescK, Ho- soapxaHrenbCK, YHanawKa. 3 .31. PyccKa.R. AMepuKa 0npeAenV1Te OCHOBHble HanpaB- neHV151 BHewHeii1 nonV1TV1KV1 PoccV1V1 B ~apcrsosaHV1e AneKcaHApa II. KaKOBbl 6blnV1 rnaBHble AOCTV1:>Ke- HV1H POCCV1V1 Ha esponeii1CKOM Ha- npasneHV1V1? YAanocb nV1 PocCV1V1 npV1o6peCTV1 coi03HV1KOB B Espone? KaKoBa 6blna nonV1TV1Ka PoccV1V1 B CpeAHeii1 A3V1V1? Coorsercrsosana nV1 oHa rocyAapcrseHHbiM V1Hrepe- caM POCCV1V1? KaK pa3BV1BanV1Cb B3aV1MOOTHowe- HV1H PocCV1V1 c KV1raeM V1 s:lnoHV1eii1? KaKV1e o6CTOHrenbcrsa no6yAV1nV1 AneKcaHApa II npV1HHTb peweHV1e o npOAa:>Ke AflHCKV17 '..-.. ...... . .. , .
  • 85.
    0 npV1YV1Hax V1xapaKrepe pyccKo- rype[4Kollt soii!Hbl 0 XOA€ pyccKo-rype[4KOIIf BOIIfHbl V1 ee V1TOrax KaKoso 6blno nonV1TV1YecKoe no- no>KeHV1e HapoAOB 6anKaHCKoro no- nyoaposa? B YeM 3aKn10Yanacb rpaAV11..V10H- HaH ponb PocCV1V1 Ha 6anKaHCKOM nonyoapose? KaKOBbl 6blnV1 OCHOBHbl€ nono- >KeHV1H soeHHOi:1 pecpopMbl? Pacnpas~ rypelKV1X snacrellt, s KOTOpbiX OC06eHHO 0TnV1YV1nV1Cb OTPHAbl V1pperynHpHollt nexoTbl - 6awV16y3yKV1, Bbi3BanV1 B03MYU€- HV1e pyccKoro o6llecrsa. WV1pV1- nocb ABV1>KeHV1e B 3allV1Ty IO>KHO- cnaBHHCKV1X HapoAOB. B cep6cKyiO apMV110 HanpasnHnV1Cb TbiCH'-lV1 A06- pOBOnb[4eB. lnaBHOKOMaHAYIOUV1M cep6cKollt apMV1eill aan pyccKV1ill OTCTaBHOill reHepan, yYaCTHV1K o6o- p0Hbl CesaaononH, 6b1BWV111t soeH- Hblill ry6epHarop TypKecraHcKollt o6naaV1 MI. lfepHRea. 3.32. I!JLennote 6awu6y3y1Cu. Xyao:J/Cnu" B.B. Bepew,azun PYCCKO-TYPEQKAR BOMHA 1877-1878 rr. B cepe,o.111He 1870-x rr. Me.>K,LJ.YHapo,o.HbiVt asrop111rer 111 nono.>t<eHII1e Pocc111VIcKoV! 111Mnep111111 3aMeTHO yt<pen111n111cb. B TO .>t<e speM~ npereH,lJ,OBaTb Ha ponb se,lJ,yw,eV! M111po- soV! ,[J,ep.>t<aBbl 111 nOCTO~HHO yKnOH~TbC~ OT BOVtH 6blnO see 6onee 3arpy,lJ,HII1TenbHO. 6AnKAHCK~~ KP~3~C JleTOM 1875 r. B TypeiJ;KHX npo- BHHD;HSIX BOCHHSI If rep:u;erOBHHa BCITbiXHYJIH BOJIHeHHSI, KOTOphle 6biJIH mecToKo no.n;aBJieHbi TypKaMH. B anpeJie 1876 r. B BoJirapHH TaKme HaqaJIOCb BoccTaHHe npoTHB ocMaHCKoro Hra. 0Ho 6I>IJIO mecToKo no.n;a.BJieHo. B oT- BeT, B HIOHe 1876 r., BOHHY Typ:o;HH o6'bHBHJIH Cep6HSI If l:JepHOrOpHSI, CTpeMHBIIIHeCSI He TOJibKO ITOMOqb 6oJira- paM, HO If peiiiHTb CBOH HaD;HOHaJibHhle If TeppHTOpHaJib- Hbie npo6JieMbi. Ho Hx MaJioqHcJieHHbie H nJioxo o6~eH­ Hhle apMHH 6biJIH pa3rpOMJieHbi. ITo npe.n;JiomeHHIO A.M. ropqaKOBa PocCHSI, repMa- HHSI H ABCTPHH noTpe6oBaJIH ypaBHeHHSI xpHCTHaH B npaBax c MYCYJII>MaHaMH. PoccHSI, IIbiTaSICb paapeiiiHTb BOllpOC MHpHhlMH cpe.ZJ;CTBaMH, opraHH30BaJia HeCKOJibKO KOHcpepeHD;HH eBponeHCKHX .n;epmaB, Ha KOTOpbiX 6biJIH Bhlpa60TaHhl npe.n;JiomeHHSI ITO yperyJIHpOBaHHIO IIOJIO)Ke- HHSI Ha BaJIKaHax. Ho Typ:o;HH, o6o.n;peHHaa no.n;.n;epm- Koii AHrJIHH, Ha BCe npe.n;JiomeHHSI OTBeqaJia JIH60 OTKa- 30M, JIH60 BbiCOKOMepHbiM MOJiqaHHeM. liTo6I>r cnacTH Cep6Hro OT OKOHqaTeJII>Horo pa3rpoMa, B OKTSI6pe 1876 r. PoccHSI npe.n;'bHBHJia Typii,HH Tpe6oBa- HHe npeKpaTHTb BoeHHbie .n;eiicTBHSI B Cep6HH H 3aKJiro- qHTb nepeMHpHe. Ha'!aJiocb cocpe.n;oToqeHHe pyccKHX BORCK Ha romHbiX rpaHHu;ax. llMnepaTop noJiaraJI, qTo aTHMH MepaMH y.n;acTCSI npHHYAHTb Typii,HIO npHHSITb npe.n;JiomeHHa eBponeiicKHX .n;epmaB H TeM caMbiM Ha6emaTb 6oJibiiiOM BOHHbi. OH onacaJICH, qTo BORHa c Typii,Heii MomeT npeBpaTHTbCSI B BOHHY eBponeiicKHX .n;epmaB npoTHB PocCHH. l:JT06hl y.n;epmaTb ABcTpo-BeHrpHro OT BCTynJieHHSI B BOMHY Ha CTopoHe Typ:o;HH, AJieKcaH.n;p II AaJI corJiacHe Ha OKKyna- D;HIO BOCHHH If rep:u;erOBHHbl a.BCTPHHCKHMH BOHCKaMH. HA"'AnO PYCCKO-TYPEUKO~ BO~Hbl 12 anpeJIH 1877 r., HCqepnaB BCe ,ll;HllJIOMaTHqecKHe B03MO)KHOCTH ,ll;JIH MHp- HOrO yperyJIHpoBaHHSI 6aJIKaHCKHX npo6JieM, AJieKcaa.n;p II o6'bSIBHJI Typii,HH BOHHY. llMnepaTop noHHMaJI, qTo KaMnaHHSI He cyJIHT Poc- CHH HHKaKHX MaTepHaJibHbiX BbirO,ll;, OHa JIHIIIb YCJIO)K- HHT ee SKOHOMifqeCKOe ITOJIOmeHHe. Ho Bepx B3SIJIH HHbie
  • 86.
    coo6pa>KeHHH. OH HeMor )l;onycTHTh, qTo6hi BHOBh 6biJia IIOCTaBJieHa ITO)]; COMHeHHe pOJib POCCHH KaK BeJIHKOH )l;ep>KaBbi. K TOMY >Ke eMy npHXO)l;HJIOCh cquTaTbCH H c Tpa)l;HII;HOHHOH )l;JIH Poccuu pOJihiO 3anJ;HTHHII;bi cJiaBHH- CKHX Hapo)l;OB Ha BaJIKaHax. 06~ecTBeHHoe MHeHHe Poc- CHH B :o;eJIOM IIO)l;)l;ep>KHBaJIO IIpaBHTeJibCTBO. CoOTHomeHHe CHJI CKJia)l;bmaJIOCh s rroJib3y PoccHH, so- eHHbie pe<J>opMbl HaqaJIH )l;aBaTb CBOH IIOJIO>KHTeJihHhie pe- 3YJibTaTbl. PyccKaH apMHH, s cpasHeHHH c nepHO)l;OM KpbiMCKoii soii:Hbi, 6bma Jiyqme o6yqeHa H soopy>KeHa, CTaJia 6oJiee 6oecrroco6Hoii. TeM He MeHee He3asepweHHOCTb peq>OpM CKa3hiBaJiaCb B OTCYTCTBHH )l;OJI>KHOrO MaTepHaJib- HOrO o6ecneqeHHSI, B He)l;OCTaTKe HOBeHIDHX THIIOB BOOpy- >KeHHH, HO CaMOe rJiaBHOe - B HeXBaTKe KOMaH)l;HblX Ka,ll;- pos, crroco6HbiX secTH cospeMeHHYIO soii:ey. B oco6eHHOCTH aTO KaCaJIOCb KOMaH)l;HpOB BbiCmero 3BeHa. rJiasHOKOMaH- )l;YIO~HM pyccKoii apMueii Ha BaJIKaHax 6bm Ha3HaqeH JIHIIIeHHbrH BOHHCKHX TaJiaHTOB 6paT HMIIepaTOpa BeJIHKHH KHSI3h liHKOJiaH HHKOJiaesuq. 60EBbiE .QEii!CTBL<tSI JlETOM 1877 r. BoeHHbre )l;eiicTBHH Ha- qaJIHCb JieToM 1877 r. PyccKaSI apMHH no rrpe)l;sapuTeJib- Hoii )l;OrosopeHHOCTH c PyMbiHHeii (s 1859 r. KHH>KecTsa BaJiaxHSI u MoJI)l;aBHSI o6'he)l;HHHJIHCb s aTo rocy)l;apcTso, ocTasasmeecH s 3aBHCHMOCTH oT Typn;uu) rrpowJia qepe3 ee TeppHTOpHIO H B HIOHe 1877 r. B HeCKOJibKHX MeCTaX neperrpaBHJiaCb qepe3 ,IJ;yHaH. BoJirapbi BOCTOp>KeHHO BCTpeqaJIH CBOHX OCB060)l;HTeJieH. C 60JibillHM 3HTY3Ha3- MOM WJIO C03)l;aHHe 6oJirapCKOrO HapO)l;HOrO OIIOJiqe- HHH, KOMaH)l;YIO~HM KOTOpbiM CTaJI pyCCKHH reHepaJI H.r. CToJieTos. Ilepe)l;osoii: oTpSI)l; reHepaJia H .B. Fyp1eo ocso6o,D.HJI )l;peBHIOIO CTOJIHII;Y BoJirapHH TbrpHoso. He BCTpeqag rro nyTH csoero rrpo)l;BH>KeHHH Ha 10r oco6oro COIIpOTHBJieHHH, 5 HIOJISI rypKo 3aXBaTHJI IliHIIKHHCKHH nepesaJI, qepe3 KOTOphiH mJia Hau6oJiee y)l;o6HaH )l;Opora Ha CTaM6yJI. 3 .33. llepenpaea pyccKoil apMuu 'lepe3 /{yHail e 1877 z. Xyoo:HCHuK H .J(. /{Mumpuee·OpeH6ypzcKuil
  • 87.
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  • 88.
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  • 89.
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  • 90.
    IV no E•o EH R HA4AnO UAPCTBOBAH~H AnEKCAH,[lPA Ill KOHCEPBAT~BHAH KOPPEKT~POBKA PE<t>OPM nPE,[lbl,[lYll(Ero UAPCTBOBAH~H 3KOHOM~4ECKOE PA3B~T~E B rG,[lbl nPABnEH~H AnEKCAH,[lPA Ill nonO>KEH~E OCHOBHbiX CJlOEB 05ll(ECTBA 05ll(ECTBEHHOE AB~:>KEH~E B 1880-1890-x rr. BHEWHHH non~T~KA AnEKCAH,[lPA Ill nPOCBEll(EH~E ~ HAYKA BO BTOPO~ nonOB~HE XIX a. n~TEPATYPA ~ ~305PA3~TEJlbHOE ~CKYCCTBO APX~TEKTYPA, MY3biKA, TEATP, HAPO,[lHOE TBOP4ECTBO 5biT: HOBbiE 4EPTbl B :>K~3H~ rGPO,[lA ~ ,[lEPEBH~ 7 " I I , / .. ...(!., • npoV1CXOAV1BWV1e npV1 AneKCaH- APe Ill V13MeHeHV1R npV1eMos ynpas- neHV1R V1 ¢opM CO~VlaJlbHO~ ~V13HV1 orpa>KanV1 TPYAHbl~ no111cK npV1eM- neMoro COOTHOWeHV1R Me~y «nOT- pe6HOCTRMV1 speMeHV1» V1 «803MO~­ HOCTRMV1 CTpaHbl». /11crop11K A.H. 6oxaHOB
  • 91.
    06 OCHOBHbiX Lt1A€flX~apCTBOBa­ HLtlfl AneKcaHApa Ill 0 npOH1BOp€YLt1BOM xapaKTepe HaYaJla ~apCTBOBaHLtlfl AneKCaHApa Ill 0 nonbiTKax peweHit1fl KpeCTbflH- CKoro aonpoca 0 HaYane IOP111Ait1YecKoro o¢opM- neHit1fl npaa pa6oYit1X 06 06CTOflT€JlbCTBaX rlt16€11Lt1 AneK- CaHApa II KaKOBbl OCHOBHbl€ nOJ10>K€Hit1fl «KOHCT1t1TY~1t11t1>> M .T. n op111c-Melllt1- KOBa? Kro r aKit1e speMeHH006fl3aHHble Kp€CTbflH€? o6eAOHOC~eB KoHCTaHT~H neTpOB~~ (1827-1907) rocyAapcrseHHbllil Aeflrenb. B 1880-1905 rr. o6ep-npoKypop (lt1HOAa, YJ1€H rocyAapCTB€HHOrO cosera c 1872 r. 0Ait1H 1113 11111- Aepos KOHcepsaropos s ~apaso­ saHLIIe AneKcaHApa Ill. H~ AnO L&APCTBOBAHHR AnEKCAHJIPA Ill n ocne y6111Li1CTBa AneKCaH,D,pa II Ha npecron BCTynll1n ero CbiH AneKcaHAP Ill. Hal1ano HOBoro u.apcrsosaHit1s:~ HOCII1nO npOTII1BOpel1111Bblli1 xapaKTep. HOBbllil 111Mneparop cpa3y :>Ke nposmrnac111n np111HU.111n He3bl6neMOCTII1 caMo- ,D,ep>Ka BII1s:~, HO s ro :>Ke speMs:~ BbiCKa3biBan :>KenaHit1e cne,D,osarb pecpopMaropcKII1M nyreM 111 ,D,anbwe. IlporpaMMa u.apc TBOBaHlUI .An:eKcaa~pa III co~epma.n:a ~Be ocHOBHhie H~eH: meCT0'!8Hmee ITO~aBJieHHe JllOObiX npOTHBHHKOB BJI8CTH H O'IHI.l1eHHe rocy~apCTBa OT qym~oro 38nMHOro BJIHSIHHSI, B03Bp8Il1eHHe K pyCCKHM OCHOBaM - CaMO~ep­ )KaBHIO, npaBOCJI8BHIO, HapO~HOCTH. AJieKcaa~py III OhiJIO H3BeCTHO o TOM, 'ITO noKoii- HhiH HMnepaTop o~o6pHJI npoeKT JlopHc-MeJIHKOBa; oc- TaBaJiocb JIHillb YTBep~HTb ero Ha CITeU.HaJibHOM COBel.l1a· HHH. Cpe~H co6pasmHXCSI 8 MapTa aa coBel.l1aHHe rocy~apCTBeHHbiX "t!HHOBHHKOB CTOpOHHHKH npoeKT8 Jlo- pHc-MeJIHKOB8 cocTaBJISIJIH 6oJihmHHCTBO. O~aaKo cJiy- 'IHJIOCb aenpe~BH~eaaoe: AJieKcaa~p III no~~epmaJI MeHbillHHCTBO npOTHBHHKOB npoeKTa, YCT8MH KOTOpbiX Bel.l1aJI o6ep- npoKypop CHao~a K.II. IIo6eaonoc4ee. 06o,D;peHHhiH no~,D;epmKo:H HMnepaTopa, Ilo6e~oaocu.es cocTaBHJI TeKCT MaHH$ecTa, c KOTOpbiM AJieKcaH~p III 29 anpeJISI 1881 r. o6paTHJICSI K Hapo~y. rJiaBHOH 3M8"tleH CBOero npasJieHHJI u.apb CtiHTaJI coxpaaeaHe caMo~epmasaoi1 BJI8CTH «~JISI OJiara HapO~HOrO, OT BCSIKHX Ha Hee no- ITOJI3HOBeHHH>>. Ha~em~hi Jin6epaJihHhix 'IHHOBHHKOB Ha BBe~eHHe ~ame HeKOero ITO~OOHSI KOHCTHTYD;HH pyx- HYJIH. IlO,D;aJIH B OTCT8BKY MHHHCTp BHyTpeHHHX ~eJI M.T. JlopHc-MeJIHKOB, MHHHCTP cpHaaacoB A.A. A6a- 3a, soeHHhiH MHHHCTP ,ll;.A. MHJIIOTHH. TeM ae Meaee B MaHH$ecTe AJieKcaa~pa III BhiCKa- 3biBaJIOCb meJiaHHe CJie,D;OB8Tb pe$OpM8TOpCKHM nyTeM. B nroae 1881 r. OhiJia C03BaHa nepsaSI ~ceccHSI cse,D;y- ~~~x JIIO,ZJ;eii », KOTOphiM OhiJIO rrpe,D;JIOmeao npHHSITb y qacTHe B pa3p800TKe 38KOH8 0 CHHmeHHH BhiKYITHbiX ITJI8Teme:i1. J1 XOTSI ~CBe,D;yl.l1He JIIO,li;H» He H30Hp8JIHCb 3eMCTB8MH, a H83H8'laJIHCb npaBHTeJibCTBOM, cpe,ZJ;H HHX oKa3aJIHCh BH,D;Hhie JIH6epaJibHble ,D;eSITeJIH. BTopoi1 «cec- CHH CBe~y~HX JIIO~eH», co6paHHOH B CeHTSIOpe 1881 r., OhiJI rrpe~Jiomea sonpoc o rrepeceJieaqecKoH noJIHTHKe.
  • 92.
    Ha HOBble llOCTbl BnpaBHTeJihCTBe 6hlJIH Ha3HaqeHhi OTHIO,D;h He npOTHBHHKH npeo6pa3oBaHHH. MHHHCTpOM BHyTpeHHHX ,n;eJI CTaJI H.TI. llrHaTheB - cTopoHHHK cJiaaRHOcpHJihCKHX H,D;eH, pa3pa6aTbiBaBillHH npoeKT C03b1Ba COBe~aTeJihHOrO 3eMcKoro co6opa. M:aHHCTp cpHHaHcoB H.X. Bynze CJihiJI XOTR H BeCbMa yMepeHHhiM, HO JIH6epaJihHbiM llOJIHTHKOM. HoBble MHHHCTpbl 3Hep~Ho B3RJIHCh 3a npeTBopeHHe B mH3Hh 3aKOHOllpOeKTOB, pa3pa60TaHHbiX ew;e B nepHO,D; «,n;HKTaTyphl cep,n;n;a>> JlopHc-MeJIHKOBa. 28 ,n;eKa6pR 1881 r. 6biJI npHHRT 3aKOH 06 06R3aTeJih- HOM BhiKyne KpecThHHaMH Ha,n;eJioB. TeM caMhiM 6hiJIO npeKpaw;eHO BpeMeHH006R3aHHOe COCTORHHe KpeCThRH. B 3TOT me 3aKOH 6b1JIO BKJIIOqeHo noJiomeHHe o CHHmeHHH BhlKYITHhiX ITJiaTemeH Ha 1 py6Jih. B Mae 1881 r. 6hlJI H3,D;aH YKa3 o nocTeneHHOH 3aMeHe no,n;ymHOH no,n;aTH ,n;pyrHMH HaJIOraMH (B3HMaHHe no,n;ymHOH no,n;aTH OKoaqaTeJihHO npeKpaTHJIOCh 1 RHBapR 1887 r.). B 1882 r. 6biJIH npHHHThi Mepbl ,D;JIH ycTpaHeHHR MaJI03eMeJihH KpecThHH. Bhm yqpem,n;eH KpecThHHCKHH 6aHK, KoTo- pbi:H npe,n;OCTaBJIHJI JihrOTHhie Kpe,n;HThi ,D;JIH llOKYITKH KpeCTbRHaMH 3eMeJib. B TO me BpeMR npaBHTeJihCTBO AJieKcaH.n;pa III cTpeMHJIOCh coxpaHHTh KpecThRHCKyiO o6w;HHy. B 1893 r . 6hlJI npHHRT 3aKOH, orpaHHqHBaiOID;HH B03MOm- HOCTh BbiXO.ZJ;a KpeCThHH H3 o6~HHbl. ,lJ;pyrOH 3aKOH cy3HJI npaBa o6w;HHhl Ha nepe,n;eJI 3eMJIH H 3aKpenHJI Ha,n;eJibl 3a KpeCTbHHaMH. flo HOBOMY 3aKOHY 3a nepe.n;eJI .n;oJimHo 6biJIO nporoJiocoBaTh He MeHee 2I 3 KpecTbHHCKoro cxo.n;a H cpoK Mem.n;y nepe.n;eJiaMH He Mor cocTaBJIHTh MeHee 12 JieT. BhlJI npHHHT 3aKoH, 3anpe- w;aBmH:H npo.n;aBaTh o6w;HHHble 3eMJIH. PoccHH 6h1Jia nepBOH B MHpe CTpaHOH, r.n;e CTaJI ocyw;eCTBJIHThCH KOHT- pOJih 3a YCJIOBHRMH Tpy.n;a pa6oqHX. 1 HIOHH 1882 r. 6biJI H3,n;aH 3aKoH, 3anpem;aamHH Tpy.n; .n;eTe:H ,n;o 12-JieTHero B03paCTa. 8TOT me .ZJ;OKyMeHT orpaHHqHBaJI pa6oqHH .n;eHb ,n;eTeH OT 12 .ZJ;O 15 JieT 8 qacaMH. ,1l;JIH Ha,D;30pa 3a HC- ITOJIHeHHeM 3aKOHa BBO.ZJ;HJiaCh ClleiJ;HaJibHaH cpa6pHqHaH HHCneKn;HR. B 1885 r . nocJie.n;oBaJIO 3anpew;eHHe HOqHoro Tpy.n;a .ZJ;JIH meH~HH H HecoBepmeHHOJieTHHX. B 1886 r. BhlllieJI 3aKOH 0 B3aHMOOTHOUieHHHX npe.n;npHHHMaTeJieH C pa6oqHMH. OH orpaHHqHBaJI pa3Mep mTpacpoB. 3anpew;a- JIOCb pacnJiaq:aBaTbCH c pa6oqHMH TOBapaMH qepe3 cpa6- pHqHble JiaBKH. BMecTe c TeM 3aKoH npe.n;ycMaTpHBaJI cy- poBoe HaKa3aHHe pa6oqHx 3a yqacTHe B cTaqKax. peceneH14ax, Koropbilil 8Kni0Yan 8 ce6R Mepbi, npeAJlO)I(eHHble «c8e- AYll.J,II1MV1 niOAbMV1»: pa3peweHV1e Ha nepeceneHV1e npeAOCTa8nRnocb n111wb MV1HV1CTepCT80M 8HyrpeHHV1X Aen; nepeceneH!4aM npeAOCTa8nR- nii1Cb 3Ha4111T€nbHbl€ nbrDTbl - OHV1 OC8060)I(Aanii1Cb Ha Tpll1 roAa OT 8CRKV1X nOAaTelil 111 80111HCKOiil no- 8111HHOCTV1, a 8 nocneAy10ll.J,V1e r p111 roAa nnar111n111 noAaTV1 8 nono8111H- HOM pa3Mepe; 111M 8blnnaYV18anii1Cb He6onbwll1e AeHe)I(Hble noco6111R. 4 .1 . CMepmb nep ece/l.eH.(.{a. X yao:JICH.UIC C.B. H eaH.08 KaKV1e o6croRrenbCT8a oKa3anll1 pewaiOll.J,ee 803AeLilcr8111e Ha 8HYT- peHHIOIO nonii1TII1KY AneKcaHApa Ill? KaK 8bl AYMaere, KaKo8a 6blna rna8HaR 14enb 3aKOH08 no KpecTb- RHCKOMY 80npocy? YYII1Tbl8anll1cb n111 8 3TV1X 3aKOHaX 111HTepeCbl KpeCTbRH- CTBa? .[lalilre 0!4eHKY 14apcKOMY pewe- HV110 no pa6oYeMy 8onpocy. C Ka- Kolil !4€nbl0 OHO 6blnO np111HRTO?
