This document provides information on diagnosing and managing congestive heart failure (CHF). It discusses:
1. Defining CHF and explaining how it develops.
2. Diagnostic methods including symptoms, signs, labs, echocardiogram and functional classification systems.
3. Treatment approaches including lifestyle changes, medications, and referral criteria. Optimal medical therapy for reduced ejection fraction CHF is outlined.
4. Considerations for managing preserved ejection fraction CHF are also briefly covered.
Guideline for management of Acute heart failure. This will be important tool to know the management of Acute heart failure. How to approach heart failure. Bwhuafuqub hsughsbvd. Jaydtgavwb. Jjoauywcdvhs. Juggbnsui. Djusgvwhhwhwbbw. Navgsyshhabaysyusbbvcchhhhuijbvfrtbvkjagsybx vxhsyuevsv. Ghu hctyubcf you jhysysftebshaishgs.
1) The document outlines a strategy for managing advanced heart failure at King Abdullah Medical City in Mecca.
2) It proposes establishing specialized heart failure teams, education programs, clinical pathways, and coordinated inpatient and outpatient care to improve outcomes for heart failure patients.
3) The strategy aims to reduce readmissions, length of stay, costs, and mortality from heart failure through early intervention, optimized treatment, and careful post-discharge follow up.
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure : What is New ?drucsamal
Prof. U. C. SAMAL is an expert in cardiology who has held leadership positions in several cardiological societies. The document discusses the management of acute decompensated heart failure and summarizes recent changes to guidelines. It provides an overview of pharmacological interventions for acute heart failure such as diuretics, vasodilators, and inotropes. Non-invasive ventilation and risk stratification scores are also mentioned. The document emphasizes the importance of both short-term stabilization and long-term management through multi-disciplinary programs to prevent readmissions.
The document discusses the role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) before, during, and after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation for advanced heart failure. CPET is useful diagnostically and prognostically before LVAD implantation to help determine candidacy. It can also help guide cardiac rehabilitation and monitor recovery after LVAD implantation. CPET values are important criteria used to select candidates for LVAD and heart transplantation.
This document summarizes two cases presented at a cardiology grand rounds meeting. Case 1 involves a 55-year-old male with ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and coronary artery disease. Case 2 involves a 36-year-old male with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The document then reviews heart failure epidemiology, etiology, evaluation, classification, management, complications, and prognosis.
Samir Morcos Rafla is an emeritus professor of cardiology at Alexandria University who has published guidelines on acute heart failure. Heart failure can be chronic or acute, with acute heart failure defined as a rapid onset of symptoms requiring urgent therapy. It is classified based on systolic blood pressure into normotensive, hypertensive, non-hypertensive, and hypotensive subtypes. Acute heart failure is a global public health problem associated with high rates of hospitalization and mortality.
Community Heart Failure Services in Holy Makkah aims to establish a comprehensive heart failure care program through various models of care. The document outlines gaps in care for heart failure patients at the community level, including a lack of education, standardized referral processes, and coordinated long-term management. It proposes a community heart failure clinic model to help address these issues by utilizing family physicians and improving prevention, screening, and management of asymptomatic heart failure patients earlier in the disease process. Establishing such services could help reduce hospital readmissions, emergency department visits, and overall costs by providing more coordinated, evidence-based care across different levels of the healthcare system.
Guideline for management of Acute heart failure. This will be important tool to know the management of Acute heart failure. How to approach heart failure. Bwhuafuqub hsughsbvd. Jaydtgavwb. Jjoauywcdvhs. Juggbnsui. Djusgvwhhwhwbbw. Navgsyshhabaysyusbbvcchhhhuijbvfrtbvkjagsybx vxhsyuevsv. Ghu hctyubcf you jhysysftebshaishgs.
1) The document outlines a strategy for managing advanced heart failure at King Abdullah Medical City in Mecca.
2) It proposes establishing specialized heart failure teams, education programs, clinical pathways, and coordinated inpatient and outpatient care to improve outcomes for heart failure patients.
3) The strategy aims to reduce readmissions, length of stay, costs, and mortality from heart failure through early intervention, optimized treatment, and careful post-discharge follow up.
