6.4 organisations
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The document discusses several international organizations involved in international law, including the United Nations, international courts and tribunals, intergovernmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations. It provides details on the founding and purpose of the United Nations, the International Court of Justice, war crimes tribunals and the International Criminal Court. It also discusses the role and examples of intergovernmental organizations like the EU and ASEAN, as well as non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International and Greenpeace. It concludes by noting Australia's active involvement with the UN and impact of UN treaties domestically, though there have been disagreements on issues like asylum seekers, indigenous people, and East Timor.
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2.4 the court hierarchy
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The document discusses the structure and roles of the Australian Parliament. It notes that the Australian Parliament consists of the Queen, represented by the Governor-General, and two houses - the Senate and House of Representatives. It then describes the five main functions of parliament and provides details on the structure of the two houses, their roles, and the role and powers of the Governor-General.
6.1 International law
This document outlines the key sources and concepts of international law. It discusses how international law is created through negotiation and agreements between nation states, though countries can choose whether to adopt or exempt themselves from international laws. The major sources of international law are treaties and declarations signed by countries, customary practices that develop over time, legal decisions from international courts, and influential legal writings. However, international law relies on state sovereignty and countries have independence over their own domestic laws.
4.1 the constitution
This document discusses the key sources of Australian law, including the Australian Constitution and state constitutions. It outlines how legislative power is divided between the Federal Parliament and state governments. The Constitution established in 1901 divides powers into exclusive Commonwealth powers, residual state powers, and some concurrent areas. The High Court plays an important role in interpreting the Constitution and resolving disputes over which level of government has authority in different policy areas.
3.1 public and private law
This document provides an overview of public law and private law in three branches each. Public law includes criminal law, administrative law, and constitutional law. Criminal law deals with crimes against society, people, and property. Administrative law relates to government operations. Constitutional law establishes the structure of government and protects civil rights. Private law also has three branches: property law, contract law, and tort law. Tort law, sometimes called civil law, addresses non-criminal incidents like negligence, nuisance, trespass, and defamation through civil lawsuits rather than criminal charges. The landmark negligence case Donoghue v Stevenson established the legal concept of duty of care.
2.1 sources of law british common law
Common law originated in England and has spread to other countries like Australia. It is law developed by judges through precedents set in past cases, rather than law made by parliament. Judges must follow statutes but can interpret them and fill gaps using common law principles. Over time, as more cases were decided, a system of precedent developed where judges are bound by past decisions of higher courts. Equity later developed to provide remedies where common law was deficient, using moral principles of fairness. Both legal systems now coexist in Australia with precedent and equity considered together. The adversarial system used in common law involves opposing sides arguing their case before a neutral decision maker.
3.2 court proceedings
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•identify the role of legal personnel involved in the court process
1.2 values and ethics
The document discusses values, ethics, and how they relate to law and society. It states that a society's values are reflected in its laws and that ethics are what a society considers right and wrong. It also notes that values and ethics change over time, so laws must also change and adapt. As an example, it outlines how some of Australia's laws have changed to reflect evolving social values regarding the role of women, capital punishment, and homosexuality.
1.3 just laws and the nature of justice
This document discusses the characteristics of just laws and the nature of justice. It states that for a law to be valid it must be just, equal in application, based on widely held societal values, aim to benefit society as a whole, redress inequalities, minimize delay, not be applied retrospectively, and be publicly known. It also explains that justice involves equality, fairness, and access, as symbolized by Lady Justice with her blindfold, scales, and sword. For justice to be achieved, individuals must have access to legal information, assistance, and the ability to understand and engage with the law.
1.5 anarchy and tyranny
The document discusses anarchy and tyranny, which can result from the absence of laws, inability to enforce laws, or unfair application of laws. Anarchy is defined as a state without rules or government, which can lead to chaos during revolutions or disasters when law enforcement breaks down. Tyranny is defined as the opposite of anarchy, with a single leader having unlimited power over citizens through severe punishment and no rule of law. Both scenarios lack fair and consistent application of rules to regulate society.