  • 93.
    06 ycraHosneHV1V1 AneKcaHAPOMIll >KeCTKOrO nOJ1V1TV1Y€CKOro pe>t<V1Ma 0 KOHCepBaTV1BHO~ KOppeKTV1pOB- Ke nV16epaJlbHbiX pe¢opM AneKcaH- APa II OcHOBHoe coAep>t<aHV1e 3eMcKo~ V1 ropOACKO~ pe¢opM 0CHOBHOe COAep>t<aHV1e pe¢opM s o6nacTV1 o6pa3osaHV1R '-8 1883 r. B WJ1V1CC€Jlb6ypre Ha ocrpose nocpeAV1 Hesbl 6b1na nocrpoeHa neYaJlbHO V13BecrHaH TIOpbMa AJlR nOJ1V1TV1YeCKV1X 3aKJ110- YeHHbiX. 8 He(;i 8 pa3HOe BpeMH 6biJlV1 3aroYeHbl MHOrV1e AeHTeJ1V1 pesoJliOLV10HHoro ABV1>t<eHV1H. ,..,_,.. T onbKO s 1883-1885 rr. no pe- weHV110 Cosell.aHV1H, rAe nepsy10 CKpV1nKy V1rpan no6eAOHOCL€B, 6bi- J10 3aKpbiTO 9 V13AaHV1111. CpeAV1 HV1X OKa3aJlV1Cb nonynHpHble >t<ypHanbl «ronoe>> A.A. KpaescKoro V1 «Ore- YecrseHHble 3anV1CKV1» M.E. Cambi- Kosa-~eApV1Ha. KOHCEPBATHBHAR KOPPEKTHPOBKA ECI»OPM nPEAbl YIQEro LIAPCTBOBAHHR BMae 1882 r. Ha noa MII1H111CTpa sHyrpeHHII1X Aen 6bln Ha3HaYeH ,O.A. TonCTO~. 3TO CB111AeTenbCTBOBano 0 TOM, YTO AneKCaHAP Ill OTKa3anc~ OT npOAOn>KeHII1~ HaYaTbiX ero OTL(OM n1116epanbHbiX pecpopM 111 B3~n TBepAbl~ Kypc Ha COXpaHeHII1e OCHOB CaMOAep>t<aBII1~. 14 asrycTa 1881 r. 6bx- JIO orry6mnwsaHo «IloJio.meHHe o Mepax K oxpaHeHHIO ro- cy~apcTBeHHoro nop.ap;Ka H o6~ecTBeHHoro cnoKoii- CTBH.R~, KOTOpOe ,ZJ;aBaJIO IIpaBO MHHHCTpy BHyTpeHHHX ~eJI H reHepaJI-ry6epHaTopaM o6'b.RBJI.RTb JII06o:ii paiioH CTpaHbl Ha <<HCKJIIO"tlHTeJibHOM IIOJIOJKeHHH» H BbiCbiJiaTb 6ea pemeHH.R cy.n;a He.meJiaTeJJbHbiX JIHIJ;. B 1880-x rr. 6biJIH coa.n;aHbi «0T.n;eJieHH.R no oxpaHe- HHIO IIOp.R,ZJ;Ka H o6~eCTBeHHOH 6e30IIaCHOCTH» ( «OXpaH- Ka»). llx 3a,ZJ;a"tleH CTaJia CJieJKKa 3a rrpOTHBHHKaMH BJJaCTH. B 1884 r. 6biJI sse.n;eH yHHBepcHTeTCKHH ycTaB, no KOTopoMy yHH- sepcHTeTbi JIHillaJIHCb aBTOHOMHH. IlO'tJ:TH B~BOe BblpOCJia nJiaTa aa o6y"tleHHe. BbiJIH aanpeiiJ;eHbi JII06bie cTyp;eH"tJ:ec- KHe opraHHaan;HH. 3a Mane:iimee HenoBHHOBeHHe cTyp;eH- TOB OT,ZJ;aBaJIH B COJI,ZJ;aTbl. 5 HIOH.R 1887 r. 6biJI H3,ZJ;aH II;HPKYJI.Rp, nOJIY'tJ:HBillHH Ha3BaHHe 3aKOHa «0 KyxapKH- HbiX ,ZJ;eT.RX~ . CorJiacHo n;MpKyJI.apy npep;JiaraJIOCb npHHHMaTb B rHMHa3HH <<TOJibKO TaKHX ,ZJ;eTeH, KOTOpbie HaXO,ZJ;.RTC.R Ha IIOIIe"tleHHH JIHII;, npep;OCTaBJI.RIO~HX ,ZJ;OCTaTO'tJ:HOe py'tla- TeJibCTBO B npaBHJibHOM Ha~ HHMH ~OMamHeM Ha,ll;30pe»• 8TO 6biJIO C~eJiaHO ,ZJ;JI.R TOrO, "tlT06bi «OCB060,ZJ;HTbC.R OT nOCTynJieHH.R B HHX p;eTeH Ky"tlepOB, JiaKeeB, IIOBapOB, npa"tleK, MeJIKHX JiaBO'<:IHHKOB H TOMY IIO,ZJ;06HbiX JIIO,ZJ;eH, p;eTeH KOHX, 3a HCKJIIO"tleHHeM pa3Be op;apeHHbiX He06biK- HOBeHHbiMH CIIOC06HOCT.RMH, BOBCe He CJJep;yeT BbiBO,ZJ;HTb H3 cpe.n;bi, K Koe:ii OHH rrpMHap;Jie.maT». C aTon me n;eJibiO ITOBbimanacb nJiaTa aa 06Y"tJ:eHHe. IlpHHHMaJIHCb aanpeTHTeJibHbie Mepbl H no OTHOme- HHIO K rre"tJ:ani. B 1882 r . 6biJIO o6paaosaHo Cose~aHHe 'tleTbipex MHHHCTpOB, Ha,ZJ;eJieHHOe IIpaBOM aanpe~aTb Bbi- XO,ZJ; JII06oro ne"tlaTHoro opraHa. B 1884 r. BnepBbie B Poc- CHH 6biJia npOH3Bep;eHa «"tiHCTKa>> 6H6JIHOTeK: 133 Ha3Ba- HH.R OT,ZJ;eJibHhiX KHHr, co6paHHH CO'<:IHHeHHH H mypHaJIOB 6hiJIH CO"t!TeHhi «He,ZJ;OrryCTHMhiMH K o6p~eHHIO~.
  • 94.
    MaorMe pe- JIMrMM no,n;BepraJIMCborpaHM'IeHMHM CO CTOpOHbi BJI8CTM. By.n;,n;McTaM (KaJIMbiKaM M 6ypHTaM) aanpe~aJIOCb CTpOMTb xpaMbi, OTnpaBJIHTb 6orOCJiymeHM$1. I10JIHKaM-K8TOJIMKaM 6biJI 38KpblT )l;OCTyn K rocy,n;apCTBeHHblM )l;OJimHOCTHM B IJ;apCTBe llOJibCKOM. YmecTO~MJIOCb OTHOllleHMe K npMaepmeHIIaM 1fY)1;8M3- Ma. ITo BpeMeHHbiM npaBMJiaM 1882 r. y eapeea OTHHJIM npaao ceJIMTbCH aae ropo.n;oa M MeCTe~eK .n;ame B npe.n;e- nax qepTbi oce.n;nocTM; MM 3anpe~anocb npMo6peTaTh He,n;BMmMMOe MM~eCTBO a ceJibCKOM MeCTHOCTM. B 1887 r. 6biJia coKpa~eHa caMa ~epTa oce.n;nocTM. Tor.n;a me 6hiJIO onpe.n;eneHo, KaKOM npoiieHT OT o6~ero ~MeJia o6~aeMhiX a ~e6HhiX 3aae,n;eHMHX MOrJIM cocTaBJIHTb eapeM. BbiJIM BBe,n;eHbi OrpaHM'leHM$1 )l;JI$1 38HHTM$1 HeKOTOpblMM BM.n;a- MM npocpeCCMOH8JibHOM .n;eHTeJibHOCTM, HanpMMep B 8,li;BO- K8Type. Bee 3TH npMTecHeHMH He pacnpocTpaHHJIHCb aa eBpeeB, nepellle,ll;lllMX B npaBOCJI8BHYIO Bepy. B TO me apeMH aa npHcoe.n;HHeHHbiX aeMJIHX Cpe.n;ae:H AaHM 6biJIM ocTaaneHbi B HenpMKOCHOBeHHOCTH My- .,... cyJihMaHcKaH IIePKOBb M MycyJihMaHCKMe cy,n;hr. Y B 1885 r. cocTOHJIOCb OTKpbiTMe ,ll;aopHHCKoro 6aHKa. Ero aa.n;a~e:H CT8JIO npe.n;OCT8BJieHHe JibrOTHbiX Kpe.n;HTOB )l;JI$1 no.n;.n;ep- maHM$1 nOMe~H~bMX X03HMCTB. 12 HIOHH 1890 r. 6hiJIO M3.n;8Ho ~nonomeHMe o ry6epH- CKMx H yea.n;HhiX aeMCKHX yqpem.n;eHHHX ·~ • B HMX aeMc- KOe caMoynpaBneHMe paccMaTpHaanoch KaK ~aCTb rocy- .n;apcTaeaaoro ynpaBJieHMH. llpH na6paHHH aeMCTB ycn- JIHJIMCb COCJIOBHbie Ha~aJia: 3eMJieBJia.n;eJib~eCK8$1 KypH$1 CT8HOBMJI8Cb ~HCTO )l;BOpHHCKOM, 'lHCJIO rJiaCHbiX OT Hee yaeJIH~MBanocb, a MMy~eCTBeHHbiM 1IeH3 CHHmancH. IIo- BhilllaJICH H36HpaTeJihHbiM IIeHa .D;JIH ropo.n;cKOM KYPMM. 12 HIOJI$1 1889 r. 6biJI H3,li;8H 38KOH 0 3eMCKHX yqaCT- KOBbiX H81J8JibHMK8X. 0H OTMeHHJI ,li;OJimHOCTM H MeCTHhie ~pem.n;eHHH, OCHOB8HHhie H8 6eCCOCJIOBHbiX M Bbi60pHbiX Ha~anax (MHpOBbie nocpe.n;HMKH, yea,n;Hhie no KpeCThHH- CKHM ,n;eJiaM npHCyTCTBM$1 M MHpOBOM cy,n;). BMeCTO HHX C03,li;8B8JIHCb 3eMCKHe yqaCTKH BO rJiaBe C 3eMCKMMH Ha- 'l8JibHHK8MM. OHM KOHTponHpoaaJIH o6~HHHOe caMo- ynpaaneHHe KpeCTbHH, paCCMaTpHBaJIH He3H8~HTeJihHbie cy.n;e6Hble .n;ena, paapelllaJIM aeMeJihHhie cnopbi. .D:onmHoc- TH 3eMCKMX H8~8JibHMKOB MOrJIH 38HHM8Tb TOJibKO ,li;BOp$1- He. KpecTbHHe, no cyTM, 6biJIH nocTaBJieHbi B JIH'liHYIO 3a- BMCMMOCTb OT 3eMCKHX Ha~aJibHHKOB. B 1892 r. BhilllJIO aoaoe ropo,n;oBoe nonomeHHe. 0Ho 3H8'lHTeJibHO nOBhlillaJIO M36HpaTeJibHbiM u;eH3 H 3aKpeiiJIH- JIO npaKTMKY BMemaTeJibCTBa anacTeii B .n;ena ropo,n;cKoro caMoynpaaneHHH. MOH HCTOPH'IECKHE ::a HCCREAOBAHHH ==- CpaBHHTe BHyTpeHHtoto nonH- ::::3 THKY AneKcaHApa II H AneKca- =HApa Ill. ==-:::a «nOMOU4HHK» ::;::a J Mo>KHO n111 Ha(:irlll o6UIIIIe YepTbl ::;::a BO BHyTpeHHe(:i noniiiTIIIKe AneKCa- :::0:::. HApa II Ill AneKCaHApa Ill? ::;::a ..J B YeM npiiiH~IIInlllanbHOe pa3nlll- ::;:::a Yllle BO BHyTpeHHetlt nOniiiTIIIKe ::::=. AneKcaHApa II 111 AneKcaHApa Ill? ~ 4 eprotlt OCeAnOCTIII Ha3bJBanlll Yacrb repp111rop111111 Pocc111tltcKotlt 111Mnep111111, Ha KOropotlt pa3pewa- nocb nOCTOflHHOe npO>KIIIBaHIIIe espees. B npeAenax YepTbl oceA- nocrlll espeflM 3anpeU~anocb npo- )KIIIBaTb s d?nax. a TaK)Ke s K111ese, Cesacronone 111 ~me . BHe YepTbl OCeAnOCTIII npaBOM Ha >KIIITenbCTBO nonb30sanlllcb Kyn~bl 1-lil rlllnb- AIIIIII, n111~a C BblCWIIIM Ill cne~111 anbHblM o6pa3osaHIIIeM, peMec- neHHIIIKIII, COnAaTbl, npOXOAIIIBWIIIe cny)K6y no peKpyrcKOMY ycrasy. noYeMy pecpopMbl s o6nacr111 npocseU~eHIIIfl 111 neYaTIII noABeprniiiCb CTOnb KapAIIIHanbHOMY 1113MeHeHIIIIO? KaK Bbl AYMaere, noYeMy AneK- caHAP Ill nosen caMoe pewlllrenb- Hoe HacrynneHIIIe Ha opraHbl Mea- Hero caMoynpasneHIIIfl? Aatltre o~eHKY Ha~IIIOHanbHotlt no- niiiTIIIKIII AneKcaHApa Ill. CornacHbl n111 Bbl c yrsep>KAeHIIIeM, 4TO nepiiiOA npasneHIIIfl AfleKCaHA- pa Ill 6bln nepiiiOAOM KOHTppecpopM?
  • 95.
    06 OCHOBH~X HanpasneH~RX 3KOHOM~4eCKOillnon~T~K~ AJle KCa H- ,D,pa Ill 0 HOB ~X R BneH~RX B pa3B~T~~ cenbcKoro X03R~crsa KaKOBO 6 blnO COCTORH~e poc- C~illCKO~ npOMbiWneHHOCT~ B nope- cpo p MeHHble ro,[lbl? KaKOBbl oco6eHHOCT~ npoMbiW- neHHoro nepesopora s Pace~~? KaK s no pecpopMeHHble rDA bl pa3- s~sanocb cenbCKoe xo3Rillcrso? 4.2. Muliucmpbt tjJuHaHcoe Poccuuc~eou u.Mnepuu: a) H.X. ByHze; 6) HA. BbtULHezpaoc~euu n p111 AneKcaHApe Ill npaBII!TeJlbCTBO npeAnp111HII1MaJlO 3HeprW-1Hble AeV1CTBII151, HanpaBJleHHble Ha pa3BII1T111e OTe'-leCTBeHHOill npOMbiWJleHHOCTIII. Vl3 arpapHOill Aep:>t<a - Bbl Pocc11151 nooeneHHO npespaw,anacb B arpapH0-111HAY- CTp111aJlbHYIO. B Mae 1881 I'. Ha IIOCT MHHH· CTpa q>HHaHCOB 6hiJI Ha3HaqeH BHAHhiH yqeHbiH·3KOHOMHCT H.X. ByBre.. Ha nepBoe MecTo OH CTaBHJI peq>opMHpOBaHHe CHCTeMhl c6opa HaJIOI'OB. BYHf'e BhiCTYnHJI 38 OCJI86JieBHe HaJIOI'OBOI'O 06JIO.>KeHH.H KpeCTb.HH, npoBeJI CHH.>KeHHe Bbi· KynHbiX nJiaTemeH H HaqaJI IIOCTeneHHYIO OTMeHy no,zzyru- HOH no,n;aTH. qT06bi B03MeCTHTb noTepH rocy,n;apCTBa OT npHH.HTH.H 3THX Mep, B y Hre BBO,ZI;HJI KocBeHHhie HaJiorH 11 HaJiorH c .n;oxo,n;oB. BhiJIH ycTaHOBJieHbi aKII;H3Hhle c6opbi ua Bo,n;- Ky, Ta6aK, caxap, Heq>Tb; 06JiaraJIHCb HOBbiMH HaJIOI'aMH I'OpO,ZI;CKHe ,ll;OMa, TOpi'OBJI.H, IIpOMbiCJibl, ,ll;OXO,ll;bl OT ,n;e- He-'KHbiX KanHTaJIOB; nOBbiiiiaJIHCb TaMO-'KeHHbie nOIIIJIH· Hbi Ha TOBaphl, BB03HMhie H3·3a rpaHHII;bi.. ToJibKO c 1882 no 1885 r . nOIIIJIHHbl BblpOCJIH 6oJiee qeM Ha 30% . IIpaBHTeJihCTBO noMoraJio pocTy poccHHCKOH npo- MbiiiiJieuuocTH HCXO,ll;.H TaKme 113 nOTpe6HOCTeH yKpenJie· HH.H BoeHHOH MOIII;H.. O.n;uoBpeMeuuo oHo ocyiii;eCTBHJIO 3HaqHTeJibHOe COKpaiii;eHHe apMHH, qTQ npHHOCH JIO ,ZI;O· nOJIHHTeJibHO 23 MJIH py6JieH B I'O,ll;. B 1887 r. BMecTo Bhiiiie,n;IIIero B OTCTaBKY H.X. ByHre nocT MHHHCTpa <PHHaucoB 3aH.HJI H A . BbtUJ.Hezpa8cKuil.. CBoei1: rJiaBHOH aa,n;aqeJ1: oH cqHTaJI 6biCTpoe yJiyqiiieHHe COCTO.HHH.H ,n;eHe.>KHOI'O o6paiii;eHH.H B CTpaHe. C 3TOH rx;eJibiO MHHHCTepcTBO <PHHaHcoB HaKanJIHBaJIO 6oJihiiiHe 3anacbi ,n;eHer, a aaTeM npHHHMaJIO IIIHpoKoe yqacTHe B c,n;eJIKax ua aapy6emHhiX 611pmax. B peay JibTaTe noKyna- TeJihHa.H CnOC06HOCTb py6JI.H 3HaqHTeJibHO IIOBbiCHJiaCb. B TaMomeHHOH noJIHTHKe npaBHTeJihCTBO cTaJio c HO· BOH 3HeprHei1: ,ZI;BHraTbC.H no nyTH yBeJIJiqeHH.H noiiiJIHH, ,n;ocTHI'IIIHX npH BbiiiiHerpa,n;cKoM cBoei1: BbiCIIIei1: TOqKH. B 1891 r. 6biJI yqpem,n;eH HOBbiH TaMomeHHbiH TapHq>. Ec- JIH B npe,ZI;hi,D;Y III;HH nepHO,ll; nOBbiiiieHHbiMH c6opaMH 06Jia• I'aJIOCb B OCHOBBOM BB03HMOe B POCCHIO Cblpbe, TO T e nepb RMH CTaJia 06Jiai'8TbC.H H rrpO.n;yKII;H.H MaiiiHHOCTpOeHH.H.
  • 96.
    B 1892 r.MHHHCTpoM QlHHa.HCOB 6biJI Ha3Ha"tJeH CJO. Bum- me. OH pa3pa6oTaJI 3KOHOMH"tJeCKYIO rrporpaMMY, KOTO- paR rrpe~ycMaTpHBaJia: IIpOBe~eHHe meCTKOH HaJIOrOBOH IIOJIHTHKH, yBeJIH'tJeHHe KOCBeHHbiX HaJIOrOB, BBe~eHHe rocy~apCTBeHHOH MOHOIIOJIHH Ha npOH3BO~CTBO H npo~a­ my BO~KH; ~aJihHenmee yBeJIH"tJeHHe TaMomeHHhiX nom- JIHH; ~eHemHYIO pecpopMy C :a;eJihiO yKperrJieHHH py6JIR; IIpHBJie'tJeHHe B CTpaHy HHOCTpaHHOrO KaiiHTaJia. B6JihmyiO -qacTh 3TOH rrporpaMMhi BHTTe npeTBOPHJI B mH3Hh yme nocJie cMepTH AJieKcaH~pa III. 1890-e ro~hl cTaJIH rrepHo~oM He6hiBaJioro B3JieTa pyccKoii: npoMhim- JieHHOCTH. 3a ~eCRTHJieTHe IIpOMbiillJieHHOe IIpOH3BO~CTBO B CTpaHe Y~BOHJIOCh, a BhiiiYCK npo~yKD;HH TRmeJIOH npo- MbiiUJieHHOCTH yBeJIH'tJHJICH B TPH pa3a. Oco6eHHO 6biCTpo pa3BHBaJIHCb OTpaCJIH HapO~HOrO X03RHCTBa, CBR3aH- Hhie C HOBbiMH BH~aMH TOITJIHBa - yrJieM H HecpTbiO. 9 IlpHTOK ~eHer H3-3a py6ema B03poc rrocJie ycrremHoro 3aBepmeHHH B 1897 r. ~eHemHOH pecpopMbi. IlOBbiilleHHe me TaMomeHHhiX c6opoB c~eJiaJio 6oJiee BhlrO~HhiM ~JIR HHOCTpaHHbiX npe~npHHHMaTeJieH He BB03 npOMblillJieH- HbiX TOBapoB, a HX npOH3BO~CTBO B caMoii: PoccH:a. B 1893 r . Ha"tJaJICR HOBhiH no~'beM meJie3HO,ZJ;opomHo- ro cTpOHTeJibCTBa. "YBeJIH"tJeHHe ~JIHHbi meJie3HhiX ,ZJ;opor COCTaBJI.HJIO B cpe~HeM CBhlille 2, 7 TbiC. KM B ro~. Ha'tJaJIOCb cTpOHTeJihCTBO Tpa.HCCH6HpCKOH meJie3HO~opomHOH MarH- cTpaJIH H3 EBpOIIbi K 6eperaM THxoro oKeaHa. B 3TO me BpeM.H rrpaBHTeJibCTBO aKTHBHO CKYIIaJIO "tJaCTHbie meJie3- Hbie ~OpOrn, C03~aBaR e~HHYJO TpaHCIIOpTHyiO CeTh CTpaHbl. 06HHID;aHHe KpeCTb.HH 3aCTaBJI.H- JIO DOMeiD;HKOB nepeXO~HTb K MCIIOJib30BaHHIO C06CTBeH- HOrO HHBeHTap.H H HaMMY BOJibHbiX pa60THHKOB . Ilo-HO- BOMY opraHH30BbiBaJIH o6pa60TKY CBOMX 3eMeJib IIOMeiD;HKH ITpH6aJITHHCKHX, 3ana~HbiX, IOr0-3ana~HbiX, IOmHhiX ry6epHHH CTpaHbi. "YBeJIH'tJHJiaCb crre:a;HaJIH3aD;H.H CeJibCKOrO X03RHCTBa ITO OT~eJibHbiM paHOHaM. IlOJibCKHe, llpH6aJITHHCKHe, a TaKme IlcKOBCKa.H H IIeTep6yprcKa.a ry6epHHH nepemJIH Ha Bblparu;HBaHHe TeXHH"tJeCKHX KYJibTYP M rrpoH3BO~CTBO MOJIOKa. ~eHTp 3epHOBOrO X03RHCTBa rrepeMeCTHJICR B cTeiiHble paHOHbi "YKpaHHbi, !Oro-BocToKa H Hnm- .,.,.. Hee IIoBoJimbe. ~ TeM He MeHee ypomanHOCTb nOBhimaJiacb Me~JieHHO. rJiaBHOH IIpH'tJHHOH 6hiJIO TO, 'tJTO IIO~aBJI.HIOID;aH "tJaCTb KpecTb.HH o6pa6aTbiBaJia IIOJIR cTaphiMH crroco6aM:a. B 3THX ycJIOBH.Hx noro~Hbie HeypH~HD;hl MOrJIH rrpHBeCTH R cTpam- HbiM nocJie~cTBH.HM. TaK, B 1891- 1892 rr. PoccHii:cKa.a HMrrepH.a nepemHJia roJio~. BCJie~CTBHe KOToporo yMepJio CBbiille 600 TbiC. -qeJIOBeK. 4.3. C.IO. Bumme. Xyoo:JICnUK H.E. P en u n 4 .4. P e.M.onmnbte pa6ombL na :J/CeJLe3nOil oopoze. 4Jpaz.M.enm. Xyoo:J/CnUK KA. Ca 6Ul.fKUil Aal71re o6ll.IYIO xapaKrepv1CTV1KY 3KOHOMW1€CKOI71 nOnV1TV1KV1 An€KCaHA- pa Ill. KaKOBbl 6blnV1 ee OCHOBHbl€ ~enV1 V1 pe3ynbTaTbl? CpaBHV1Te 3KOHOMV1Y€CKV1e npo- rpaMMbl H.X. 6yHre, V1.A. BbiWHe- rpaACKoro V1 C.IO. BV~ne. KaKV1e ny- TV1 nOAbeMa Ha~V10HanbHO~ 3KOHO- MV1KV1 npeAnaran Ka)I(Abl~ V13 HV1X? B YeM 3aKntOYanV1cb rnaBHble npo6neMbl cenbcKoro xo3AI71crea apaHbt?