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure : What is New ?drucsamal
Prof. U. C. SAMAL is an expert in cardiology who has held leadership positions in several cardiological societies. The document discusses the management of acute decompensated heart failure and summarizes recent changes to guidelines. It provides an overview of pharmacological interventions for acute heart failure such as diuretics, vasodilators, and inotropes. Non-invasive ventilation and risk stratification scores are also mentioned. The document emphasizes the importance of both short-term stabilization and long-term management through multi-disciplinary programs to prevent readmissions.
The document discusses the role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) before, during, and after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation for advanced heart failure. CPET is useful diagnostically and prognostically before LVAD implantation to help determine candidacy. It can also help guide cardiac rehabilitation and monitor recovery after LVAD implantation. CPET values are important criteria used to select candidates for LVAD and heart transplantation.
This document summarizes two cases presented at a cardiology grand rounds meeting. Case 1 involves a 55-year-old male with ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and coronary artery disease. Case 2 involves a 36-year-old male with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The document then reviews heart failure epidemiology, etiology, evaluation, classification, management, complications, and prognosis.
Samir Morcos Rafla is an emeritus professor of cardiology at Alexandria University who has published guidelines on acute heart failure. Heart failure can be chronic or acute, with acute heart failure defined as a rapid onset of symptoms requiring urgent therapy. It is classified based on systolic blood pressure into normotensive, hypertensive, non-hypertensive, and hypotensive subtypes. Acute heart failure is a global public health problem associated with high rates of hospitalization and mortality.
Community Heart Failure Services in Holy Makkah aims to establish a comprehensive heart failure care program through various models of care. The document outlines gaps in care for heart failure patients at the community level, including a lack of education, standardized referral processes, and coordinated long-term management. It proposes a community heart failure clinic model to help address these issues by utilizing family physicians and improving prevention, screening, and management of asymptomatic heart failure patients earlier in the disease process. Establishing such services could help reduce hospital readmissions, emergency department visits, and overall costs by providing more coordinated, evidence-based care across different levels of the healthcare system.
Chronic management of congestive heart failurefasu24
This document provides an overview of the approach to managing congestive heart failure in children. It defines heart failure and discusses its epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, investigations, management, and classification systems. The management of pediatric heart failure involves general supportive measures, treatment of congestion with diuretics, correction of precipitating causes, treatment of the underlying condition, and controlling the heart failure state with medications and monitoring.
The document discusses heart failure, including its definition, stages, causes, symptoms, and treatment guidelines. It provides an overview of epidemiology and costs of heart failure. Guidelines from ACC/AHA classify heart failure into stages A through D based on risk or presence of symptoms. Treatment involves managing risk factors, addressing neurohormonal activation, and following medication protocols tailored to each stage.
ZA Bhutto HF program & network Part II.pptxasadsoomro1960
This document discusses building a multidisciplinary heart failure program and network in Sindh, Pakistan. It provides an overview of heart failure, the need for such a program due to rising rates of heart failure and gaps in care. It outlines steps to build the program, including establishing multidisciplinary heart failure clinics at different levels (grades) of care. It also discusses considerations for patient care, including evaluating new patients, follow up visits, medical therapy, device therapy, and goals of the program.
1) IV therapies for heart failure (HF) have not significantly improved outcomes for acute HF patients.
2) Diuretics remain the primary treatment for relieving congestion in acute HF patients, though optimal dosing strategies require further study.
3) Inotropic drugs may provide short-term hemodynamic support for patients with severe systolic dysfunction and low blood pressure, but their risks must be weighed against benefits.
The document summarizes guidelines from the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). It outlines classifications for blood pressure levels, risk factors, treatment goals, lifestyle modifications, and drug therapy recommendations. The guidelines emphasize individualizing treatment based on a patient's specific cardiovascular risks and medical conditions.
The document summarizes the key recommendations from the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). It introduces new classifications for blood pressure levels, emphasizes the importance of lifestyle modifications and use of thiazide-type diuretics as initial treatment, and recommends treating to lower blood pressure targets to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. It also provides guidance on proper blood pressure measurement techniques, evaluating patient risk factors, and conducting follow-up assessments.
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of acute heart failure in critically ill patients. It covers early recognition through assessing severity, resuscitation of breathing and circulation, determining etiology with tests like ECG, chest X-ray and biomarkers, and principles of management including reducing demand, increasing supply, and correcting structural problems. Cardiogenic shock, a severe form of heart failure, is also defined.
