7-) Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursi.docx
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7.) Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in a very different family, the raccoon family (Procyonidae). Consequently, the morphological similarities of these two species are probably due to: a) the inheritance of acquired characteristics b) sexual selection c) inheritance of shared derived characters d) possession of analogous structures e) possession of shared derived characters 8.) A paraphyletic group includes: a) a basal taxon b) the groups that form the nodes on a phylogenetic tree c) an ancestral species and all of its descendants d) species that show convergent evolution e) an ancestral species and some of its descendants 9.) Since all organisms share a common ancestor, it comes as no surprise that some characteristics are shared while others are not. If we consider hair and the backbone of mammals (which are vertebrates), we can say that the former is a(n) while the latter is a(n) a) monophyletic characteristic, paraphyletic characteristic b) monophyletic characteristic, polyphyletic characteristic c) shared derived character, shared ancestral character d) shared ancestral character, shared derived character e) ingroup, outgroup 10.) Refer to the figure to the right. A group that includes taxa C, D, E, F and G , but not the ancestor is called ... a) a monophyletic group b) the outgroup c) a polyphyletic group d) a paraphyletic group e) the ingroup 11.) An outgroup is an important part of a phylogenetic analysis. What is the function of the outgroup in this type of analysis? a) It reflects the ancestral states of the characters used in the analysis b) It is the species for which we are interested in studying its evolutionary relationship c) It reflects the derived states of the characters used in the analysis d) It reflects the shared derived states (synapomorphies) of the characters used in the analysis 12.) An outgroup should be: a) part of the ingroup b) as closely related to the ingroup as possible without being part of the ingroup c) as distantly related to the ingroup as possible d) the predator of the species in the ingroup .
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Multiple Choice 1. A diagram that hypothesizes a set .pdf
Multiple Choice 1. A diagram that hypothesizes a set of organisms\' evolutionary relationships
to one another is a a. comparison tree. b. phylogenetic tree. c. classification tree. d. taxonomic
tree. e. species tree 2. By definition, a monophyletic lineage is a a. clade. lb. taxon. C. genus. d.
family. e. phylogenetic tree. 3. The Class Reptilia is a group of species that share a common
ancestor, but does not include all of that ancestor\'s descendants. It is therefore considered to be
a. monophyletic. b. polyphyletic. c. paraphyletic. d. an outgroup. e. a mosaic. 4. are widely used
for because they are the most likely indicators of evolutionary relationships. b. they are the most
likely to represent reproductive isolation among groups. c. they are easy to assess in preserved,
fossilized d. they are always the exact phenotypic expression of genotypes. e. they indicate
genetic relatedness. 5. Characters that provide evidence for evolutionary relationship are a.
homologous. b. analogous. C. taxonomic. d. convergent. e. morphological. 6. Fossils of plants
found in deeper geologic layers do not show vascular tissues, while fossils in shallower geologic
layers include some specimens with and some without vascular tissues. Thus, vascular ti in
plants is considered a character. ancestral b. mosaic c. primitive d. derived e. physiologically
essential
Solution
1. B phylogenetic tree
2.A clade a group of organism have common ancestor descendant is called clade.
3.C paraphyletic, where it share common ancestor but not a clade, such as archosuria, amniota,
diapsida,chelonia,lepidosauria, crocodylin
4.e to know about genetic relatedness.
5 C taxonomic character is the evidence of phylogenetic classification
6A ancestral character
7b branches of cladogram represents group of organisms share common ancestor.
8 a the crocodiles and birds share common ancestral origin.
9.e horizontal gene transfer.
10.a lemurs.. are a clade which consists of great apes..
4 phylogeny-ch26
This document discusses phylogeny and the tree of life. It explains that all life is interconnected through descent from common ancestors. Systematics aims to determine evolutionary histories and relationships between organisms. Phylogenetic classification groups organisms based on inferred evolutionary history, reflecting patterns of evolution more accurately than phenetic classification which is based only on overall similarity. Reconstructing phylogenies uses data on shared derived characteristics and sequences to determine which groupings require fewer evolutionary changes. This reveals how organisms are related through recency of common ancestry.
1 In 1953 the structure of arganisms Was determined as we.pdf
1) In 1953 the structure of arganisms: Was determined, as well as is role as the hereditary
material for various a) Amino acids (b) DNA c) Protein d) Carbotydrates e) Lipids 2) Which of the
following individuals are credited with the discovery of the itnucture of DNA? a) Jumes Watson and
Arthur Komberg b) Francis Crick and Arthur Komberg s) Paul Erlich and James Watson (d) James
Watson and Francis Crick e) Francis Crick and Paul Erlich 3) Which of the following is not a
nitrogenous base found in DNA? a) Cytosine b) Adenine c) Guanine (c) Uracit D) Thymine 4)
Different forms of the same gene are known as: a) Peptides b) Amino acids c) Proteina (d) Alleles
e) Ciene differencen 5) Nucleic acids are composed of a series of a) Amino acids 4 (6)
Nucleotides c) Nucleic chromosomes e d) Peptide chains x e) Sugars & 6) Which of the following
correctly describes the structure of DNA as deternined in 1953? 1. A phosphate backbone with
sugars linked together by nitrogenous base bonds. IX 2. A nugar-phosphate backbone with
nitrogenous bases linked together by weak bonds t3. A nitrogenous base backcoone wite nuevars
linked together by phodphate bonds. c) 37 it ean direct the function and behtvior of an orgaikm 8)
By analycing patiernt of haheritance, geneticists can localize genes to specific cliromosomies and
a) Chrothes localize genes to specilio positions within chectiose genes to specifie caromes. Thits
is known as: (b) Chromosome counting b) Chiromosome mopping d) Cenome and positioning. e)
Proteone analy ans 9) The collection of DNA molecules that is eherticteristie of an orginism is
known as itst a) Allelic makeup b) Genome.) c) Phenotype d) DNa array. c) None of these 10)
Which of the following beur describes the flow of informetion in a blological system? De Proin 11)
The longent phase during the evkaryotic celi eycle generaily is: i) Gi b) G2 d) M - e) none of these
12) When a prokaryotic cell reproduces by mitosis, mhat as the end tesult? (a) produces
genetically identical daughter celis b) prodaces haploid oftispring c) results in gametes for
fartilizition d) none of these c) all of these 13) Which of the follosing is a method fos analyzing a
eross involving fwo genes? a) Purinctt Square Method b) Forked-t ine Method c) Probability
Metbod (d) All of the above o) None of the altave14) Identify the cancet iaryopge of an individal
wht Turner Syndeome and the chromoaemal canes of the a) 450, barkI gene duplicafioe b) 47XX.