1.4 procedural fairness and the rule of law
The document discusses the principles of natural justice and procedural fairness that are part of the rule of law. It outlines several rights that make up the concept of natural justice, including the right of the accused to know what they have been accused of, the right to present evidence and have a hearing, and the right to an unbiased court. It also discusses the importance of cross-examination and avoiding bias. The document presents the case of R v Sussex Justices, Ex parte McCarthy, in which a conviction was overturned even though the judges claimed they were not influenced by the clerk who had a conflict of interest, because justice must not only be done but be seen to be done.
PI 1.1 the law, customs and rules
The document defines key concepts around laws, rules, and customs. It states that laws are rules made by a sovereign power and apply universally and are strictly enforced. Rules apply to certain people at certain times, are often written down, and are not enforceable by the state. Customs are traditions that have developed within a group over time. It notes that as groups developed, rules became formalized as laws and an authority was put in place to enforce them and penalties. The document examines the differences and relationships between these concepts and how they have evolved and function within society.
2.1 state sovereignty
State sovereignty plays a key role in both promoting and challenging human rights enforcement. As nation states have supreme control over their own territory and legal systems, they must individually accept and enforce human rights standards. While this promotes equality and allows states to efficiently address breaches, it also means not all governments recognize human rights and some use sovereignty as justification for mis-treatment. Ultimately, states are both the main threat to human rights due to this sovereignty, as well as the primary protectors since the UN can only advise and not directly enforce standards.
2.2 international roles
The document discusses various international responses to promoting and enforcing human rights, including United Nations bodies like the General Assembly, Security Council, and Economic and Social Council. It also mentions international courts like the International Court of Justice and tribunals set up to address specific human rights issues. Non-governmental organizations, the media, and social media are described as playing roles in advocating for human rights and deterring violations. However, their effectiveness depends on factors like the openness of individual states and the priorities of different organizations.
2.3 domestic roles
Under the Australian Human Rights Commission Act and Australia's federal discrimination laws, the Australian Human Rights Commission has important functions in promoting and protecting human rights. The Commission monitors compliance with human rights that Australian governments have agreed to uphold. It has responsibilities under racial, sex, disability and age discrimination acts. While the Commission advocates for human rights, the Australian government has sometimes been critical and rejected the Commission's reports.
3 human trafficking
Investigation of human trafficking which
illustrates the promotion and/or enforcement
of human rights.
1 the nature and development of human rights
The document discusses the nature and development of human rights. It begins by defining human rights as universal and inalienable rights held by all humans. It then examines major statements of human rights, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948, which established 30 articles outlining civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. Two binding international covenants were also established in 1966: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Over time, human rights have continued to develop through additional treaties and protocols recognizing newer generations of rights.
Social Studies
The document discusses several key political concepts:
1) Division of powers refers to the separation and balance of powers between branches of government like the legislature, executive, and judiciary.
2) Civil liberties are rights and freedoms that protect individuals from government overreach and abuse of power.
3) A chief executive is the highest-ranking officer who manages a corporation, organization, or agency and reports to the board of directors.
2015 u302 b protection of rights
The document discusses approaches to protecting rights in Australia under the Commonwealth Constitution. It outlines that rights are protected through structural protections, express rights, and implied rights. Structural protections include representative government, separation of powers, and the referendum process. There are five express rights, including freedom of religion. One implied right that has been found is the implied right to political communication. Rights can be enforced if the High Court rules legislation unconstitutional for infringing express or implied rights. In summary, the Constitution protects rights through its structure and a few express and implied rights, though some argue more extensive protections could be provided.
The Indian Judiciary by Rohan
The document outlines the court system in India, beginning with the Supreme Court which has original, appellate, advisory and supervisory jurisdiction. It then discusses the powers of High Courts which include original and appellate jurisdiction as well as supervisory powers. The document concludes by describing several types of subordinate courts that operate below the High Courts, such as District Courts, Revenue Courts, Nyaya Panchayats, and Lok Adalats.