Cardiac rehabilitation aims to help people with heart disease return to an active lifestyle and prevent further cardiac events through physical, psychological, and social interventions. It involves exercise training and education on risk factor management in a phased program with inpatient, outpatient, and community-based components. Exercise training in cardiac rehab improves cardiac outcomes by increasing functional capacity and reducing mortality risk factors. Precautions are taken regarding any contraindications to exercise on a case-by-case basis.
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
3. A 50 year old male presents with BP-180/100 mmHg. How will you investigate him? (DU-18Ju)
When investigating a patient with high blood pressure, several tests can be done to determine the cause and severity of the hypertension. Some of the tests that can be performed include:
Blood tests: This may include a complete blood count (CBC), kidney function tests, fasting glucose level, and lipid profile.
Urine tests: A urinalysis may be done to check for the presence of protein or blood in the urine, which could indicate kidney damage.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the electrical activity of the heart and can help detect any abnormalities in heart function.
Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the heart and can help detect any structural abnormalities or problems with the heart's function.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM): This is a portable device that measures blood pressure at regular intervals over a 24-hour period, providing a more accurate assessment of blood pressure patterns.
Renal artery ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the renal arteries, which supply blood to the kidneys, and can help identify any blockages or narrowing in these arteries.
CT or MRI angiography: These imaging tests can provide detailed images of the blood vessels in the body, including the renal arteries, to help identify any blockages or narrowing.
The specific tests ordered will depend on the individual patient and their medical history, and should be decided by a healthcare professional.
4. A 25 year old woman has presented with repeated recordings of blood pressure above 160/100 mmHg. (DU- 21M)
a. What history and clinical signs you would look for?
b. What are the factors affecting the choice of antihypertensive drugs?
a. When evaluating a young woman with repeated recordings of high blood pressure, it is important to take a detailed history and perform a thorough physical exam to identify any underlying causes or risk factors. Some key points to consider include:
Family history of hypertension or cardiovascular disease
Personal history of kidney disease, diabetes, or other chronic medical conditions
Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and tobacco and alcohol use
Medications or supplements that may contribute to hypertension
Symptoms such as headaches, chest pain, or shortness of breath
Physical exam findings such as enlarged kidneys, abnormal heart sounds, or signs of hormonal imbalances
b. The choice of antihypertensive drugs depends on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, and specific blood pressure goals. Some factors to consider when selecting a medication include:
The drug's mechanism of action and potential side effects
The patient's medical history
Acute Heart Failure: Current Standards and Evolution of Care.2015hivlifeinfo
This document provides an overview of the current standards and evolution of care for acute heart failure (AHF). It summarizes the use of biomarkers like natriuretic peptides and troponins in the diagnosis and risk stratification of AHF. It discusses the clinical considerations in stratifying AHF patients, including systolic blood pressure, worsening renal function, and the distribution of left ventricular ejection fraction. The document reviews current treatment options for AHF such as diuretics, vasodilators like nitroglycerin, and nesiritide based on clinical trials and guidelines.
HYPERTENSION introduction, recommendations for accurate measurements of BP, evaluation of patient with hypertension, management of patient with hypertension, resistant hypertension, hypertensive crisis, hypertensive emergencies
This document summarizes the risk factors, pathophysiology, treatment, and role of new oral anticoagulants in preventing strokes related to atrial fibrillation. It describes how conditions like hypertension, heart failure, and diabetes increase stroke risk in atrial fibrillation patients. The pathophysiology leads to irregular heart rhythms that increase clotting. Treatment involves rate/rhythm control and anticoagulation using warfarin or new oral anticoagulants. Clinical trials found the new anticoagulants reduce stroke and intracranial bleeds compared to warfarin, with similar or lower risks of major bleeding. Patient characteristics and renal function help determine which new anticoagulant
1. Most days for heart failure patients are spent at home rather than in clinics, so the right way to measure congestion is through home monitoring of pulmonary artery pressures, which can provide an early, actionable signal.
2. Therapy guided by home pressure readings is more effective at preventing heart failure decompensation than therapy guided by other signs alone.
3. A pressure-guided strategy that adjusts diuretics and vasodilators in response to pressure changes can reduce hospitalizations and works for both HF with reduced EF and preserved EF.
1. Cardiac rehabilitation aims to optimize a cardiac patient's physical, psychological, and social functioning through medical, exercise, educational, and psychosocial interventions.
