57.Samudrawar, R., Mazhar, H., Wasekar, R. et al. Evaluation of Digital Palmar Dermatoglyphics in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Leukoplakia: A Prospective Comparative Clinical Study. J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-020-01399-8
The Correlation between the Right Little Finger, Eye - Ear Distance and Verti...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The Correlation between the Right Little Finger, Eye - Ear Distance and Verti...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Clinical study of impacted maxillary canine in the Arab population in IsraelAbu-Hussein Muhamad
The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of impacted maxillary canine in patients in Arabs Community in Israel (ARAB48,Israel) visiting our Center For Dentistry,Research & Aesthetics,Jatt,Almothalath,Israel, 4250 patients . This study comprises data from patients who attended the O.P.D.2200 patients between Jun. 2006 to Dec 2013. Patients were examined in order to detect the impacted maxillary canines by intraoral examination, palpation, dental records and followed by radiographs. It was found that the prevalence of canine impaction was 0,8 % (N=4250), 1,6 (N=2200), 43,9 (N-82) in males and 1,1% (N=4250), 2,1 (N=2200), 56,1 (N-82) in females suggesting that prevalence of impacted maxillary canines is more in females than males and it is statistically significant. The overall prevalence for maxillary impacted canines was found to be 3,7 % (N=2200) which suggested that it is much higher than previous studies. The results of this study were slightly different than other studies, while the dissimilarities may be attributed to the sample selection, method of the study and area of patient selection, which suggest racial and genetic differences.
Are Reprocessed Endoscope free from Contaminants iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Chairside Diagnosis of Periodontal Diseases A ReviewYogeshIJTSRD
A good clinical diagnosis has always been the need of the hour. Proper diagnosis is essential for better treatment and planning of the diseases. Customary clinical estimations utilized for periodontal finding are regularly of restricted convenience as they are pointers of past periodontal illness instead of present disease action. Subsequently, there is a requirement for creating novel demonstrative kits that can identify dynamic diseases, anticipate future illness crisis or movement and assess reaction to periodontal treatment, and treatment encouragement in periodontal patients. In this futuristic era, there has been a tremendous amount of research in the field of diagnostic tools that can be utilized by a dental practitioners and even periodontists in their day to day practice. Distinctive chair side diagnostic kits will be discussed in this paper which will be useful for appropriate diagnosis, assessing the disease anticipation and proper treatment planning. Dr. Sumeet Khanna | Dr. Smarth Khanna | Dr. Parul Goel "Chairside Diagnosis of Periodontal Diseases: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37981.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/37981/chairside-diagnosis-of-periodontal-diseases-a-review/dr-sumeet-khanna
5th publication -Dr Rahul VC Tiwari - Department of ral and Maxillofacial Surgery, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Takkellapadu,Guntur, Andhra Pradesh - 522509.
Oral cancer is the most significant and growing concern worldwide. It ranks as 3rd in India and 8th
largest prevalent form of cancer in world. Oral cancer is often diagnosed, only after reached to an untreatable
stage. Early detection and prevention are the major objectives to control the oral cancer. Histopathology
analysis of biopsied lesion followed by visual examination is the current clinical procedure. This procedure is
invasive and requires a waiting period for the diagnostic results. Thus, there is a need to develop a non-invasive
screening device for oral cancer detection. Optical imaging has emerged as effective tool for detecting
malignant changes associated with oral cancer and also effective in assisting with the detection of oral mucosal
abnormalities. Hence, this paper focuses on development of non-invasive, real-time diagnostic tool based on
optical imaging technique in which involves - fluorescence emission and diffuse reflectance imaging modalities
for screening of oral cancer.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Clinical study of impacted maxillary canine in the Arab population in IsraelAbu-Hussein Muhamad
The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of impacted maxillary canine in patients in Arabs
Community in Israel (ARAB48,Israel) visiting our Center For Dentistry,Research & Aesthetics,Jatt,Almothalath,Israel,
4250 patients . This study comprises data from patients who attended the O.P.D.2200 patients between Jun. 2006 to Dec
2013. Patients were examined in order to detect the impacted maxillary canines by intraoral examination, palpation, dental
records and followed by radiographs. It was found that the prevalence of canine impaction was 0,8 % (N=4250), 1,6
(N=2200), 43,9 (N-82) in males and 1,1% (N=4250), 2,1 (N=2200), 56,1 (N-82) in females suggesting that prevalence of
impacted maxillary canines is more in females than males and it is statistically significant. The overall prevalence for
maxillary impacted canines was found to be 3,7 % (N=2200) which suggested that it is much higher than previous studies.
