627 44 Classification Each essay in this chapter uses classification to get its main point across. As you read these essays, consider how they achieve the four basics of good classification that are listed below and discussed in Chapter 14 of this book. It makes sense of a group of people or items by organizing them into useful categories. It has a purpose for sorting the people or items. It uses a single organizing principle. It gives detailed examples or explanations of the things that fit into each category. 1 2 3 4 Four Basics of Good Classification James Hamblin How Much Caffeine before I End Up in the ER? James Hamblin, MD, trained in residency in the Harvard, Northwestern, and UCLA medi- cal systems, although he currently works in media. Now he enjoys doing stand-up and improvisational comedy. His work has appeared on National Public Radio and in Salon, the Los Angeles Times, and the Atlantic. Guiding question In 2005, fewer than 2,000 trips to U.S. hospital emergency depart- ments involved energy drinks. By 2011, that number was over 20,000. If energy drinks are safe, why are they sending us to the hospital? 46-ANK_6436_ch44_627-644.indd 627 9/2/14 10:10 AM 628 1 The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA, a government behavioral health agency) issued a report on Friday that called energy drinks “a continuing public health concern.” Yes, energy drinks like Red Bull, 5-Hour Energy, Monster, Full Throttle, CHARGE!, Neurogasm, Hardcore Energize Bullet, Facedrink, Eruption, Crakshot, Crave, Crunk, DynaPep, Rage Inferno, SLAP, and even good old Venom Death Adder. 2 Everything is a public health concern, though, really. How publicly con- cerned should we be about energy drinks? 3 First off, the data from the SAMHSA report looks alarming. It tells us that the number of “energy drink-related” emergency department (ED) visits increased nearly tenfold between 2005 and 2011: THIS GRAPH IS REPRODUCED COURTESY OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (SAMHSA), U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (HHS). INCLUSION OF THIS GRAPH IN THIS PUBLICATION DOES NOT CONSTITUTE OFFICIAL ENDORSEMENT BY SAMHSA OR HHS. SOURCE: 2011 SAMHSA DRUG ABUSE WARNING NETWORK (DAWN). 4 Energy drinks are not-uncommonly used along with alcohol and other drugs, so SAMHSA (say it aloud once, it’s calming) makes the distinction that, of the 20,783 ED visits in 2011, 58 percent involved energy drinks alone; the remaining also involved other drugs. 5 The rise suggests an increasing propensity for abuse, though, given the rap- idly increasing prevalence of energy drinks in the market since 2005 (now a $101 billion industry), probably a similar percentage of consumers are misusing them and/or having adverse reactions. Pause How dangerous do you believe energy drinks might be? What do you think the danger may be? 46-ANK_6436_ch44_627-644.indd 628 9/2/14 10:1.

1. 627
44
Classification
Each essay in this chapter uses classification to get its main
point across. As you
read these essays, consider how they achieve the four basics of
good classification
that are listed below and discussed in Chapter 14 of this book.
It makes sense of a group of people or items by organizing them
into useful
categories.
It has a purpose for sorting the people or items.
It uses a single organizing principle.
It gives detailed examples or explanations of the things that fit
into each category.
1
2
3
4
Four Basics of Good Classification

2. James Hamblin
How Much Caffeine before I End Up in the ER?
James Hamblin, MD, trained in residency in the Harvard,
Northwestern, and UCLA medi-
cal systems, although he currently works in media. Now he
enjoys doing stand-up and
improvisational comedy. His work has appeared on National
Public Radio and in Salon,
the Los Angeles Times, and the Atlantic.
Guiding question In 2005, fewer than 2,000 trips to U.S.
hospital emergency depart-
ments involved energy drinks. By 2011, that number was over
20,000. If energy drinks are
safe, why are they sending us to the hospital?
46-ANK_6436_ch44_627-644.indd 627 9/2/14 10:10 AM
628
1 The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration
(SAMHSA, a government behavioral health agency) issued a
report on Friday
that called energy drinks “a continuing public health concern.”
Yes, energy
drinks like Red Bull, 5-Hour Energy, Monster, Full Throttle,
CHARGE!,
Neurogasm, Hardcore Energize Bullet, Facedrink, Eruption,
Crakshot,
Crave, Crunk, DynaPep, Rage Inferno, SLAP, and even good
old Venom Death