2. It is divided into 4 phases - the acute hospitalization phase focuses on early mobilization; phase 2 occurs post-discharge and focuses on health education and resuming activity; phase 3 incorporates ongoing education and exercise training; and phase 4 focuses on long-term lifestyle changes and monitoring.
3. Exercise prescription for cardiac patients follows general principles but is adjusted based on each patient's clinical status and risk factors. Intensity is progressed over time from low to moderate levels based on symptoms.
This document discusses diagnosis and management of hypertension according to JNC 7 guidelines. It outlines classifying and staging hypertension, evaluating risk factors and target organ damage, initial testing, and lifestyle and pharmacologic treatment approaches including thiazide diuretics as first line therapy. Factors influencing responsiveness to treatment and strategies to improve adherence are also reviewed.
The document summarizes cardiac rehabilitation, including its definition, goals, phases, guidelines, benefits and outcomes. It discusses:
- Cardiac rehab aims to help patients resume normal life after a cardiac event through physical, psychological and social support.
- It has 4 phases from inpatient to long-term maintenance, focusing on exercise training, education and lifestyle management.
- Benefits include reduced mortality, improved functional capacity and symptom control through risk factor modification like smoking cessation.
- Exercise is individually prescribed based on clinical assessment and progresses from early mobilization to independent activities.
DrRic Taking the Hype out of Hypertension (slide share edition)DrRic Saguil
This document discusses hypertension guidelines and management. It begins with an anatomical and physiological overview before discussing guideline development organizations like JNC. Key points of the JNC7 guidelines are summarized, including classification thresholds and treatment recommendations. Lifestyle modifications like weight loss, following the DASH diet, reducing sodium, increasing physical activity, and moderate alcohol intake are reviewed as important non-pharmacological approaches to lowering blood pressure. The document concludes by advocating an individualized and multi-disciplinary approach to hypertension management.
This document provides guidelines for the initial clinical assessment of patients presenting with heart failure. It recommends obtaining a thorough history and examination, initial laboratory and imaging tests, and assessing for noncardiac causes of heart failure. Coronary angiography is recommended for patients with suspected coronary artery disease. The guidelines provide classifications and levels of evidence for the recommendations.
This document discusses treatment, monitoring, and thresholds for traumatic brain injury (TBI). It summarizes evidence from studies on various TBI treatment strategies including decompressive craniotomy, hypothermia, hyperosmolar therapy, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, ventilation therapies, anesthetics/sedatives, steroids, nutrition, and infection prophylaxis. It provides recommendations for guidelines based on the level and quality of evidence. Monitoring of intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and advanced cerebral monitoring are also addressed.
Therapeutic drug monitoring PHARMACY sAA.pptssuser497f37
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) involves measuring drug concentrations in a patient's blood to optimize drug dosing and ensure concentrations are within a therapeutic range. TDM is useful for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index that can be toxic above the upper limit or ineffective below the lower limit. It helps individualize treatment regimens and assess efficacy and safety. Common drugs monitored include antiepileptics, antiarrhythmics, antibiotics, and immunosuppressants. Interpretation of levels considers pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors as well as clinical information to guide dosing adjustments. TDM provides insights to improve patient outcomes by achieving maximum benefit while minimizing toxicity risks.
Chronic management of congestive heart failurefasu24
This document provides an overview of the approach to managing congestive heart failure in children. It defines heart failure and discusses its epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, investigations, management, and classification systems. The management of pediatric heart failure involves general supportive measures, treatment of congestion with diuretics, correction of precipitating causes, treatment of the underlying condition, and controlling the heart failure state with medications and monitoring.
The document discusses heart failure, including its definition, stages, causes, symptoms, and treatment guidelines. It provides an overview of epidemiology and costs of heart failure. Guidelines from ACC/AHA classify heart failure into stages A through D based on risk or presence of symptoms. Treatment involves managing risk factors, addressing neurohormonal activation, and following medication protocols tailored to each stage.
ZA Bhutto HF program & network Part II.pptxasadsoomro1960
This document discusses building a multidisciplinary heart failure program and network in Sindh, Pakistan. It provides an overview of heart failure, the need for such a program due to rising rates of heart failure and gaps in care. It outlines steps to build the program, including establishing multidisciplinary heart failure clinics at different levels (grades) of care. It also discusses considerations for patient care, including evaluating new patients, follow up visits, medical therapy, device therapy, and goals of the program.