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United nations Yr10.pptx
The United Nations was established in 1945 with 193 current member states. It focuses on promoting and protecting human rights through over 70 human rights treaties and declarations. The UN General Assembly initiates studies and recommendations on human rights issues to raise international awareness. The Security Council maintains international peace and authorizes military or humanitarian actions to condemn human rights violations. The Secretariat, led by the Secretary General, works to promote and protect human rights through the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
Promoting and Enforcing Human Rights
The document discusses human rights and nation states. It defines a nation state as having a defined territory, permanent population, effective government, and ability to enter international relations. There are currently 193 UN member states. Some areas like Taiwan, Puerto Rico, and Palestine seek recognition as independent states but have disputed or limited international status. The UN and organizations like the ICC and ICJ seek to promote and enforce human rights, but nation states retain sovereignty and not all comply with international law and treaties. Media, NGOs, and other groups apply pressure but have no direct enforcement powers.
Purpose of International law
The purpose of international law is to maintain peace and harmony between nations. It serves as the supreme law in resolving disputes between countries, with judgments from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) binding on member states. The ICJ settles legal disputes submitted by states and provides advisory opinions to UN bodies. It is composed of 15 judges elected by the UN General Assembly and Security Council. In contrast, the International Criminal Court (ICC) investigates and prosecutes individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.
International Law.ppt
Eichmann was charged in Israel under their Nazi Collaborators Law for his role in the Holocaust. His defense argued that his kidnapping from Argentina was illegal, he was following superior orders, and that Israel did not have jurisdiction. He was ultimately found guilty and hanged in 1962. The document then provides background on the Nuremberg trials after WWII where German officials were prosecuted for war crimes. It notes some of the logistical and symbolic reasons for holding the trials in Nuremberg.
Un othe peacekeeper
The United Nations was established in 1945 to replace the League of Nations with the goals of maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, and promoting social progress, better living standards, and human rights. The six main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat, and Trusteeship Council. The UN aims to solve international problems, formulate policies on social and economic issues, and act as a forum for member nations.
ICJ International court of justice
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It was established in 1945 to replace the Permanent Court of International Justice. The ICJ settles legal disputes submitted by states and provides advisory opinions on legal issues to authorized international bodies. It is composed of 15 independent judges with renewable 9-year terms who represent the world's principal legal systems. The ICJ operates out of the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands.
Llb ii pil u 2.2 international disputes -settlement
This document summarizes various peaceful and non-peaceful means of settling disputes between states under public international law. Peaceful methods include negotiation, good offices, mediation, conciliation, enquiry, arbitration, and judicial settlement through bodies like the International Court of Justice. Non-peaceful methods include restorsion, reprisals, intervention, and war. It also discusses arbitration, litigation, and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms like negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, and minitrials. Permanent arbitral entities that help resolve international disputes include the Permanent Court of Arbitration and international courts.
Week 1 - Setting Up the League of Nations
The League of Nations was founded in 1920 with the goal of maintaining world peace. It was established through the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties after World War I. The League operated through an Assembly of member states and a Council of permanent and rotating members that made decisions on issues to be voted on. However, key countries like Germany, the US and Soviet Union were not members, and all decisions required unanimity. As a result, the League struggled to resolve disputes and enforce collective security, contributing to its inability to prevent the start of World War II.
international court system.docx
The document provides background information on several international criminal tribunals and courts:
1. The Tokyo and Nuremberg tribunals established after World War II to prosecute war criminals from Japan and Germany. They set precedents for international prosecution and defined war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace.
2. The European Court of Human Rights ensures states comply with the European Convention on Human Rights. It decides complaints of human rights violations against states.
3. The Special Court for Sierra Leone prosecuted those bearing greatest responsibility for serious crimes during Sierra Leone's civil war. It had jurisdiction over international crimes and some domestic laws.
4. Other courts discussed include the International Criminal
court syystem international.docx
The document provides background information on several international criminal tribunals and courts:
1. The Tokyo and Nuremberg tribunals prosecuted war crimes after World War II. The Tokyo tribunal tried Japanese leaders and had broader temporal jurisdiction than Nuremberg.
2. Other courts discussed include the International Criminal Court (ICC), European Court of Human Rights, Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), and Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). These have jurisdiction over crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide.
3. Punishments vary by court but can include imprisonment, with some like the ICC unable to impose the death penalty. Jurisdiction and procedures
United nations
The United Nations was formed in 1945 to replace the League of Nations and help prevent future wars. It has 193 member states and is headquartered in New York. The UN has several main organs that work to maintain international peace and security, promote human rights, and address humanitarian and economic issues. These include the General Assembly, Security Council, Secretariat, Economic and Social Council, and International Court of Justice. The UN also has numerous specialized agencies and bodies that focus on issues like health, education, development, and humanitarian aid.