3. Adder.
2 Everything is a public health concern, though, really. How
publicly con-
cerned should we be about energy drinks?
3 First off, the data from the SAMHSA report looks alarming. It
tells us that the
number of “energy drink-related” emergency department (ED)
visits increased
nearly tenfold between 2005 and 2011:
THIS GRAPH IS REPRODUCED
COURTESY OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE
AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
ADMINISTRATION (SAMHSA), U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVICES (HHS). INCLUSION OF THIS
GRAPH IN THIS PUBLICATION DOES NOT
CONSTITUTE OFFICIAL ENDORSEMENT
BY SAMHSA OR HHS. SOURCE: 2011
SAMHSA DRUG ABUSE WARNING
NETWORK (DAWN).
4 Energy drinks are not-uncommonly used along with alcohol
and other
drugs, so SAMHSA (say it aloud once, it’s calming) makes the
distinction that,
of the 20,783 ED visits in 2011, 58 percent involved energy
drinks alone; the
remaining also involved other drugs.
5 The rise suggests an increasing propensity for abuse, though,
given the rap-
idly increasing prevalence of energy drinks in the market since
2005 (now a $101
billion industry), probably a similar percentage of consumers
are misusing them
and/or having adverse reactions.

4. Pause How dangerous
do you believe energy
drinks might be? What
do you think the danger
may be?
46-ANK_6436_ch44_627-644.indd 628 9/2/14 10:10 AM
How Much Caffeine before I End Up in the ER? 629
6 Those consumers are more commonly men, and most
commonly 18–25-year-
olds—though the over-40 demographic is growing the most
rapidly, by degrees
(up 379 percent between 2007 and 2011).
Pause Why are the
numbers of those
who have visited the
emergency department
because of energy drinks
highest for young men
(ages 18–25 and 26–39)?
Also, why did the
number jump so high
between 2007 and 2011
for men over 40?
THIS GRAPH IS REPRODUCED COURTESY OF THE
SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
ADMINISTRATION (SAMHSA), U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (HHS). INCLUSION OF
THIS GRAPH IN THIS PUBLICATION DOES NOT

5. CONSTITUTE OFFICIAL ENDORSEMENT BY SAMHSA
OR HHS. SOURCE: 2011 SAMHSA DRUG ABUSE WARNING
NETWORK (DAWN).
7 Why are these drinks sending people to the emergency room?
The only
ingredient(s) in common energy drinks that have been proven to
have acute
stimulant effects are caffeine and guarana (which SAMHSA
defines as “a plant
product containing concentrated caffeine”). The vitamins and
amino acids that
many drinks include shouldn’t give you a noticeable burst of
energy unless you
were previously malnourished and vitamin-deficient. And
they’re not reasoned
to play a role in intoxication effects.
8 So, essentially, energy drinks can be looked at as caffeine.
And as the
SAMHSA report puts it, “Large amounts of caffeine can cause
adverse effects
such as insomnia, nervousness, headache, fast heartbeat, and
seizures that are
severe enough to require emergency care.”
9 How much is a “large amount” of caffeine? Like alcohol, it’s
relative to
metabolism and tolerance. Most people can tolerate a lot. In
caffeine-modified
electroconvulsive therapy, for patients with depression, up to
2,000 mg has been
given—intravenously. But that’s in a controlled hospital
environment where they
are trying to give people seizures. And it does increase the
likelihood they will
have a seizure. For a frame of reference, SAMHSA notes, “The
total amount of

6. caffeine in a can or bottle of an energy drink varies from about
80 to more than
500 mg, compared with about 100 mg in a 5-ounce cup of coffee
or 50 mg in a
12-ounce cola.”
10 Those examples are a little misleading, though. The Center
for Science in the
Public Interest (CSPI) has a great list of how much caffeine
specific foods/drinks
contain. For energy drinks, “more than 500 mg” is far from the
norm:
Pause Have you heard
of guarana? Many times
it’s billed as a natural
herb that may have posi-
tive effects. What other
herbs or natural ingre-
dients can you think of
that are in your drinks
or food? Look them up
and see what they actu-
ally are. Are they good
for you?
46-ANK_6436_ch44_627-644.indd 629 9/2/14 10:10 AM
630
Energy Drinks Serving Size Caffeine (mg)
5-hour Energy 1.9 fl. oz. 208
Full Throttle 16 fl. oz. 200