CFIR genc aptication B 4.45KO, not-disyunctioa at melosis. d) 46XY, point mutatbon at MBI. 2
pene , o) 45XO, low penetrance of UCCL gene 15) In atgal and plact ceils, entrig can be produced
in: (a) mitochondris and chloroplsats b) mitocberdtria c) chromosomes d) Eibosones e)
endoplasmie retseulum 16) Which of the following struchures would you not espect to see in zal
eukaryotic ocils? a) lipid membranes. b) miscihondris (9) chloreplats d) membeane bound
organelles e) all of these are found in all cukaryotic cells 17) Why was Men.
A) Explain how geography, mass extinctions and adaptive radiatio.docx
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Explain how changes in development can explain the evolution of new life forms.
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A)
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C)
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When comparing birds and bats they both have wings,
A)
can we use the presence of wings as an indicator of phylogenetic relationship? Explain
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What do we call a trait like wings present in bats and birds (synapomorphy (shared derived trait), symplesiomorphy (shared ancestral trait), homoplasy)? Explain.
Birds, bats and humans all have a vertebral column.
A)
If you group birds, bats and humans in one clade and leave out other apes and mammals, what type of group would they form (monophyletic, paraphyletic, polyphyletic)? Explain
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Lab 12 Building Phylogenies Objectives .docx
Lab 12
Building Phylogenies
Objectives
In this laboratory exercise, you will examine six species of agaricomycetes and predict the evolutionary
relationships among them. After completing this exercise you will be able to
• define ancestral characteristics, derived characteristics, branch point, and phylogeny.
• predict ancestral and derived characteristics for agaricomycetes.
• construct a phylogeny (phylogenetic tree).
• support the phylogeny with data.
• explain how evolutionary biologists discover evolutionary relationships.
Introduction
One of the most compelling pieces of evidence for evolution is that organisms have amazing similarities. An
example that almost everyone has heard before is that the limbs of birds, bats, horses, moles, cats, frogs,
humans, turtles, and other vertebrates have virtually the same skeletal plan. Furthermore, even snakes and
whales show structural remnants of the limbs of their ancestors. The evolutionary interpretation of these
similarities is that the vertebrate limb has been modified by natural selection to perform different functions
(for example, running, digging, flying). Another commonly used example is that the embryos of turtles,
mice, humans, chickens, and many other vertebrates are amazingly similar. Furthermore, the proteins and
DNA of organisms are remarkably similar. Why, do you suppose, can human diabetics use insulin extracted
from pigs to control their blood sugar levels? Well, the reason is that the chemical structure of human and
pig insulin is very similar.
In addition to these similarities, we discover that organisms that appear similar in one respect are often
similar in other respects (we can say the patterns are “concordant”). For example, organisms that are
similar morphologically (in shape) have similar protein structures. Organisms that are less similar
morphologically have less similar protein structures. This pattern holds for traits that are not easily
modified by evolution, but not so often by traits that are easily modified by selection. For example, flower
color might not be a good trait to use when looking for concordance because it is easily changed
genetically.
The concordance of traits is an important support of evolution. Imagine that we saw that organisms similar
in one set of characteristics were very different in a second set of characteristics and different again in a
third set of characteristics. This situation would be chaotic and we would be forced to question the reality
1
of evolution. The development of methods of DNA and protein analysis has shown dramatically that
organisms that are similar morphologically are also similar at the genetic level.
So, similarity among organisms provides evidence for evolution. We can then turn around and use the
similarities to try to reconstruct evolutionary relationships. That is the purpose of today’s lab: to construct a
hypothes ...
7 A biologist discovers a sister taxon of Platyhelminthes .pdf
7. A biologist discovers a sister taxon of Platyhelminthes. The new taxon likely has all of the
following features except a) coelom b) true organs c) triploblasty d) eye spots e) bilateral
symmetry 8. Which of the following taxonomic groups lacks parasitic organisms? a) Ecdysozoa b)
Nematoda c) Turbellaria d) Cestodes e) Trematoda For each of the following, select (A) True or
(B) False. 9. More than 50% of extant (currently living) animals are arthropods. 10. Segmentation
is a synapomorphy of Porifera. 11. According to recent molecular evidence presented in lecture,
Ctenophora is conclusively the most ancestral group of organisms on the animal phylogeny. 12.
On the traditional phylogeny based on morphological data, Nematoda is the most ancestral
bilaterian Phylum. 13. Pseudocoelomates lack a coelom. 14. "True jelly fish" belong to the Class
Scyphozoa. 15. Closed circulatory system is a synapomorphy of Mollusca. 16. Scolex is a unique
and distinguishing synapomorphy of Rotifers. 17. A key distinguishing synapomorphy of Bivalvia is
adductor muscles. 18. Planarians are pseudocoelomates. 19. A defining synapomorphy of
Cnidaria is choanocytes. 20. Corals provide zooxanthellae with carbon dioxide and nitrogen..
The Family Tree
1. Evolutionary relationships between species can be represented as a branching family tree called a phylogeny, which traces patterns of shared ancestry.
2. All life on Earth can be divided into three major groups: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota.
3. Phylogenies illustrate how lineages split over time from common ancestors, but they do not imply that some organisms are more "advanced" than others.
Revision sheet genetics answered blog
This document provides questions and answers about genetics and natural selection concepts. It includes definitions of genotype and phenotype. It discusses mitosis, chromosomes, karyotypes, human chromosome number, sex chromosomes, gene inheritance, incomplete vs codominance, a Punnett square example, blood types, and examples of mutation advantages and disadvantages. Natural selection is described as individuals with traits better suited to the environment surviving to reproduce.
Recommended
Multiple Choice 1. A diagram that hypothesizes a set .pdf
Multiple Choice 1. A diagram that hypothesizes a set of organisms\' evolutionary relationships
to one another is a a. comparison tree. b. phylogenetic tree. c. classification tree. d. taxonomic
tree. e. species tree 2. By definition, a monophyletic lineage is a a. clade. lb. taxon. C. genus. d.
family. e. phylogenetic tree. 3. The Class Reptilia is a group of species that share a common
ancestor, but does not include all of that ancestor\'s descendants. It is therefore considered to be
a. monophyletic. b. polyphyletic. c. paraphyletic. d. an outgroup. e. a mosaic. 4. are widely used
for because they are the most likely indicators of evolutionary relationships. b. they are the most
likely to represent reproductive isolation among groups. c. they are easy to assess in preserved,
fossilized d. they are always the exact phenotypic expression of genotypes. e. they indicate
genetic relatedness. 5. Characters that provide evidence for evolutionary relationship are a.
homologous. b. analogous. C. taxonomic. d. convergent. e. morphological. 6. Fossils of plants
found in deeper geologic layers do not show vascular tissues, while fossils in shallower geologic
layers include some specimens with and some without vascular tissues. Thus, vascular ti in
plants is considered a character. ancestral b. mosaic c. primitive d. derived e. physiologically
essential
Solution
1. B phylogenetic tree
2.A clade a group of organism have common ancestor descendant is called clade.