  • 97.
    06 OC06eHHOCTflX COCnOBHO!il crpyKrypbtnopecpopMeHHoro o6ll.e- crsa 0 pOnV1 KpeCTbflHCKOiil 06ll.V1Hbl B nopecpopMeHHOiil gepesHe 0 npOLeCCaX pa3MbiBaHV1fl ABO- pHHCKOro COCnOBV1fl 0 cneu,V1cj:>V1Ke pOCCV11i1CKOii1 6yp- >Kya3V1V1 V1 nponerap1-1ara 4ro raKoe cocnosV1fl? Ha KaKV1e cocnoBV1fl genV1nocb HaceneHV1e PocCV1V1? 4.5. fipUeM 60.ll.OCmfibLX cmapwun A .ll.eKcaniJp oM III. XyiJo:JICH.UIC H.E . P enun BonOCTHble CYAbl HaKa3biBanV1 KpeCTbflH 3a raKV1e npocrynKV1, KaK Hepa3yMHafl rpara geHer, nbHHCTBO V1 ga>Ke Kongoscrso. KpecTbflHe raK>Ke nogsepranV1Cb HaKa3aHV1flM, KOTOpbte gaBHO y>Ke 6blnV1 ynpa3A- HeHbl gnfl gpyr1-1x cocnosV11i1. Ha- npV1Mep, sonoCTHble cygbl V1MenV1 npaso npV1rosapV1BaTb YneHoB cso- ero cocnoBV1fl, He AOCTV1rWV1X 60 ner, K nopKe. He no,D,LJ.aiOll.V1XCfl ne- pesocnV1TaHV110 KpeCTbHH BOnOCTHble cy,D,bl V1MenV1 npaso V1CKn10YaTb V13 06ll.V1Hbl, YTO 03HaYano ,IJ,nfl npOBV1- HV1BWV1XCfl BbiCblnKy B CV16V1pb. non01KEHME OCHOBHbiX CnOEB O&IQECT O rMeHa KpenocTHoro npasa nplllsena K KapAli1HanbHbiM li13MeHeHll1s:!M B COl...lllaJlbHOt/1 ccpepe. npoli1CXOAli1T noCTe- neHHOe pa3pyweHll1e COLll1aJlbHOtl1 crpyKrypbl arpapHoro o6~eCTBa ll1 cpopMll1pOBaHll1e o6~eCTBa li1HAYCTpll1aJlbHO- ro. Oco6eHHO cepbe3Hble li13MeHeHll1s:l 3arpoHynll1 ,o,sops:~H­ crso ll1 KpeCTbs:lH. Bo BTOpoii noJIOBHHe XIX B. coxpaH.HJIOCh cocJIOBHoe ~eJie­ HHe o6~eCTBa. B CBo~e aaKoHoB P occHiicKoii HMnepHH Bee ropo~cKoe H ceJibcKoe HaceJieHHe ~eJIHJIOCh Ha qeTbi- pe rJiaBHbiX paapSI~a: ~BOp.HHCTBO , ~yXOBeHCTBO, ropo~­ CKHX H ceJihCKHX o6biBaTeJieii . BbiCIIIHM, rrpH- BHJierHpoBaHHbiM COCJIOBHeM OCTaBaJIOCb ~BOpSIHCTBO. 0HO ~eJIHJIOCb Ha JIH~Oe H ITOTOM- CTBeHHOe. B paapSI~ ropo~CKHX o6hiBaTeJieii BXO~HJIH IIOTOMCTBeHHbie noqeTHhle rpam~aHe, KYIID;hi, MeiD;aHe, peMecJieHHHKH. K qHcJiy CeJibCKHX 06biBaTeJieR OTHOCHJIHCb KpeCTb.HHe, Ka3aKH H ~pyrHe KaTeropHH JIIO~eii, 3aHHMaB- IIIHXCSI CeJibCKHM X03SIRCTBOM. Ho BMecTe c paaBHTHeM KaiiHTaJIHCTHqec- Koro IIpOH3BO~CTBa IIIJIO qJOpMHpOBaHHe 6yp- mya3HOrO 06ID;eCTBa C ~BYMSI era OCHOBHbiMH KJiaccaMH - 6yp myaaHeii H npoJieTapHaToM. Bo BTOpoii noJIOBHHe XIX B. KpeCTb.HHe IIO-rrpemHeMy COCTaBJISIJIH IIO~aBJISliOID;ee 60JibiiiHHCTBO HaceJieHH.H PoccHiicKoii HMrrepHH. KpeCTb- .HHe BXO~HJIH B COCTaB CaMoyrrp aBJISIIOID;HXCSI CeJibCKHX o6ID;eCTB - o6r.:u;HH. HecKOJibKO ceJibCKHX o6ID;eCTB cocTaB- JISIJIH BOJIOCTb. "t.J:JieHbl 06I.D;HHbl 6biJIH CBSI3aHbl KpyrOBOR rropyKOR B ynJiaTe HaJIOrOB H BbiiiOJIHeHHH IIOBHHHOCTeR. ilOSTOMy CyiD;eCTBOBaJia CHJibHaSI 3aBHCHMOCTb KpeCTb.HH OT 06ID;HHbl. Ha ceJihCKOM cxo~e Ha TPH ro~a H36HpaJIHCb cTapoc- Ta, c6opiD;HK rro~aTeii H rrpe~cTaBHTeJIH o6ID;HHbi ~JI.H yqacTHH B BOJIOCTHOM cxo~e . BoJIOCTHOii cxo~ H36HpaJI BOJIOCTHOrO CTapiiiHHY. .IJ:JI.H KpeCTb.HH cyr.:u;eCTBOBaJI OC06biR BOJIOCTHOR Cy~, 'IJI€Hbl KOTOpOrO TaKme H36HpaJIHCb C€JibCKHM CXO~OM. llpH STOM BOJIOCTHbie Cy~bi BbiHOCHJIH CBOH peiiieHHSI He TOJibKO Ha OCHOBe HOpM 3aKOHOB, HO H pyKOBO~CTBY.HCb 06bi'IaSIMH. HHr.:u;eTa, THrOTbi, CBSI3aHHhie c BbiKYITHbiMH nJiaTe- maMH, He~OCTaTOK 3eMJIH H ~pyrHe Heyp.H~HD;bl KpeiiKO
  • 98.
    CBSI3biB8JIH OCHOBHYIO qaCThKpeCThSIH C o6~HHOH . Be,n;h aHa rapaHTHPOBaJia CBOHM qJieHaM rro,n;,n;epmKy. KpoMe Ta- ro, pacrrpe,n;eJieHHe aeMJIH B o6~nHe rroMoraJio Bhi»<HTh cpe,n;HHM H 6e,n;HeHIIIHM KpecThSIHaM B cJiyqae roJio,n;a. Ha- ,n;eJihi Mem,n;y 06I.I:{HHHHKaMH pacrrpe,n;eJISIJIHCh qepeCIIOJIOC- HO, a He CBO,ll;HJIHCh B o,n;HoM MecTe. Kam,n;hiH qJieH o6- ~HHhi HMeJI ITO He60JihiiiOMy Ha,n;eJiy (IIOJIOCe) B pa3HhiX MecTax. B aacyiiiJIHBhiH ro,n; yqacTOK, pacrroJiomeHHhiM B HH3HHe, MOr ,ll;8Th BIIOJIHe CHOCHhiH ypomaif, B ,ll;O»<,ll;JIH- Bbie me rO,D;hl BbipyqaJI Y'!8CTOK Ha IIpHrOpKe. MHoroBeKoBoe cyru;ecTBOBaHHe o6~MHhi HaJIO»<HJIO CHJihHhiH OTrreqaTOK Ha IICHXOJIOrHIO pyCCKOrO KpeCTbSI- HHHa. Ero coaHaHHIO 6hiJIH rrpHcyru;H KOJIJieKTHBH3M, pa3BHTOe qyBCTBO CIIpaBe,ll;JIHBOCTH. 0CB06om,n;eHHe OT KpeiiOCTHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH IIPHHeCJIO B ,n;epeBHIO 60JihiiiHe rrepeMeHbl. YcHJIHJIOCh paccJioeHHe KpecThSIH. Heo6xo,n;HMOCTh nJiaTHTh BhiKYIIHhie IIJiaTe»<H H IIO,ll;YIIIHYIO IIO,ll;8Th pe3KO YCHJIHJia IIOTpe6HOCTh B ,n;eHh- rax. IlpOHCXO,ll;HJIO BOBJieqeHHe 60JihiiiHHCTB8 KpeCThSIH- CKHX X03SIHCTB B pbiHQqHhie OTHOIIIeHHSI. IIocJie KpecThSIHCKOH pecpopMhi 1861 r. 6hiCTpO IIIJIO paCCJIOeHHe ,D;BOpSIHCTBa 38 cqeT aKTHBHOrO rrpHTOKa B rrpHBHJierHpOB8HHOe COCJIOBHe BbiXO,D;~eB 113 ,n;pyrHx cJioeB HaceJieHHSI. B 1856 r. ,D;JISI rrpe,o;oTBpa~e­ HHSI 3TOrO 6biJIH IIOBhiiiieHhl KJiaCChi qHHOB, ,ll;8B8BIIIHX npaBO Ha JIHqHoe H IIOTOMCTBeHHOe ,ll;BOpSIHCTBO. TeM He MeHee BO BTopoi1: rroJIOBHHe XIX B. qHcJieHHOCTh ,D;BOpSIH- CTBa BblpOCJia. TaK, B 1867 r. IIOTOMCTBeHHhiX ,D;BOpSIH 6biJIO 652 ThiC., a B 1897 r. CBhiiiie 1 MJIH 222 ThiC. IlOJIHTHqecKOe IIOJIOmeHHe ,ll;BOpSIHCTBa HeCKOJihKO ocJia6Jio: rrpH aaqHcJieHHH Ha cJiym6y Bee 6oJiee yqH- ThiBaJIHCh IIO,ll;rOTOBJieHHOCTh K HeM H o6pa30B8HHe, BCe MeHbiiie IIpHHHM8JIOCh BO BHHM8HHe COCJIOBHOe rrpoHcxom,n;eHHe. K KOH~Y XIX B. cpe,n;H ocpH~epoB 6hiJIO 51,2% IIOTOMCTBeHHbiX ,D;BOpSIH, a cpe,n;H qHHOB- HHKOB Bhlcmero H cpe,n;Hero 3BeHa - 30,7% . Bcero ,o;BopSIHe cocTaBJISIJIH 114 qacTh OT o6ru;ero KOJIMqecTBa cJiymaru;Hx. IIocTerreHHO ,n;sopSIHCTBO yTpaq:aBaJio CBOH aeMJieBJia- ,o;eJihqecKHe rroaH~HH. IIocJie KpecThSIHCKOH pecpopMhi 1861 r. IIJIOIIJ;8,ll;h IIpHH8,D;JiemaBmeH ,D;BOpSIH8M 3eMJIH yMeHhiiiaJiaCb B Cpe,o;HeM Ha 0,68 MJIH ,n;eCSITHH B ro,n;. 'LfHCJIO IIOMe~HKOB cpe,n;R ,ll;BOpSIH COKp~aJIOCh. Bee qaru;e ,o;BopSIHe aaHHMaJIHCh rrpe,n;npHHHMaTeJih- CTBOM. HeKOTOphie H3 HHX CTaJIH BJia,D;eJih0:8MH KpynHhiX IIpOMhiiiiJieHHhiX npe,n;npHSITHH, aKIJ:HH H He,D;BH)KHMOCTM, aaHSIJIH BH,D;Hhie rroCThi B 6aHKax. MHorHe rrp1106peJIH npo<tJeCCHH Bpaqa, IOpHCTa, CT8JIH IIHC8TeJISIMH, xy,o;om- HHK8MH, apTHCT8MH. M epV1nOM 3a:>KI-1TOYHOCTV1 Yaute scero HBnHnocb HanV1YV1e s X03H~ ­ crse onpeAeneHHoro KonVIYecrsa nowaAelil, 6e3 KOTOpbiX HeB03- MO:>KHO 6blnO o6pa6aTbiBaTb 3eM- ntO. Eie3nowaAHbl~ KpeCTbHHVIH CTan CVIMBOnOM gepeBeHCKO~ Hl-1- uteTbl. B KOHL(e 1880-x rr. s Espo- nelilcKo~ POCCV1V1 27% ABOpOB 6bl- nV1 6e3nOWaAHbiMV1. npV13HaKOM I 6eAHOCTV1 CYVITanOCb HanV1YV1e OA- HOiil nowaAVI. TaKVIX X03H~CTB 6bl- no OKOnO 29%. B TO :>Ke BpeMH OT 5 AO 25% X03H~CTB VIMenVI AO Ae- CHTVI noWaAe~. 3TV1 X03H~CTBa CKy- nanVI 6onbWI-1e 3eMenbHble snaAe- HI-1H, HaHI-1Manl-1 6arpaKOB. 4.6. Ha .lltupy. Xyoo:HCnwc CA. Kopooun
  • 99.
    4 .7. JlpO.MblUJJU'HHUKU .Melfenambl omopou noJLoounbt XIX o.: a) C.H. Ma.uonmoo; 6) C.M. TpembRKOB 8 1856 r. Kyne4 n.M. TpeTbflKOB npL-1o6pen 2 KapTL-1Hbl pyccKL-1X xy- AO:>KHL-1KOB 3TO nOCJlY:>KL-1!10 HaYa- JlOM ¢opML-1pOBaHL-1fl KOJ1JleK4L-1L-1 npOL-13BeAeHL-11i! pyCCKL-1X L-1 L-1HO- CTpaHHbiX :>KL-1BOnL-1C4eB, KOTOpaSl K 1890-M rr HaCYL-1TbiBana y:>Ke 1276 KapTL-1H, 47 1 pL-1CYHOK L-1 10 CKYilbnTYP pycCKL-1X XYAO:>KHL-1KOB, a TaK:>Ke 84 KapTLo1Hbl L-1HOCTpaHHbiX Macrepos B 1892 r . TpeTbfiKOB nepeAaJl BCIO KOJ1JleK4L-110 MOCKBe, a s 1893 r 6b1JlO opraHL-130BaHo orKpbiTOe nocell.leHL-1e ranepeL-1. PaaBHTHe KanHTan:HaMa B PoccHH aeno K pocTy KOJIHqecTaa 6yp.myaaHH. Cpe~H KpynHeilmHx Ka- nHTaJIHCToa-npOMhimJieHHHKOB 6biJIO HeMaJIO BhiXO~I.J;eB 1:13 6oraToro KyneqecTaa (I'y6oHHH, MaMoHTOBhi), ~aopsm­ CTBa (Bo6pHHCKHe, BpaHHD;KHe, IToTOD;KHe, IliHnOBbi), HO MHOrO 6biJIO 1:1 KpeCTbSIH, OC06eHHO CTapoo6pSI~D;eB (Mop030Bbl, PSI6ymHHCK.He, ryt{KOBbl, KOHOBaJIOBbi). Byp.mya3HSI aKTHBHO nononHSIJiach H 3a cqeT t{HHOBHHKOB. ilOMHMO pyCCKHX, Cpe~l:I KpynHeHilll:IX OTeqeCTBeH- HhiX npe~npHHHMa·rene:H 6hiJIH npe~cTaBHTeJIH MHOrHx Hapo~oa Poccmi - yKpaHHI.J;hi, apMSIHe, a3ep6a:H~.maHu;hl, eapeH. IToSIBHJIOCh H HeMano HHOCTpaHHhiX npe~npHHH­ MaTene:H (Ho6eJIH, ,ll;.m. lOa, r.A. BpoKap). IIepHo~ CKJia~hiBaHHSI poccHilcKoli 6yp.mya3HH cos- nan no BpeMeHH C aKTHBHOH ~eSITeJibHOCTblO HapO~HH­ KOB BHYTPH CTpaHhi 1:1 c pocTOM peaonrou;noHHOH 6oph6bl aana~HoeaponeilcKoro nponeTapHaTa. IToaTOMY 6yp.mya- 3HSI B POCCHH CMOTpena Ha CaMO~ep.maBHYIO BJiaCTb KaK Ha CBOIO aa~l:ITHHI.J;Y OT peBOJIIOI.J;HOHHhiX BbiCTynJieHHH. H XOTSI HHTepechi 6yp.mya3HH nepe~Ko ~eMJISIJIHCh rocy- ~apcTBOM, Ha aKTHBHhie, pemHTeJibHble ~eHCTBHSI npOTHB caMo~ep.maBHSI ona ae peruan:ach. MHOrHe npe~CT8BHTeJil:I 3TOrO HOBOrO TIOKOJieHHSI 6yp- .mya3HH CTpeMHJIHCh TIO~~ep.>KaTb yqeHhiX, BKJia~biBaJIH ~eHI,rH B C03~aHHe 6H6Jil:IOTeK, KapTHHHhiX ran:epeH. 3a6o- TSICb o paaBHTHH o6paaoaaHHSI 1:1 a~paaooxpaHeHHSI, npo- MhiillJieHHHKH 1:1 TOprOBI.J;hl OTKpbiBaJIH 60JibHl:II.J;hi, npHIO- Thl, paaJIHt{Hhie yqe6Hhie 3aae~eHHSI. 3Hat{HTeJihHYJO ponh B paCmHpeHHH 6JiarOTBOpHTeJihHOCTl:I H MeiJ;eHaTCTBa Cbl- rpaJIH C .M. 1:1 IT.M. TpeThSIKOBhi, A.A. KopaHHKHH, K.T. Co~aTeHKOB, IT.K. 1:1 ,n;.rr. BOTKHHhi, C.H. MaMoHToa. Eru;e o~HHM KnaccoM HH~ycTpHaJibHoro 06~eCTBa SIBJISieTCSI npOJieTapHaT. K TipOJieT8pHaTy OTHOCH- Jil:ICb BCe HaeMHble pa6oq1:1e, B TOM t{HCJie 3aHSITbie B CeJib- CKOM X03SIHCTBe H npOMhiCJiax, HO ero SI~pOM SIBJISIJIHCb l}Ja6pHt{H0-3aBO~CKHe, ropHhie 1:1 .>KeJie3HO~OpO.>KHble pa- 6oql:Ie - npoMhimneHHhiH nponeTapHaT. K cepe~HHe 1890-x rr. B CqJepe HaeMHOrO Tpy~a 6hiJIO 3aHSITO OKOJIO 10 MJIH qeJIOBeK. Pa6oq11::H Knacc PoccHH HMeJI pSi~ oco6eHHOcTeH:. OH 6hiJI TeCHO CBSI3aH C KpeCTbSIHCTBOM . 3Ha'll:ITeJibHaSI qaCTb ¢a6pHK H 3aBO~OB pa3Mei.D;aJI8Cb B CeJiaX, a CaM npOMbiWJieHHbiH npoJieTapHaT llOCTOSIHHO nonOJIHSIJICSI BhiXO~u;aMH 1:13 ~epeaHH. B PoccHH Ha6nro~an:acb 6QJihmaSI KOHI.J;eHTpai.J;HSI npoJieTapl:IaTa H8 KpynHhiX npe~npHSITHSIX no CpaBHeHHIO C ~pyrHMH CTpaHaMH . HaeMHhiH l}Ja6pH'IHhiH pa6oq1:1:H SIBJISIJICSI, KaK npa- BHJIO, npoJieTapl:IeM B nepBOM nOKOJieHHH H COXpaHSIJI TecHyro CBSI3h c ~epeBHeli. Bonee nonoBHHhi nponeTapHeB
  • 100.