The results of this study were slightly different than other studies, while the dissimilarities may be attributed to the sample
selection, method of the study and area of patient selection, which suggest racial and genetic differences.
60.Srinivasan S, Velusamy G, Munshi MAI, Radhakrishnan K, Tiwari RVC. Comparative Study of Antifungal Efficacy of Various Endodontic Irrigants with and without Clotrimazole in Extracted Teeth Inoculated with Candida albicans. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2020 Dec 1;21(12):1325-1330. PubMed PMID: 33893253.
Dental research process: a trial to understand, and how to connect with the s...Mohamed A. Galal
A trial to understand Dental Research Process, that can help assistant researchers and research assistants in Dental fields to go into their profession more and more.
1- Skills
2- Ideas
3- Relations
4- Mentor
5- Funding
Abstract—Submental intubation is a method for airway without trachiotomy. This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the frequency, indications, and outcomes of airway management by submental intubation in maxillofacial trauma patients and comparison with tracheostomy regarding its advantages and disadvantages.40 patients with maxillofacial injuries were selected for submental intubation who required tracheostomy/ retromolar intubation in a 2 year period (2013–2015). Submental intubation permitted reduction and fixation of all the fractures without the interference of the tube during surgical procedure in all of the patients. It avoids retromolar intubation/ tracheostomy and its disadvantages.Thus,Submental intubation is a simple, safe, with low morbidity technique for operative airway management in maxillofacial trauma patients when there are fractures involving the nasal region and concomitant dental occlusion disturbances who required retromolar intubation/ tracheostomy for airway management during surgery.
Evaluation of role of periodontal pathogens in endodontic periodontal diseasesDr. Anuj S Parihar
Aim: This study aimed to correlate periodontal pathogens in endodontic periodontal diseases. Methodology: This study was conducted on 40 patients of both genders. All the participants were obtained from department of endodontics and periodontology with history of endo‑perio lesion in same teeth. Polymerase chain reaction was performed and correlation was established. Results: This study included 18 males and 22 females. The mean age of male was 42.5 years and female was 41.3 years. Specimens of Tannerella forsythia were isolated from 94% endodontium and 92% periodontium, Porphyromonas gingivalis from 71% endodontium and 55% periodontium,
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans from 12% endodontium and 58% periodontium. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). Bacteria in endodontic‑periodontal infection confirmed statistically significant correlation between absolute quantitation of T. forsythia and P. gingivalis (r = 0.412, P < 0.05), P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans (r = 0.524, P < 0.05), and T. forsythia and A. actinomycetemcomitans (r = 0.427, P < 0.05). Conclusion: There was correlation between targeted bacterial species levels from concurrent endodontic‑periodontal diseases. Thus, it can be suggested that dentinal tubules may be the pathway for spread of bacteria.
Dr. Rahul VC Tiwari - Fellowship In Orthognathic Surgery - Jubilee Mission Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Thrissur, Kerala - 20TH PUBLICATION - IJADS
Multiple Submandibular Duct Calculi: A Case Reportclinicsoncology
Salivary gland calculi account for the most common disease of the salivary glands. The majority of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland or its duct and are a common cause of acute and chronic infections. Sialolith can be unilateral, bilateral, single or multiple.
Multiple Submandibular Duct Calculi: A Case Reportpateldrona
Salivary gland calculi account for the most common disease of the salivary glands. The majority of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland or its duct and are a common cause of acute and chronic infections. Sialolith can be unilateral, bilateral, single or multiple.
Multiple Submandibular Duct Calculi: A Case ReportSarkarRenon
Salivary gland calculi account for the most common disease of the salivary glands. The majority of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland or its duct and are a common cause of acute and chronic infections. Sialolith can be unilateral, bilateral, single or multiple.