3.C paraphyletic, where it share common ancestor but not a clade, such as archosuria, amniota,
diapsida,chelonia,lepidosauria, crocodylin
4.e to know about genetic relatedness.
5 C taxonomic character is the evidence of phylogenetic classification
6A ancestral character
7b branches of cladogram represents group of organisms share common ancestor.
8 a the crocodiles and birds share common ancestral origin.
9.e horizontal gene transfer.
10.a lemurs.. are a clade which consists of great apes..
4 phylogeny-ch26
This document discusses phylogeny and the tree of life. It explains that all life is interconnected through descent from common ancestors. Systematics aims to determine evolutionary histories and relationships between organisms. Phylogenetic classification groups organisms based on inferred evolutionary history, reflecting patterns of evolution more accurately than phenetic classification which is based only on overall similarity. Reconstructing phylogenies uses data on shared derived characteristics and sequences to determine which groupings require fewer evolutionary changes. This reveals how organisms are related through recency of common ancestry.
1 In 1953 the structure of arganisms Was determined as we.pdf
1) In 1953 the structure of arganisms: Was determined, as well as is role as the hereditary
material for various a) Amino acids (b) DNA c) Protein d) Carbotydrates e) Lipids 2) Which of the
following individuals are credited with the discovery of the itnucture of DNA? a) Jumes Watson and
Arthur Komberg b) Francis Crick and Arthur Komberg s) Paul Erlich and James Watson (d) James
Watson and Francis Crick e) Francis Crick and Paul Erlich 3) Which of the following is not a
nitrogenous base found in DNA? a) Cytosine b) Adenine c) Guanine (c) Uracit D) Thymine 4)
Different forms of the same gene are known as: a) Peptides b) Amino acids c) Proteina (d) Alleles
e) Ciene differencen 5) Nucleic acids are composed of a series of a) Amino acids 4 (6)
Nucleotides c) Nucleic chromosomes e d) Peptide chains x e) Sugars & 6) Which of the following
correctly describes the structure of DNA as deternined in 1953? 1. A phosphate backbone with
sugars linked together by nitrogenous base bonds. IX 2. A nugar-phosphate backbone with
nitrogenous bases linked together by weak bonds t3. A nitrogenous base backcoone wite nuevars
linked together by phodphate bonds. c) 37 it ean direct the function and behtvior of an orgaikm 8)
By analycing patiernt of haheritance, geneticists can localize genes to specific cliromosomies and
a) Chrothes localize genes to specilio positions within chectiose genes to specifie caromes. Thits
is known as: (b) Chromosome counting b) Chiromosome mopping d) Cenome and positioning. e)
Proteone analy ans 9) The collection of DNA molecules that is eherticteristie of an orginism is
known as itst a) Allelic makeup b) Genome.) c) Phenotype d) DNa array. c) None of these 10)
Which of the following beur describes the flow of informetion in a blological system? De Proin 11)
The longent phase during the evkaryotic celi eycle generaily is: i) Gi b) G2 d) M - e) none of these
12) When a prokaryotic cell reproduces by mitosis, mhat as the end tesult? (a) produces
genetically identical daughter celis b) prodaces haploid oftispring c) results in gametes for
fartilizition d) none of these c) all of these 13) Which of the follosing is a method fos analyzing a
eross involving fwo genes? a) Purinctt Square Method b) Forked-t ine Method c) Probability
Metbod (d) All of the above o) None of the altave14) Identify the cancet iaryopge of an individal
wht Turner Syndeome and the chromoaemal canes of the a) 450, barkI gene duplicafioe b) 47XX.
CFIR genc aptication B 4.45KO, not-disyunctioa at melosis. d) 46XY, point mutatbon at MBI. 2
pene , o) 45XO, low penetrance of UCCL gene 15) In atgal and plact ceils, entrig can be produced
in: (a) mitochondris and chloroplsats b) mitocberdtria c) chromosomes d) Eibosones e)
endoplasmie retseulum 16) Which of the following struchures would you not espect to see in zal
eukaryotic ocils? a) lipid membranes. b) miscihondris (9) chloreplats d) membeane bound
organelles e) all of these are found in all cukaryotic cells 17) Why was Men.
A) Explain how geography, mass extinctions and adaptive radiatio.docx
A
) Explain how geography, mass extinctions and adaptive radiation help explain the diversity of living organisms.
B)
Explain how changes in development can explain the evolution of new life forms.
Using the information you presented about geography, mass extinction, adaptive radiation and embryonic development, from the previous two questions,
explain how living organisms evolve.
A)
Explain what do phylogenies represent.
B)
If two species look similar, can you assume they are closely related? Explain why.
C)
Describe one practical application of studying phylogenies?
When comparing birds and bats they both have wings,
A)
can we use the presence of wings as an indicator of phylogenetic relationship? Explain
B)
What do we call a trait like wings present in bats and birds (synapomorphy (shared derived trait), symplesiomorphy (shared ancestral trait), homoplasy)? Explain.
Birds, bats and humans all have a vertebral column.
A)
If you group birds, bats and humans in one clade and leave out other apes and mammals, what type of group would they form (monophyletic, paraphyletic, polyphyletic)? Explain
B)
What do we call a trait like presence of vertebral column within bats, birds and humans (synapomorphy (shared derived trait), symplesiomorphy (shared ancestral trait), homoplasy)? Explain.
C)
What other organisms would you have to include in this clade in order to have a monophyletic group?
A)
Viruses can create mutations in bacteria, and in humans some viruses are linked to cancer. Explain whether the lytic or the lysogenic cycles is more likely to have these sides effects on the host.
B)
Why has it been so difficult to find a vaccine against HIV or a vaccine against all flu viruses?
.
Lab 12 Building Phylogenies Objectives .docx
Lab 12
Building Phylogenies
Objectives
In this laboratory exercise, you will examine six species of agaricomycetes and predict the evolutionary
relationships among them. After completing this exercise you will be able to
• define ancestral characteristics, derived characteristics, branch point, and phylogeny.
• predict ancestral and derived characteristics for agaricomycetes.
• construct a phylogeny (phylogenetic tree).
• support the phylogeny with data.
• explain how evolutionary biologists discover evolutionary relationships.
Introduction
One of the most compelling pieces of evidence for evolution is that organisms have amazing similarities. An
example that almost everyone has heard before is that the limbs of birds, bats, horses, moles, cats, frogs,
humans, turtles, and other vertebrates have virtually the same skeletal plan. Furthermore, even snakes and
whales show structural remnants of the limbs of their ancestors. The evolutionary interpretation of these
similarities is that the vertebrate limb has been modified by natural selection to perform different functions
(for example, running, digging, flying). Another commonly used example is that the embryos of turtles,
mice, humans, chickens, and many other vertebrates are amazingly similar. Furthermore, the proteins and
DNA of organisms are remarkably similar. Why, do you suppose, can human diabetics use insulin extracted
from pigs to control their blood sugar levels? Well, the reason is that the chemical structure of human and
pig insulin is very similar.