    npO)l;OJI)Ka.JIH CO'IeTaTb npOMbiiiiJieHHbiHH CeJibCKOX03HH- CTBeHHbiH TPYA· B ropo)l;e MHOrHe pa6o'!He npH,Il;epm.Hsan:Hcb npHBbi'!- HbiX HOPM o6~HHHOH m.H3HH. B cpa6pH'IHbiX Ka3apMax (o6~em.HTHHX) OHH CeJIHJIHCb ITO ry6epHH$1M H ye3)l;8M, H3 KOTOpbiX npHexan:H. Pa6o'!He c TPYAOM npHBbiKa.JIH K ropO)l;CKHM yCJIOBH$1M. 0TpbiB OT pO,Il;HblX MeCT Hepe)l;KO ITpHBO)l;HJI K ITa)J.eHHIO MOp8JibHblX YCTOeB, pOCTY ITbHH- CTBa. Pa6o'IHe TPYAHJIHCb no MHory qacos H, <IT06bl ITOCJI8Tb )l;eHbrH )l;OMOH, IOTHJIHCb B CbipbiX H TeMHbiX KOMH8T8X, ITJIOXO ITHT8JIHCb. IlepsbiM KpynHbiM BbiCTynJieHHeM poccH:tfCKHX pa6o- 'IHX 3a CBOH npasa cTan:a cTaqKa Ha KpeHrOJibMCKOH Ma- aycpaKType B 8cTJIHH)l;HH s 1872 r. B 1880- 1890-x rr. BbiCTYITJieHH$1 pa60'IHX 38 yJiyqmeHHe CBOerO ITOJIOm.eHH$1 CT8JIH 6onee MHOrO<IHCJieHHbiMH, ITOpOH OHH ITpHHHMRJIH OCTpble <lJopMbl, COITpOBO)K)l;a.JIHCb CTOJIKHOBeHH$1MH C ITOJIH- JJ;HeH. Ha116onee KpynaoH: 6bma cTa'!Ka 7 HHsapH 1885 r. aa HHKOJibCKOH MaHycpaKType s ropo)l;e Opexoso-3yese. Pa6oqee )l;BHm.eHHe s 3TOT rrepHO)l; HBJIHJIOCb OTBeTOM Ha KOHKpeTHble ,ll;eHCTBH$1 cpa6pHK8HTOB: ITOBbiiiieHHe IIITpacpos, CHHm.eHHe pacn;eHOK. 0HO HOCHJIO B ll;eJIOM xa- paKTep 3KOHOMH<IeCKOH 6opb6bl C n;eJibiO yJiyqiiie- HH$1 yCJIOBHH Tpy)l;a. Bonpoca 0 CBOHX IIOJIH- TH'IeCKHX IIpaBax pa60'!He He ITO)l;HHMa.JIH. B Koau;e XIX s. s Poc- CHH H3 60Jiee t.IeM 125 MJIH )KHTeJieH 870 TbiC. MOJKHO 6biJIO OTHeCTH K HHTeJIJIH- reHII;HH. 8TO - yt.IeHbie H JIHTepaTOpbi, HHJKeHepbi H TeXHHKH, yqHTeJIH H nperro- )l;8BaTeJIH, spat.IH, xy)l;om.HHKH, MY3biKaH- Tbi H 8KTepbi. B rrepsoH: rronosHae XIX s. pH)l;bi RHTeJIJIH- reau;HH ITOITOJIHHJIHCb B OCHOBHOM 38 C'IeT )l;BOpHH. Ilocne OTMeHbi KpenocTHoro rrpasa H pecpopM 1860- 1870-x rr., C)l;eJiaBIIIHX o6pa3oBaHHe 6onee )l;OCTyrr- HbiM )l;Jl$1 npe)l;CTaBHTeJieH BCeX COCJIOBHH, l.JHCJieHHOCTb HHTeJIJIHreHI.I;HH CTaJia paCTH 38 Cl.JeT pa3H0l.JHHHOH MOJIO- )l;eJKH. 11:3 Kynn;os BbiiiiJIH xy)l;OJKHHKH H.K. AH:sa3oscKHH H H.H. lliHIIIKHH, KOMII03HTOP A.K. rna3yHOB, MY3biKaH- Tbl A.r. H H.r. Py6HHIIITeHHbl. IIHcaTeJib A.II. t.Iexos po- )l;HJICH s ceMbe MeJIKoro Toprosu;a. CbiHOBbHMH ceJibCKHX csHm;eHHHKOB 6biJIH xy)l;OJKHHKH B.M. 11 A.M. Bacaeii,o- Bbi, HCTOPHK B.O. Knrot.IescKHH:; HCTOPHK C.M. Conosbes 6biJI CblHOM MOCKOBCKOrO CBHIJJ;eHHHKa. B 6e)l;HbiX Mew;aH- CKHX ceMbHX po,ll;HJIHCb xy)l;OJKHHK H.H. KpaMCKOH H ne- sen; <I>.H. IIIanHnHH. Xy)l;OJKHHK H.E. PenHH 6biJI CbiHOM soeaHoro rroceneHn;a, a xy)l;OJKHHK B.H. CypHKOB rrpoHc- XO)l;HJI H3 CH6HpCKHX K83aKOB. P 1-1rM pa6orbr Ha M HOrLtlx cpa6pL-1 · Kax yYLt1TbrBan cenbCKOX03RiiiCTBe H- Hbte HY>KAbt. Xo3ReBa HaHLt1Maf1Lt1 pa60YLt1X B nepLt10A OT noKpOBa ( 1 OKTR6pR) A O nacXL-1 (MapT - anpenb ) , a B crpaAy 6btf1Lt1 BbtHy>K- AeHbt om ycKaTb 1-1x Aflfl pa6oTbt B Aep eBHe. 4 .8 . flp0.111.blULJLeW tbiU 4 ex ( a ) U JICUJLUU{e pa60'LUX ( 6) KaKLtle HOBble rpynnbr n o RBLt111Lt1Cb B pOCCLt1!71CKOM 06LJ..(eCTBe? KaKOBa 6brna ponb o 6 LJ..(Lt1Hbt B >KL-13HL-1 Kp ecrbRH? B YeM Bbr BL-1AL-1Te nonO>KL-1TeflbHbte 1-1 orpL-11..aTeflbHbte CTOpOHbl KpeCTbRHCKOril 06LJ..(Lt1Hbl? KaK Lt13Me HRflOCb n o n o >Ke HLtle ABOpS1HCTBa? B YeM oco6eHHOCTL-1 ¢ o pML-1po Ba- HL-1R 6yp>Kya3Lt1Lt1? B YeM oco6eHHOCTL-1 cpo pML-1po Ba- HLt1S1 pOCCL-1i71CKOi71 Lt1HTeflf1Lt1r eHLLt1Lt1 BO BTOpol71 nOflOBLt1He XIX B.?
  • 101.
    0 Kp~3~ce pesontOL~OHHoroHa- POAH~Yecrsa 06 ~3MeHeH~RX B n~6epanbHOM AB~)KeH~~ 0 nORBneH~~ nepBbiX MapKC~CT­ CK~X opraH~3al..~li1 06 ~Aeonor~~ ~ npaKmKe poc- c~lilcKoro KOHcepsaT~3Ma KaKOBbl rnaBHble ~Aeonor~Yec­ K~e ~ TaKT~YeCK~e ycraHOBK~ peBO- niOL~OHHOfO HapOAH~YeCTBa? KaKOBbl xapaKrepHble YepTbl pyc- CKoro n~6epan~3Ma 1870-x - Ha- Yana 1880-x rr.? KaKOBbl OCHOBHble nonO)KeH~R MapKC~3Ma? H ecMorpR Ha aKn1BHble Aelilcrs~R non~l..~~ npor~B pesontOL~OHHbiX opraH~3al..~li1. 1 Mapra 1887 r. B nerep6ypre 6blnO COBepweHO He- YAaYHOe noKyweH~e Ha AneKcaHA- pa Ill. 0 HO Bbi3Bano HOByiO BOn- HY a pecros a pesontOL~OHHO~ cpeAe. B TOM Y~cne 6 bln apecro- BaH ~ Ka3HeH opraH~3arop noKy- weH~R AneKcaHAP YnbRHOB, 6 par BJ1. YnbRHosa (neH~Ha) A.Jf. y JLbR/106 O&IQECTBEH OE ABM>KEHHE B 1880-1890-x rr. B 1880-x - HaL~ane 1890-x rr. npo1113owna neperpyn- n111posKa o6w,ecrseHHo-nonii1TII1LlecKII1X c111n Pocc111111. B pesomou,111oHHOM AB111>KeHII1111 ocna6no snii151HII1e HapoA- HII1KOB, n051BII1nii1Cb nepBble MapKC111CTCKII1e opraHII13aU,It1111. Yc111n111nacb ponb KOHcepsaropos, s ro speM51 KaK snlt151- HII1e n1116epanos Ha o6w,ecrseHHo-nonii1TII1LlecKytO >K1113Hb yMeHbWII1nOCb. IIocJie y6a:H:- CTBa A.neKcaH,Apa II O.AHH 113 yqacTHHKOB rroKyiiieHH.R, PbiC8KOB, paCCK83aJI IIOJIHD;HH BCe, t.{TO 3H8JI 0 CBOHX CO· paTHHKax. 06biCKH H 06JiaBbi IIpHBeJIH K paarpOMY IIeTep- 6yprCKOH opraHHaan;HH «Hapo,AHa.R BOJI.R ». OceHbiO 1882 r . 6bma yHHt.{TomeHa aoeHHa.R opraHH- aan;H.R Hapo,AOBOJihn;ea H OKOHqaTeJihHO paarpoMJieH Mc- IIOJIHHTeJihHhiH KOMHTeT <<HapO,AHOH BOJIH>>. 56 CaMbiX OIIaCBbiX HapO,AOBOJibD;eB 6hiJIH 3aKJIJOqeHbi B illJIHCCeJih· 6yprcKyiO KperrocTb. K 1886 r . c <•Hapo,AHOH BOJieH>> 6bi- JIO IIOKO~eHo: 28 qeJIOBeK Ka3HeHbi, 6oJiee 500 OTIIpaB- JieBbi Ha KaTopry H B ccbiJIKY B CH6Hpb. Y6HiicTBO A.neKcaH,Apa II H3- MeHHJIO aTMoc<}:>epy a o6:m;ecTBe. BcKOJihiXHYJIHCh MOHapxH- qecKHe HaCTpOeBH.R B Hapo,Ae, T.Rra K IIOp.R,AKy H <•CHJihHOH pYJ<e>> . EcJIH HeCKOJihKO JieT TOMY Ha3a,A HHTeJIJIHreHD;H.R B n;eJIOM c 6oJihiiiHM coqyBCTBHeM OTHOCHJiach K peaoJIIOD;H- OHHhiM pOMaHTHKaM, TO Terrepb 60JibiiiHHCTBO OTBepHYJIOCh OT Pa.AHKaJihHhix crroco6oa rrepeycTpo:HCTaa o6:m;ecTaa, a aa- O,AHO OT IIOJIHTHKH aoo6:m;e. YMepeHHbie HHTeJIJIHreHThi eTa- JIM HCKaTb ,AJI.R Ce6.R HHbie c<}:>epbl IIpHJIOmeHH.R CHJI. JlH6e- paJibHQe ,ABHmeHHe IIpHH.RJIO HOBbie <}:>OpMbl. B cpe.n;e JIH6epaJihHhi X aeMcKHx .n;e.RTeJieii IIOJIYt.{HJIH pacrrpOCTpaHeHHe TeOpH.R <<He- 38MeTHOrO CJiymeHH.R>>, rrpaKTHKa <<M8- JibiX .n;eJI>> . 3eMCKHe yqHTeJIR, apaqH, 6H6JIHOTeKapa, arpOHOMhi, JiecoycTpOHTeJIH, MeJIHOpaTOpbi CIIOKOHHO, 6e3 rpOMKHX CJIOB OT,A8B8JIH CBOH CIIOC06HOCTH, 3 Ha- HH.R, )KH3Hh KpOIIOTJIHBOH, IIOBCe,AHeBHOH pa6oTe Ha o6:m;ee 6Jiaro, IIOMOra.R Hapo,n;y OCB060,li;HThC.R OT 6ea- rpaMOTHOCTH, HH:m;eThi, HeaemecTBa. O.n;HaKo .n;eMOH- CTpaTHBHhiH Y XO,ll; H3 IIOJIHTHKH JIH6epaJIOB OCB06om- ,n;aJI OOJIHTHt.{eCKYIO apeHy )J;JI.R peBOJIIOD;HOHepOB H KOHcepBaTopoa. Cpe,n;HR.R, YMepeHHaR IIOJIHTHt.{ecKa.R JIH- ~ HH.R OK838JI8Cb B PoCCHH CaMOH CJia6oii. .
  • 102.
    Pa3rpoM Ha- po~HH'leCKHX opraHH3aii,HHBhiHY~HJI ~eJieBillHX peBO- JIIOII,HOHepOB 6e:>KaTh 3a rpaHHII,y H nepeOCMhiCJIHTh llpH- 'lHHhi KPH3Hca Hapo~HH'leCTBa. B EBporre B TOT rrepno~ pocJia nonymipHOCTh MapKCH3Ma. IIo~ BJIH.HHHeM aToro yqeHH.H p.H~ HapO~HHKOB nepeCMOTpeJIH CBOH B3rJI.H~hi Ha peBOJIIOII,HOHHhie B03MO:>KHOCTH KpecTh.HH . IIepBhiM poc- CHHCKHM peBOJIIOIJ;HOHepOM, BCT8BillHM Ha nyTh MapKCH3- Ma, 6hiJI r.B. llJieXaHOB. B 1879 r. IIJiexaHOB B03rJiaBHJI opraHH3aii,HIO « l::Jep- HhiH nepe~eJI ». O~HaKo B .HHBape 1880 r., oKa3aBIUHCh no~ yrpo3o:H apecTa, OH BhiHy:m~eH 6hiJI 6e:maTh B IIIBeii- IJ,apHIO, r~e 06'he~HHHJI CBOHX e~HHOMhiiDJieHHHKOB (B.H. 3acyJIHti, II.B . AKceJibpo~, JI.r. ,IJ;eif-q, B.H. HrHa- TOB) B rpynny «0CB060:>K~eHHe Tpy~a». 0HH OTBeprJIH Ha- pO~HH'leCKyiO H~eiO 0 CaM06hiTHOCTH 3KOHOMH'leCKOrO CTpO.H PocCHH H npH3HaJIH cpaKT ee BCTYIIJieHH.H Ha nyTh KanHTaJIH3Ma. IJ;eJih CBOeH ~e.HTeJihHOCTH rpynna B~eJia B llO~rOTOBKe rrpOJieTapCKOH COII,HaJIHCTH'leCKOH peBOJIIOII,HH:. B 1883 r. 6hiJIH npoBo3rJiameHhi CJie~yronvt:e 3Ma"tiH: llOJIHhiH pa3ph1B C HapO~HH"tieCTBOM, 60ph6a C CaMo~ep­ :>KaBHeM, opraHH3aii,H.H npoJieTapHaTa H nponaraH~a co- II,HaJIH3Ma B pa6oqeif cpe~e . BcKope B cTpaHe B03HHKJia IJ;eJia.H CeTh pa60"tiHX Kpy:>KKOB llO H3y-qeHHIO MapKCH3Ma. llpH A.n:eKcaH~pe III KOHcepBaTH3M CTaJI Be~y~HM HanpaBJieHHeM npaBHTeJihCTBeHHOH llOJIHTHKH. BH~HhiMH npe~cTaBHTeJI.HMH KOHcepBaTHBHoro ~BH:me­ HH.H 6hiJIH K.II. IIo6e~oHocu;eB H M.H. KaTKOB. 0HH CTpeMHJIHCh CllJIOTHTh 06~eCTBO llpH llOMO~H H~eH pyc- CKOH caMo6hiTHOCTH, Haii,HOHaJIH3Ma, npaBOCJiaBH.H H ca- MO~ep:>KaBH.H H ~OKa3biBaJIH, 'lTO ThiC.H"tieJieTHee pa3BHTHe PoccHH B ycJIOBH.HX He3Ha'lHTeJihHhiX CB.H3eii c 3anMHOH EBponoii, o6mHpHOCTh ee TeppHTOpHH H MHOrOHaii,HO- HaJihHhiH COCTaB HaCeJieHH.H C~eJiaJIH HeB03MO:>KHhiM H3- MeHeHHe CTpaHhi IIO o6paau;y 3allMHOOBponeHCKHX CTpaH. ,lJ;JI.H 60ph6hi C peBOJIIOII,HOHHhiM TeppopOM JieTOM 1881 r . B lleTep6ypre 6hiJia ocHoBaHa Taiina.a opraHH3a- IJ;H.H KOHcepBaTopoB - « CB.a~eHHa.a ~py:mnHa •> • Ee ~e.a­ TeJihHOCThiO pyKOBO~HJI IJ;eHTpaJihHhiH KOMHTeT BO rJiaBe c II.II. lllyBaJIOBh1M. B pyKOBO~CTBO BXO~HJIH BeJIHKHe KH.H3h.H, MHHHCTphi, reHepaJihi. OpraHH3aii,H.H HMeJia pa3- BeTBJieHHYIO CeTh H CKphiBaJia CBOe cy~eCTBOB8HHe He TOJihKO OT llOCTOpOHHHX JIHII,, HO H OT llOJIHIJ;HH. 'Y'laCT- HHKH « CB.a~eHHOH ~pymHHhi » rpoMHJIH no~nOJihHhie THllOrpacpHH, llhiTaJIHCh Bhi.HBJI.HTh peBOJIIOII,HOHHhie op- raHH381l;HH H HX 'lJieHOB, B JKeHeBe H3~aBaJIH ra3eThi «BOJihHOe CJIOBO» H <cllpaB~a». O~HaKo A.n:eKcaH~P III He o~o6pHJI rro~o6HhiX Ha'lHHa- HHH. B 1882 r . «CB.a~eHHa.a ~py:>KHHa» 6hiJia pacrr~eHa. Ba)KHbiM HanpasneHVleM 6opb6bl rpynna «Ocso60>KAeHV1e r pyAa» C4111Tana nponaraHAVlCTCKYIO AeA- TenbHOCTb. ob1no o6bABneHo o6 V13AaHV1111 «o1116n111oTeKV1 cospeMeH- Horo C0(4111anii13Ma». 3a 20 ner He- 6onbwaA rpynna «Ocso6o:>KAeHV1e rpyAa» Bbmycr111na 6onee 250 MapKCV1CTCKI-1X pa60T, KOTOpble pa3ownV1Cb no see~ Pocc1-11-1. KaKI-1e I-13MeHeHI-1A 111 noYeMy npo- I-130WnV1 s n1-16epanbHOM ABI-1>Ke- HI.1V1? KaKI-1e V13MeHeHV1A npo1113own111 s peson10141110HHOM ABVl)KeHVlVl? 8 YeM 3aKn104aiOTCA OCHOBHble paCXO:>KAeHI.1R Me:>KAy MapKCV1CTCKI.1M 1.1 HapOAHI-14eCKV1M y4eHI.1RMI-1? 4TO Me>KAy HI.1MI.1 o6ll(ero? n oYeMy MapKCI.1CTbl 06bABI.1nl.1 0 CBOeM nonHOM pa3pb1Be C HapOAHV1- 4eCKI-1M ABVl)KeHVleM? 4TO 6blnO HOBbiM B KOHCepBaTVlB- HOM ABVl)KeHI.-1111 1880-1890-X rr.?
  • 103.
    0 BHeWHenom1Tii1YeCKii1X npi110p111- TeTaXAlleKcaHApa Ill 0 TOM, KaK li13MeHI!1JlaCb nOJlli1Tii1Ka POCCI/1111 Ha 6aJ1KaHaX 0 nollli1Tii1Ke Pocc111111 e Eepone 111 ee C6Jlii1>KeHII11!1 C Cl)paHU111eill 0 3aeepweHII1111 3aeoeeaHII1R CpeA- Heill A31111!1 0 np111YII1Hax o6ocrpeHII1R pyccKo- smoHCK111X OTHOWeHII1Vt KaKOBbl 6blllll1 OCHOBHble HanpaB- lleHii1R BHewHeill nonli1TII1Kii1 Pocc111111 np111 AlleKcaHApe II? KaKOBbl np111YII1Hbl 111 111Tor111 pyccKo- rypeuKoill eoii!Hbl 1877-1878 rr.? KaK pa3BII1Ballli1Cb OTHOWeHii1R POCCI/1111 C BeAYW.Ii1Mii1 eeponeiiiCKii1Mii1 Aep>KaeaMII1 np111 AlleKcaHApe II? o6ones neoHHA HHKOnaeBH~ 1844-1913 PyccKI!1L71 reHepan. YYaCTHii1K pyccKo- rypel.IKOL71 BOL7!Hbl 1877-1878 rr. npeMbep-Mi11Hii1CTp npaBii1TeJlbCTBa 5onrapli11!1 a 1882-1883 rr BHEW RA non T AnE CAH ~ Ill 0 cHOBHbiMV1 3aAa4aMV1 BHewHeiil nonV1TV1KV1 Pocc111V1 np111 AneKcaHApe Ill cran111 yKpenneHVIe sn111~HV1~ Ha 6anKaHax, nOAAep.>KaHVIe A06pOCOCeACKV1X OTHOWeHVIiil CO BCeMVI CTpaHaMVI, nOVICK HaAe.>KHbiX COI03HII1KOB, ycraHOBneHVIe MV1pa 111 rpaHVIU. Ha 10re CpeAHeiil A3111V1, 3aKpenneHV1e POCCI/1111 Ha HOBbiX reppV1TOp111~X ,[J.anbHero BoCTOKa. IIocJie BepJIHHCKoro KOHrpecca paccTaHOBKa c:aJI ua BaJIKaHax :aa- MeHHJiaCb. YcHJI:aJiaCb pOJib repMaHHH H ABcTpo-Bearp:a:a. IlpaBHTeJIH PyMbm:a:a H Cep6:a:a, nonaBm:ae no.ZJ; BJI:aSIH:ae ABcTpo-Beurp:a.a :a He no.rryq:aam:ae no HTOraM BOHHbi c Typn,:aeR TO, 1lTO liM OOeiD;aJIR, BRHRJIH BO BCeM POCCHIO. B To me apeMH Pocc:aH paccYIHThiBaJia ua 6JiaromeJia- TeJibHOe OTHOmeH:ae K HeR npaBHTeJibCTB HOBbiX He3aBH- CHMbiX rocy,ZJ;apcTB, oco6euuo BoJirap:a:a. B IleTep6ypre paapa6oTaJI:a .ZJ;JIH BoJirap:a:a .ZJ;OCTaTOYIHO JI:a6epaJibHYIO KOHCTHTYII,HIO. rJiaBOR BoJirap:a:a 6hiJI :aa6paH A.JLeK:canop Bammen6epz. Ha aamuble MHHHCTepcK:ae nocThi 6biJIH uaauaqeHhl pyccK.ae aoeHHhle, a npaB:aTeJihCTBO BoJirap:a:a aoarJiaB:aJI JIH. Co6oJLee. B BoJirap:aro 6hiJIH uanpaBJieHhl pyccK:ae reuepaJibi :a a<P:an,ephl, coa,ZJ;aBm:ae :aa 6oJirapcKoro HapO.ZJ;HOrO OIIOJiqeHHH COBpeMeHHYIO apMHIO, CHJib- HeRmyiO Ha BaJIKaHax. 9 Ho B Mae 1881 r. KHSi3b ArreKCaHAP coaepm:aJI rocy- .ZJ;apcTBeHHhiR nepeaopoT. OnacaHCb, YITO BoJirap:ag MO- meT IIOJIHOCTbiO nonacTb no.ZJ; BJIHHH:ae AacTpo-BeHrp.a:a H repMaHHH, ArreKCaH.ZJ;p III OKa3aJI .ZJ;aBJieH:ae Ha BaTTeH- 6epra H 3aCTaBHJI erO BOCCTaHOBHTb KOHCTHTYII,HIO. K aToMy apeMeH:a B BocTOYIHOR PyMeJI:a:a acnhlxHyJio HapO,ZJ;HOe BOCCTaHHe. Typeii,KHe qHHOBHHKH 6hiJIH H3rHaHhl H3 3TOR IIpOBHHII,HR, H fihiJIO 06'bHBJieHO 0 IIpHCOe,ZJ;HHeHHH ee K BoJirap:a:a. 06'be,ZJ;HHeHHe BoJirap:aH, npOTHBOpeq:aa- mee cTaTbHM BepJI:aHcKoro ,ZJ;oroaopa, Bhi3BaJio ocTphiR Kp:aa:ac Ha BanKaHax. Haapeaana BORHa Mem,ZJ;y BoJirap:a- eR :a Typn,:aeR c He:aa6emHbiM BOBJieYieH:aeM a Hee Pocc:a:a H ,ZJ;pyrmc. aeJIHKHX ,ZJ;epmaB. Ho Pocc:aH ue 6hiJia roToaa K 60JibillOR BORHe, K TOMY me ArreKcaH.ZJ;P III He co6:apaJicH aam;:am;aTb .. ue6Jiaro,ZJ;apuyro~ BoJirap:aro. MMnepaTop npe.ZJ;JIOmHJI BoJirap:aH CaMOCTOHTeJihHO pemaTb caoH ,ZJ;eJia H He CTaJI BMem:aBaTbCSi B 6oJirapo-Typeii,KHe OTHOilleHHH. PeaK:aR noaopoT a IIOJIHTHKe Pocc:a:a Bhi3BaJI m:a- poKyro BOJIHY aHT:apyccK:ax uacTpoeHHR Ha BaJIKaHax. B HOH6pe 1886 r • .ZJ;HIIJIOMaTHYieCKHe OTHOmeHHH Mem,ZJ;y Pocc:aeR :a BoJirap:aeR 6biJIH paaopaauhl. BJIHHH:ae Poc- c:a:a 6hiJIO no.ZJ;opaauo TaKme B Cep6:a:a :a PyMhiH:a:a.