Clinical study of impacted maxillary canine in the Arab population in IsraelAbu-Hussein Muhamad
The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of impacted maxillary canine in patients in Arabs Community in Israel (ARAB48,Israel) visiting our Center For Dentistry,Research & Aesthetics,Jatt,Almothalath,Israel, 4250 patients . This study comprises data from patients who attended the O.P.D.2200 patients between Jun. 2006 to Dec 2013. Patients were examined in order to detect the impacted maxillary canines by intraoral examination, palpation, dental records and followed by radiographs. It was found that the prevalence of canine impaction was 0,8 % (N=4250), 1,6 (N=2200), 43,9 (N-82) in males and 1,1% (N=4250), 2,1 (N=2200), 56,1 (N-82) in females suggesting that prevalence of impacted maxillary canines is more in females than males and it is statistically significant. The overall prevalence for maxillary impacted canines was found to be 3,7 % (N=2200) which suggested that it is much higher than previous studies. The results of this study were slightly different than other studies, while the dissimilarities may be attributed to the sample selection, method of the study and area of patient selection, which suggest racial and genetic differences.
Are Reprocessed Endoscope free from Contaminants iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Chairside Diagnosis of Periodontal Diseases A ReviewYogeshIJTSRD
A good clinical diagnosis has always been the need of the hour. Proper diagnosis is essential for better treatment and planning of the diseases. Customary clinical estimations utilized for periodontal finding are regularly of restricted convenience as they are pointers of past periodontal illness instead of present disease action. Subsequently, there is a requirement for creating novel demonstrative kits that can identify dynamic diseases, anticipate future illness crisis or movement and assess reaction to periodontal treatment, and treatment encouragement in periodontal patients. In this futuristic era, there has been a tremendous amount of research in the field of diagnostic tools that can be utilized by a dental practitioners and even periodontists in their day to day practice. Distinctive chair side diagnostic kits will be discussed in this paper which will be useful for appropriate diagnosis, assessing the disease anticipation and proper treatment planning. Dr. Sumeet Khanna | Dr. Smarth Khanna | Dr. Parul Goel "Chairside Diagnosis of Periodontal Diseases: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37981.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/37981/chairside-diagnosis-of-periodontal-diseases-a-review/dr-sumeet-khanna
5th publication -Dr Rahul VC Tiwari - Department of ral and Maxillofacial Surgery, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Takkellapadu,Guntur, Andhra Pradesh - 522509.
Oral cancer is the most significant and growing concern worldwide. It ranks as 3rd in India and 8th
largest prevalent form of cancer in world. Oral cancer is often diagnosed, only after reached to an untreatable
stage. Early detection and prevention are the major objectives to control the oral cancer. Histopathology
analysis of biopsied lesion followed by visual examination is the current clinical procedure. This procedure is
invasive and requires a waiting period for the diagnostic results. Thus, there is a need to develop a non-invasive
screening device for oral cancer detection. Optical imaging has emerged as effective tool for detecting
malignant changes associated with oral cancer and also effective in assisting with the detection of oral mucosal
abnormalities. Hence, this paper focuses on development of non-invasive, real-time diagnostic tool based on
optical imaging technique in which involves - fluorescence emission and diffuse reflectance imaging modalities
for screening of oral cancer.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Clinical study of impacted maxillary canine in the Arab population in IsraelAbu-Hussein Muhamad
The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of impacted maxillary canine in patients in Arabs
Community in Israel (ARAB48,Israel) visiting our Center For Dentistry,Research & Aesthetics,Jatt,Almothalath,Israel,
4250 patients . This study comprises data from patients who attended the O.P.D.2200 patients between Jun. 2006 to Dec
2013. Patients were examined in order to detect the impacted maxillary canines by intraoral examination, palpation, dental
records and followed by radiographs. It was found that the prevalence of canine impaction was 0,8 % (N=4250), 1,6
(N=2200), 43,9 (N-82) in males and 1,1% (N=4250), 2,1 (N=2200), 56,1 (N-82) in females suggesting that prevalence of
impacted maxillary canines is more in females than males and it is statistically significant. The overall prevalence for
maxillary impacted canines was found to be 3,7 % (N=2200) which suggested that it is much higher than previous studies.
The results of this study were slightly different than other studies, while the dissimilarities may be attributed to the sample
selection, method of the study and area of patient selection, which suggest racial and genetic differences.
60.Srinivasan S, Velusamy G, Munshi MAI, Radhakrishnan K, Tiwari RVC. Comparative Study of Antifungal Efficacy of Various Endodontic Irrigants with and without Clotrimazole in Extracted Teeth Inoculated with Candida albicans. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2020 Dec 1;21(12):1325-1330. PubMed PMID: 33893253.
Dental research process: a trial to understand, and how to connect with the s...Mohamed A. Galal
A trial to understand Dental Research Process, that can help assistant researchers and research assistants in Dental fields to go into their profession more and more.