7. Monster Energy 16 fl. oz. 160
Rockstar 16 fl. oz. 160
AMP Energy Boost Original 16 fl. oz. 142
Red Bull 8.4 fl. oz. 80
V8 V-Fusion+Energy 8 fl. oz. 80
Ocean Spray Cran-Energy 20 fl. oz. 55
Glacéau Vitaminwater Energy 20 fl. oz. 50
COURTESY OF CENTER FOR SCIENCE IN THE PUBLIC
INTEREST
11 Cran-Energy is a thing, yes.
12 And the 50 mg that SAMHSA cites for a “cup of coffee” is
pretty optimistic—
at least in the way that many of us define coffee.
Coffees Serving Size Caffeine (mg)
Dunkin’ Donuts Coffee with Turbo Shot large, 20 fl. oz. 436
Starbucks Coffee venti, 20 fl. oz. 415
Starbucks Coffee grande, 16 fl. oz. 330
Panera Frozen Mocha 16.5 fl. oz. 267
Starbucks Coffee tall, 12 fl. oz. 260
Starbucks Caffè Americano grande, 16 fl. oz. 225

8. Panera Coffee regular, 16.8 fl. oz. 189
Starbucks Espresso Frappuccino venti, 24 fl. oz. 185
COURTESY OF CENTER FOR SCIENCE IN THE PUBLIC
INTEREST
46-ANK_6436_ch44_627-644.indd 630 9/2/14 10:10 AM
How Much Caffeine before I End Up in the ER? 631
Coffees Serving Size Caffeine (mg)
Dunkin’ Donuts Coffee medium, 14 fl. oz. 178
Starbucks Caffè Mocha grande, 16 fl. oz. 175
Starbucks Iced Coffee grande, 16 fl. oz. 165
Maxwell House Ground Coffee—100%
Colombian, Dark Roast, Master Blend,
or Original Roast
2 Tbs., makes 12 fl. oz. 100-160
Dunkin’ Donuts Cappuccino large, 20 fl. oz. 151
Starbucks—Caffè Latte, Cappuccino, or
Caramel Macchiato
grande, 16 fl. oz. 150
Starbucks Espresso doppio, 2 fl. oz. 150

9. COURTESY OF CENTER FOR SCIENCE IN THE PUBLIC
INTEREST
13 Still, despite the fact that a Starbucks venti coffee has three
times as much
listed caffeine as a can of Monster, some people swear they’re
more wired after
drinking an energy drink. That may be because of the extra
caffeine in guarana.
Energy drinks can advertise that they have the same amount of
caffeine as a cup
of coffee; but when you include guarana, they have a much
stronger stimulant
effect. In Australia, listing quantified guarana content on
beverages is mandatory.
14 The most interesting implication that the report mentions is
from a study
in which “bar patrons who consumed alcohol mixed with energy
drinks
were . . . four times more likely to intend to drive while
intoxicated.” Because,
as SAMHSA puts it, “Individuals, especially young drinkers,
may incorrectly
believe that consumption of caffeine can ‘undo’ the effects of
alcohol intake and
make it safe to drive after drinking.”
15 That sort of stimulant-empowered bullheaded behavior—
rather than the ER
admissions for caffeine-induced anxiety—is actually the most
pressing public
health concern.
16 So, caffeinate responsibly. “If I drink another Hardcore
Energize Bullet, am I
going to have to go to the hospital again?”

10. SUMMARIZE AND RESPOND
Summarize the main idea of “How Much Caffeine before I End
Up in
the ER?” Then, go back and check off support for this main
idea. Next, write
a brief summary (three to five sentences) of the essay. Finally,
jot down your
initial response to the reading. Have you ever considered the
effects of caf-
feine? How much of an impact on health do you think it has?
46-ANK_6436_ch44_627-644.indd 631 9/2/14 10:10 AM
Running head: NAME OF YOUR PAPER 1
1
WORLD RELIGIONS CHART PAPER
First Name Last Name
Strayer University
REL 212
Prof. Ronald Gavin
Date