In addition to these similarities, we discover that organisms that appear similar in one respect are often
similar in other respects (we can say the patterns are “concordant”). For example, organisms that are
similar morphologically (in shape) have similar protein structures. Organisms that are less similar
morphologically have less similar protein structures. This pattern holds for traits that are not easily
modified by evolution, but not so often by traits that are easily modified by selection. For example, flower
color might not be a good trait to use when looking for concordance because it is easily changed
genetically.
The concordance of traits is an important support of evolution. Imagine that we saw that organisms similar
in one set of characteristics were very different in a second set of characteristics and different again in a
third set of characteristics. This situation would be chaotic and we would be forced to question the reality
1
of evolution. The development of methods of DNA and protein analysis has shown dramatically that
organisms that are similar morphologically are also similar at the genetic level.
So, similarity among organisms provides evidence for evolution. We can then turn around and use the
similarities to try to reconstruct evolutionary relationships. That is the purpose of today’s lab: to construct a
hypothes ...
7 A biologist discovers a sister taxon of Platyhelminthes .pdf
7. A biologist discovers a sister taxon of Platyhelminthes. The new taxon likely has all of the
following features except a) coelom b) true organs c) triploblasty d) eye spots e) bilateral
symmetry 8. Which of the following taxonomic groups lacks parasitic organisms? a) Ecdysozoa b)
Nematoda c) Turbellaria d) Cestodes e) Trematoda For each of the following, select (A) True or
(B) False. 9. More than 50% of extant (currently living) animals are arthropods. 10. Segmentation
is a synapomorphy of Porifera. 11. According to recent molecular evidence presented in lecture,
Ctenophora is conclusively the most ancestral group of organisms on the animal phylogeny. 12.
On the traditional phylogeny based on morphological data, Nematoda is the most ancestral
bilaterian Phylum. 13. Pseudocoelomates lack a coelom. 14. "True jelly fish" belong to the Class
Scyphozoa. 15. Closed circulatory system is a synapomorphy of Mollusca. 16. Scolex is a unique
and distinguishing synapomorphy of Rotifers. 17. A key distinguishing synapomorphy of Bivalvia is
adductor muscles. 18. Planarians are pseudocoelomates. 19. A defining synapomorphy of
Cnidaria is choanocytes. 20. Corals provide zooxanthellae with carbon dioxide and nitrogen..
The Family Tree
1. Evolutionary relationships between species can be represented as a branching family tree called a phylogeny, which traces patterns of shared ancestry.
2. All life on Earth can be divided into three major groups: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota.
3. Phylogenies illustrate how lineages split over time from common ancestors, but they do not imply that some organisms are more "advanced" than others.
Revision sheet genetics answered blog
This document provides questions and answers about genetics and natural selection concepts. It includes definitions of genotype and phenotype. It discusses mitosis, chromosomes, karyotypes, human chromosome number, sex chromosomes, gene inheritance, incomplete vs codominance, a Punnett square example, blood types, and examples of mutation advantages and disadvantages. Natural selection is described as individuals with traits better suited to the environment surviving to reproduce.
Revision sheet genetics answered blog
This document provides questions and answers about genetics and natural selection concepts. It includes definitions of genotype and phenotype. It discusses mitosis, chromosomes, karyotypes, human chromosome number, sex chromosomes, gene inheritance, incomplete vs codominance, a genetics problem about cat coat colors, blood types, natural selection, and examples of mutation advantages and disadvantages.
Match the concept on the left to an example or definition on the righ.pdf
Match the concept on the left to an example or definition on the right. A. A shared derived
character B. A shared ancestral character C. A group containing all the descendants of a
common ancestor D. The similar body shape of a shark and a whale E. A group missing one or
more of the descendants of a common ancestor F. The same bones in similar positions in the
forelimbs of all vertebrates
Solution
1.) convergence- D.) Thee similar body shape of a shark and whale
explaination:in these unrelate or distantly related organism develope similar body form
2.) homology- B. a shared ancestral character
explaination: these is the similarity in the structure due to relatedness or common ancestory for
eg forelimb of man, bat , deer are same thus proving of mammalianancestory
3.)Monophyletic- C)A group containing all the descendants from a common ancestor
explaination: who have been derived from one common ancestor for eg: cousins of a family are
the descendant of grandfather
4.)Paraphyletic: E.) a group missing one or more descendants of a coomon ancestor
explaination: dicots and monocts, class reptilia as it exclude birds
5.)Synamorphy- A. A shared derived character
explaination:these are the characters possesed by two or more organism inherited from their
common ancestry for eg mammary gland in mammals
6.)Symplesiomorphy- F.) the same bones in similar position in the forelimb of vertebrate
explaination: shared primitive trait.
Halley's society quiz
1) This document lists the names of 5 biologists born between 1809-1967.
2) It also includes questions about genetics, predator-prey relationships, and cell biology concepts such as mitosis and meiosis.
3) Bonus questions ask for the meaning of DNA and which kingdom bacteria are classified into.
Science 10 -Quarter 3: EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
Students will be grouped to present on evidence of evolution through different styles like speeches, dances, and infomercials. They will be assessed on relevance, content, creativity, and originality. Evidence of evolution includes fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic information. Students will answer questions to review these four key areas of evidence.
Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent ev.pdf
Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent evolution)?
a. Dolphins and humans
b. Apes and monkeys
c. Dolphins and fish
d. Dolphins and whales
e. Cats and bats
Wings of bats are:
a. Plesiomorphic (ancestral) feature for mammals
b. Plesiomorphic feature for bats and birds
c. Synapomorphic (shared-derived) feature for vertebrates
d. Synapomorphic feature for bats
e. Synapomorphic feature for bats and birds
Solution
1). c. Dolphins and fish
Analogous structures (convergent evolution) are not found in the common ancestors but the same
structure or similar structure with the same function can be found in one or more groups. In such
cases, it is not clear to tract the ancestry but the homologous structures are helpful to track the
ancestry. For example, both the dolphins and sharks share the fins but the dolphins are mammals,
while the shark are fish..
Biol102 chp26-pp-spr10-100312094514-phpapp02
1. The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 26 of BIOL 102 including new species discovered in 2015, the science of classification including phylogeny and taxonomy, Carolus Linnaeus's contributions to taxonomy, and binomial nomenclature.
2. It then discusses hierarchical classification including the domains, kingdoms, phyla and other categories. Molecular systematics is presented as an approach that analyzes DNA sequences to infer phylogenetic relationships.