1- Skills
2- Ideas
3- Relations
4- Mentor
5- Funding
Abstract—Submental intubation is a method for airway without trachiotomy. This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the frequency, indications, and outcomes of airway management by submental intubation in maxillofacial trauma patients and comparison with tracheostomy regarding its advantages and disadvantages.40 patients with maxillofacial injuries were selected for submental intubation who required tracheostomy/ retromolar intubation in a 2 year period (2013–2015). Submental intubation permitted reduction and fixation of all the fractures without the interference of the tube during surgical procedure in all of the patients. It avoids retromolar intubation/ tracheostomy and its disadvantages.Thus,Submental intubation is a simple, safe, with low morbidity technique for operative airway management in maxillofacial trauma patients when there are fractures involving the nasal region and concomitant dental occlusion disturbances who required retromolar intubation/ tracheostomy for airway management during surgery.
Evaluation of role of periodontal pathogens in endodontic periodontal diseasesDr. Anuj S Parihar
Aim: This study aimed to correlate periodontal pathogens in endodontic periodontal diseases. Methodology: This study was conducted on 40 patients of both genders. All the participants were obtained from department of endodontics and periodontology with history of endo‑perio lesion in same teeth. Polymerase chain reaction was performed and correlation was established. Results: This study included 18 males and 22 females. The mean age of male was 42.5 years and female was 41.3 years. Specimens of Tannerella forsythia were isolated from 94% endodontium and 92% periodontium, Porphyromonas gingivalis from 71% endodontium and 55% periodontium,
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans from 12% endodontium and 58% periodontium. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). Bacteria in endodontic‑periodontal infection confirmed statistically significant correlation between absolute quantitation of T. forsythia and P. gingivalis (r = 0.412, P < 0.05), P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans (r = 0.524, P < 0.05), and T. forsythia and A. actinomycetemcomitans (r = 0.427, P < 0.05). Conclusion: There was correlation between targeted bacterial species levels from concurrent endodontic‑periodontal diseases. Thus, it can be suggested that dentinal tubules may be the pathway for spread of bacteria.
Dr. Rahul VC Tiwari - Fellowship In Orthognathic Surgery - Jubilee Mission Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Thrissur, Kerala - 20TH PUBLICATION - IJADS
Multiple Submandibular Duct Calculi: A Case Reportclinicsoncology
Salivary gland calculi account for the most common disease of the salivary glands. The majority of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland or its duct and are a common cause of acute and chronic infections. Sialolith can be unilateral, bilateral, single or multiple.
Multiple Submandibular Duct Calculi: A Case Reportpateldrona
Salivary gland calculi account for the most common disease of the salivary glands. The majority of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland or its duct and are a common cause of acute and chronic infections. Sialolith can be unilateral, bilateral, single or multiple.
Multiple Submandibular Duct Calculi: A Case ReportSarkarRenon
Salivary gland calculi account for the most common disease of the salivary glands. The majority of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland or its duct and are a common cause of acute and chronic infections. Sialolith can be unilateral, bilateral, single or multiple.
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1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
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4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
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3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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57th Publication- JMOS- 5th Name.pdf
1. 1 23
Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral
Surgery
ISSN 0972-8279
J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg.
DOI 10.1007/s12663-020-01399-8
Evaluation of Digital Palmar
Dermatoglyphics in Oral Submucous
Fibrosis and Leukoplakia: A Prospective
Comparative Clinical Study
Ratna Samudrawar, Heena Mazhar,
Rashmi Wasekar, Prashant Tamgadge,
Rahul Vinay Chandra Tiwari &
Siddhartha Bhowmick
2. 1 23
Your article is protected by copyright and all
rights are held exclusively by The Association
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons of India.
This e-offprint is for personal use only
and shall not be self-archived in electronic
repositories. If you wish to self-archive your
article, please use the accepted manuscript
version for posting on your own website. You
may further deposit the accepted manuscript
version in any repository, provided it is only
made publicly available 12 months after
official publication or later and provided
acknowledgement is given to the original
source of publication and a link is inserted
to the published article on Springer's
website. The link must be accompanied by
the following text: "The final publication is
available at link.springer.com”.
3. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Evaluation of Digital Palmar Dermatoglyphics in Oral Submucous
Fibrosis and Leukoplakia: A Prospective Comparative Clinical
Study
Ratna Samudrawar1 • Heena Mazhar2 • Rashmi Wasekar3 • Prashant Tamgadge4 •
Rahul Vinay Chandra Tiwari5 • Siddhartha Bhowmick6
Received: 16 August 2019 / Accepted: 19 June 2020
Ó The Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons of India 2020
Abstract
Aim To analyze and compare digital dermatoglyphic pat-
terns in patients with oral leukoplakia and oral submucous
fibrosis and their role as noninvasive diagnostic tool.
Materials and Methods Two hundred patients were seg-
regated into four groups of 50 patients each with oral
leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and patients with
habits but no lesions were included. They were compared
with 50 subjects without habits and without lesions. The
study was undertaken to investigate the association of
palmar dermatoglyphics with leukoplakia and oral sub-
mucous fibrosis. Palm and fingerprints were taken using
digital method which were analyzed qualitatively and
quantitatively.
Results The present study found increase in frequency of
whorls, palmar patterns in I2–I3 area, total finger ridge
count, total triradius count and decrease in atd angle with
the absence a–b ridge count in patients with oral leuko-
plakia and OSMF.
Conclusion Thus, with the study of peculiar changes in
digital dermatoglyphic patterns in patients with oral
leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis, early detection
and preventive measures can be instituted in normal indi-
viduals having habit history without lesions to prevent the
occurrence and progression of these potentially malignant
disorders.
Keywords Dermatoglyphics Oral submucous fibrosis
Oral leukoplakia
Introduction
The word ‘‘Dermatoglyphics’’ is originated from Greek
words ‘‘Dermato’’ meaning skin and ‘‘Glyphics’’ meaning
carving [1]. The term was coined by Cummins and Midlo
[2]. Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of fingerprints
from palms, fingers, soles and toes of humans and animals.
Since it is unique for each person and is not same even in
monozygotic twins, dermatoglyphics could turn out to be
an adjunctive diagnostic tool. In addition to this, since it is
noninvasive, it can be used as a diagnostic tool in assessing
individuals with suspected genetic disorders and also in
forensics [3–5]. Presently, many researches claim that the
study of dermatoglyphics is an important diagnostic tool
for diseases with uncertain etiology and obscure patho-
genesis such as trisomy 18, Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter
syndrome, congenital heart disease, leukemia, cat’s cry
syndrome, Turner’s syndrome [3, 6, 7].
In dentistry, dermatoglyphics has been studied to help
predict disorders like cleft lip and cleft palate, dental car-
ies, gingival fibromatosis, periodontitis, bruxism,
Ratna Samudrawar
heena16.d@gmail.com
1
Consultant Oral Medicine and Radiology, EJHS Wellness
Center, Adilabad, Telangana, India
2
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chhattisgarh
Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon,
Chhattisgarh, India
3
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Swargiya
Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital,
Wadhamna Road, Hingna, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
4
Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department,
Chhattisgarh Dental Collage and Research Centre,
Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India
5
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sri Sai
College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, India
6
Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Awadh Dental
College and Hospital, Jamshedpur, India
123
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4. malocclusion, congenital anomalies like ectodermal dys-
plasia, etc. Smoking, drinking and tobacco chewing have
been positively associated with oral lesions such as oral
lichen planus, oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis
and have strong potential for malignant transformation
[6–9].
Activation of oncogenes or deletion and injuries to
suppressor genes and genes responsible for DNA repair
will all contribute to a defective functioning of the genome
that governs cell division. A genetic predisposition is also
supported by association-specific human leukocyte antigen
(HLA) molecules, such as HLA-A10, -B7 and -DR3
[8, 10]. So to rule out the factor of genetic susceptibility,
dermatoglyphics can be used as noninvasive tool as fin-
gerprints are genetically determined. The present study was
carried out to analyze the dermatoglyphic patterns digitally
in oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, subjects with
habits and without lesions and to compare with the control
group.
Materials and methods
This case–control prospective clinical study is a multi-
centric, multidisciplinary study conducted on 200 patients
from October 2014 to September 2017. All patients were
segregated into four groups with each group consisting of
50 patients. All patients belonged to an age-group of
20–70 years of age. Group I included 50 patients who were
diagnosed clinically with oral leukoplakia. Group II
included 50 patients who were diagnosed clinically with
oral submucous fibrosis. Group III included 50 patients
who were healthy individuals with habits of tobacco
chewing but did not present any clinical oral lesions. Group
IV included 50 patients who are healthy individuals with-
out habits and without any clinical oral lesions. The con-
firmation of leukoplakia/OSMF was arrived at with the aid
of biopsy. Patients with any systemic disease or skin dis-
eases, patients with any congenital or acquired deformities
of palms and fingers or having any scar or wound on the
palms and fingers were excluded. Institutional ethical
clearance was obtained. Written informed consent from the
patients was taken.