  • 105.
    0 pa3BII1H1111 npocBei.J..leHII1s:tBO Bropolll nonoBII1He XIX B. 0 AOCTII1>KeHII1s:tX pyccKolll HayKII1 Bropolll nonoBII1Hbl XIX B. KaK111e r111n~ cpeAH111X yye6H~x 3aBeAeH1111ii Cyi.J..leCTBOBaJ1111 B nope- cpopMeHHOiil Pocc111111? KorAa 6b1Jl 1113AaH t.t111pKyns:tp «o KyxapK111HbiX Aers:tx»? KaKosa 6b1Jla 1..1e11b 3TOrO AOKyMeHra? n epBble BOCKpeCHble WKOJlbl 6biJ1111 opraHII130BaHbl B K111ese, HO 6bla- po pacnpoapaHII111111Cb 111 B Apyrll1x ropoAaX POCCII1111. 3TII1 yye6Hble 3a- BeAeHII1s:t npeAHa3HaYaJ1111Cb Alls:t pa6oraiOI.J..l111X Aerelil 111 s3pocnbiX. 06yYeHII1e BeJlOCb no BOCKpeCHbiM AHS'IM, HO BO MHOfii1X WKOJlaX - BeYepOM B 6yAH111. 06yYeHit1e, KaK npas1.1no, 6biJlO 6ecnnaTHbiM. 4.10. Ycmnbtlt cttem. XyaoJ/CnuK H .II. Bolaanoo·BeJlbCicuil nPOCBE BTOPO EHHE M HAYKA BO nOnOBHHE X X a. O rMeHa KpenocrHoro npasa, ycnex111 s 3KOHOMII1Ke no- sneKJll-1 3a co6oll! rny6oK!I1e 1113MeHeHII1~ so scex o6nacr~x Kynbrypbr. Pa3BII1Banocb npocse~eHII1e HapoAa, poena ero rpaMOTHOCTb. PyCCK111e yYeHble BHeCnl-1 BeCOMblill BKllaA B pa3BII1TII1e M111pOBOil1 HayKI-1. TiepBbie ,n;Ba .n;ecSITRJieTRSI noc- Jie OTMeHhl KpenocTHoro npaBa npomJIR no.n; aHaKOM OC03H8HHSI 06~eCTBOM R rocy,n;apCTBOM He06XO,li;RMOCTR mRpoKoro npocBe~eHRSI Hapo.n;a. B cTpaae noSIBRJIRCb KOMRTeTbl rpaMOTHOCTR, UpOCBeTRTeJibCKRe opraHR38- D;HIL 0HR R3,li;8BaJIR }"Ie6HHKH, npOBO,li;RJIR C60p Cpe,n;CTB )l;JISI Hy:n<,n; illKOJibl. TioJiy~RJIR pacnpocTpaaeHRe paaJIR~Hbie <PopMbi BHemKOJibHOro o6pa3oBaHHSI. B 1859 r. 6hiJIR opraHRao- B8Hbi nepBble B PoccRR BOCKpeCHhie mKOJibi. K 1862 r. RX HaC'IHTbiBaJIOCb 6oJiee 300. OrpoMHYIO poJib B pacnpo- cTpaHeHHR npocBe~eHHSI HrpaJIH aeMCTBa. ToJihKO c 1864 UO 1874 r. 6biJIO OTKpbiTO UO'ITR 10 TbiC. 3eMCKHX illKOJI. OcHOBHbiM TRUOM cpe,n;Hei1: rnKOJibi 6hiJIR rHMH83HH. B 1861 r. B PoccHH 6biJIO 85 MymcKHX rHMHaaRli, r.n;e }"IHJIOCb 25 Tblc. qeJioBeK. CnycTSI 'leTBepTb BeKa 'IRCJIO rRMH83Hll BblpOCJIO B TpH paaa, rRMH83RCTOB CT8JIO 6o- Jiee 70 TbiC. K H8'laJIY 1890-x rr. 6hiJIO T8Kme OTKpbiTO OKOJIO 300 meHCKHX cpe,n;HHX }"Ie6HhiX aaBe,n;eHRH. B HRX 3aHHMaJIOCb ,li;O 75 TbiC. ,n;eBymeK. 0TKPbiJIHCb HOBble yHHBepcHTeThi B ToMcKe H O.n;ecce. K KOHD;Y XIX B. B PoccHH aac~HTbiBaJIOCb CBhlrne 60 ro- cy.n;apcTBeHHbiX BbiCillHX }"Ie6HbiX 3aBe,n;eHRH. BcepoccRlicKa.H nepenHCb HaceJieHHSI 1897 r. BnepBble ,ll;aJI8 UOJIHYIO KapTRHY ypOBHSI rpaMOTHOCTH HaCeJieHRSI CTpaHhi. Cpe,n;HHH ypoBeHh rpaMOTHOCTH cocTaBJISIJI 21,1% . IlpH'leM cpe,n;R MYm~RH rpaMOTHbiX 6biJIO 29,3% , a cpe,n;R meH~HH - 13,1% . Bhlcmee o6paaoBaHHe RMeJIH HeMHorHM 6oJiee 1 % HaceJieHHSI, cpe,n;Hee - 4 % • <1>.11. JlRTKe 6biJIR o6cJie,n;oBaHbl KaM'laTKa, llyKOTKa H pSI,n; ocTpOBOB ceBep- Holi ~acTH THxoro OKeaaa. HwwJLae.M MuxailJLOBU'le.M fip:HCe6aJLbCICU.M 6biJI OTKpbiT :u;eJiblll pSI,n; HeR3BeCTHbiX eBpOneHD;8M ropHbiX xpe6TOB H 03ep, BnepBble 6biJIO ,n;a- HO OllHCaHHe HeKOTOpbiX jKHBOTHbiX. Hu~eoJLail Hu~eoJLaeBU'l Mu~eJLyxo-MaKJLail nocBSITHJI cBoiO mH3Hb H3y~eHRIO Hapo,n;oB IOro-BocTO'IHOH AaHH, ABcTpaJIHH, ocTpOBOB THxoro OKeaHa. ,ll;Ba c noJIOBRHOH ro.n;a OH npomRJI B HoBOH rBRHee.
  • 106.
    MaTeMaTHK H MexaHHK lla<l>HYTHHJlbBOBHq l.Je6biilleB CBH3biBaJI CBOH HRyqHbie HHTepecbi c o6JiaCTbiO MaTeMaTHqecKoro aHaJIH3a. YBJie- qeHHeM yqeHOrO 6biJIR TeOpHH MamHH, a TaKme KOHCTpy- HpOBRHHe pa3JIHqHbiX MeXaHH3MOB. <l>H3HK A.nex:can{)p FpuzopbeButt CmoJLemoe B 1876 r. noJiyqHJI 3HaqeHHe, 6JIH3KOe K CKOpOCTH CBeTa. Tipo<Peccop Anex:canop Cmenanoeutt llonoe 25 anpe- JIH 1895 r. B PyccKOM <l>H3HqecKOM o61.1.eCTBe npoqHTaJI AOKJIRA no paAHOCBH3H H npoAeMOHCTpHpoBaJI H3rOTOB- JieHHbiH HM npHeMHHK-nepeAaTqHK paAHOBOJIH. B 1876 r. llaeeJL Hux:oJLaeeutt .H6JLottx:oe C03AaJI AY- roByro sJieKTpHqecKyro JiaMny. BcKope JiaMnoqKH H6Jioq- KOBa OCBeTHJIH YJIHII;bl H AOMa MHOrHX ropOAOB MHpa. B 1881 r. MopcKoft o<Pm:J;ep A.nex:canop 4>eoopoeu'l Mo:HCailcx:uil cKoHcTpyHpoBaJI nepBbiH B MHpe caMoJieT, HCnbiTRHHH KOTOpOrO OAHaKO 3RKOHqHJIHCb HeyAaqeft. B 1888 r . MexaHHK·caMoyqKa 4>eoop A6pa.MoBu'l BJLu- noe H306peJI ryceHHqHbJH TpaKTOp. llepy ~MumpuR Heanoeu'ta MenoeJLeeea npHHRAJie- mHT CBbrrue 500 TPYAOB no XHMHH, <l>H3HKe, ceJibCKOMY X03HHCTBy, SKOHOMHKe, npocBeiJJ;eHHIO. BceMHPHYIO CJia- BY npHHecJio eMy OTKpbiTHe B 1869 r. nepHOAHqecKoro 3aKoHa XHMHqecKHx sJieMeHTOB. PeKTOP Ka3aHcKoro yHHBepcHTeTa Anex:canop MuxailJLOBU'l BymJLepoe 3aJio- mHJI OCHOBbl opraHHqecKOH XHMHH. BacuJLuil BacuJLbeBu'l ~ox:yttaee noJiomHJI Haqa.n:o Ha- yKe o CBOHCTBax pa3JIHqHbiX noqB. B 1889 r. ero TPYAbi 6biJIH YAOCTOeHbl 30JIOTOH MeAaJIH Ha BbiCTaBKe B llapHme. H ean MuxailJLOBU'l Cellenoa C03AaJI yqeHHe o pe<t>- JieKcax roJIOBHoro M03ra. M3biCKaHHH B STOH o6JiaCTH npOAOJimHJI Haan llempoeutt llaBJLOB. Ero y"t:J:eHHe o6 YCJIOBHbiX pe<t>JieKCRX nOCJiymHJIO OCHOBOH COBpeMeHHbiX npeACTRBJieHHH 0 M03re mHBOTHbiX H qeJIOBeKa. HJLM HJlbU'l Mett1iU1C08 H Hux:oJLail 4>eoop08U'l ra.Jtta- JleR opraHH30BaJIH nepByro B PoccHH 6aKTepHoJiornqecKyro CTaHIJ;HIO, paapa60TaJIH MeTOAbi 6opb6bl ITpOTHB 6emeHCTBR. B o6JiaCTH ryMaHHTap- HbiX HRYK CJieAyeT BbiAeJIHTb pa60Tbl pyCCKHX HCTOpH- KOB. Cepzeil MuxailJLOBU'l CoJLOBbeB C03ARJI 29-TOMHYJO «HcTopHro PoccHH c APeBHeftmHx BpeMeH,.. C.M. Co- JIOBbeB npHHMJiemaJI K TaK Ha3biBReMOH rocyp;apCTBeH- HOH IDKOJie, KOTOpaH cqHTaJia rOCYARPCTBO ABHmyiJJ;eH CHJioft HCTopHqecKoro pa3BHTHH. YqeHHK C.M. CoJIOBbe- Ba BacuJLuil Ocunoautt KJL10'teecx:uil - aBTop MHOrHx HCTOpHqecKHX HCCJieAOBaHHH H 4Kypca pyccKoft HCTo- PHH,., KOTOpbiH oH qHTaJI B MocKOBCKOM yHHBepcRTeTe. BoJihmoe 3HaqeHHe yqeHblif npHAaBaJI H3yqeHHIO cou;H- aJibHO-sKOHOMHqecKHx npJiqHH HCTOpHqeCKHX C06biTHH. 4 epe3 HecKOnbKO ner, ycoaep- weHcraosas CBOe 111306peTeH111e, A.C. nonoa A06111nCR 150-K111nO- MeTposoli1 AaJlbHOCTII1 nepeAaYII1 111 np111eMa. B 1900 r. paA1110np111- eMHII1K nonosa 6bln 111CnOJlb30aaH a npaKTII1YeCKII1X ~eJlRX AJlR cnace- HII1R pb16aKOB a <DII1HCKOM 3anii1Be. 3a csoe orKpb1TII1e yYeHbllil 6bl11 YAOCTOeH 6onbwoli1 3onoroli1 MeAa- 11111 Ha BceM111pHOii1 abiCTaaKe a na- p111)Ke a 1900 r. OnpeAe11111Te, YTO 6biJlO xapaK- repHo AJlR pa3aii1TII1R npocaell(eH111R B POCCII1111 B 3TII1 rOAbl. KaK111MII1 np111YII1HaMII1 6bl11111 o6yc- noaneHbl AOCT1!1)KeHII1R OTeYeCTBeH- HOCi HayKII1 BO BTOpOCi n0110a111He XIX a.? KaKoe np111MeHeHII1e Haw11111 HayY- Hble OTKpbiTII1R a )KII13HII1 niOAelil? KaK Bbl AYMaere, YeM o6bRCHRer- CR 111HTepec 06U(eCTBa K ryMaHII1Tap- HbiM HayKaM, 111 B YaCTHOCTII1 K 111C- TOp111YeCKII1M, BO aropoCi nOJlOBII1He XIX a.?
  • 107.
    0 pom11 mnepaTypbl111 1113o6pa3111· TeJlbHOrO 111CKYCCTBa B )KII13HII1 nope- cpOpMeHHOiil Pocc111111 0 CYLJ..lHOCTII1 Kp111TW-iecKoro pea- n1113Ma 0 TBOpYeCTBe BeAYLJ..lii1X nii1CaTe- nelit 111 XYAO)KH111KOB Bropolit nonoBII1· Hbl XIX B. KaKOB~ oco6eHHOCTII1 pa3BII1TII1~ n111reparypb1 111 1113o6pa3111TenbHoro 111CKYCCTBa nepBolit nonoBII1Hbl XIX B.? KaKII1e HanpaBneHII1~ B nll1repary- pe 111 111306pa3111T€JlbHOM 111CKYCCTB€ 6blflll1 B€AYLJ..lii1MII1 B nepBOiil nOJlOBII1· He XIX B.? KaKoBa 6btna ponb Pocc1111itcKolil aKaAeM111111 XYAO)KeCTB B pa3BII1TII1111 )KII1BOnii1CII1? KpynHelilw111x n111carenellt 111 KOM· no3111ropoB nepBolit nonoBII1Hbl XIX B. 4.12. Pycc~eue nucameJtu: a) clJ.M. ,[(ocmoeec~euu: 6) JIB . ToJtcmou; e) M.E. CaJtmbt/Coe·IJ:{eopun nHTEPATY A 30&PA3 CKYCCT 0 H E B eAYLl..lii1MII1 o6nacHIMII1 AYXOBHoi:1 .>KII13HII1 Pocc111111 sro- poi:1 nonoBII1Hbl XIX a. npoAon.>Kanll1 ocrasaTbGl flli1Tepa- rypa 111 1113o6pa3111TenbHoe 111CKyccrso. B ycnos111~x pocra rpaMOTHOCTll1 HaceneHII1~ 111 OTcyTCTBII1~ 803MO.>KHOCTII1 W111pOKOrO o6cy.>KAeHII1~ Ha3pe8Wli1X .>KII13HeHHbiX npo6- neM pyccKa~ n111reparypa 111 XYAO.>KecrseHHa~ Kynbrypa 6blnll1 He ronbKO 3HaYII1TeJ1bHbiMII1 KYilbTYPHbiMll1 ~sneHII1 · ~Mll1, HO 111 BblnOJ1H~nll1 Ba.>KHble 06Ll..leCTBeHHble 3aAaYII1. OcHOBHhiM xy,ZJ;oJKeCTBeHHhiM uarrpaBJie· HHeM BTopoii rroJIOBHHhl XIX B. cTaJI KPHTH~ecKHR pe- aJIH3M. 0H OTJIH~aJICH IIOBhlilleHHhiM BHHMaHHeM K OT06- paJKeHHIO peaJibHOR JKH3HH Ha OCHOBe ee KpHTH~eCKOrO BocnpHHTHH. HaH6oJiee HPKHM npHMepoM .HBJI.HeTCH TBop- ~ecTBO MuxauJl.a E8zparjJo8u'la CaJl.mbtK08a-meapuna. CMemuoii, uo O,ZJ;HOBpeMeHHO cTpamuoii rrpe,ZJ;cTaeT PoccHH B IIpOH3Be,ZJ;eHHHX BeJIHKOrO CaTHpHKa ( ~ I'y6epHCKHe O~ep­ KH~, ~HCTOpH.H O,li;HOrO ropo,ZJ;a~, ~rocrro,ZJ;a roJIOBJieBhl~, ~IIoMna;zyphl H rroMrra,ZJ;ypmH~ ) . PyccKaH JIHTepaTypa BTopoii IIOJIOBHHhl XIX B . IIhiTa- Jiacb ,ZJ;aTb o6o6~eHHhiR rropTpeT repo.H cBoero BpeMeHH, ~eJioBeKa ,ZJ;eiicTBHH, ue JKeJiaiO~ero MHPHTbCH c cy~ecT­ Byrom;eii ,ZJ;eiicTBHTeJibHOCTbiO. B JIHTepaType rro.HBHJIHCb HOBble repOH - HHTeJIJIHreHThl, HHrHJIHCThl, rrpo<PeCCHO- HaJibHhle peBOJIIOII;HOHephl. 0,1J;HHM H3 rrepBhiX CBOe BH,ZJ;e- HHe TaKoro repoH npe,ZJ;JIOJKHJI H 8an Cepzee8u'l Typzene8 B pOMaHaX «HaKaHyHe~ H «0TII;hl H ,ZJ;eTH~ . llHCaTeJib C TpeBoroli ua6JIIO,ZJ;aeT 3a TeM, KaK pa3pymeHHe cTaporo 06~eCTBa CTaHOBHTCH ,ZJ;JIH IIO,ZJ;06HhiX JIIO,ZJ;eR CaMOII;eJibiO. Ha~~6oJiee TpeBOJKHO aTa TeMa npo3B~ana co cTpauHn; poMaHa ~eaopa MuxailJl.08U'la ~ocmoe8cKozo «Bechl~. IIpeKJIOHeHHe o6pa3oBaHHOR ~acTH o6~ecTBa nepe,11; pe- BOJIIOII;HOHHhiM pOMaHTH3MOM rrpHBO,li;HT K rrOHBJieHHIO JIIO,ll;eH, ,li;JIH KOTOphiX rJiaBHhiM JI03yHrOM CTaHOBHTCH yTBepJK,ZJ;eHHe, ~To n;eJib onpaB,ZJ;hiBaeT cpe,ZJ;cTBa. B Hx C03HaHHH rrpOHCXO,li;HT pa3MhiBaHHe HpaBCTBeHHhiX ITO· HHTHR. Pa,ZJ;H ,li;OCTHJKeHHH cBoeii n;eJIH OHH HAYT ua ca- Mhle cTpamHhle rrpecTyrrJieHHH. Eo BTopoii rroJIOBHHe XIX B. OTHOCHTCH pacn;BeT TBop- ~eCTBa Jlb8a H uKoJl.ae8u'la ToJl.cmozo. B ero poMaHax «Boi~Ha H MHP~, «Auua EapeHHHa~, «BocKpeceuHe~, no- BeCT.HX, paCCKa3aX C IIOTpHCaiOID;eR xy,ZJ;OJKeCTBeHHOR CH- JIOR paCKphiBaiOTCH CJIOJKHeRmHe ,li;BHJKeHHH ~eJIOBe~ec­ KOR ,ll;ymH, BhiHOCHTCH 6ecno~a,ZJ;HhiR rrpHroBop MopaJIH, HpaBaM, yCTOHM, n;apH~HM B BhiCilleM 06~eCTBe.
  • 108.
    C KOH~a 1870-xrr. aa~maaeTCH JIHTepaTypHaH ,D;eH- TeJILHOCTh Anmona IlaBJLOBUlla "CfexoBa. 't.!exoBCKHe re- poH - MeJIKHe ~HHOBHHKH, pa30pHBIDHeCH ,li;BOpHHe, IlpOBHHI.I;HaJibHaH HHTeJIJIHreHI.I;HH, CTy,D;eHThl. 0,D;HHM H3 IIOCJie,D;OBaTeJihHhiX CTOpOHHHKOB KpHTH- qeCKOrO peaJIH3Ma 6hiJI HwcoJLail AJLe~<:canopoBUll He~<:­ pacoB. Be,D;y~ee MecTo B ero TBop~ecTse 3aHHMaJia TeMa HapO,IJ.HOH »<H3HH, ee 6ecrrpOCBeTHOCTH H ropeCTH (IIOaMa «KoMy aa PycH mHTh xopomo» H ,D;p.). PyccKaH mHBOIIHCL BTopo:H rroJIOBHHhl XIX B. pemaJia Te me o6m;ecTseHHLie sorrpocLI, ~To H JIHTepaTypa. Be,D;~HM aarrpasJieHHeM pyccKoii mHBOIIH- CH CTaJI KpHTH~eCKHH peaJIH3M. 0,D;HHM H3 KpyrraefimHX XY)J.O»<HHKOB 3TOrO HarrpaB- JieHHH HBJIHeTCH BacuJLUU rpuzopbe8Ull IIepoB. Oa cy- MeJI C 06JIH~HTeJihHhiM rracpOCOM IIOKa3aTh MHOrHe He- IlpHrJIH)J.Hble CTopOHhl cospeMeHHOH eMY mH3HH. KapTHHhl Ileposa - aTo pa3sepHYThiH paccKa3 o IIOJIOmeHHH pOCCHHCKHX COCJIOBHH ( «CeJihCKHH KpeCTHbiH XO,ll; Ha Ilacxe», « lfaerrHTHe B MbiTHm;ax», «IlpHe3)J. ry- sepaaHTKH B KyrreqecKHH )J.OM >>, «IlO- CJie,D;HHH Ka6aK y aacTaBhll> ). Oco6oe BIIe~aTJieHHe IlpOH3BO)J.HT IIOJIOTHa, H3o6pamarom;He aeJierKyiO mH3Hh ,D;e- Teii ( «Tpo:HKa»). B 1863 r. 14 BhlrrycKHHKOB AKa.u.e- MHH xy,D;omeCTB OTKa3aJIHCb IIHCaTb 06H3aTeJihHhle )J.JIH IIOJIY'!eHHH ,li;HIIJIO- MOB KapTHHhl Ha CIOmeT CKaH,D;HHaB- CKOH MHc}>OJIOrHH. OaH o6ocaOBhiBaJIH 3TO TeM, ~TO B COBpeMeHHOH »<H3HH ecTL 6oJiee .u.ocTOHHhle cromeThl. ByaTapH rroKHHYJIH aKa,D;eMHIO H ocaosa- JIH IJeTep6yprcKyiO apTeJih xy,li;Ojf(HHKOB, KOTopaH B 1870 r. 6hiJia rrpeo6pa3osaaa B TosapHJ:~ecTBO rrepe,D;BH»<HhiX xy.u.omecTBeHHhiX BhiCTa- BOK. IJepe,D;BH)KHbiMH 3TH BbiCTaBKH Ha3biBaJIHCh IIOTO- MY, ~TO HX YCTpaHBaJIH He TOJibKO B IleTep6ypre H MocKBe, ao H rro ace:H PoccHH. 3To 6biJIO caoeo6pa3aoe «xom.u.eaHe a aapo,D;» pyccKHX xy.u.omHHKOB. OcaoBHhiM KpHTepHeM OT6opa KapTHH Ha BhiCTaBKH, CTaBmHe Bhl,ll;aiOID;HMHCH C06hiTHHMH B »<H3HH pOCCHHCKOH rrpo- BHH~HH, 6biJIO Tpe60BaHHe OTpamaTh »<H3Hh CO BCeMH ee OCTpbiMH Ilp06JieMaMH, BO BCeH 3JI060,D;HeBHOCTH. XyiJo:HCnuKu·nepeoeu:HCnuKu 4 .13. PyccKue nucame.nu: a) All. f[exoe; 6) HA. HeKpacoe 4.14. TpoilKa. XyiJo:HCnuK B.r. llepoe
  • 109.