3. Phylogenetic trees are described as hypotheses about evolutionary relationships that can provide information about traits in related species and help identify unknown samples. Both morphological and molecular data are used to build and refine phylogenies.
Biol102 chp26-pp-spr10-100312094514-phpapp02
1. The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 26 of BIOL 102 including new species discovered in 2015, the science of classification including phylogeny and taxonomy, Carolus Linnaeus's contributions to taxonomy, and binomial nomenclature.
2. It then discusses hierarchical classification including the domains, kingdoms, phyla and other categories. Molecular systematics is presented as an approach that analyzes DNA sequences to infer evolutionary relationships.
3. Phylogenetic trees are described as hypotheses about evolutionary relationships that can provide information about traits in related species and help identify unknown samples. Both morphological and molecular data are used to build phylogenetic trees.
IB Biology Option D.5: Phylogeny and systematics
This document provides information about phylogeny and systematics in biology. It discusses the value of classifying organisms, including identification, showing evolutionary links, and predicting characteristics. It explains the evidence for common ancestry from universal DNA and protein structures. Variations in specific molecules like cytochrome c can indicate phylogeny. Biochemical variations can be used as an evolutionary clock. Clades are groups of organisms descended from a common ancestor, and cladistics uses clades to classify organisms. The document contrasts homologous and analogous characteristics and outlines constructing and analyzing cladograms to show phylogenetic relationships. Classification systems are related to cladograms and monophyletic groups.
Homology guru
This document discusses homology and species concepts. It defines homology as similarity resulting from common ancestry, such as forelimb bones in a bird, bat, and cat. Homoplasy refers to similarities not due to common ancestry, including convergence where similar features evolve independently. The document outlines typological, biological, evolutionary, and phylogenetic species concepts. It also discusses using comparative anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, paleontology and other evidence to determine homology and common descent between species.
taxonomyphylogenytutorial.ppt GENERAL BIOLOGY
The document provides an overview of taxonomy and phylogeny. It discusses Linnaeus' classification system, evolutionary taxonomy, cladistics, cladograms, homologous and derived characters, and differences between monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups. Key points covered include that cladistics requires all groups to be monophyletic while evolutionary taxonomy sometimes allows paraphyletic groups, and cladograms illustrate the nested hierarchy of clades defined by shared derived characters.
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produc.docx
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring with members of other species. This idea is known as
a. reproductive success.
b. punctuated evolution.
c. adaptive radiation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. geographic isolation.
2. The origin of new species, the extinction of species, and the evolution of major new features of living things are all changes that result from
a. macroevolution.
b. fitness.
c. speciation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. convergent evolution.
3. Which is a barrier that can contribute to reproductive isolation?
a. timing
b. behavior
c. habitat
d. incompatible reproductive structures
e. all of the above
4. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Horses and donkeys are separate species.
b. Two mules can mate and produce fertile offspring.
c. A horse and a donkey can mate and produce offspring.
d. Two donkeys can mate and produce fertile offspring.
e. Two horses can mate and produce fertile offspring.
5. The evolution of the penguin’s wing from a wing suited for flying to a “flipper-wing” used for swimming is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
6. Which of the following have been preserved as fossils?
a. dinosaur footprints
b. insects preserved in amber
c. petrified plant remains
d. animal bones
e. all of the above
7. The mass extinctions that included the dinosaurs took place during which period?
a. Cambrian (543–510 million years ago)
b. Devonian (409–363 million years ago)
c. Carboniferous (363–290 million years ago)
d. Jurassic (206–144 million years ago)
e. Cretaceous (144–65 million years ago)
8. The development of the complex, camera-like eye of a mammal is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
9. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Carbon-14 dating is useful for studying the age of early dinosaur fossils.
b. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.
c. Uranium-238 has a very short half-life.
d. Uranium-238 is present in all organisms.
e. Carbon-12 is not found in living plants.
10. Which of the following provides the best explanation for why Australia has so many organisms unique to that continent?
a. punctuated equilibrium
b. the biological species concept
c. convergent evolution
d. continental drift
e. cladistics
11. Scientists think that a meteor that fell in ____________________ may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
a. Australia
b. the Yucatán peninsula
c. The Galápagos Islands
d. Pangaea
e. India
12. The great diversit.
Chapter25
This chapter discusses how biologists trace phylogenetic relationships and classify organisms based on evolutionary history. Biologists draw on multiple lines of evidence including the fossil record, morphological similarities, and molecular comparisons to construct phylogenetic trees that show evolutionary relationships. Systematists use cladistic analysis to define monophyletic groups based on shared derived characteristics, using outgroups to differentiate shared primitive versus derived traits. Phylogenetic trees depict the divergence of species and timing of these events, though the branching patterns only show relative, not absolute, timing.
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic trees reconstruct evolutionary relationships by grouping taxa with shared derived characteristics inherited from recent common ancestors. This document discusses methods for building phylogenetic trees, including cladistics which uses shared derived homologies (synapomorphies) to determine relationships. It also examines evidence for the evolutionary relationships of whales. Molecular studies of transposable elements and additional fossil evidence support whales evolving from artiodactyl ancestors, rather than being the sister group to artiodactyls.
Heredity and environment (worksheet 1)
This is a daily exercise to be used while teaching the SlideShare presentation Heredity and Environment found in:
http://www.slideshare.net/MMoiraWhitehouse
Suppose that one obtained the following DNA sequence data for the fou.pdf
Suppose that one obtained the following DNA sequence data for the four fly families and a non-
fly insect (the outgroup) from a gene that is not related to morphology. We will call the DNA
sequence positions 1 through 10, for reference (in fly family A, position 1 is a T, while position
10 is an A). Which of the characters (nucleotide positions) are variable among the fly families
(not counting the outgroup? Which of the characters (nucleotide positions) are phylogenetically
informative for cladistics? (Phylogenetically informative traits are those for which there is
variation in the group of interest, and for which there is evidence of synapomorphies.)
Solution
Purines are 2 ringed structure= A,G whereas, pyramidines aresingle ringed structure = C,T
Generally A = T (A double bonds with T) and G=C (G triple H bonds with C).
Mutation causes a change in theDNA sequence. Two types
1. Transversions: Purine instead of a pyramidine or vice versa (Less frequent so more important
for cladistics) A/G to C/T or vice versa. 2 ringed structure to 1 ringed structure
See this is seen in all fly families at 7th(ABCD:AGGC) , 8th (ABCD:CTAC) and 9th
(ABCD:GCTG)positions
2. Transitions: Purine instead of a puirne and pyramidine instead of a pyramidine (Easy and
frequent)
The Nucleotide positions are Bolded in the table are variable among the fly families. Among all
Fly family C is most variable. (Take A, B, C, D and leave Out group).