Procedure for obtaining finger and palm prints
After informing the patients in detail about the procedure,
sweat, oil and dirt are removed from the skin by washing
the ridged areas with soap and water followed by drying.
The digital green bit 84c dactyscan device was used for
finger- and palm prints. Alcohol swab was used to clean the
machine after every patient use. Dermatoglyphics was done
by the clinicians themselves. Prints of the fingers were
taken in three steps with the digital green bit 84c dactyscan
device: (1) first four left fingers, (2) right four fingers and
(3) thumbs of left and right hands. The prints were taken by
pressing firmly against the screen of the machine. The
acquisition was viewed on screen of laptop using the
bioscan 10 software as shown in Fig. 1. Data were stored
digitally as shown in Fig. 2. An image indicating the
markings of the parameters studied is shown in Fig. 3. All
the digital data are analyzed and assessed by a single
operator, and patient selection on the basis of clinical
findings is done by another operator.
The following dermatoglyphic parameters were ana-
lyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Qualitative Analysis
1. Fingertip patterns and palmar patterns were studied
under qualitative analysis.
2. Fingertip patterns were studied as: (a) arches (A),
(b) loops (L) and (c) whorls (W)
3. Palmar patterns were studied as: (a) hypothenar area,
(b) thenar/first interdigital area and (c) I2, I3 and I4
interdigital area.
Quantitative Analysis
Quantitative analysis was done under the following
headings.
1. a–b ridge count,
2. Finger ridge count
3. Total finger ridge count (TFRC).
4. atd angle.
5. Tri—radius.
Fig. 1 Acquisition of left-hand fingerprints
J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg.
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5. Statistical Analysis
Groups were compared among by one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA), the significance of difference in mean
between the groups was calculated by Tukey’s post hoc test
after ascertaining normality by Shapiro–Wilk’s test and
homogeneity of variance between groups was calculated by
Levene’s test. Discrete (categorical) groups were compared
by Chi-square (v2
) test. Analyses were performed on SPSS
(Window version 17.0) software.
Fig. 2 Screen shot of palm
print
Fig. 3 An image indicating the
markings of the parameters
studied
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6. Results
Qualitative Analysis Results
Fingerprint Patterns
Comparison of fingerprint Patterns in Both Hands In
Study groups, OSMF showed higher frequency (69.2%) in
loops followed by leukoplakia (54.4%), with habits and
without lesions (46%) and control group (47.2%). The loop
pattern was predominantly observed in all the four groups:
group I (58%), group II (67.6%), group III (45.2%) and
group IV (45.8%). The whorl pattern and arch pattern were
predominantly observed in group III and control group
(Table 1).
Comparison of Fingerprint Patterns in Digit Loop pat-
tern was predominantly seen in group II as compared to
other groups in all the digits except D4, which showed
higher frequency of whorls than loops. The second com-
mon pattern observed in all the groups except D5 was
whorl pattern, and a least number of arch patterns were
seen in all the groups (Table 1).
Comparison of Palmar Patterns of Both Hands On
comparing the distribution of palm patterns on the right and
left palm among the four groups, the highest pattern was
observed in I3–I4 area followed by I2–I3 area, hypothenar
area I1–I2 and the least patterns were found on thenar area.
The distribution of palm patterns showed high frequency in
group II as compared to other groups. The palm patterns in
I2–I3 area were found predominantly in group II (31),
followed by group III (24), control group (17) and least in
group I (6). The palm pattern in hypothenar area showed
high distribution in group II (23) and group III (23) fol-
lowed by control group (22) and least in group I (16)
(Table 2).
Total Finger Ridge Count of Right and Left Hand
The mean ridge count in group I cases was insignificant
on comparison with group II and control group but found
moderately significant with group III (P 0.01**)
(Fig. 4).
Triradius Count of Right- and Left-Hand Fingers
The mean triradius count of right- and left-hand fingers
in group II was 5.48 with a SD ± 3.14; in control group,
5.02 with a SD ± 2.97; in group I, 4.16 with a SD ± 2.66;
and in group III, 3.34 with a SD ± 2.84. Testing with one-
way ANOVA gave highly significant difference in mean
(F—5.31, P—0.0015) (Fig. 5).