    4.16. Heu38ecmna.H. XyiJo:HCnuK H.H.KpaMcKoil 4 .17. CocnoBbtu 6op. XyiJO:HCKUK H.H. II!Uuti(;UH. PyKOBO~HTeJieM H TeopeTHKOM nepe~BIDKHHKOB 6biJI HBan Hu~oJLaeBu't Kpa.Mc~ou. KpaMcKo:H: BorueJI B nc- Topino pycCiwii mHBOITHCH rrpem~e Bcero KaK Bbi~aro­ IIJ;Hiic.a rropTpeTHCT. OH co3~aJI n;eJiyro cepHro o6pa30B KpynHeiirnHx ~e.aTeJieM: pyccKoii KYJibTYPbi - M.E. CaJI- TbiKOBa-:rn;e~pHHa, H.A. HeKpacoBa, JI.H. ToJicToro. MHorne npOH3Be~eHH.H KpaMcKoro CTO.HT Ha rpaHH rropT- peTa H TeMaTHtiecKoii KapTHHbi ( <<HeH3BeCTHa.a•>, <• Hey- TernHoe rope»). Cpe~H xy~omHHKOB, rro~rrncaBIIIHX rrepBbiR ycTaB ToBapn~eCTBa nepe~Bll'f<HHKOB, 6biJIH TaKme H.H. re, A.K. CaBpacoB, M.M. liiHIIIKHH, 6paTb.H K.E. H B.E. Ma- KOBCKHe, B.r. IIepoB. HecKOJibKO no3~Hee K HHM rrpnco- e~HHHJIHCb M.E. PerrHH, B.A. CypHKOB, 6paTb.H B.M. H A.M. BacHeD;OBhl, H.A. .ffporueHKo, K.A. CaBHD;KHH H ~p. C cepe~HHbi 1880-x I'I'. yq:aCTHe B BhlCTaBKax IIpliHHMa- IOT B.A. CepoB, M.M. JleBHTaH, B.,n;. IloJieHOB. BeprnHHoii peaJIH3Ma B pyccKoii mHBOIIHCH BTopoii rroJIOBHHbi XIX B. cnpaBe~JIHBO C"t:IHTaeTc.a TBOp"t:IeCTBO HJLbU EcjJu.MOBU'ta Penuna H BacuJLu.R. HBanoBu'ta Cy· pU~OBa, KOTOpbie B CBOHX KapTHHaX C03~aJIH C06Hpa- TeJibHbiR o6pa3 pyccKoro Hapo~a. HaH6oJiee rpoMKoe o6- IIJ;eCTBeHHOe 3By-qaHHe HMeJIH pa60Tbi PerrHHa «BypJiaKH Ha BoJire•> , <<He m~aJIH », «0TKa3 OT HCIIOBe~H•> , «ApecT nponaraH~HcTa». B 1870- 1880-x rr. xy~omHHK yBJieKc.a HCTopn-qecKHMH TeMaMH - «IJ;apeBHa Co<l>b.H», «MBaH rpo3HbiH H CbiH ero MBaH 16 HO.H6p.H 1581 ro~a·>' <<3a- nopomD;bl rrnrnyT ITHCbMO Typen;KoMy cyJITaHy». PenHH 06Jia~aJI H HeCOMHeHHbiM ~apOM IIOpTpeTHCTa, OCTaBHB HaM o6pa3bl IIHCaTeJieH, KOMII03HTOpOB, aKTepOB. IloJIOTHa BacHJIH.H MBaHOBH"t:Ia CypHKOBa - aTo xy~o­ mecTBeHHO BOCC03~aHHa.H HCTOpH.H, I'JiaBHbiM repoeM KOTO- pOR HBJI.aeTc.a pyccKHR Hapo~. «YTpo cTpeJien;KoM: Ka3HR•>, «MeHIIIHKOB B Bepe3oBe», <•Bo.apbiH.a Mopo3oBa», «Ilo- KopeHHe CH6HpH EpMaKOM» - aTH KapTHHbi BOIIIJIH a 30JIOTOH <t>oH~ pyccKoii xy~omecTBeHHoii KYJibTyphl. K maHpy pyccKHX Hapo~HbiX CKa3aHHii o6paTHJIC.H Bu~mop MuxauJLOBU'l BacneLfOB (<•AJieHyrnKa», «BHT.H3b Ha pacnyTbe», «BoraTbipH », «IIocJie no6oHIIJ;a Mrop.a CB.HTOCJiaBH"t:Ia c IIOJIOBD;aMH»). Ero KapTHHbi npoHHKHy- Tbl ~YXOM HapO~HbiX CKa30K, peJIHI'H03HbiMH HCKaHH.HMH H pa3MbiiiiJieHH.HMH o cy~b6e Hapo~a-6oraTbip.a. rJiaBHbiM 06'beKTOM BHHMaHH.H MHOI'HX xy~O'f<HHKOB cTaJI cpe~HepyccKHH rreii3am, cypoBa.a npHpo~a PyccKoro CeBepa. KapTHHbi H Bana H 8aH.08Utta m UUl~una nepe- ~aiOT MoryiiJ;eCTBO, CHJIY, aeJIH"t:IHe pyccKoii npHpO~bi ( «Pomb•>, «Py6Ka Jieca•>, «CocHOBbiH 6op» ). AJLe~ce10 KonopambeBu'ty CaBpacoBy 6JIHme neft3am JIHpH"t:IeCKHH, IIpOHH3aHHbiH IIJ;eMSIIIJ;eM JII060Bbl0 K po~HOM 3eMJie { «rpatiH npHJieTeJIH»).
  • 110.
    Oco6oe MecTo Bneiba.me BTopo:H nonoBHHhi XIX B. 3aHHMaeT Apxun H 6ano6U'i Kyuno:m:u, KOTOpbi:H 6brn MacTepoM nopa3HTeJihHhiX cBeTOBhiX 3<P<PeKTOB ( «YKpa- HHCKaH HO'Ih•>, <•Bepe3oBaH po~a* , «Ho'Ib Ha ,ll;Henpe•>). ll3yMHTeJibHhie no KpacoTe pyccKHe ne:H:3a.mH H3o6pa.me- Hhi Ha KapTHHax Hcaa1ea H.!l.bU'ia Jle6umana. BonhiiiOH nonynHpHOCThiO noJib30BaJIRCh nonoTHa H 6ana Koncman- muno6u~ta Auea306C1COZO, KOTOpbi:H 6onhiiie Bcero nro6Hn H3o6pamaTb Mope. 8noxo:H: pac~BeTa CKYJibn- TYPhi cTana BTopaH nonoBHHa XIX B. Ha116onee H3BecTHbiM CKYJihnTopoM 6hiJI M ap!C M ameeeeu'i Anmo1CO.!l.b- c1Cuu. ITo CBOHM B033peHHHM OR npH- MhiKaJI K nepe,n;BHmHHKaM. AHTOKOJib- CKHM co3,n;an cepHro HCTOPH'IeCKHX IIOpTpeTOB: «llBaH l'p03HbiH>>, <<fleTp I», «.HpocJiaB My,n;phiH*, <•EpMaK•> . Bhr,n;aro~HMCH co6hiTHeM B KYJih- TypHo:H .mH3HH CTpaHbi CTaJIO OTKpbi- THe B MocKBe B HIOHe 1880 r. co3- ,n;aHHoro Ha Hapo,n;Hhre no.mepTBOBaHHH naMHTHHKa A .C. ITymKHHy. ABTopoM naMHTHHKa 6hiJI H3BeCTHhiH CKYJihn- TOp A.!l.eKcanop Muxau.11.oeu'i One- Kywun . Muxau.11. Ocuno6U'l MUJcewun B cBoeM naMHTHHKe <•TbiCH'IeJieTHe Poc- CHH •> B HoBropo,n;e (1862) H3o6pa3HJI 129 CKyJihiTTypHbiX <lJMryp Bhi,ll;aiO~MX­ CH ,n;eHTeJie:H: poccMHCKoii HCTOPMR. ITo- ,n;o6HhiM npHeMOM OH ITOJib30BaJICH H npH C03,ll;aHHM naMHTHHKa EKaTepHHe n B fleTep6ypre (1873). 4.18. IIeu.Ja:HCHaR JICU80nUCb emopou noJLOBUHbt XIX e.: a) H a ocmpoee BaJLaa.M. XyiJo:HCHUIC A.H. KyuniJ:JICu; 6) TuxaR o6umeJLb. XyiJOJICHUIC H.H. Jieeumau 4.19. CKyJLbnmypa emopou noJLoeunbt XIX e.: a) llaMRmllUIG A.C. JiywKuHy. CIGyJLbnmop A.M. OneKywuH; 6) HeaH TpoJJLbtit. CKyJLbnmop M.M. AnmoiCOJLbCKuu KaK o6w.ecrseHHas:t )I(VI3Hb VI pa3- BVITVIe npOCB€W.€HVIR BO BTOpOL7! no- nOBVIHe XIX B. orpa3VInVICb Ha pyc- cKoL71 nvtreparype, Ha ee MeCTe B )l(vt3HVI o6w.ecrsa? KaKVIe npo6neMbl no,LlHVIMana nVI- reparypa BTOpolii nonOBVIHbl XIX B.? B YeM npVIHU,VIn VIanbHoe pa3nVI- YVIe )I(VIBOnVICVI nepBOL71 VI BTOpOL71 nonosvtHbl XIX a.? Yro Hosoro BHecnVI nepe,LlBVI)I(HVI- Kvt B pyccKOe VICKyCCTBO? K KaKOMY HanpasneHVIIO B VICKYCCTBe OHVI OT- HOCSlTCSl? KaK Bbl .LlYMaere, noYeMy xy,LlO)I(- HVIKVI He TOnbKO OT06pa)l(anVI )I(V13Hb Hapo,Lla, HO VI ace Yaw.e o6paw.a- nVICb K VICTOpVIYeCKVIM CIO)I(eTaM?
  • 111.
    0 HOBbiX HBJleHIIIHXB apXIIITeKTy- pe, MY3b1Ke, rearpe 0 cBoeo6p a3111111 pyccKot:1 MY3bi- KaflbHot:1 KYilbTYPbl 0 pon111 rearpa B o6w,ecrBeHHot:1 >K1113HIII nopecpopMeHHOt:1 POCCIIIIII 0 CaM06biTHbiX HapOAHbiX npo- MbiCJlaX Q KaKOBbl oco6eHHOCTIII pa3BIIITIIIH apXIIITeKTypbl nepBOt:1 nOJlOBIIIHbl XIX B.? KpynHet:1wlllx a p x iiiTeKropoB 111 KOMn03111TOpOB nep BOt:1 nOJlOBIIIH~ XIX B. KaKIIIe xyAo>KecrBeHHble Hanpa s- neHIIIH 6blfllll rocn OACTBYIOilIIIMIII B pyCCKOM TearpanbHOM IIICKYCCTBe nepBot:1 nonoBIIIHbl XIX B.? O co6aH crpaHIIIL.ta B pyccKot:1 apxlll- r eKr ype Bropot:1 nonoBIIIHbl XIX B. - :no AOXOAHble MHOrQ3Ta>KHble Ill MHOrOKBapT111pHble AOMa, 1113 KOTO- pbiX 3aKa3YIIIK crpeMIIIJlCH 1113BJleYb MaKCIIIMaJlbHYIO np1116blflb, 3arpa- YIIIBaH Ha IIIX crpOIIITeflbCTBO MIIIHIII- MaJlbHble cpeACTBa. Coopy>KeH111e TaK111X AOMOB He rpe6oBano 111 3Ha- Y111TeflbHbiX rBopyecKII1X y c 111n111t:1 . OHIII cran111 nponoroM K noHBne- HIIIIO TlllnOBOt:1 apx111TeKrypb1 XX B. AP TEKTYPA, MY3biKA, TEATP, HAPO,AHOE TBOP'IECTBO XyAo>KeCTseHHa~ KYilbTypa BTopolil nonosii1Hbl XIX s. CTaHOBII1TC~ BC~ 6onee AeMOKpaTII1YHOiil 111 BC~ 6onee Kp111TII1YeCKOiil no OTHOWeHII110 K Cyll.eCTBYIOLL111M nop~A­ KaM. 0Ha npespall.aeTc~ s csoeo6pa3HYIO o6Ll.eCTseH- HYIO Tp1116yHy, nbiTaeTc~ AOHeCTII1 AO snacTII1 caMble 6o- ne3HeHHble npo6neMbl, cyll.eCTBYIOLL111e s CTpaHe, npeAnaraeT cso111 nyTII1 nepeyupolilusa >KII13HII1. V1CTOYHII1- KOM BAOX HOBeHII1~ MaCTepos KYilbTypbl BC~ B 60JlbWelil CTeneHII1 CTaHOB~TC~ HapOAHOe TBOpYeCTBO 111 TpaA111U,II1111. B apxnTeKType oKOH'IaTeJihHO R3mHJI ce- 6H KJiaccnu;H3M. HOBbie TlHihi 3,11;8HHH rrpOMbiiiiJieHHhiX npe.n;rrpRHTHH R l'OCy,ll;apCTBeHHbiX yqpem.n;eHHH, BOK3a- JIOB, M8l'83HHOB, p biHKOB, 60JibHRIJ;, 6aHKOB, MOCTOB, Te- aTpOB Tpe60BaJIR HOBbiX apXRTeKTypHbiX peiiieHHH. 3o.n;- '!Re CT8JIH RCK8Tb HX B npOIIIJIOM, RCIIOJib3YH MOTHBbl H 3aKOHOMepHOCTR CTapbiX apXRTeKTypHbiX CTHJie:i1:: l'OTH- KR, peHeccaHca, 6apoKKO n rrp. 8To rrpnaeJio K rocno.n;- CTBY aKJieKTHKH (oT rpeqecKoro cJioaa « 3KJiere:i1:H~ -- Bbi6npaTh, H36npaTb). MoTRBhl anoxn Bo3pom.n;eHRH nc- ITOJih3yeT M. M ecMaxep npn npoeKTHpoBaHHR Apxnaa rocy.n;apCTBeHHOrO COBeTa, A.M. KpaKay -- BaJITHHCK0- 1'0 BOK3aJia n oco6HHKa 6apoHa UlTnrJinu;a Ha AHrJin:i1:- cKo:i1: Ha6epemHoii HeBbi. PacrrpocTpaHeHHhiM cTaHOBRTCH HeopyccKH:i1: (RJIH ncea.n;opyccKM:i1:) CTRJib . B Mo.n;y axo.n;HT IIIaTpOBhie 3aaep- IIIeHHH, 6aiiieHKR, Y30p'I8Tble ,ll;eKOpbl, <}lnry pHbie H8JIHq- HHKR. B 3TOM CTHJie 6hiJIR ITOCTpOeHbl 3H8MeHRTbie MOC- KOBCKHe 3,ll;aHnH: JilcTopnqecKn:i1: My3e:i1: (A.A. CeMeHoB n B.O. Ulepay.n;), ropo.n;cKaH .n;yMa (,IJ:.H. "tJnqaroa), BepXHMe TOpl'OBbie pH,ll;bl (A.H. IloMepaHu;ea). 4.20. IIaMRmn UJf:U ap xumeKmyp bt Bmopou noJJ.06Uttbt X I X e.: a ) H cmopu <LecKuil .llty Jeil; 6) Bepx nue mopzOBbte pRiJbt
  • 112.
    BTopaa nonoBHHa XI X B. - BpeMa pac~Be­ Ta pyccKoro MY3hiKaJihHoro HCKyccTBa. Ero CHMBOJIOM cTaHOBHTCa TBOp"<IeCTBO Mory-qe-H: KY"<:IKH - co,ApymecTBa naTH Bbl,li;8IOII'I;HXCR KOMIT03HTopoB: MuJLuR A.JLeJCceeBuva BaJLaJCupeBa, Mo{}ecma IIempoBuva MycopzcJCozo, ~e- 3apR AnmonoBuva K10u, A.JLe-,ccan{}pa IIopcjJupbeBu'la Bo- po{}una, HuKoJLaR An{}peeBU'la Pu.M.cJCozo-KopcaJCoBa. KoMn03HTOpbi Mory"<Ie-H: KY"<:IKH co3,n;ann pa,n; 6eccMepT- HhiX npoH3Be,JJ;eHHH, cpe,JJ;H KOTOpbiX ,JJ;paMhl MycoprcKoro (< BopHC ro,n;yHOB •> H (< XOB8HII'I;HH8•>, onepa PHMCKOro- KopcaKOBa <<IlCKOBHTRHKa•>, MY3hiKaJibHoe nonoTHO Bo- POAHHa <<KHR3b Mroph>>. BTopaa nonOBHHa XIX B. no,n;apnna MHPY reHHH IIempa H JLbU'la q ailJCOBCJCozo. BepmHHaMH ero TBOp"<IecT- Ba RBJIRIOTCR onepbl «EBreHHH 0HerHH» H «IlHKOB8R ,n;a- M8•>, 6aneThl «Jie6e,n;nHoe o3epo», <<Cnall'l;aa KpacaBnn;a», «~eJIKYH"<IHK». B 1860 r. 6naro,n;apa cTapaHHRM nnaHHCTa H 6necTa- II'I;ero ,n;npnmepa HuKoJLa.R. FpuzopbeBu'la Py6unwmeilna noasnnoch MocKoscKoe oT,n;eneHne PyccKoro MY3biKaJibHO- ro 0611'1;eCTB8 H CHMQJOHHqeCKHH OpKeCTp. B 1866 r. npH My3hiKaJibHOM o611'1;eCTBe 6brna co3,n;aHa KOHcepsaTopna. McTopna pyccKoro TeaTpa BTopo-H: noJIOBHHbi X I X B. CBH3aHa c HMeHeM AneKcaH,n;pa HHKonaeBH"<Ia OcTpoBcKoro, co3,n;aBmero oRono nonycoTHH nbec ( «rpo- 38», «JieC>>, <<BecnpH,Z1;8HHHII;8>>, <<BOJIKH H OBII;bl>> H ,n;p.). OH BblcTynan npoTHB HeBemecTBa, OTCTaJIOCTH, B3biBaa K ryMaHHOCTH, npOCBell'l;eHHIO. IIepBoe MecTo B TeaTpaJihHOM MHpe 3aHHMaJI Ma- JihiH TeaTp. IIocTaHOBKaMH nhec B HeM pyKOBOAHJI caM A.H. OcTpOBCKHH. BoJihillHM ycnexoM nOJih30Banca AJieKC8H,ll;pHHCKHH TeaTp B IleTep6ypre. B aKTepcKo-H: cpe,n;e Bbl,n.aroll'l;eeca MecTo npnHa,JJ;nema- no TeaTpaJihHhiM ,n;nHacTHRM Ca,n.oBCKHX, CaMo-H:noshlx, BacnnheBhiX. B 1870-x rr. B3omna 3Be3,n;a Mapuu HuJCo- JLaeBHbt Ep.M.oJLoBoil. IIoaBJieHne KpynHo-H: npo- MhiiiiJieHHOCTH H COBpeMeHHOrO TpaHCITOpTa npHBeJIO K HC"<Ie3HOBeHHIO Tpa,n.H~HOHHbiX npe,n;MeTOB 6biTa, HO 3T8 anoxa cTaJia BpeMeHeM B03pom,n.eHHH HHTepeca K ,n;peB- HHM nony3a6hiThiM pyccKHM peMecnaM. M3,n.enHa Hapo,n;- Hhrx MacTepos H3 npe,n.MeTOB nosce,n;HeBHoro 6h1Ta npe- Bpall'l;aiOTCH s npoH3Be,AeHHH ncKyccTBa. B aTo BpeMa s Poccnn CKJia,ll;biBaiOTCH HJIH B03pom.n.aroTca xy,n;omecT- seHHhie npOMbiCJibl, llOJiy-qHBillHe MHpOBYIO H3BeCTHOCTb: ,Zl;biMKOBCK8H HrpyiiiKa, rmeJibCKaH nocy,n;a, XOXJIOMCK8R pOCITHCb ITO ,n;epesy, ll8BJIOBOllOC8,n.CKHe ITJiaTKH H III8JIH, MCTepCKaR H naJieXCKaH Jl8KOB8H MHHH8TIOpa. 4.21. ll.Jf. CfaiLK08CKUU. 4.22. M .H . EpAW JI08a . X yiJoJIWUK BA . Cepoe KaK Bbl .nyMaere, noYeMy rocno.n- CTBYIOll.111M111 CTIIlnflMIIl apX111T€KTypb1 BropoLii nonoslllHbl XIX B. cran111 3K- neKTII1Ka 111 HeopyccKIIlLii cr111nb? B YeM 3aKniOYaercfl npeeMCTBeH- HOCTb MY3biKanbHOLii Kynbrypbl nep- BOLii 111 BropoLii nonOBIIlHbl XIX B.? KaKOBa 6blna o6ll.eCTBeHHafl ponb rearpa? Kat<111e HOBble Yeprbl noflBIIl- nlllcb B rearpaflbHOM lllCKYCCTBe? n oYeMy BO BTOpOLii nOflOBIIlH€ XIX B. npo111CXO.Ilii1T B03pO>K.Il€HIIle HapO,IlHbiX npOMblcnOB? Kat<111e o6ll.111e yepTbl xapaKTepHbl ,!lnfl pyccKoli! xy.nmKeCTBeHHolil Kynb- rypbl BTOpoli! nonOBII1Hbl XIX B.?
  • 113.