C14 - International Organizations
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 with a membership of nation states. Its purposes are to provide a structure for states to peacefully settle disputes and maintain international security. The UN has several organs that carry out its functions, including the General Assembly, Security Council, Secretariat, and various economic and social bodies. While the UN has had some successes in peacekeeping and humanitarian aid, it also faces criticisms over failures to prevent conflicts and reforms to its operations.
Hr and un
The document summarizes the United Nations system for promoting and protecting human rights. It discusses the core human rights treaties and instruments established by the UN, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It describes the key UN bodies that deal with human rights, such as the Human Rights Council, treaty monitoring bodies, and special procedures. The UN provides advisory services, technical assistance, and works with NGOs to support countries in upholding human rights standards.
Neremberg trial
The Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials of Nazi war criminals held in Nuremberg, Germany from 1945 to 1949. The first and most notable was the trial of the major war criminals before the International Military Tribunal from 1945 to 1946. 24 Nazi leaders were indicted for war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity and several Nazi organizations were declared criminal. As a result, many defendants were sentenced to death or imprisonment. The trials established precedents for international law and the prosecution of war crimes.
United Nations
The United Nations was established in 1945 after the failures of the League of Nations and two devastating world wars. It aims to maintain international peace and security and promote cooperation between nations. The main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, Security Council, and International Court of Justice. The General Assembly is the main deliberative body that discusses issues related to international peace. The Security Council acts to maintain peace and has veto power for its five permanent members. The International Court of Justice settles disputes legally.
Key organs UN.docx
The document provides an overview of key United Nations bodies and their roles. It discusses the United Nations as the overarching international organization responsible for maintaining peace and security. It also outlines the roles of the General Assembly in deliberating on issues and approving budgets, the International Court of Justice in settling legal disputes, the Security Council in authorizing peacekeeping missions and sanctions, and the International Criminal Court in prosecuting war crimes and genocide. The bodies work together to address global challenges related to conflicts, human rights, the environment and health through upholding international law and peace.
International Court of Justice.ppt
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It settles legal disputes submitted to it by states and gives advisory opinions on legal questions referred by UN organs. The ICJ is composed of 15 judges elected by the UN General Assembly and Security Council. It handles two types of cases - contentious cases between states, and advisory proceedings on legal questions referred by UN bodies.
Global Issues - International Security
The document discusses the tension between state sovereignty and international governance in matters of international security. It provides an overview of different approaches to humanitarian intervention, democracy and good governance promotion, and international criminal tribunals that have challenged the traditional concept of absolute state sovereignty. While globalization has increased calls for intervention, implementation remains inconsistent and challenges include lack of political will, selective application depending on strategic interests, and tension between universal values and local contexts.
International Business Law Ch. 2
International law is defined as rules governing relationships between nations and individuals that have been accepted by the international community. It is largely consensual and developed from agreements, consensus, and accepted practices over time. Public international law deals with rules between nations and individuals, while private international law deals with rights and responsibilities of individuals and companies operating internationally. Primary sources of international law include treaties, customs, and general principles recognized by nations. Secondary sources include decisions and teachings of legal experts. Custom and usage also contribute to international law.
Global Issues - International Policy
The document discusses the tension between state sovereignty and international governance in matters of international security. It covers several topics: humanitarian intervention which some see as violating sovereignty but others see as necessary when states violate human rights; building democracy and governance through international organizations promoting transparency and anti-corruption measures; and international criminal tribunals established to pursue justice when the international community fails to prevent serious crimes like genocide and war crimes. It notes ongoing debates around when and how intervention is justified.
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1.1 what is crime
Crime is defined as an act or omission committed against the community that is punishable by the state. What constitutes a crime can vary between jurisdictions and is influenced by a society's values, morals, religion, culture, history, and legal traditions. Sometimes laws need reforming to remove outdated crimes or create new crimes to address changes in society, like computer crimes. The features of criminal law are protecting society, prosecuting crimes against people, the state, or property, where the state takes action against offenders through police prosecution in court under the burden of proof of beyond a reasonable doubt.