Phylogenetically informative traits are those for which there is variation in the group of interest
and for which there is evidence of synapomorphies. All this is to know the members of a group
which share a common history and to know their closely related species. Synapomorphy means
any characteristic which is present in an ancestral species and that is shared exclusively (either in
more or less modified form) by its evolutionary descendants.
Mostly there is a much variation in the 7th, 8th and 9th position of the nucleotide in all fly
families sequence so this will be more phylogenetically informative for cladistics and the 5th
sequence is the most stable one. From the sequence fly family C is much more related to the out
group sequence than all familiesFLY FAMILYDNA Sequence alignedpositions
order12345678910ATGCGTTACGABTGCATTGTCACTCCGTAGATTDGCAGTTCCGAOU
T GROUPGCAGTTGATT.
22) The plysical appearance of an organism is known as its a) Genoty.pdf
22) The plysical appearance of an organism is known as its: a) Genotype b) Genetio code c)
Mosaic nature. d) Heterocygosity 23) in a monghybrid cross, if the P generation consists of
plants that are true-breeding (one is homozygous (c) Phenotype dominant, the other bocnozy
gous recessive) and the Fi generation is allowed to self-fertilize, then the F F2. generation will
consist of ofgmisms that exhibit what ratio of homozygous dominant individuals to beterouygous
individuals to homozygous recessive individuals? a) 3.211 b) 1:3:1 c) 1:2:1 (i) 3 in e) 133 24)
The principle of dominance states that: a) In a beterorygote, one allele can never conceal the
presence of another allele: (b) In a heterozygote, one allele may conceal the presence of another
allele. 4 - c) In a homozygote, one allele may never conceal the presence of another allele. d) in a
homozygote, one allele may conceal the presence of another allele. c) None of these 25) A
dihybrid cross is one in which: a) One trait is studied (b) Two traits are studied at the same time
c) Two organisms are studied at the same time. d) Four traits are studied at the same time e)
None of these 26) The principle of independent assortment states that: (1) The alleles of different
genes segregate independently of each other b) The alleles of different genes segregate
dependent upon each other c) The alleles of the same genes do not segregate independently of
each other t. d) None of these e) All of these 27) In tigers, a rcessive allele causes a white tiger. If
two phenotypically normal tigers are mated and produce a white offspring, what percentage of
their remaining offspring is expected to be white? a) 50% b) 25% c) 100% d) 92 2) Unable to
detemine based upon the information givenf 28) A man was bom with six fingers on each and six
toes on eich foot. His wife and their son have a normal number of digits. Having extra digits is a
dominant trait. The couple's second child has extra digits. What is the probability that their next
child will have extra digits? 3) 10% (b) 254 c) 50% An.
3- Ant mutualists defend some species of plants by clearing neighborin.docx
3. Ant mutualists defend some species of plants by clearing neighboring plants and removing pest insects. What services does the plant provide in return?: a. Extrafloral nectaries, which are primarily rich in amino acids. b. Protein rich Beltian bodies. c. A protected enclosure to call home. d. B and C . e. All of the above 4. You're rummaging in the leaf litter and come across an interesting caterpillar-like larva, but you're unsure whether it's a member of the Symphyta or the Lepidoptera. To tell them apart you look for: a. Three pairs of true legs. b. A well-defined sclerotized head capsule. c. Prolegs that do not have crochets. d. Chewing mandibles versus sucking mouthparts. e. Who isn't vibing. 5. You come across a winged male insect and being a world-renowned myrmecologist, you immediately know it is an ant because of the following character(s) (circle any): a. The antennae are elbowed. b. The insect lacks a stinger. c. Only male ants have wings. d. It is not married to your uncle e. The mesosoma is separated from the gaster by a humped pedicel. 6. Which statements about insect symbionts are correct?: a. Alimentary tract symbionts are frequently transferred vertically, via eggs of the host. b. Endosymbionts are most commonly transferred horizontally, for instance by anal feeding by the host. c. Primary endosymbionts frequently evolve in parallel with their insect hosts. d. Secondary endosymbionts are typically obligate mutualists with their insect hosts. e. All of the above. 7. The Lepidopteran family a. Gracillaridae; particularly rapid metamorphosis. b. Sphingidae; when the pupa is able to move around. c. Agromyzidae; dramatic morphological changes between instars. d. Gracillaridae; dramatic morphological changes between instars.
.
Cladistics For Bb
1. The document discusses the classification of organisms using taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics. Taxonomy employs hierarchical classification while phylogenetic systematics is based on cladistic analysis.
2. Cladistic analysis involves determining phylogeny through dichotomous branching diagrams based on shared derived characteristics between organisms.
3. Systematists can infer phylogeny by analyzing molecular evidence and other data to determine ancestral relationships between organisms.
5.4 cladistics student copy
Cladistics is a method of classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and their most recent common ancestor. A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor. Evidence from DNA sequences and protein structures is used to construct cladograms, which are tree diagrams that show the probable sequence of divergence of clades. Cladograms help determine which traits are primitive, inherited from a distant ancestor, and which traits are derived and evolved more recently. This analysis can reveal relationships that differ from classifications based only on physical appearance.
801-1x is an authentication protocol used for LAN WLAN both A and B Ne.docx
801.1 x is an authentication protocol used for LAN WLAN both A and B Neither A nor B Question 9 (1 point) VLAN creates LAN workgroups that are independent of physical locations. True False
.
8- What reagents are added VP- positive result- negative result- what.docx
8. What reagents are added VP, positive result, negative result, what substrate is present in V P 9. What reaction happens behind nitrate test after addition of reagent A and reagent B ? What the name of the substrate present in Nitrate? What is the positive result? 10. What is the principle behind UREA test in API staph test?
.
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Revision sheet genetics answered blog
This document provides questions and answers about genetics and natural selection concepts. It includes definitions of genotype and phenotype. It discusses mitosis, chromosomes, karyotypes, human chromosome number, sex chromosomes, gene inheritance, incomplete vs codominance, a genetics problem about cat coat colors, blood types, natural selection, and examples of mutation advantages and disadvantages.
Match the concept on the left to an example or definition on the righ.pdf
Match the concept on the left to an example or definition on the right. A. A shared derived
character B. A shared ancestral character C. A group containing all the descendants of a
common ancestor D. The similar body shape of a shark and a whale E. A group missing one or
more of the descendants of a common ancestor F. The same bones in similar positions in the
forelimbs of all vertebrates
Solution
1.) convergence- D.) Thee similar body shape of a shark and whale
explaination:in these unrelate or distantly related organism develope similar body form
2.) homology- B. a shared ancestral character
explaination: these is the similarity in the structure due to relatedness or common ancestory for
eg forelimb of man, bat , deer are same thus proving of mammalianancestory
3.)Monophyletic- C)A group containing all the descendants from a common ancestor
explaination: who have been derived from one common ancestor for eg: cousins of a family are
the descendant of grandfather
4.)Paraphyletic: E.) a group missing one or more descendants of a coomon ancestor
explaination: dicots and monocts, class reptilia as it exclude birds
5.)Synamorphy- A. A shared derived character
explaination:these are the characters possesed by two or more organism inherited from their
common ancestry for eg mammary gland in mammals
6.)Symplesiomorphy- F.) the same bones in similar position in the forelimb of vertebrate
explaination: shared primitive trait.