11. NAME OF YOUR PAPER
2
Name of Your Paper
[Indent 5 spaces] STATE WHAT YOUR PURPOSE IS.
[You are choosing one category from the 8 World Chart
category headings and then you will address this category as to
how it relates to all 12 World Religions we have discussed this
quarter beginning with Hinduism.
Answer the following questions for this assignment. What is
compelling (interesting to you ) about the chart category you
have chosen? Example: What do you find interesting about
Afterlife as a category? Address “Why is Afterlife important in
the study any religion”?
Hinduism
[Indent 5 sp] Describe how Hinduism views the Afterlife in
2 or 3 paragraphs. Don’t be so general and brief that important
info is omitted. Note the double spacing before and after the
heading and before the next heading below. You MUST include
in text citations at the end of the sentence that you use any
outside resource in this case to either quote or if summarized in
your own words, our textbook whose author is Fisher ex.
(Fisher, 2014) The first entry is the author’s last name, and the
date of publishing follows after a comma and all are in
parenthesis. Note that every intext citation you use must show
the full reference in the final page entitled, Reference. Never

12. offer simply a Website/URL as an intext citation. Go to
http://www.citationmachine.net/apa to assist you with the
various styles of intext citations and with your full references
which again which will appear in the reference page. Simply
choose what type source you are using, click, then supply the
info asked for.
Jainism
[Indent 5 sp] Describe how Jainism views the Afterlife in 2
or 3 paragraphs.
Buddhism
Address Buddhism according to your choice Ex Afterlife.
Include in text citations.You will continue writing until the
bottom of the paper at the 1 inch margin
NAME OF YOUR PAPER
3
Confucianism
Daoism
Shinto
Zoroastrianism
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Sikhism
New Religion: (Your
choice from the Wk 10 Chapter: Ex. Scientology)
Conclusion
[all paragraphs indented 5 sp] What general
observations can you make about your paper findings having
described your purpose in the introduction? What did you find
interesting/significant/ etc about your topic as you addressed
all 12 religions?
Answer the following assignment questions: No. 3: Give an
example of how you have noticed this category in your life,
town or country.(In other words, How does the area of Afterlife
impact you community and in what ways?) What impact does
this category have in the everyday lives of people who practice

13. religion in your area? (You do not have to give examples of all
the religions in your area, just one you have noticed besides any
you practice.
NAME OF YOUR PAPER
4
References
Bezzina, C., & Testa, S. (2005, June). Establishing schools as
professional learning communities: Perspective from Malta.
European Journal of Teacher Education, 28(2), 141-150.
Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. doi:
10.1080/02619760500093156
DuFour, R. (2004, May). What is a “professional learning
community”? Educational Leadership, 61(8), 6-11. Retrieved
from
http://pdonline.ascd.org/pd_online/secondary_reading/el200405
_dufour.html
Fisher, Mary (2014). Living Religions. 9th ed. Upper Saddle
River, N.J. : Pearson.
Herbert, K. S., Murphy, K. M., Ramos, M. A., Vaden-Kiernan,
M., & Buttram, J. L. (2006). SEDL’s Working systematically
model: Final report. Southwest Educational Development Lab.
Retrieved from http://www.sedl.org/cgi-
bin/pdfexit.cgi?url=http://www.sedl.org/ws/pdfs/WS-final-
report.pdf
Final Notes to Assist you with this paper
[Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as
academic resources. The following cites provide examples of
APA format: http://www.apastyle.org/ and

14. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/.
Observe the spacing above note that the References are in
alphabetical ord
er according to the author’s last name]
Place your paper into Grammarly to check for writing errors.
This feature is found in Blackboard, see your Success Coach for
more help on this. Optional unless you struggle with writing.
REL212 WORLD VIEW CHART
This chart contains all the research you need to write the final
paper for this course. If you do the research and reading on the
religion(s) we study each week, and if you give yourself a good
guide to the religions using this chart, you will have a good
foundation for that final paper. The more information you
provide for yourself with this chart, the easier it will be to write
your final paper. Do not forget to provide adequate material for
any in-text citations and be sure to include a reference page as
well. On the left hand side of the chart are the categories and
the content to be discussed.
Complete and submit the following chart. Provide citations for
any source(s) you used to explain or provide examples for in
your research. List in APA Style full references for any in-text
citations and source(s) made in the above chart. Use full
sentences and correct grammar, etc..
Student Name:
RELIGION(S) OF THE WEEK
Provide your response in this column.
· State the name of the Religion being addressed in this chart.
· Please address ONLY ONE (1) religion per chart. If there is
more than one religion for the week, do two charts.
Shintoism
ORIGIN OF ALL THINGS
Provide your response in this column.
Every religion has a cosmology/cosmogony to explain its view