T2 u3 department store household goods
household goods you might purchase at a department store - Japanese vocabulary and images.
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food you might purchase from a department store - Japanese vocabulary and images
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clothes you might find in a department store - Japanese vocabulary and images
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2.3 domestic violence
This document discusses domestic violence in NSW, Australia. It defines domestic violence and outlines several pieces of NSW legislation aimed at protecting victims, such as expanding police powers to issue apprehended violence orders. It also discusses reports that recommend improving the ADVO system and information sharing between courts. The NSW government has responded by creating a new domestic violence ministry and strategy to prioritize victim safety. High-profile domestic violence cases, media coverage, and campaigns by advocates like Rosie Batty are also mentioned.
3.2 surrogacy and birth technologies
The document discusses issues related to surrogacy, birth technologies, and family law. It provides information on:
- The historical context of surrogacy law in NSW and the 2010 legislation allowing intended parents to gain full parenting rights.
- A 2012 case where a same-sex couple became the first in NSW to be declared legal parents of a baby born via surrogate.
- Issues that can arise with altruistic surrogacy arrangements and calls for reform to provide more protections for surrogates.
- The rapid growth of the commercial surrogacy industry in India and associated risks for parents and surrogates.
- Key aspects of legislation governing assisted reproductive technologies including IVF and regulation
2.2 consequences of separation
The document discusses Australian family law regarding children and property in the event of separation or divorce. It outlines that:
1. Australian family law since 1975 has focused on the best interests of the child, considering their welfare, wellbeing, and developmental needs. Amendments in 2006 and 2011 aimed to encourage shared parenting and protect children from harm.
2. Couples can develop parenting plans through mediation or have courts issue parenting orders outlining child custody and visitation. Consent orders can also be filed if couples agree but have animosity. Non-compliance can result in penalties.
3. Property ownership and division is also addressed, with courts making "just and equitable" distributions considering contributions and needs.
2.1 divorce & separation
The document discusses divorce requirements and separation under Australian law. Historically, divorce required one party to be at fault but the 1975 Marriage Act established no-fault divorce based on irretrievable breakdown of marriage proven by at least 12 months separation. Separation is defined by courts as a significant change in the overall marital relationship such as not living together or having sexual relations. It is possible to be separated while living under one roof if the intention to separate is communicated and the relationship changed. Attempts at reconciliation within a year do not require restarting the separation period. After filing for divorce, a decree nisi is granted and becomes absolute after one month to finalize the divorce.
1.3 legal rights and responsibilities
This document outlines the legal rights and responsibilities of parents and children under family law. It discusses the rights of children to safety, care, and protection, as well as the responsibilities of parents to financially support and care for their children. The rights of parents to make decisions for their children are also described. The document then discusses circumstances where the state may intervene to protect children's welfare. Specific legislation and notable court cases related to family law and children's rights are also summarized.
1.4 adoption
This document summarizes different types of adoption in NSW, Australia. It defines adoption as transferring legal parental rights from birth to adoptive parents. It discusses intra-family adoption for step-parents or relatives. For local adoption of children under age 2, birth parents are involved in selecting adoptive parents, making it unlikely that singles or same-sex couples would be chosen. Only a few older local children ages 2-12 are referred for placement each year. The document also covers adopting children already in out-of-home care and notes intercountry adoption.
1 define family
This document discusses the changing nature of families in Australia. It defines a family as two or more persons related by blood, marriage, adoption, or fostering who usually reside together. The two most common family types have changed over time, with couple-only families now slightly more prevalent than couple families with children. Modern Australian families come in many forms, including nuclear, blended, same-sex, extended, single-parent, de facto, adoptive, couple-only, and polygamous (recognized if legally entered overseas).
1 nature of family law
The document discusses the legal requirements and definition of marriage in Australia. It outlines that marriage has traditionally been defined in common law as the union of a man and a woman, but that there have been attempts to legislate same-sex marriage in some states and territories. The key requirements that must be met for a marriage to be valid include consent, minimum ages, the exclusion of certain familial relationships, and compliance with ceremonies conducted by authorized celebrants.
2 promoting and enforcing human rights
The document discusses several ways that human rights are incorporated into domestic law in Australia. It notes that the Australian Constitution contains some references to rights but is limited. Statute law and common law also provide some protections of rights, though common law can be overridden by legislation. The roles of separation and division of powers in the constitution are also outlined.