1) IV therapies for heart failure (HF) have not significantly improved outcomes for acute HF patients.
2) Diuretics remain the primary treatment for relieving congestion in acute HF patients, though optimal dosing strategies require further study.
3) Inotropic drugs may provide short-term hemodynamic support for patients with severe systolic dysfunction and low blood pressure, but their risks must be weighed against benefits.
The document summarizes guidelines from the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). It outlines classifications for blood pressure levels, risk factors, treatment goals, lifestyle modifications, and drug therapy recommendations. The guidelines emphasize individualizing treatment based on a patient's specific cardiovascular risks and medical conditions.
The document summarizes the key recommendations from the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). It introduces new classifications for blood pressure levels, emphasizes the importance of lifestyle modifications and use of thiazide-type diuretics as initial treatment, and recommends treating to lower blood pressure targets to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. It also provides guidance on proper blood pressure measurement techniques, evaluating patient risk factors, and conducting follow-up assessments.
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of acute heart failure in critically ill patients. It covers early recognition through assessing severity, resuscitation of breathing and circulation, determining etiology with tests like ECG, chest X-ray and biomarkers, and principles of management including reducing demand, increasing supply, and correcting structural problems. Cardiogenic shock, a severe form of heart failure, is also defined.
Cardiac rehabilitation aims to help people with heart disease return to an active lifestyle and prevent further cardiac events through physical, psychological, and social interventions. It involves exercise training and education on risk factor management in a phased program with inpatient, outpatient, and community-based components. Exercise training in cardiac rehab improves cardiac outcomes by increasing functional capacity and reducing mortality risk factors. Precautions are taken regarding any contraindications to exercise on a case-by-case basis.
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
3. A 50 year old male presents with BP-180/100 mmHg. How will you investigate him? (DU-18Ju)
When investigating a patient with high blood pressure, several tests can be done to determine the cause and severity of the hypertension. Some of the tests that can be performed include:
Blood tests: This may include a complete blood count (CBC), kidney function tests, fasting glucose level, and lipid profile.
Urine tests: A urinalysis may be done to check for the presence of protein or blood in the urine, which could indicate kidney damage.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the electrical activity of the heart and can help detect any abnormalities in heart function.
Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the heart and can help detect any structural abnormalities or problems with the heart's function.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM): This is a portable device that measures blood pressure at regular intervals over a 24-hour period, providing a more accurate assessment of blood pressure patterns.
Renal artery ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the renal arteries, which supply blood to the kidneys, and can help identify any blockages or narrowing in these arteries.
CT or MRI angiography: These imaging tests can provide detailed images of the blood vessels in the body, including the renal arteries, to help identify any blockages or narrowing.
The specific tests ordered will depend on the individual patient and their medical history, and should be decided by a healthcare professional.
4. A 25 year old woman has presented with repeated recordings of blood pressure above 160/100 mmHg. (DU- 21M)
a. What history and clinical signs you would look for?
b. What are the factors affecting the choice of antihypertensive drugs?
a. When evaluating a young woman with repeated recordings of high blood pressure, it is important to take a detailed history and perform a thorough physical exam to identify any underlying causes or risk factors. Some key points to consider include:
Family history of hypertension or cardiovascular disease
Personal history of kidney disease, diabetes, or other chronic medical conditions
Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and tobacco and alcohol use
Medications or supplements that may contribute to hypertension
Symptoms such as headaches, chest pain, or shortness of breath
Physical exam findings such as enlarged kidneys, abnormal heart sounds, or signs of hormonal imbalances
b. The choice of antihypertensive drugs depends on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, and specific blood pressure goals. Some factors to consider when selecting a medication include:
The drug's mechanism of action and potential side effects
The patient's medical history
Acute Heart Failure: Current Standards and Evolution of Care.2015hivlifeinfo
This document provides an overview of the current standards and evolution of care for acute heart failure (AHF). It summarizes the use of biomarkers like natriuretic peptides and troponins in the diagnosis and risk stratification of AHF. It discusses the clinical considerations in stratifying AHF patients, including systolic blood pressure, worsening renal function, and the distribution of left ventricular ejection fraction. The document reviews current treatment options for AHF such as diuretics, vasodilators like nitroglycerin, and nesiritide based on clinical trials and guidelines.