Total Triradius Count
The mean total triradius count of both hands was pre-
dominantly high in control group as compared to other
groups. The mean total triradius count of both hands in
control group was 7.84 with a SD ± 3.48; in group III,
7.34 with a SD ± 3.66; group II, 7.26 with a SD ± 3.53;
and group I, 5.42 with a SD ± 2.89. Testing with one-way
ANOVA gave highly significant difference in mean (F—
4.21, P—0.0075) (Fig. 6).
Atd ANGLE: The mean atd angle of right and left palm
was predominantly high in control group as compared to
other groups. Testing with one-way ANOVA gave highly
significant difference in mean (F—4.36, P—0.0093—right
palm; (F—7.22, P—0.0006—left palm) (Tables 3, 4).
Total a–b ridge count: The a–b ridge count was not
prevalent in any of the groups.
Discussion
Dermatoglyphics is considered a window of congenital and
intrauterine abnormalities. The importance of dermato-
glyphic studies in clinical medicine is that, during devel-
opment, maternal environment, gene deviants, and
chromosomal aberrations affect ridge formation. Literature
suggested that the study of dermatoglyphics is an important
diagnostic tool in potentially malignant disorders for sus-
pecting the genetic etiology [11–14]. Hence, preventive
measures can be instituted to minimize premalignant
lesions.
Millions of the people in India chew gutkha, tobacco,
which initiates oral premalignant lesions like oral submu-
cous fibrosis and leukoplakia [9]. As a biomarker to assess
genetic susceptibility of such lesions, the present study was
conducted to evaluate any association between oral sub-
mucous fibrosis and oral leukoplakia with palmar der-
matoglyphics [1, 8, 15–18]. We found increase in
frequency of whorls, palmar patterns in I2–I3 area, total
Table 1 Comparison of fingerprint pattern of both hands
Fingerprint pattern Group I (N = 50) Group II (N = 50) Group III (N = 50) Group IV (N = 50) v2
value P value
Arches 43 (8.6%) 28 (5.6%) 71 (14.2%) 69 (13.8%) 27.65 0.0001*
Loops 290 (58%) 338 (67. (5%) 226 (45.2%) 229 (45.8%) 69.59 0.0001*
Whorls 167 (33.4%) 134 (26.8%) 203 (40.6%) 202 (40.4%) 28.45 0.0001*
* denotes statistical significance
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7. finger ridge count, total triradius count and decrease in atd
angle with the absence a–b ridge count in patients with oral
leukoplakia and OSMF.
On comparison of fingerprint patterns in both right and
left hands, the frequency of loop pattern was highly sig-
nificant in all the four groups: group I (58%), group II
(67.6%), group III (45.2%) and group IV (45.8%). Patients
with OSMF showed the highest frequency of loop pattern
compared to other three groups. The whorl pattern and arch
pattern were predominantly observed in group III and
control group.
Previous studies revealed that in patients with oral
leukoplakia and OSCC, there was a highly significant
increased frequency of loops [2, 19, 20]. This is in accor-
dance with the findings of our study in which OSMF
showed the highest frequency of loop pattern compared to
Table 2 Comparison of palmar pattern of both the hands
Palmar pattern Group I (N = 50) Group II (N = 50) Group m (N = 50) Group IV (N = 50) v2
value P value
Thenar/I1 1 7 2 6 6.77 O.079 NS
I1–I2 7 3 7 6 1.98 0 58 NS
I2–I3 16 31 24 17 8.51 0.036* significant
I3–I4 27 43 43 39 7.30 0.062 NS
Hypothenar area 16 22 23 23 2.05 0 56 NS
* denotes statistical significance
Fig. 4 Graph 1 showing the
comparison of total mean finger
ridge count in both the hands
Fig. 5 Graph 2 showing the
comparison of triradius count of
right- and left-hand fingers
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8. other three groups. Previous studies on qualitative analysis
found finger ridge patterns among the four study groups to
be statistically significant for arches which are in accor-
dance with our study. Previous studies showed that arch
pattern (60.7%) was predominant with a decrease in whorl
pattern (29.3%) in study group when compared with the
controls group [21]. However, their results were contra-
dictory to our study.
