This document analyzes and updates an ordinance on transportation demand management (TDM) strategies. It discusses TDM approaches like variable parking pricing and shared parking agreements. Variable pricing involves charging for on-street parking based on demand, location, and time. Shared parking agreements allow different land uses to share parking facilities to maximize efficiency. The analysis found these strategies can help reduce solo car use, encourage alternative modes, and create equity. Updating the local ordinance to streamline shared parking agreements and implement variable parking pricing is recommended to better achieve the city's goals of improving mobility and reducing traffic and pollution.

1. Transportation Demand
Management
An Analysis and Update for the
Ordinance
Byrne, Guardado, Wang

2. Overview
• Introduction to TDM
• Purpose
• Background Issues
• Variable Pricing
• Shared Parking
• Findings

3. What is Transportation Demand
Management?
• Demand side control for transportation
• Moving people’s choice of transportation
mode, time, or space.

4. Purpose
1. To reduce single-
occupancy use of
automobiles.
2. Encourage other modes
3. Create equity
a. Internalize the marginal
cost to society from air
pollution and traffic
congestion

5. Background Issues
• 1993 Ordinance required
for new buildings over
25,000 square feet.
• Preferential parking for
carpools and vanpools.
• Mandated educational
boards that encourage use
of public transit or
carpooling.
• No evidence that these
had any significant impact

6. Analysis
• 2 Strategies:
1. Variable Pricing for On-street Parking
2. Shared Parking

7. Variable Pricing, On-Street Parking
• Strategy: to price on-street parking meters
according to demand
– Based on 2 dimensions:
• Location
• Time

8. Variable Pricing, On-Street Parking
• Strategy: to price on-
street parking meters
according to demand
– Based on 2 dimensions:
• Location
• Time
• Express Park, Los
Angeles

9. Variable Pricing Best Practices

10. Variable Pricing, San Francisco, CA
• Similar to Express Park in Los Angeles

11. Variable Pricing, Ventura, CA
• Also sought 15% vacancy for
parking
• “All moneys collected from
parking pay stations, and meters
in this city shall be placed in a
special fund, which fund shall be
devoted exclusively to purposes
within the geographic
boundaries of the parking
district from which the revenue
is collected. Such moneys shall
be used for the purposes stated
in the parking district
establishment ordinance” (City
of Ventura)

12. Variable Pricing, Glendale, CA
• At first, “parking ambassadors” provided help
at the parking meters and for six weeks only
warning tickets were issued for first offenses;
after a year Glendale experienced significant
improvement in downtown parking efficiency .

13. Shared Parking
• A Shared Parking Agreement is a
legally binding contract between two
or more land owners such that one’s
surplus of parking shall be used to
meet the minimum parking
requirement of another
• These agreements are typically done
between land uses with different peak
periods of parking demand

14. Shared Parking
• Currently, shared parking
agreements done on case-by-
case basis. This process has
high transaction costs and has
been abused
• In the future, it will be
necessary to streamline the
process and keep track of
these agreements to prevent
abuse

15. Shared Parking Best Practices

16. Shared Parking, San Diego, CA
• Simple, standardized application form.
• Agreement in perpetuity and runs with the
land.
• Managed by City of San Diego’s Developer
Services Department.

17. Shared Parking, Seattle, WA
• Encourages the use of
agreements between multiple
uses.
• Allowed between different
categories of use or uses with
different hours of operation,
but not both.
• Shared parking must be located
within 800 feet of the use.
• Burden placed on applicant to
establish lack of conflict
between uses.

18. Findings

19. General Plan Goals
• Goal A: “Adequate accessibility to work
opportunities and essential services,
and acceptable levels of mobility for all
those who live, work, travel, or move
goods in Los Angeles.”
• Objective 2: “Mitigate the impacts of
traffic growth, reduce congestion, and
improve air quality by implementing a
comprehensive program of multimodal
strategies that encompasses physical
and operational improvements as well
as demand management.”
• Policy 2.24: “Implement shared-
parking, peripheral parking, and
parking-pricing strategies in high-
employment areas

20. General Plan Transportation Element,
Chapter 7, Plans and Policies, P20
• “Develop and implement a Parking
Awareness/Promotion program to
increase acceptance of parking
management by the general public.”
• “Implement shared parking,
peripheral parking, and parking
pricing programs in major
employment areas and mixed-use
districts”
• “Improve and expand enforcement
of on-street parking restrictions (e.g.
time limits, tow away/no stopping,
loading zones), especially where
such restrictions provide an
additional peak hour travel lane/bus
lane or additional loading areas in
industrial districts.”

21. Questions?