HYPERTENSION introduction, recommendations for accurate measurements of BP, evaluation of patient with hypertension, management of patient with hypertension, resistant hypertension, hypertensive crisis, hypertensive emergencies
This document summarizes the risk factors, pathophysiology, treatment, and role of new oral anticoagulants in preventing strokes related to atrial fibrillation. It describes how conditions like hypertension, heart failure, and diabetes increase stroke risk in atrial fibrillation patients. The pathophysiology leads to irregular heart rhythms that increase clotting. Treatment involves rate/rhythm control and anticoagulation using warfarin or new oral anticoagulants. Clinical trials found the new anticoagulants reduce stroke and intracranial bleeds compared to warfarin, with similar or lower risks of major bleeding. Patient characteristics and renal function help determine which new anticoagulant
1. Most days for heart failure patients are spent at home rather than in clinics, so the right way to measure congestion is through home monitoring of pulmonary artery pressures, which can provide an early, actionable signal.
2. Therapy guided by home pressure readings is more effective at preventing heart failure decompensation than therapy guided by other signs alone.
3. A pressure-guided strategy that adjusts diuretics and vasodilators in response to pressure changes can reduce hospitalizations and works for both HF with reduced EF and preserved EF.
1. Cardiac rehabilitation aims to optimize a cardiac patient's physical, psychological, and social functioning through medical, exercise, educational, and psychosocial interventions.
2. It is divided into 4 phases - the acute hospitalization phase focuses on early mobilization; phase 2 occurs post-discharge and focuses on health education and resuming activity; phase 3 incorporates ongoing education and exercise training; and phase 4 focuses on long-term lifestyle changes and monitoring.
3. Exercise prescription for cardiac patients follows general principles but is adjusted based on each patient's clinical status and risk factors. Intensity is progressed over time from low to moderate levels based on symptoms.
This document discusses diagnosis and management of hypertension according to JNC 7 guidelines. It outlines classifying and staging hypertension, evaluating risk factors and target organ damage, initial testing, and lifestyle and pharmacologic treatment approaches including thiazide diuretics as first line therapy. Factors influencing responsiveness to treatment and strategies to improve adherence are also reviewed.
The document summarizes cardiac rehabilitation, including its definition, goals, phases, guidelines, benefits and outcomes. It discusses:
- Cardiac rehab aims to help patients resume normal life after a cardiac event through physical, psychological and social support.
- It has 4 phases from inpatient to long-term maintenance, focusing on exercise training, education and lifestyle management.
- Benefits include reduced mortality, improved functional capacity and symptom control through risk factor modification like smoking cessation.
- Exercise is individually prescribed based on clinical assessment and progresses from early mobilization to independent activities.
DrRic Taking the Hype out of Hypertension (slide share edition)DrRic Saguil
This document discusses hypertension guidelines and management. It begins with an anatomical and physiological overview before discussing guideline development organizations like JNC. Key points of the JNC7 guidelines are summarized, including classification thresholds and treatment recommendations. Lifestyle modifications like weight loss, following the DASH diet, reducing sodium, increasing physical activity, and moderate alcohol intake are reviewed as important non-pharmacological approaches to lowering blood pressure. The document concludes by advocating an individualized and multi-disciplinary approach to hypertension management.
This document provides guidelines for the initial clinical assessment of patients presenting with heart failure. It recommends obtaining a thorough history and examination, initial laboratory and imaging tests, and assessing for noncardiac causes of heart failure. Coronary angiography is recommended for patients with suspected coronary artery disease. The guidelines provide classifications and levels of evidence for the recommendations.
This document discusses treatment, monitoring, and thresholds for traumatic brain injury (TBI). It summarizes evidence from studies on various TBI treatment strategies including decompressive craniotomy, hypothermia, hyperosmolar therapy, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, ventilation therapies, anesthetics/sedatives, steroids, nutrition, and infection prophylaxis. It provides recommendations for guidelines based on the level and quality of evidence. Monitoring of intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and advanced cerebral monitoring are also addressed.
Therapeutic drug monitoring PHARMACY sAA.pptssuser497f37
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) involves measuring drug concentrations in a patient's blood to optimize drug dosing and ensure concentrations are within a therapeutic range. TDM is useful for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index that can be toxic above the upper limit or ineffective below the lower limit. It helps individualize treatment regimens and assess efficacy and safety. Common drugs monitored include antiepileptics, antiarrhythmics, antibiotics, and immunosuppressants. Interpretation of levels considers pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors as well as clinical information to guide dosing adjustments. TDM provides insights to improve patient outcomes by achieving maximum benefit while minimizing toxicity risks.