5.4 penalties for children
The document discusses penalties for children who commit crimes in Australia. The primary aim of penalties imposed by courts is to rehabilitate young offenders and help them rebuild their lives so they do not reoffend. For police, options include warnings, cautions, on-the-spot fines, and youth justice conferences. Courts can impose fines or control orders like supervision or detention. However, exposure to the court system may increase reoffending, indigenous youth face unequal treatment, and fines disproportionately impact poorer youth.
5.3 children's court
The Children's Court is a specialist court that deals with legal cases involving juveniles aged 10 to 17, as well as individuals up to age 21 if they committed a crime when under 18. It handles criminal cases, apprehended violence orders, compulsory schooling orders, and child care and protection cases, with the exception of the most serious crimes. Proceedings are closed to the public and the court aims to rehabilitate young offenders through a flexible and informal approach.
5.2 rights of child when questioned
This document outlines the rights of children when questioned or arrested by police. It states that police can only require a child provide their name, address and identity, and cannot take a child to the police station unless they are under arrest. If arrested, the child's parents or guardian must be contacted. A child also has the right to silence and to have a parent, guardian or solicitor present during any questioning.
2.2 reporting of crime
The document discusses the importance of reporting crime to the police and some reasons why people may not report crimes. It notes that laws reflect societal values and police enforce laws, so they rely on the public reporting crimes. However, people may not report crimes due to fear, distrust of authorities, or not knowing how. The document suggests making it easier to report crimes through additional methods like apps or text services. It also recommends educating the public on what constitutes a crime, how to report, and that crime prevention is a shared responsibility.
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This document lists the main body parts in Japanese including the head, eyes, nose, mouth, hands, fingers, stomach, knees and feet.
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This document provides examples and explanations for comparing two or more items in Japanese using the question words "dochira" and "dore".
- "Dochira" is used to compare two items and can be used with "no hō" which means "direction". It asks which of the two is preferred.
- "Dore" is used when comparing more than two items.
- Examples are given using these question words followed by "ga" and an adjective to ask which is more of something, like expensive or delicious.
- When specifying the items to compare, they can be listed with "to" between them before using "dochira ga" to ask which is more of an
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This document outlines the different types of evidence that can be presented in a court case. It discusses physical evidence, confessions/statements, witnesses, expert witnesses, character evidence, and hearsay. For each type of evidence, it provides examples and discusses the rules for admitting that evidence in court. The types of evidence that can be presented include physical items, witness testimony, expert opinions, character references, and prior statements, as long as they are relevant to the case and obtained through proper procedures.
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RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
6.4 organisations
- 1. Organisations Involved in International Law Sources of Contemporary Australian Law
- 2. The United Nations Started in 1945 51 initial members 193 members today Aimed to be a “forum for nations in dispute with each other” Didn’t allow for domestic disputes (ie: civil war)
- 3. Courts and Tribunals International Court of Justice War Crimes Tribunals International Criminal Court • Fixed court, in the Hague, Netherlands • Set up on an ad hoc basis (when they need to) • Has existed since 2002 • Won’t hear a case unless both parties agree to be bound by the decision • Nuremburg (Germany) was the first, post WWII • Rwanda (appeals) • Fmr Yugoslavia (20) • 122 member-states • All trials have focused on Africans Eg: East Timor v Australia re: oil fields and spying Investigate genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, breaches of Geneva Convention Targets individuals who have committed crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide
- 4. Intergovernmental Organisations (IGOs) Organisations which represent the governments of their members EG: United Nations European Union (EU) ASEAN IGOs have their own rules for membership and sanctions against those who don’t comply
- 5. Non-government Organisations Limited Status cannot enforce sanctions can apply pressure on governments through lobbying, education programs, aid etc EG: Amnesty International Greenpeace Sea Shepherd
- 6. Relevance to Australia? We have played an active role since the UN was formed We are a member-nation of many organs, and have been active in peace-keeping UN treaties have an impact on our domestic legislation It’s not all smooth-sailing; we have been at odds with the UN on a range of issues Asylum seekers Indigenous issues East Timor / oil