This document summarizes Canada's involvement in Afghanistan from 2001-2014. It provides context on Afghanistan's history prior to the US-led invasion in 2001. It then discusses Canada's role, including the number of casualties and costs. It examines structural constraints Canada faced and mistakes made, such as losing legitimacy by supporting warlords. Key lessons identified include the need to distinguish allies from enemies, understand Afghanistan's culture and history, and uphold human rights. The conclusion calls for addressing the civilian-military divide and leveraging diplomacy to successfully conduct nation-building and counterinsurgency operations.