Few studies observed predominant fingerprint pattern of
whorls in OSCC and OSMF, whereas loops were pre-
dominant in control-group individuals, the results of which
are not in accordance with our study where loop pattern
was predominant in OSMF [22]. A recent study showed the
percentage of loops was 30% in right and 38% in the left
hand of subjects with OSMF. The whorl pattern among
subjects having OSMF was 24% and 20% in right and left
hands, and in the controls, it was 7% and 5%, respectively
[23]. However, our study found the frequency of loop
pattern of the right hand in OSMF group was higher when
compared to the frequency on the left hand. Next, common
pattern seen in our study was whorl pattern, which is in
accordance with previous studies [24–26].
A recent study revealed that the ring fingers (D4) of both
right and left hands had the highest percentage of whorl
pattern at 35% and 30% respectively. This was followed by
the right thumb (D1) and right index finger (D2), which had
25% of whorl pattern each. In control group, the highest
percentage of whorl pattern was seen in the right ring finger
(D4) with 15% and the arch pattern was highest in the left
thumb (D1) with 15% [23]. These observations matched
the findings of our results except for the OSMF group
where loops were predominant in D4.
Another study found significant increase in pattern fre-
quency in thenar/hypothenar area in both the hands in
OSMF group as compared to other groups [24]. This
contradicted our result where we found significance only in
I2–I3 region.
A recent study compared total finger ridge counts in
OSMF, OL, OSCC, and it was observed that there was an
increase in the total finger ridge count (64.7%) in patients
with OL, OSMF and OSCC (group A) [21]. Our results
also showed significant increase in total finger ridge count
in OSMF group compared to other groups. Venkatesh et al.
compared total finger ridge count (TFRC) in all three study
groups and observed that there was no significant differ-
ence in the mean TFRC among the three groups [2]. Our
results revealed that mean total finger ridge count of OSMF
group and leukoplakia group showed moderate significance
with group III.
Fig. 6 Graph 3 showing total
triradius count
Table 3 Showing atd angle of right palm
Groups Atd angle of right palm ‘F’ ratio P value
Mean ± SD
Group I 39.86 ± 6.67 4.36 P = 0 0093
Group II 40.29 ± 6.97
Group EH 45.53 ± 3.38
Group IV 47.63 ± 6.75
Table 4 Showing mean atd angle of left palm
Groups Atd angle of left palm ‘F ratio’ P value
Mean ± SD
Group I 38.43 ± 6.21 7.22 P = 0.0006
Group II 41.38 ± 6.82
Group IE 45.53 ± 3.38
Group IV 48.3 ± 3.33
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9. Gupta and Karjodkar analyzed frequency of total finger
ridge counts (TFRC) and revealed that the mean value of
TFRC in OSF group was lower than the other groups. But,
the values were not found to be significant [19]. Con-
versely, our study showed higher mean value of TFRC in
OSMF group compared to other groups and total finger
ridge count of OSMF group and leukoplakia group showed
moderate significance with group III. Our results showed
that the mean atd angle of right palm and left palm was
predominantly high in control group as compared to other
groups. Previous studies show no significant difference in
frequency of mean atd angles of both right and left hands in
all three study groups.
Gupta and Karjodkar analyzed the number of accessory
palmar triradii on right and left hands of the samples in
each group and found statistically significant difference in
frequency of palmar triradii [20]. Our study also showed
high frequency of triradii count in both right and left palms
among the study groups, highest in group III followed by
control group, OSMF group and leukoplakia group. Our
study also showed statistically significant difference in
frequency of palmar triradii as per the literature
[20, 25–27].
Conclusion
The results of the present study suggest peculiar changes in
digital dermatoglyphic patterns in patients with oral
leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis. Hence, dermato-
glyphics can be used as a diagnostic tool for early detec-
tion. This helps in institution of preventive measures in
normal individuals having habit history but without clinical
lesions to prevent the occurrence and progression of these
potentially malignant conditions.
Authors’ Contribution RS was the operating surgeon and involved
in design of the study, data acquisition, data analysis and drafting of
the article. HM contributed to data acquisition and data analysis. RW
designed the study and analyzed the data. PT was the operating sur-
geon and designed the study. RVCT was involved in data acquisition,
data analysis and drafting of the article. SB contributed to data
acquisition and data analysis.
Funding This study is self-funded.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of
interest.
Informed Consent Written informed consent from the patients was
taken.
Ethical Standard Institutional ethical clearance was taken.
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