1) Diluents like lactose are used to increase tablet size and bulk for low dose drugs. Binders like starch promote cohesion during compression and ensure tablets remain intact.
2) Disintegrants like sodium starch glycolate facilitate tablet breakup in the GI tract for rapid drug dissolution. Lubricants like magnesium stearate reduce friction during ejection while glidants like colloidal silica improve powder flow.
3) Excipients are added at different stages - as intragranular or extragranular components - and play key roles in tablet manufacturing and performance.
The autonomic nervous system has two main divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and activates processes like increased heart rate and dilation of bronchioles. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for "rest and digest" functions like decreased heart rate and activation of gastrointestinal and genitourinary functions. Both systems use neurohumoral transmission using acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters which act on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. There are many drugs that can selectively target components of the autonomic nervous system including parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, sympathomimetics, and sympathol
This document discusses the basic elements of medical terminology: word roots, combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes. It provides examples of each element and how they are combined to form medical terms. Word roots usually refer to a body part and are often derived from Latin or Greek. Combining forms link word roots together and make pronunciation easier by inserting a vowel. Suffixes modify or change the meaning of the word root or combining form. Prefixes are added before a word or root to alter or create a new word. Understanding these elements allows one to determine the meaning of complex medical terms.
This document discusses autonomic nervous system drugs that act on the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It categorizes drugs as agonists or antagonists that work on alpha, beta, and muscarinic receptors. Examples are given of natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic drugs for each receptor type including their actions and uses.
1. Biopharmaceutics encompasses the relationship between physical, chemical and biological properties of drugs and drug products and their effects on the body.
2. Key considerations in biopharmaceutics include drug formulation, dosage form, route of administration, and physico-chemical properties which influence drug bioavailability.
3. The goal of biopharmaceutics is to optimize drug delivery and therapeutic effects through rational design of drug products based on an understanding of biopharmaceutic principles.
1. The document analyzes the probability of achieving the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target of time above the minimum inhibitory concentration for various antibiotics used to treat otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children.
2. Using Monte Carlo simulation and published drug concentration and MIC distribution data, the probability of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and ceftriaxone regimens achieving over 80% time above the MIC was calculated to be high.
3. In contrast, oral cephalosporin regimens showed lower and more variable probabilities of achieving therapeutic drug levels, with no regimen surpassing 65% probability of target attainment.
This document introduces basic terms and concepts related to clinical pharmacology. It defines a drug as a chemical that causes changes in living organisms. Medicines are the vehicles that deliver drugs to the body, such as tablets or injections. Drugs can come from plant, animal, mineral, microbial, or synthetic sources. The document discusses the mechanisms of drug action, including drug-receptor interactions and agonists vs antagonists. It also covers basic pharmacokinetic concepts such as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs in the body.
This document discusses several physiologic factors related to drug absorption including:
1) Drugs can be administered via various routes that affect absorption rate and onset of action based on blood flow and characteristics of the drug/product and absorption site.
2) Membranes pose a barrier to drug delivery that can be crossed via passive diffusion, active transport, or facilitated diffusion depending on the drug's properties.
3) Absorption involves drugs crossing intestinal epithelial cells through transcellular or paracellular pathways using carrier-mediated transport systems or vesicular transport.
This document discusses different types of parenteral injections and equipment used. It describes syringes, needles, and various injection sites for intramuscular, intradermal, and subcutaneous injections. Key details are provided on needle gauge and length selection based on injection type and depth. Diagrams illustrate proper techniques for different injections. Nursing diagnoses that may apply to patients receiving injections are also listed.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of what the body does to a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves a drug entering systemic circulation, which can be impacted by factors like solubility, ionization, and first-pass metabolism. Distribution of drugs is determined by properties like volume of distribution, plasma protein binding, and ability to cross membranes like the blood-brain barrier. Metabolism, usually by the liver, makes drugs more polar through Phase I and Phase II reactions to facilitate excretion. The major routes of excretion are renal and biliary, and metabolism is necessary to make many drugs water-soluble enough to be excreted from the body.