Halley's society quiz
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2) It also includes questions about genetics, predator-prey relationships, and cell biology concepts such as mitosis and meiosis.
3) Bonus questions ask for the meaning of DNA and which kingdom bacteria are classified into.
Science 10 -Quarter 3: EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
Students will be grouped to present on evidence of evolution through different styles like speeches, dances, and infomercials. They will be assessed on relevance, content, creativity, and originality. Evidence of evolution includes fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic information. Students will answer questions to review these four key areas of evidence.
Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent ev.pdf
Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent evolution)?
a. Dolphins and humans
b. Apes and monkeys
c. Dolphins and fish
d. Dolphins and whales
e. Cats and bats
Wings of bats are:
a. Plesiomorphic (ancestral) feature for mammals
b. Plesiomorphic feature for bats and birds
c. Synapomorphic (shared-derived) feature for vertebrates
d. Synapomorphic feature for bats
e. Synapomorphic feature for bats and birds
Solution
1). c. Dolphins and fish
Analogous structures (convergent evolution) are not found in the common ancestors but the same
structure or similar structure with the same function can be found in one or more groups. In such
cases, it is not clear to tract the ancestry but the homologous structures are helpful to track the
ancestry. For example, both the dolphins and sharks share the fins but the dolphins are mammals,
while the shark are fish..
Biol102 chp26-pp-spr10-100312094514-phpapp02
1. The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 26 of BIOL 102 including new species discovered in 2015, the science of classification including phylogeny and taxonomy, Carolus Linnaeus's contributions to taxonomy, and binomial nomenclature.
2. It then discusses hierarchical classification including the domains, kingdoms, phyla and other categories. Molecular systematics is presented as an approach that analyzes DNA sequences to infer phylogenetic relationships.
3. Phylogenetic trees are described as hypotheses about evolutionary relationships that can provide information about traits in related species and help identify unknown samples. Both morphological and molecular data are used to build and refine phylogenies.
Biol102 chp26-pp-spr10-100312094514-phpapp02
1. The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 26 of BIOL 102 including new species discovered in 2015, the science of classification including phylogeny and taxonomy, Carolus Linnaeus's contributions to taxonomy, and binomial nomenclature.
2. It then discusses hierarchical classification including the domains, kingdoms, phyla and other categories. Molecular systematics is presented as an approach that analyzes DNA sequences to infer evolutionary relationships.
3. Phylogenetic trees are described as hypotheses about evolutionary relationships that can provide information about traits in related species and help identify unknown samples. Both morphological and molecular data are used to build phylogenetic trees.
IB Biology Option D.5: Phylogeny and systematics
This document provides information about phylogeny and systematics in biology. It discusses the value of classifying organisms, including identification, showing evolutionary links, and predicting characteristics. It explains the evidence for common ancestry from universal DNA and protein structures. Variations in specific molecules like cytochrome c can indicate phylogeny. Biochemical variations can be used as an evolutionary clock. Clades are groups of organisms descended from a common ancestor, and cladistics uses clades to classify organisms. The document contrasts homologous and analogous characteristics and outlines constructing and analyzing cladograms to show phylogenetic relationships. Classification systems are related to cladograms and monophyletic groups.
Homology guru
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taxonomyphylogenytutorial.ppt GENERAL BIOLOGY
The document provides an overview of taxonomy and phylogeny. It discusses Linnaeus' classification system, evolutionary taxonomy, cladistics, cladograms, homologous and derived characters, and differences between monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups. Key points covered include that cladistics requires all groups to be monophyletic while evolutionary taxonomy sometimes allows paraphyletic groups, and cladograms illustrate the nested hierarchy of clades defined by shared derived characters.
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produc.docx
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring with members of other species. This idea is known as
a. reproductive success.
b. punctuated evolution.
c. adaptive radiation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. geographic isolation.
2. The origin of new species, the extinction of species, and the evolution of major new features of living things are all changes that result from
a. macroevolution.
b. fitness.
c. speciation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. convergent evolution.
3. Which is a barrier that can contribute to reproductive isolation?
a. timing
b. behavior
c. habitat
d. incompatible reproductive structures
e. all of the above
4. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Horses and donkeys are separate species.
b. Two mules can mate and produce fertile offspring.
c. A horse and a donkey can mate and produce offspring.
d. Two donkeys can mate and produce fertile offspring.
e. Two horses can mate and produce fertile offspring.
5. The evolution of the penguin’s wing from a wing suited for flying to a “flipper-wing” used for swimming is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
6. Which of the following have been preserved as fossils?
a. dinosaur footprints
b. insects preserved in amber
c. petrified plant remains
d. animal bones
e. all of the above
7. The mass extinctions that included the dinosaurs took place during which period?
a. Cambrian (543–510 million years ago)
b. Devonian (409–363 million years ago)
c. Carboniferous (363–290 million years ago)
d. Jurassic (206–144 million years ago)
e. Cretaceous (144–65 million years ago)
8. The development of the complex, camera-like eye of a mammal is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
9. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Carbon-14 dating is useful for studying the age of early dinosaur fossils.
b. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.
c. Uranium-238 has a very short half-life.
d. Uranium-238 is present in all organisms.
e. Carbon-12 is not found in living plants.
10. Which of the following provides the best explanation for why Australia has so many organisms unique to that continent?
a. punctuated equilibrium
b. the biological species concept
c. convergent evolution
d. continental drift
e. cladistics
11. Scientists think that a meteor that fell in ____________________ may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
a. Australia
b. the Yucatán peninsula
c. The Galápagos Islands
d. Pangaea
e. India
12. The great diversit.
Chapter25
This chapter discusses how biologists trace phylogenetic relationships and classify organisms based on evolutionary history. Biologists draw on multiple lines of evidence including the fossil record, morphological similarities, and molecular comparisons to construct phylogenetic trees that show evolutionary relationships. Systematists use cladistic analysis to define monophyletic groups based on shared derived characteristics, using outgroups to differentiate shared primitive versus derived traits. Phylogenetic trees depict the divergence of species and timing of these events, though the branching patterns only show relative, not absolute, timing.
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic trees reconstruct evolutionary relationships by grouping taxa with shared derived characteristics inherited from recent common ancestors. This document discusses methods for building phylogenetic trees, including cladistics which uses shared derived homologies (synapomorphies) to determine relationships. It also examines evidence for the evolutionary relationships of whales. Molecular studies of transposable elements and additional fossil evidence support whales evolving from artiodactyl ancestors, rather than being the sister group to artiodactyls.