    0 poae HaceneH~5lB nope¢op- MeHHOiii Pocc~ ~ 06 ~3M€H€H~5lX B o6n~Ke ropOAOB 0 >K~3H~ ~ 6b1Te ropOACK~X «Bep- XOB» ~ «H~30B» 06 ~3MeHeH~5lX B >K~3H~ AepeBH~ KaKoB 6btn rpaA~~~OHHbllii o6pa3 >K~3H~ pOCC~IiiCKOrO Kp€CTb5lH~Ha B nepBolii nonoB~He XIX B.? KaKOBbl xapaKrepHble YepTbt ABO- pHHCKoro 6b1Ta nepBolii nonoB~Hbl XIX B.? B 1863 r. B Pocc~~ 6btno ronbKO rp~ ropoAa c HaceneH~eM CBbiWe 100 TbiC YenoBeK (nerep6ypr, MOCKBa, 0AeCca), B 1897 r. ~X 6btno y>Ke 14, np~YeM Y~cno >K~­ renelii nerep6ypra ~ MocKBbl npe- Bblc~no 1 MnH yenoBeK. 4.23. PoccuucKuu zopoa 8mopou noJL08UHbL XIX e.: a ) KOHKa; 6) mop zo8bte pRiJbt b T: HOBbiE I.IEPTbl B >KM3HM rGPOAA H JIEPEBHM n o,D, BJlV'lf!HV'leM nepeMeH B 3KOHOMV1Ke V1 06~eCTBeHHOM ycrpolllcrse B nopecpopMeHHolll PocCV'lV'l npoV130WJlV1 3Ha - YV1TellbHble V13MeHeHV1fl s o6pa3e )f(V13HV1 HaceneHV'lfl. AK- TV'lBHO WJla yp6aHV13aU,V1fl, BHe,o,peHV'le B )f(V13Hb pa3JlV1YHbiX rexHV1YeCKV1X ,o,ocTV1)f(eHV1111. B 6biTY nepenneranV'lCb seKo- Bble Tpa,D,V1U,V1V1 V1 HOBWeCTsa V1H,D,yCTpV1aJlbHOro o6~eCTBa . 0TMeHa KpenoeTHOrO npaBa H nOJIOJKH- TeJihHhie e~BHrH B 3KOHOMHKe PoeeHH Bhi3BaJIH poeT Ha- eeJieHHSI C 74 MJIH 'leJIOBeK B 1860 r. ~0 126 MJIH qeJIO- BeK B 1897 r . M xoTSI PoeeHSI ocTaBaJiaeh eTpaHoM ~epeBeHCKOH (B eeJihCKOH MeeTHOeTH npOJKHBaJIO nO'lTH 87% ee rpaJK~aH), ropO~CKOe HaeeJieHHe 3a 3TO BpeMSI notiTH y~BOHJIOeh. TaKHM o6paaoM, B eTpaHe aKTHBHO llieJI npou,ece yp6aHH3811,HM. llaMeHeHHSIM nO~BeprJIOCh ropo~eKOe KOMMYHaJihHOe X03SIHeTBO. YJIMD;hi MOeTHJIHCh 6yJihiJKHHKOM H 6pyetiaTKOH, ITOSIBHJIHeh ae<J;>aJihTOBhie TpOTyaphi, a B 1860-X rr. - KepOCMHOBhie <J;>OHapH, KO- TOphie noeTeneHHO BhiTeCHSIJIMeh raaoBhiMH. B KOHn;e 1870-x rr. B IleTep6ypre aaropeJIMeh aJieKTPM'leCKHe JiaMni>I. B 1886 r. B MoeKBe 6hrJia noeTpoeHa 6oJihmaSI :meKTpHtiecKaSI eTaHU.MSI. Bo MHOrMx ropo~ax PoeeMR no- SIBHJIMeh BO~OnpOBO~ H KaH8JIH38U.HSI. Y Jiyq:maJieSI BHyTpMropo~eKoM TpaHenopT. B Ha'laJie 1860-x rr. B IleTep6ypre 6hiJia npoJIOJKeHa nepBaSI KOH- HO-JKeJie3HaSI ~opora - KOHKa. B 1870-x rr. OHa ITOSIBH- Jiaeh B MoeKBe H O~eeee, a aaTeM M B ~pyrHx ropo~ax. B 1892 r. no yJIHD;aM KHeBa nporneJI nepBhiH TpaMBaii. K KOHU.Y 1890-x rr. TpaMBaH yme xo~HJIH no yJIHU.aM MoeKBhi, KaaaHH, HMJKHero HoBropo~a. KypeKa H ~py­ rMx ropo~OB . PoeT ~eJioBo:K JKM3HM npMBeJI K paaBHTHIO epe~eTB eBSI3H. B 1852 r. ey~eeTBOBaJia TOJihKO o~Ha TeJierpa¢- HaSI JIHHHSI, eoe~HHSIBma.R MoeKBY H IleTep6ypr, a K Ha- <JaJiy 1870-x rr. TeJierpa¢Hoi1: eeThiO 6hiJIH oxBatieHhi npaKTH<JeCKH Bee ry6epHCKHe M yea~Hhie ropo~a. B 1882 r. 6hiJIH OTKphiThi TeJie¢oHHhre JIHHHH B Ile- Tep6ypre, MoeKBe, O~eeee R PHre H nepBaSI Mem~yro­ po~Ha.R TeJie<J;>OHHaSI JIHHHSI IleTep6ypr - faT"t.JMHa. B ropo~e Kam~oe eoeJIOBHe npo- JKHBaJio B oeo6oii ero qaeTH. B u,eHTpe paenoJiaraJIHeb 60JihliiHe 6apeKHe oeo6HSIKM. 3~eeh JKe 6biJIO MHOrO He-
  • 114.
    60JiblliHX, np€HMYIIJ,€CTB€HHO ,n;epeB.HHHbiX,,ll;BOp.HHCKHX OC06H.HKOB. K ,n;aop.HHCKHM KaapTaJiaM npHMhiKaJIH KyneqecKHe. B 3TOH qacTH ropo,n;a e.m,e .u;apHJIH cTapHHHbie HpaBhi H ,n;ep.maJic.H Taep,n;hiH ceMeHHhiH yKJia,n;. C 1890-x rr. 6ora- Toe CTOJIHqHoe Kyne'leCTBO IIOCTeneHHO rrepe6HpaeTC.H B 6hiBlliHe 6apCKHe yca,n;b6bi, CTpOHT OC06H.HKH IIO IIpO€KT8M 3H8MeHHTbiX apXHTeKTOpOB. BepxymKa ropo,n;cKoii HHTeJIJIHreHIJ;HH, KpynHhie 11: cpe,n;HR€ 'IHHOBHRKH, K8K rrpaBRJIO, C06CTBeHHbiX ,ll;OMOB He RMeJIR. 0HH IIOKynaJIR RJIR apeH,ll;OB8JIR XOpOmHe MHOrOKOMH8THbie KB8pT11:pbl. IIo oKpaRHaM ry6epHCKRX ropo,n;oa ceJIRJIOCh MeJIKOe Kyiie'leCTBO, MeiiJ,aHe, 6e,n;Hbl€ 'IHHOBHRKH. 0HH JKRJIH B ,n;epeB.HHHbiX O,ll;H03T8JKHbiX CTpOeHH.HX C ,ll;BOpOM H C8,ll;R- KOM. BHyTpeHH.H.H o6cTaHOBKa JKHJIRIIJ, 6hiJia HenpHT.Haa- TeJihHa H O,ll;H006pa3H8 . JKRT€JIH ropo,n;oa OKOH'laTeJibHO rrepemJIR Ha o,n;e.m,n;y eaporreiicKoro noKpo.H. C 1860-x rr. a Mo,n;y aomen np.H- MOH nH,n;JKaK, cKpbiBaiO.m,R:H qmrypy. IIR,n;.maK, JKRJieT H 6piOKR 11:3 mepCT.HHOH TK8HH TeMHbiX TOHOB CTaJIH KJiaC- CR'leCKRM CO'tJeTaHR€M MYJKCKOrO KOCTIOM8. roJIOBHbiMR y6opaMH 6biJIR lliJI.Hna HJIH KOT€JIOK. AKTRBHOe BOBJieqe- HHe JKeHII1,11:H B ,n;eJIOBYIO H o6.m,eCTBeHHYIO JKI1:3Hb npRBe- JIO K ynpo.m,eHRIO JKeHCKOrO KOCTIOM8. 0H H8'IRH8€T B6R- paTh B ce6.H qepTbl MYJKCKOH MO,ll;bl - KpaXM8JibHhie BOpOTHRKR, M8HJKeThi, raJICTYKH, T.HrOT€eT K TeMHbiM TOH8M. B o,n;e.m,n;e pa6otJRX, MeJIKRX Kyn.u;oa, Me.m,aH cotJeTa- JIRCh ropo,n;cKHe H ,n;epeaeHCKRe qepTbi. My.m'tJRHhi rro- aepx ,n;epeaeHCKOH py6aXH HOCRJIH IIR,ll;JK8KR. roJIOBHbiM y6opOM 'tJa.m,e acero 6hiJI K8pTy3 C JI8KOBbiM K03blpbKOM. Ha cMeHy canoraM npHmJIH 6oTRHKR. JKeHID;RHhi oT,n;a- aaJIH npe,n;no'tJTeHHe .HpKHM CHT.u;eahiM nnaTb.HM. Ha Ho- rax HOCRJIH KOJK8Hbl€ 60THHKR. IIocTeneHHO MeH.H- nach ,n;epeaeHcKa.H JKR3Hh. Ymna B npomnoe KypHa.H R3- 6a. KepocRHoaoe ocae.m,eHRe 11: caetJR BbiTeCHRJIR JIYtJR- HY. B rroace,n;HeBHhiH 6biT ace m11:pe BHe,n;p.HJIRCh rrpoMhimJieHHbie Toaaphi. KpecTb.HHe CTaJIR IIOJih30BaTh- c.H rJIHH.HHOH nocy,n;OH BMeCTO ,n;epeB.HHHOH, IIOKYII8JIH CHTeD; H llieJIK, IIHJIR 'l8H C caxapOM, CTaJIH eCTb 60Jib- me M.Hca. IIo npaa,n;HRKaM napHH Ha,n;eaaJIR aJibie aTJiaCHhie py- 6axH 11: IIH,ll;JK8KH; MeH.HJIH JlaiiTR 11: BaJieHKR Ha C8IIOrR C ranomaMR. JKeHIIJ,RHhi o,n;eaaJIHCh a mepcT.HHble RJIR meJIKOBble IIJI8Tb.H. IIeJIR rreCHR, BO,ll;RJIR xopOBO,ll;bi, Ha Po.m,n;ecTBO H Kpe.m,eHHe ,n;eaymKR ra,n;aJIR, Ha Kpe.m,eHHe ycTp8HBaJIH KOJI.H,ll;KR. 8 KpynHbiX ropo,D,ax cyU.teCTsosanl-1 paiiiOHbl, B KOTOpbiX IOTI-1JlaCb Ca- MaR 6ecnpocserHaR 6eAHOTa. B MocKse 3TO 6blna X1-1rposKa . 3,D,€Cb B MHOfOYI-1CJ1€HHbiX npi-1TO- HaX 1-1 HOYJ1€>KHbiX ,ll,OMaX 061-1TaJ11-1 «J11-1WHI-1€ JliO,ll,l-1»: H€y,D,aYHI-1KI-1, npecrynHI-1KI-1 1-1 nponoiilubl. H O'lJLe:JICnuKu. XyiJo:JICnuK B.E. MaKoacKuu 4 .2 4. Ha 6yJLbeape. XyiJo:J~CnuK B.E. MaKoecKuil. KaKI-1€ I-13M€H€HI-1R np01-130WJ11-1 s pyccKI-1X ropo,D,ax so sropoiil nono- BI-1He XIX s.? C YeM 6b1Jll-1 csR3aHbl 3TI-1 I-13M€H€HI-1R? YTO HOBOfO nORBI-1J10Cb B >KI-13HI-1 1-1 6bne ropo>KaH? noYeMy Kp€CTbRHCKaR >KI-13Hb M€- HRJlaCb M€AJ1€HH€€, H€>K€Jll-1 rOpO,D,- CKaR?
  • 115.
    A.n:eKcaH,n;p III OTKaaa.rrcROT rrpo,n;oJimeHRR JIR6e paJib- HhlX npeo6pa30BaHRH B IIOJIMTR'leCKOH li ,n;yXOBHOH c epe - pax. OH aaRJI Taep,n;hxH: Kypc aa c oxpaHe HRe o c aoa caMo- .n;epm.aaRR, yKperrJieHRe II03RII;RH ,ZJ;BOpRHCTB8 li RCKOpeHeHRe peBOJIIOII;ROHHOrO ,ZJ;BRJKeHRR B CTp a H e . JIR- 6epaJibHhle ,n;eRTeJIR xapaKTepR30B8Jili rr;apCTBOB8 HRe AJieKcaH,n;pa III KaK nepRo,n; <•KOHTppe<}JopM>>, T a K K aK npoae,n;eHHbie RM aaKOHhi a o6JiaCTR rrpocaem;eHRR, rreqa- TR li MeCTHOrO yrrpaaJieHRR orpaHR'lliB8Jili ,n;eHCTBRe p e- <}JopM 1860- 1870-x r r . IIpaaRTeJibCTBO AJieKcaH,n;pa III rrpoao,n;RJIO aKTRBHYIO SKOHOMR'lecKyro rroJIRTRKY. BbiJIR OTMeHeHbi apeMeHHo- o6RaaHHoe COCTORHRe li IIO,ZJ;ylliH8R IIO,ZJ;8Tb, CHRJKeHbi BbiKYIIHbie IIJI8TeJKR li apeH,ZJ;H8R IIJI8T8 38 3eMJIIO, 6biJI coa.n;aa KpecThRHCKRH 6aHK, rroJiom.eHo Haqa.rro pa6oqeMy 3aKOHo,n;aTeJihCTBY. Pocc RR 11:3 arpapHoH: rrocTerreHHO rrpe- ap~a.rracb a arpapHO-RH,n;ycTpRa.rrhayiO .n;epm.aay. Ho p aa- BRTRIO CeJibCKOrO X03RHCTB8 rro-rrpem.HeMy Mellia.JIR Kpe- IIOCTHR'leCKRe rrepeJKRTKR li TeXHR'leCK8R OTCT8JIOCTb• .J B 1880-x - Ha'laJie 1890-x rr. rrpoRaornJia rrep e rpyrr- IIRPOBKa o6m;ecTaeHHo-rroJIRTR'lecKRX CRJI PoccRH. 0CJI86JIR II03RII;RH H 8 pO,ZJ;HHKOB, IIORBRJIRCb rre pBbie M8pKCRCTCKRe opraHR3 8I.J;RM, yMeHbiiiRJIOCb BJIHRHHe JIR- 6epaJIOB Ha o6m;ecTaeHHo-rroJIRTR'lecKy ro JKR3Hh cTpaHhi, 38TO YCRJIHJI8Cb pOJib KOHCepB8TOpOB, MHOrRe R,ZJ;eR KO- TOpbiX JierJIH B OCHOBY npaBRTeJihCTBeHHOH IIOJIRTRKH. Ha Mem.,n;yHapo,n;HoH: apeHe Poc cRR coxpaHRJia rroJiom.e- HRe aeJIHKoH: .n;epm.aabi 11: .n;o KoHu;a XIX CTOJieTHR rro.n;,n;ep- JKHBaJia MRP Ha caoRx rpaHRu;ax. O,n;HaKo B03HRKmHe BHemHeiiOJIRTR"tfeCKRe npOTRBOpe"tiRR y,n;a.JIOCb JIHIIIb Bpe- MeHHO rroraCRTb, HO He y cTpaHRTb OKOH"tf8Te JibHO. ,IJ,alilre xapaKTepV1CTV1KY nw;HoCTV1 AneKcaHApa Ill. KaKV1e ~en111 npecneAOBana rocyAapcreeHHaR 111 co~Vlanb­ HaR nonV1TV1Ka AneKcaHApa Ill? B YeM COCTORnV1 OC06eHHOCTV1 06ll.(eCTBeHHOrO ABV1)t(eHV1R np111 npaeneHV1V1 AneKcaHApa Ill? KaK111e V13MeHeHV1R npo1113own111 B pyccKOiil npoMb1WneHHoc- TV1 B KOH~e XIX B.? KaK orpa3V1nV1cb B pyccKolil Kynbrype oco6eHHOCTV1 )t(V13HV1 pa3nV1YHbiX cnoeB 06ll.(eCTBa?
  • 116.
    CnOBAPb ~'biOT8HT - oqnn:I;ep,COCTOHII.V•Iii IIpH BOeHHOM H8'IaJihHHKe ,AJIH BhlllOJIHeHHH ero nopyq:eHHH. AK~H3 (8KI.I;H3Hble C60pbi) - KOCBeHHbiH H8JIOI' Ha npe,n;MeTbl IIOTpe6JieHHH. AK~Hs: - :u;euuaH 6yMara, CBH,n;eTeJibCTBYIOII.I;aH o Bauoce onpe,n;eJieuuoro KanH- Ta.rra B npe,n;npHHTHe H ,A8IOII.I;8H ee BJia,n;eJibi.I;Y npaBO C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha Hero H yq:aCTHH B npH6hlJISIX. AJ!hM8H8X - JIHTepaTypuo-ny6JIHI.I;HCTH"'IeCKHH C60pHHK. AMIIIICTHH - 'I8CTH'IHOe HJIH IIOJIHOe OCB060m,n;eHHe OT cy,n;e6HOI'O H8K838HH.H, npOH3BO,AHMOe BepXOBHOH BJI8CTbiO. AMnHp - (B nepeBo,n;e: HMnepH.H) paauoBHAHOCTh KJiaccHIJ.H3Ma B apxHTeKType, B03HHKma.H so <f>pau:u;HH npH HMnepaTope HanoJieoue. AneJIJUIJJ;HH - o6maJiosauHe pemeHH.H cy.n;a B 6oJiee BhiCOKOM cy.n;e6HOM opraue C :u;eJibiO nepeCMOTpa 3TOI'O pemeHH.H. Apeu.na - IIOJiyq:eHHe 3eMJIH, CTpOeHHH H npoqero BO BpeMeHHOe IIOJib30B8HHe. ApMHK - Ka<t>Tau H3 TOJICToro cyKua. AccHrua:u;HH - 6yMamuhle .n;euhrH. BHpma - yq:pem.n;euHe ,n;JI.H aaKJIIO'IeHH.H <t>HuaucoBhlX H ToprOBhlX c.n;eJioK c Ka- IIHTaJIOM H KPYIIHhiMH napTHHMH TOBapoB. B10.n;meT - pocnHch KOJIH'IeCTBa .n;oxo,n;oB H pacxo,n;oB rocy.n;apcTBa, opraHH38.1J,HH HJIH OT,AeJibHOI'O 'leJIOBeKa. BepeTeuo - cTepmeHh ,n;JI.H uaMaThlB8HH.H HHTH np:u np.H,n;eHHH. BHHH811 MOHOIIOJIHSI - HCKJIIO'IHTeJibHOe npaBO rocy,n;apCTB8 Ha H3I'OTOBJieHHe H npo,n;amy CIIHpTHbiX H8IIHTKOB. BoJI&uocJiymaTeJIL - qeJioBeK, cJiymaror:u;Hii JieK:u;HH B BLICmeM yqe6uoM aaBe,n;e- HHH 6e3 38'1HCJieHH11 B CTy,AeHTbi. rpam,l.l;aHCKHe npaBa - npaBa, Onpe,n;eJI.HIOII.I;He B03MOmHOCTb Y'!8CTH.H rpam,n;a- HHH8 rocy,n;apCTBa B IIOJIHTH'leCKOH, 06II.I;eCTBeHHOH H KyJihTypHOH )KH3HH CBOeH CTpaHbi. rpam,~.~;aHCKOe OOUJ;eCTBO - 06II.I;eCTBO, r,n;e BJI8CTb rocy,n;apCTBa IIOCTaBJieHa IIO,A KOHTpOJib 06II.I;eCTB8 H OCyii.I;eCTBJI.HeTC.H CTpOrO Ha OCHOBe 38KOHOB. ryMaHHTapHbie uayKH - H8YKH, HMeiOII.I;He OTHOmeHHe K H3Y'-IeHHIO tieJIOBel:feC- KOI'O 06II.I;eCTB8 (HCTOpH.H, <)lHJIOJIOI'H.H, 3KOHOMH'IeCKHe uayKH H T. ,n;.). EcTeCTBeuu&Ie uaYKH - uayKH, H3Y'!8IOII.I;He npHpo.n;y. JKaH,1.1;8pMepH11 - IIOJIHI.I;HH, HMeiOII.I;a.H BOeHHYIO opraHR38I.I;HIO H BhliiOJIH.HIOOJ;8.H aa,n;alJH BHYTPH cTpaHbi H apMHH. IlepBbie mau.n;apMCKHe tiaCTH B pyccKoii apMHH 6biJIH C03A8Hbl B 1815 r. ll,~.~;eOJIOr - Bblp83HTeJib H 38II.I;HTHHK H,n;eOJIOI'HH - COBOKYIIHOCTH B3I'JI.HAOB, H,AeH, B KOTOpbiX OTpamaeTC.H OTHOmeHHe JIIO,AeH K cyr:u;eCTBYIOII.I;eH ,n;eHCTBHTeJib- HOCTH.
  • 117.
    HeayHTLI - •IJieHhiKaTOJUl'-IecKo:H: MOHamecKo:H: opraHH3aii,HH (opAeHa), CTaBHB- me:H: IJ,eJibiO yKpenneane n pacnpocTpaaeaHe KaTOJIHIJ,H3Ma 11 BJiaCTH nanhi pnM- CKoro. HacneKTOP - AOJI»<.HOCTHOe JIHIJ,O, npoBep.HIO~ee npaBHJibHOCTb "IhHx-nn6o AeHCTBMH. HacTaHU,HH - cTyneHh B cTpoeHHH noAqnaeHHbiX APYr APYrY opraaoB. HaTeHAaHT - BOeHHbiH, aanMMaiO~HHC.H caa6meaneM BORCK. Ha«t>anTepHH - nexoTa. Kaau,eJinpHH - OTAeJI yqpemAeHH.H. <(KanHT3JIHCTLie>> KpeCTLHHe - KpeCTb.HHe, HMeBillHe KaiiHTaJI (AeHbrH, KOTOpbie BKJI3AbiBaiOT B npOH3BOACTBO) H 3aHMM3BillMeC.H npeAIIPHHHMaTeJibCTBOM. Kape - nocTpoeane nexoTbi qeThlpexyronhHHKOM AJI.H oTpamean.H aTaKH co Bcex CTOpOH. KJiaccLI - 6onhmne rpynnhi JIIOAeii, OTJIMqaiO~nec.H no cBoeMy MecTy B npoH3- BOACTBe H pacnpeAeJieHHH ero pe3yJihTaTOB. KoMMyHaJILaoe xoaSIHCTBO - coBoKynaoCTh npeAIIPH.HTHH no o6cnymnBaHHIO aa- ceneHHSI ropo)l,OB. KoacepBaTH3M - Teqeane, cTopoHHHKH KOToporo OTCTaHBaiOT HAeH coxpaaeHHH TP8AHI.I,HH, npeeMCTBeHHOCTH B noJIHTHqecKoii 11 KYJihTypaoii »<.H3HH. KoacnHpau,HH - MeTOAhi, npnMea.HeMhle aeneraJihHOH opraaHaan;neii AJI.H coxpa- HeHM.H B TaHHe CBOero Cy~eCTBOB3HH.H H Ae.HTeJibHOCTH. KoaCTHTyu,Houaoe npaBJienHe - yrrpaBneane rocyAapCTBOM B cTporoM cooTBeT- CTBHH C HOpMaMH KOHCTHTYI.I,HH. Koau,eccHH - )l,oroBop, 3aKJiroqeaHhiH rocyAapCTBOM c qacTHhiM npeAIIPHHHMa- TeneM, HHOCTpaHHOH qmpMOH Ha HCIIOJib30BaHHe IIpOMbiillJieHHbiX npe)l,rrpH.HTHH, npnpOAHhiX 6oraTCTB, rrocTpoiiKy mene3HbiX AOpor n APYrHx xo3.HHCTBeHHbiX 06'heKTOB. Kocneam.Ie aaJiorn - aan;eaKa, ycTaHaBmrBaeMaH rocyAapcTBOM aa TOBaphi Mac- coBoro noTpe6neHH.H. KpaMoJia - aaroBop, M.HTe»<., aeqTo 3arrpe~eaaoe. Kpe)l,nT - rrpeAOCTaBneaHe AeHer HJIM TOBapoB B AOJir c rrocJieAyiO~HM 11x B03- Bp~eaHeM c rrpon;eaTaMH. JlerKaH IIpOMLilliJieHHOCTL - IIpOH3BOACTBO H3AeJIHH, rrpeAHa3HaqeHHbiX )l,JIH IIOTpe6JieHH.H, OTJIHqaeTCH OT T.H»<.eJIOH IIpOMbiillJieHHOCTH - IIpOH3BOACTBa cpeACTB rrpOH3BOACTBa (MeTaJIJia, M3IDHH, TOIIJIHBa H T.)l,.). Jleli:6 - IIpHCTaBKa, 03Haqaro~afl <( COCTOH~HH rrpH MOHapxe>>. Jln6epaJIH3M - Teqeane, 06'beAHHHIO~ee CTOpOHHHKOB napJiaMeHTCKOrO CTpO.H, rpa»<.A8HCKHX CB060)l, (Bbi6opa Bepbi, CB060Abi CJIOBa, C06paHHH, 06'beAHHeHHH H T.A.) H CB060Abi npeAIIPMHHMaTeJibCTBa. Maaenp - rrepeABHmeane BoiicK aa TeaTpe BoeHHhiX AeiicTBHH. MaaH«J>ecT - TopmecTBeaaoe nHCbMeaaoe o6pa~eHHe BepxoBHOH BJiaCTH K aa- ceneHHIO. MaconLI - qneHbi pennrnoaao-rroJIHTnqecKoii opraan3an;nn, KOTopa.H CBoeii IJ,eJihiO npoBoarnamaeT o6'heAHHeHne qeJioBeqecTBa. IIepBnqaa.H opraHH3aiJ,HH aa- 3hiBaeTC.H JIO»<.eH.
  • 118.