15. of the universe and the place of humans in it. Explain the
cosmology/cosmogony for this week’s religion. Explain how it
is manifested in the subsequent worldview that develops for that
religion.
(Kan) the concept and (Uchu) the universe originated from the
philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi and Taoism and is written in
two dimensions. The first dimension is the “heaven and earth”
and the four directions and the second is the temporal
dimension. The term Uchu is used interchangeably with sekai (
the world) in which “se” refers to past, present and future, while
“Kai” refers to the spatial categories( east, west and south, up
and down). Uchu is the modern idea of “view of nature” (Shizen
kan). Shizen originates from Laozi and Zhuangzi. It implies the
Taoist concept of “so of itself” but was translated to English as
Nature
NATURE OF GOD/CREATOR
Provide your response in this column.
In what way does this religion have a God or gods? How does
this worship of deity/deities reflect the cosmology of the
religion? If the religion has no God/gods, in what way does this
absence reflect their cosmology?
“Shinto gods” are called Kami. They take the form and concept
of things important to life like trees, mountains, rivers, wind
and fertility. After death humans are revered by their families as
ancestral Kami. Kami of extraordinary people are enshrined in
shrines. Shinto’s most important Kami is goddess Amaterasu.
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
Provide your response in this column.
· State how this religion views human beings. What is human
nature according to this religion? Why does the view of human
nature matter?
· If you cannot identify how this religion defines human beings,
offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't.
Human beings are part of the natural realm that is sacred.
Normal acts such as contact with things that threaten life,
example blood or death is likely to bring about pollution. This

16. according to Shintoism is no sin as it is unavoidable. However
the pollution has to be washed away through purification acts.
The aim is to maintain the pure and natural ways and state of
existence.
VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL
Provide your response in this column.
· State how this religion defines the concept of good and evil.
· How does this definition or understanding impact the way
adherents to the religion live their daily lives?
Although there is no concept of sin in Shintoism, it recognizes
evil and that it is brought about by evil spirits. Anything that
disturbs our harmony with society, groups, or the natural world
is regarded to as evil. Loyalty is of great importance and it is
important to be loyal to family, job, friends etc. evil is not only
bad but a detriment to our self. The highest virtue in Shinto is
closeness to nature which is closeness to god.
VIEW OF SALVATION
Provide your response in this column.
· All religions suggest that human beings are faced with a
“problem” that needs to be overcome. What is the “problem”
this religion identifies? Is this problem intrinsic or extrinsic for
the person? Is it individually manifested or is it a collective
problem?
Ritual impurities is a major problem in Shinto as it may offend
the spirits (Kami) and may result in catastrophe like famine or
drought. Tsumi the spirit of impurity mainly consist of negative
energy. One has to purify the mind and body to attract good
spirits.
VIEW OF AFTERLIFE
Provide your response in this column.
· What does this religion teach about “what comes next” after
all is said and done? In what do adherents of this religion place
their hope for any future life or existence? Describe the impact
this belief or non-belief impacts the person daily life and the
structures of society. With such a view of the after-life, what
type of societal structures or institutions would we expect to

17. develop in the culture?
Shintoism relies heavily on the concepts of Kami and not
reincarnation. The spiritual energy in everyone is released and
recycled at death. Spirits live in another world and the most
sacred is the world of heaven. The other spirit worlds are not
viewed as punishment or paradise instead it is the place where
spirits reside. When people correctly perform rituals and
festivals the spirits can easily visit the real world.
PRACTICES AND RITUALS
Provide your response in this column.
· How do members of this religion “practice” their “faith?”
· What ceremonies, or rituals, do they use to help pass this
religion on to the next generation? If you cannot identify how
this religion is practiced, offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't
have any rituals or practices.
Due to the negative concept of death in Shinto religion most
people perform Buddhist funeral procedures. This is as a result
of belief in impurities at death or before death.
CELEBRATIONS AND FESTIVALS
Provide your response in this column.
· Identify one or two celebrations and/or festivals that members
of this religion use to express their beliefs in public, or in
private.
Why do religions develop celebrations and/or festivals? How
are these different from practices and rituals?
Shinto festivals include Oshogatsu (New year), Haru Matsuri

18. (spring festival), Rei Sai (annual festival)