Heredity and environment (worksheet 1)
This is a daily exercise to be used while teaching the SlideShare presentation Heredity and Environment found in:
http://www.slideshare.net/MMoiraWhitehouse
Suppose that one obtained the following DNA sequence data for the fou.pdf
Suppose that one obtained the following DNA sequence data for the four fly families and a non-
fly insect (the outgroup) from a gene that is not related to morphology. We will call the DNA
sequence positions 1 through 10, for reference (in fly family A, position 1 is a T, while position
10 is an A). Which of the characters (nucleotide positions) are variable among the fly families
(not counting the outgroup? Which of the characters (nucleotide positions) are phylogenetically
informative for cladistics? (Phylogenetically informative traits are those for which there is
variation in the group of interest, and for which there is evidence of synapomorphies.)
Solution
Purines are 2 ringed structure= A,G whereas, pyramidines aresingle ringed structure = C,T
Generally A = T (A double bonds with T) and G=C (G triple H bonds with C).
Mutation causes a change in theDNA sequence. Two types
1. Transversions: Purine instead of a pyramidine or vice versa (Less frequent so more important
for cladistics) A/G to C/T or vice versa. 2 ringed structure to 1 ringed structure
See this is seen in all fly families at 7th(ABCD:AGGC) , 8th (ABCD:CTAC) and 9th
(ABCD:GCTG)positions
2. Transitions: Purine instead of a puirne and pyramidine instead of a pyramidine (Easy and
frequent)
The Nucleotide positions are Bolded in the table are variable among the fly families. Among all
Fly family C is most variable. (Take A, B, C, D and leave Out group).
Phylogenetically informative traits are those for which there is variation in the group of interest
and for which there is evidence of synapomorphies. All this is to know the members of a group
which share a common history and to know their closely related species. Synapomorphy means
any characteristic which is present in an ancestral species and that is shared exclusively (either in
more or less modified form) by its evolutionary descendants.
Mostly there is a much variation in the 7th, 8th and 9th position of the nucleotide in all fly
families sequence so this will be more phylogenetically informative for cladistics and the 5th
sequence is the most stable one. From the sequence fly family C is much more related to the out
group sequence than all familiesFLY FAMILYDNA Sequence alignedpositions
order12345678910ATGCGTTACGABTGCATTGTCACTCCGTAGATTDGCAGTTCCGAOU
T GROUPGCAGTTGATT.
22) The plysical appearance of an organism is known as its a) Genoty.pdf
22) The plysical appearance of an organism is known as its: a) Genotype b) Genetio code c)
Mosaic nature. d) Heterocygosity 23) in a monghybrid cross, if the P generation consists of
plants that are true-breeding (one is homozygous (c) Phenotype dominant, the other bocnozy
gous recessive) and the Fi generation is allowed to self-fertilize, then the F F2. generation will
consist of ofgmisms that exhibit what ratio of homozygous dominant individuals to beterouygous
individuals to homozygous recessive individuals? a) 3.211 b) 1:3:1 c) 1:2:1 (i) 3 in e) 133 24)
The principle of dominance states that: a) In a beterorygote, one allele can never conceal the
presence of another allele: (b) In a heterozygote, one allele may conceal the presence of another
allele. 4 - c) In a homozygote, one allele may never conceal the presence of another allele. d) in a
homozygote, one allele may conceal the presence of another allele. c) None of these 25) A
dihybrid cross is one in which: a) One trait is studied (b) Two traits are studied at the same time
c) Two organisms are studied at the same time. d) Four traits are studied at the same time e)
None of these 26) The principle of independent assortment states that: (1) The alleles of different
genes segregate independently of each other b) The alleles of different genes segregate
dependent upon each other c) The alleles of the same genes do not segregate independently of
each other t. d) None of these e) All of these 27) In tigers, a rcessive allele causes a white tiger. If
two phenotypically normal tigers are mated and produce a white offspring, what percentage of
their remaining offspring is expected to be white? a) 50% b) 25% c) 100% d) 92 2) Unable to
detemine based upon the information givenf 28) A man was bom with six fingers on each and six
toes on eich foot. His wife and their son have a normal number of digits. Having extra digits is a
dominant trait. The couple's second child has extra digits. What is the probability that their next
child will have extra digits? 3) 10% (b) 254 c) 50% An.
3- Ant mutualists defend some species of plants by clearing neighborin.docx
3. Ant mutualists defend some species of plants by clearing neighboring plants and removing pest insects. What services does the plant provide in return?: a. Extrafloral nectaries, which are primarily rich in amino acids. b. Protein rich Beltian bodies. c. A protected enclosure to call home. d. B and C . e. All of the above 4. You're rummaging in the leaf litter and come across an interesting caterpillar-like larva, but you're unsure whether it's a member of the Symphyta or the Lepidoptera. To tell them apart you look for: a. Three pairs of true legs. b. A well-defined sclerotized head capsule. c. Prolegs that do not have crochets. d. Chewing mandibles versus sucking mouthparts. e. Who isn't vibing. 5. You come across a winged male insect and being a world-renowned myrmecologist, you immediately know it is an ant because of the following character(s) (circle any): a. The antennae are elbowed. b. The insect lacks a stinger. c. Only male ants have wings. d. It is not married to your uncle e. The mesosoma is separated from the gaster by a humped pedicel. 6. Which statements about insect symbionts are correct?: a. Alimentary tract symbionts are frequently transferred vertically, via eggs of the host. b. Endosymbionts are most commonly transferred horizontally, for instance by anal feeding by the host. c. Primary endosymbionts frequently evolve in parallel with their insect hosts. d. Secondary endosymbionts are typically obligate mutualists with their insect hosts. e. All of the above. 7. The Lepidopteran family a. Gracillaridae; particularly rapid metamorphosis. b. Sphingidae; when the pupa is able to move around. c. Agromyzidae; dramatic morphological changes between instars. d. Gracillaridae; dramatic morphological changes between instars.
.
Cladistics For Bb
1. The document discusses the classification of organisms using taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics. Taxonomy employs hierarchical classification while phylogenetic systematics is based on cladistic analysis.
2. Cladistic analysis involves determining phylogeny through dichotomous branching diagrams based on shared derived characteristics between organisms.
3. Systematists can infer phylogeny by analyzing molecular evidence and other data to determine ancestral relationships between organisms.
5.4 cladistics student copy
Cladistics is a method of classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and their most recent common ancestor. A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor. Evidence from DNA sequences and protein structures is used to construct cladograms, which are tree diagrams that show the probable sequence of divergence of clades. Cladograms help determine which traits are primitive, inherited from a distant ancestor, and which traits are derived and evolved more recently. This analysis can reveal relationships that differ from classifications based only on physical appearance.
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