    Me~euaTCTBO - noKpoa:HTeJibCTBOHayKaM H HCKYCCTBaM co cTopoHbi 6ora ThiX H BJIHSITeJihHhlX JIIO~eH. MucTH~H3M - Bepa B 3ara~o-.:moe, Heoo'b.HCHHMoe -.:renoBe-.:recKoMy pa3y M y . Mo6HJIH33~H.H - nepeBO~ BOOpymeHHbiX CHJI H3 MHpHOrO COCTO.HHH.H B OOeBy iO rOTOBHOCTb. Hapo~uoe npe~cTaBHTe.JILCTBO - y-.:racTHe BbiOOpHbiX npe~cTaBHTeneM: OT Hapo~a B opraHax rocy~apcTBeHHoro ynpaBJieHH.H. Ha~HOH3JIH3M - B3rJISI~bi, HarrpasJieHHhie Ha coxpaHeHHe HaiJ;HOHaJibHOH caMo- ObiTHOCTH HJIH ooecrre-.:reHHe HaD;HOHaJibHOH He3aBHCHMOCTH. Ha~uouaJILHoe caMocoauauue - ocoaHaHHe rrpe~cTaBHTeJI.HMH Hapo~a cBoero e~HHCTBa, npaBa Ha He3aBHCHMOCTb H CBOOO~y. He~OHMKH Heynna-.:reHHhle B cpOK HaJIOrli, coopbl. HurHJIH3M - oTpHn;aHHe o6ID;enpHHSITbiX :u;eHHOCTeii. OnoJI'IeuHe - BoiicKo, coa~asaeMoe B noMOID;b peryn.HpHoii apMHH ua ~oopoBOJib­ HbiX Ha-.:ranax. IleHLKa - BOJIOKHO H3 KOHOITJIH ~JI.H IIpOH3BO~CTBa KaHaTOB. IlepeCeJieJI'IeCK3.H llOJIHTHK3 - nepeMeiD;eHHe HaCeJieHH.H Ha llOCTO.HHHOe mH- TeJibCTBO B ManoHaceneHHhle oKpaHHHhie paiioHhl - B CH6Hpb, romHoe Ilpny- panbe, Ha CeBepHbiH KaBKa3, B HoBopoccnro, HnmHee IloBoJimbe, Ha CBOOO~Hbie 3eMJIH. Ilo~~eBK3 - ~JIHHHa.H MymCKa.H BepXH.H.H O~em~a C MeJIKHMH COOpKaMH Ha T3JIHH. IIO~OXO~HLIH H3JIOr - HaJIOr, pa3Mep KOTOpOrO 3aBHCHT OT pa3Mepa ~OXO~a Ha- JIOrOIIJiaTeJibiD;HKa. IIOJIHrOH - MeCTO HCIIbiTaHH.H -.:rero-JIHOO. IIOJIHTH-.:reCKHe Tpe60B3HH.H - TpeOOBaHH.H H3MeHeHH.H llOJIHTH"tleCKOrO pemHMa. IloJIHTH'IeCKHH pemHM - coBoKynHOCTb npHeMoB, MeTo~oB, {j;>opM, crroc oooB ocy- IIJ;eCTBJieHH.H noJIHTH-.:recKoii, BKJiro-.:r:asr rocy~apcTBeHHyro, BJiaCTH B o6ID;eCTBe. 06hr-.:ruo no~paa~ensreTc.H Ha ~eMoKpaTH-.:recKHH n pa3JIH'IHhie BH~bi H e,D;eMoKpaTn- -.:recKHx pemHMOB. IloJIH~eit:cKoe rocy~apcTBO - xapaKTepHCTHKa noJIHTH-.:recKoro CTposr, npH Ko- TopoM npaKTHKyeTCSI IIO,D;aBJieHHe BHyTpeHHHX npOTHBHHKOB MeT0~3MH IIOJIHTH- -.:reCKOrO HaCHJIHSI, cnemKH H CbiCKa cnnaMH oxpaHhi rrop.H~Ka. B TaKOM rocy~ap­ CTBe CyiD;eCTByeT KOHTpOJib 3a MeCTOnpeOhlBaHHeM, nepe~BHmeHHeM, llOBe,D;eHHeM rpam~aH, Be,D;eTC.H COOp CBe,D;eHHH 0 .HBHbiX H BepO.HTHbiX npOTHBHH- KaX BJI3CTeH. IloJiycpaopHK3T - npo~yKT Tpy~a, KOTOpbiH ~OJimeH npOHTH eiiJ;e O~Hy HJIH He- CKOJibKO CTyneHeH OOpaOOTKH, npe:>K,D;e -.:reM CT8Tb rOTOBbiM H3~eJIHeM. IlomJIHHa - ,D;eHemHhlH c6op, B3HMaeMbiH rocy,D;apcTBeHHhlMH opraHaMH. TaMo- meHHasr llOIIIJIHHa - COOp 3a BB03HMble HJIH BbiB03HMbie H3 CTpaHbl TOBapbi. IlpaBOBOe rocy~apCTBO - rocy~apCTBO, B KOTOpOM BJiaCTb OCyiiJ;eCTBJI.HeTC.H Ha OCHOBe cnpaBe~JIHBbiX 3aKOHOB. IlpHC.fDKHLIH llOBepeHHLIH - MBOKaT Ha rocy,D;apCTBeHHOH CJiym6e npH OKpym- HOM cy,D;e HJIH Cy,D;eOHOH naJiaTe. IlyOJIH'IHOCTL - ocyiiJ;eCTBJI.HeMbiH B rrpHCYTCTBHH nyOJIHKH, OTKpbiTbiM.
  • 119.
    Pa,IJ;HKaJILHLIH - peiiiHTeJihHhlHo6paa ,IJ;e:iicTBHH. PeaK~SI - nOJIHTHKa aKTHBHoro conpoTHBJieHHSI nporpeccHBHhlM nepeMeHaM B o6~ecTse. PeBOJilO~HOHHhiH rryTh paaBHTHSI - nyTh pa3BHTHSI o6~eCTBa, npe,IJ;nOJiararo~~d1: pe3KHH, CK8'tJK006pa3HhlH nepexo.n; K HOBOMY o6~eCTBeHHO-ITOJIHTH'tJeCKOMy ycTpOHCTBY. PecKpHnT - nHChMO MOHapxa K no.n;,IJ;auHoMy. Pe~H,IJ;HB - nosTopHoe npoSIBJieu.ae "tJero-Jin6o. PocTOB~ecTBO - npe,li;OCTaBJieu.ae ,Z~;euer B .n;oJir c sanMauneM c .n;omKHHKa npo- u.euToB c npe,~J;ocTaBJieHuo:ii cyMMhl. CeiiM - uaasaune aaKouo.n;aTeJihHoro opraua BJiaCTH B pa,IJ;e CTpau. B Ha'<laJie XIX B • .n;enyTaThl B ceiiMhl na6npaJIHCh OT cocJIOBHH, a npasa nx 6biJIH orpaun- '<leHHhlMH. CeKTaBTLI - '<~JieHhl peJinrnoaHhlX rpynn, ue npnaHaiO~Hx Y"tJeHne ocuosuo:ii II,epKBH. CenapaTHLIH MHp - MHp, aaKJIIO'!eHHhlH c npoTHBHHKOM o.n;HHM na rocy,Z~;apcTB, BXO,ll;Si~HX B KOaJIHII,HIO CTpaH, Be.n;yiii,HX BOHHy, 6ea Be)J;OMa HJIH COrJiaCHSI CBO- HX COI03HHKOB. CuTe~ - noKpaiiieHHas:I XJIOII'tJaTo6yMamuas:I TK8Hh. Co~HaJIHCTH'IeCKHe yqeBHH - yqeHHSi o6 ycTpoii:cTBe o6~ecTBa, ocuosauuoro ua 06~eCTBeHHOH C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha OCHOBHhle cpe,IJ;CTB8 npOH3BO,ll;CTBa (3eMJIIO, npe.n;npHSiTHSi H T ..n;.) npH OTCYTCTBHH 3KCITJIY8T8II,HH '<leJIOBeKa '<leJIOBeKOM. CTauu~a - 60JihiiiOe Kaaaqhe ceJieune. CTa'IKa - oprauHaosauuoe npeKpa~eune pa60Thl c u.eJihiO .n;o6HThCSI swnoJiue- HHH Tpe60B8HHH. CyKuo - IIIepcTSIHas:I TKaHh. CropTYK - sepxHSISI MymcKas:I O,l.l;em,ll;a, THn nn,Z~;maKa c ,ll;JIHHHhlMH noJiaMH. Tapul}l - uopMa B3HM8HHSI HaJiora HJIH nJiaThl aa noJih30BaHHe 'tleM-JIH6o. Teppop - cpnan"tJecKoe uacHJIHe, snJIOTh .n;o YHH''iTOmeHHSI, no OTHOIIIeHHIO K no- JIHTH'tleCKHM npOTHBHHKaM. THcueuue - KHHroneqaTaune. TOB8pHO-,IJ;eHe3CHhle OTHOIDeHHR - OTHOIIIeHHSi Mem.n;y JIIO,ll;hMH B XO)J;e npOH3BO,li;- CTB8 H 06MeHa TOBapOB (H3)1;eJIHH, npOH3BO,ll;HMhlX ,IJ;JISi npO,ll;a>KH). ToBapuoe npoH3BO,I.l;CTBO - nponaso,ZJ;CTBO na.n;eJIHH, opneuTnposauuoe ua pwHOK, T .e. H3rOTOBJieHHe TOBapOB CITeii,HaJihHO )J;JISI npO,ZJ;8>KH. YKJia,IJ; 3KOBOMH'IeCKHH - OC06hlH THIT X03SiHCTBa, B OCHOBe KOTOporo Jie>KaT on- pe,ZJ;eJieHHas:I <})OpMa C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha Cpe,ZJ;CTBa npOH3BO,li;CTB8 H COOTBeTCTBYJO- III,He OTHOIIIeHHH B xo,ZJ;e 3Toro nponaso.n;cTsa. B nepso:ii noJIOBHHe XIX B. ocHoB- HhiMH 3KOHOMH""ieCKHMH yKJia,li;8MH B PoccHH 6wJIH: cpeo,ZJ;aJihHO-KpenocTHH'<IecKHii (rOCITO,ll;CTBYIO~HH), MeJIKOTOB8pHbiH (peMeCJieHHbiH) H K8llHT8JIHCTHqecKHH (aK- THBHO pa3BHB8BIIIHHCSi). Yp6auHaa~HSI - poeT ropo,ZJ;OB H ycHJieuue HX poJIH B mHaHH o6~ecTsa. YcTaB - CBOA npasHJI, onpe,ZJ;eJISilO~Hii ycTpoii:cTBO, nops:I,ZJ;OK .n;eRTeJihHOCTH op- raHH3aii,HH HJIH rocy,ZJ;apcTseuuoro opraua. Y CTOH - OCHOBhi; TO, '<ITO CJIO>KHJIOCh, YCTOSiJIOCb.
  • 120.
    cltJienm - 3eMJI.HHhleyKperrJieHH.H. cltpaK - po,n; cropTyKa c Bhlpe3aHHhiMH crrepe,n;H rroJiaMH H c ,ll;JIHHHhiMH y3KHMH cpan,n;aMH C3a.,ll;H. cltypam - KOPM ,n;JI.H Jioma.,n;eH:. Xy,n;omecTBeuua.H KYJibTypa - coBoKyrruocTh rrpoH3Be,n;eHHH, co3,n;aHHhiX MacTe- paMH xy,n;omecTseuuoro TBOpt~ecTBa (JIHTepaTopaMH, MY3hiKaHTaMH, xy,n;omHHKa- MH, apxHTeKTopaMH, cKyJihiiTopaMH). Xy,ZJ;omeCTBeBBbiH CTHJib - COBOKYIIHOCTb rrpH3HaKOB, xapaKTepH3YIOIIHX RCKyc- CTBO orrpe,n;eJieuuoro uarrpasJieHH.H. I.J;eB3 - ycJIOBHe, OrpaBHtiHBaiOIIee yqaCTHe tieJIOBeKa B OCylleCTBJieBHH TeX HJIH HHbiX npaB, B tiaCTHOCTH B Bbi60pax. I.J;euaypa - IIpOCMOTp IIpOH3Be,ll;eHHH, rrpe,ZJ;Ha3HatieBHhiX ,ll;JI.H IIetiaTH, IIOCTaHOB- KH, HHOr,n;a ,n;ame IIHCeM C II,eJihiO KOBTpOJI.H. I.J;HpKyJI.Hp - paCIIOp.HmeHHe opraHa BJiaCTH IIO,ll;tiHHeHHhiM yqpem,n;eHH.HM. lJepTa OCe,ZJ;JIOCTH - TeppHTOpH.H, Ha KOTOpOH pa3pelliaJIOCb B 1791- 1917 rr. B PoccHH rrocTOHHHOe rrpomHBaHHe espees. OxsaTh!BaJia 15 ry6epHHH. llyiiKa - ,n;oJirorroJiaH MymcKa.H o,n;em,n;a, rrepsouatiaJibBO cso6o,n;uoro rroKpO.H, II03,ll;Hee CXO,ll;Ha.H C KacpTaHOM. 3KOBOMJI'IeCitHH KpH3HC - T.HmeJiaH CHTyaii,H.H B pa3BHTHH 3KOHOMHKH, BpeMH ee yrra.,n;Ka. 3KCIIe,IJ;HII,H.H - IIOe3,li;Ka rpyiiiihi JIHII, C KaKHMH-JIH60 II,eJI.HMH (HaytiBhiMH, BOeH- HhiMH, IIpOCBeTHTeJihCKHMH).
  • 121.
    Bceo6aqaA HCI'OpHR IJ;apCTBOBaHHe A.JieKcaH~pa I "Yqpem~eHHe MHHHCTepCTB B PoccHH HarroJieOHOBCKHe 1799-1815r BOHHbi 1803 r. ITycK aBTOM06HJIH c rrapoBbiM ~BHraTeJieM ' . ~. 1812 r. 1813- 3arpaHHtiHbiH 1814rr. IIOXO~ 0TetiecTBeHHaH PYCCKOH soiiaa. apMHH 26 asrycTa 1812 r. Bopo~HHCKOe cpameHHe BeHCKHH KOHrpecc H co3~aHHe 14-1815 r CBHlll;eHHoro coro3a MroJibCKaH peBOJilO~liH BO <l>paH~HH 1840rr. Ha"tJaJio IIpOMbllllJieHHOrO rrepeBopoTa B PoccHH 1825- 1855 rr. IJ;apCTBOBaHHe HHKOJiaH I ITpoBo3rJiameHHe 182 3 ~OKTPHHbl MoHpo 0TKpbiTHe nepBOH meJie3HOH ~oporH B PoccHH ITpasJieHHe KOpOJieBbi BHKTOPHH 830r. ITapJiaMeHTCKa.H pett>opMa B AHrmm BoiiHa TaHllHHOB B KHTae 1864 rr. 1856 rr. ITepBaH BceMHpHaSI npOMbllllJieHHaSI BbiCTaBKa B JloH~OHe
  • 122.
    Y Ka3 0«BOJibHbiX xJie6onarnu;ax» YliaCTHe PoccHH B III H IV aHTHHaiiOJieo- HOBCKHX KOaJIHD;HSIX 1825 r. BoccTaHHe ~eKa6pHCTOB 1841 rr. PecpopMa rocy~apcTBeHHbiX KpeCTbSIH rr..n;. KHceJieBa flepBaSI HMIIepHSI BO <l>paHD;HH 1827 r. 8o1n116pa ~IJL~~l<t':<odl''"l HaBapHHCKoe MOpCKOe cpameHHe <l>HHaHCOBaSI pecpopMa E .<I>. KaHKPHHa 1853 r. 18 HOR6ptl CHHoncKoe MOpCKOe cpameHHe IlepBaSI onHyMHaSI 1854 r. HacHJibCTBeHHoe «OTKpbiTHe>> .HnoHHH Coa~aHHe rocy~apCTBeHHOrO COBeTa IIpoBoar JiarneHHe He3aBHCHMOCTH BeHecyaJibi. CHMOH BoJIHBap 1828- 1829 rr. PyccKo-Typeu;KaSI BOii:Ha 1848- P eBOJIIOD;HSI 1849 rr. B EBpone 06opoHa CeBaCTOIIOJISI
  • 123.
    O XpoHOJIOrHH ocHOBHhiXHCTOpHqecKHX BceMHpHaH npOMbllliJieHHaH BbiCTaBKa B Ilapume 06paaoBaHHe repMaHCKOH HMnepHH IJ;apCTBOBaHHe A.T.IeKcaH~pa III O¢ opMJieHHe TpofrcTBeHHoro COI03a repMaHHH, ABcTpo-BeHrpHH H .HTaJIHH 1882 r. IJ;apCTBOBaHHe A.T.IeKcau~pa II BoccTaHHe cHnaeB B HH~HH 3eMCKaH H Cy~e6HaH pe¢opMhl CTaqKa 0TKpbiTHe nepBOH JIHHHH MeTpOnOJIHTeHa B JlOH~OHe I HuTepHan;HOHM TpeThH pecny6JIHKa BO <l>paH:qHH ua HHKOJibCKOH MaHy¢aKType IloJiomeHHe 0 3eMCKHX uaqaJibHHKax 1885 0CHOBaHn:e HH~HHCKOrO Ha:qHOHaJibHOrO KOHrpecca
  • 124.
    co6LITHii: BTopoii: n<!,JIOBHHLIXIX BeKa O Pe<PopMbl M3R~3H B .ffiiOHHH 1869 rr. Haqa.n:o CTpOHTeJibCTBa TpaHccH6HpCKOR MarHCTp8JIH 1861 r. 0TMeHa KpeiiOCTHOrO rrpaBa B PoccJnl ropO~CK8$1 peQ:>opMa Co3~aHHe ABcTpo- BeHrepcKOR HMIIepHH 1 r. PyccKo- Typen;Kag BORHa 1870-1871 rr. <l>paHKO-rrpyCCK8$1 BORHa 1881 rr. «Hapo~Hag BOJI$1>) 1917 rr. I.J;apCTBOB8HHe HHKOJiag II 1 Mapra Y6HRCTBO ArreKcaH~pa II ,Zl;eHemHag peQ:>opMa C.IO. BHTTe
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    3AKniOIIEHHE HcTop:xur PoccHH BXIX B. - oco6hiH nep.ao,u; B pa3- BHTHH Hamero 0Tel.leCTBa. B Tel.leHHe He60JihillOrO HCTO- pHl.leCKOrO BpeMeHH B CTpaHe npOH30illJIH 6ecnpen;e,u;eHT- Hhie H3MeHeHHSI BO BCeX ccpepax jKlf3HH, rJiaBHhiM HHHD;HaTOpOM KOTOphiX BhiCTynaJia sepXOBHaSI BJiaCTh. Hal.laBmHHCSI nepexo,u; cTpaHhi oT arpapHoro o6ID;eCT- sa K HH,D;YCTpHaJihHOMy 6hiJI B nepByiO Ol.lepe,D;h CBR3aH C BeJIHKHMH pecpopMaMH 1860- 1870-x rr. 0HH JIHKBH,D;H- posaJIH KpenOCTHOe npaBO H 3aJIOmHJIH OCHOBhi HH,li;YCT- pHaJibHOH MO,D;epHH3aD;HH, rpam,u;aHCKOrO 06ID;eCTBa H npasosoro rocy,u;apcTBa. HaH6oJiee pa3HTeJihHhiMH 6hiJIH nepeMeHhi B 3KOHo- MHqecKoM pa3BHTHH cTpaHhi. CTaphie MaHycpaKTYPhi yc- TYIIHJIH MeCTO KpynHOMY cpa6pHl.IHOMY npOH3BO,li;CTBY. K cepe,D;HHe 1890-x rr. POCCHSI 3aHRJia IIHTOe MeCTO B MH- pe ITO a6COJIIOTHhiM pa3MepaM npOMhlillJieHHOrO npOH3BO,D;- CTBa. O,u;HaKo pa3phiB c HaH6oJiee pa3BHThiMH B npo- MhlmJieHHOM OTHomeHHH CTpaHaMH CiliA, repMaHHeH, AHrJIHeH - He TOJihKO He COKpaTHJICH, HO H yBeJIHl.IHJICH. CHMBOJIOM XIX B. cTaJI naposo3. Hal.laBmHCh co cKpOMHOH 27 -KHJIOMeTposoH: I(apcKoceJihCKOH :meJie3HOH ,li;OpOrH, CeTh pOCCHHCKHX meJie3HhiX ,u;opor K KOHD;Y se- Ra Bh!pOCJia IIOl.ITH ,li;O 50 ThiC. KHJIOMeTpOB . HOBbie qepThi B 3KOHOMHKe npHBeJin K H3MeHeHHRM con;naJihHOro cocTaBa HaceJieHHR. HaH6oJiee RPKHM npo- u;eccoM 3,D;eCh CTaJIO cpopMHpOBaHHe npOMhlillJieHHOH 6ypmya3HH H npOMhlmJieHHoro npoJieTapnaTa. YJiy"'IIIIH- JIOCh Ka"tJ:eCTBO mH3HH HaCeJieHHSI, "'TO npHBeJIO K ,D;eMO- rpacpnqeCKOMY B3phiBY. 3a CTO JieT "'IHCJIO :>RHTeJieH HMIIe- pHH BhlpOCJIO B IISITh pa3. BJiacTH cTapaJIHCh y-qecTh oco6eHHOCTH Tpa,u;nn;nH: n yKJia,u;a mn3HH MHOrOl.IHCJieHHhiX Hapo,u;os HMnep.a.a. O,u;- HaKo c,u;eJiaTh 3TO y,u;asaJIOCh ,u;aJieKo He scer,u;a. 0TBeT- HOH peaKn;.aeH: Ha IIOJIHTHKY orpaHn"'leHHH cTaHOBHJIHCh H~HOHaJihHhie BhiCTynJieHHH. Bo BHeiiiHeH: noJIHTHKe ycnJIHR BJiacTeH cocpe,u;oTo- "'IHJIHCh Ha no,u;,u;epmaHHH H yKpenJieHHH poJin Poccnn KaK seJIHKOH MnposoH: ,u;epmaBhi. Be3 PoccnH He Mor pe- IIIaThCSI HH o,u;HH KpynHhiH sonpoc MHposoH: IIOJIHTHKH. XIX cToJieTHe SIBHJIOCh noHcTHHe 30JIOThiM seKoM B pa3BHTHH pyccKoH: KYJihTYPhi, HayKH, npocBeiD;eHHSI. CJiomHJiach e,u;HHaH cncTeMa o6pa3oBaHHR. IlpoH30IIIJIO CTaHOBJieHHe HaD;HOHaJihHOH pOCCHHCKOH mHBOIIHCH, My- 3hiKH, apxHTeKTyphi. K KOHD;Y XIX B. pyccKaR KYJihTy- pa 6hiJia IIIHPOKO H3BeCTHa H npH3HaHa B Be,D;yiD;HX eB- poneHCKHX CTpaHaX.
  • 128.
    liOHCTHHe rpaH,li;H03HbiMH 6hiJIHH3MeHeHHSi B ropo,u;- CKOM 6hiTY H o6hl'li8HX uapo,u;a. EcJIH Haqano XIX B. mHTeJIH orpOMHOH CTp8Hhl BCTpeqaJIH npH JIY"<IHHe, TO rrposomaJIH ero yme npH aneKTPH"<~eCKOM ocse~eHHH (rryCTh H He ITO BCeH CTpaHe, a JIHITih B KpynHeHITIHX ro- po,u;ax), c Q:>oTorpaqme:H: H KHHeMaTorpa<}loM, mene3HhiMH ,ZJ;OporaMH H TeJie<pOHOM. liOSiBHJIHCb rrepBble 8BTOM06HJIH H pa,u;Ho. HMeHHO 3TH OTKphiTHH H ,u;ocTHmeHHH orrpe,u;e- JIHJIH JIHU,O H8CTynasmero XX CTOJieTHH.