This document discusses endocrine pharmacology, including adrenalcorticoids, sex hormones, thyroid hormones, drugs affecting bone mineralization, and treatment of diabetes mellitus. It describes the naturally occurring hormones, their effects, and pharmacologic agents used for hormone replacement or to treat hormone-related conditions. Side effects of medications are addressed. Tight glycemic control through diet, exercise, oral medications, and insulin is important to prevent diabetes complications.
Iodine is essential for synthesizing thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland. Only a small fraction of T4 and T3 in the bloodstream are not bound to carrier proteins and are biologically active. T3 is the most potent hormone as it is not tightly bound and has high receptor affinity. Thyroid function tests include measuring TSH, total T4 and T3 to detect dysfunction, and thyroid antibodies and thyroglobulin to determine the cause. Interpreting the patterns of TSH and thyroid hormone levels indicates primary hypo- or hyperthyroidism, or secondary disorders of the pituitary or thyroid gland
Iodine is essential for synthesizing thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland. Nearly all T4 and T3 in the bloodstream are bound to thyroid hormone binding proteins, with only a small fraction unbound and biologically active. T3 is more potent than T4 due to binding less tightly to proteins. Thyroid function tests like TSH, total T4, free T4, total T3 and free T3 help diagnose thyroid disorders by indicating whether the thyroid is overactive (hyperthyroidism) or underactive (hypothyroidism). Interpreting the pattern of test results is important to
Transitions of care refer to the movement of patients between different healthcare settings or providers. Medication errors are common during transitions of care and can negatively impact patient outcomes. Three studies found high rates of medication errors or discrepancies during hospital admissions and discharges. Rates of unintended medication discrepancies ranged from 53.6-60% and a significant portion were considered clinically important. Hospital pharmacists can play an important role in reducing medication errors during transitions. Activities like medication reconciliation at admission and discharge can identify up to 486 discrepancies per 100 patients discharged. Pharmacist involvement is associated with reduced rates of medication errors and improved patient outcomes.
Analytical chemistry is the study of determining the composition of substances both qualitatively and quantitatively. It has applications in quality control, forensic analysis, environmental analysis, and clinical analysis. Two important techniques described are thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography. Thin layer chromatography separates substances based on their solubility and affinity to the stationary and mobile phases. Gas chromatography uses an inert solid support and a gaseous mobile phase to separate substances based on their partitioning between the phases. Atomic spectroscopy techniques are also used to analyze heavy metals in samples by observing their absorption and emission of radiation.
1. Management of Heart Failure Guideline 2013 provides recommendations for treating heart failure based on evidence from clinical trials and guidelines.
2. Heart failure is classified into stages based on symptoms and ejection fraction. Recommended treatments include drugs that have been shown to decrease mortality such as beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and aldosterone antagonists.
3. Device therapies such as implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy are recommended for selected patients to reduce mortality and hospitalizations based on results from major clinical trials.
This document discusses drugs used to treat hypertension. It defines hypertension and describes its causes. It then discusses several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, renin inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. For each drug class, it provides details on mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and potential adverse effects. The overall goal of antihypertensive treatment is to lower blood pressure and reduce risks of chronic kidney disease and heart disease.
This document discusses various central nervous system (CNS) pharmacology agents including sedative-hypnotics, antianxiety agents, antidepressants, bipolar agents, antipsychotics, anti-seizure agents, antiparkinsonian agents. It describes the examples, mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, and side effects of different drug classes that act on the CNS, such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, atypical antipsychotics, carbamazepine, and levodopa. The document provides an overview of how these drug classes are used to treat conditions like insomnia, anxiety, depression, seizures, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Parkinson's
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
5666367.ppt
1. Michelle A. Hart MD CCFP M.Sc.C.H
Sid Feldman MD CCFP FCFP
Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON
Department of Family and Community Medicine,
University of Toronto
3. Disclosure of Commercial
Support
• This program has not received financial support.
• This program has not received in-kind support.
• Potential for conflict(s) of interest: None
6. Disclosure of Commercial
Support
• This program has not received financial support.
• This program has not received in-kind support.
• Potential for conflict(s) of interest: None
10. By the end of this hour you will be able to:
1. Utilize best methods for accurate diagnosis
of congestive heart failure
2. Apply current evidence for effective
management of congestive heart failure and
delay progression of heart failure
3. Employ resources in the community to
support patients with strategies for self-
management
11. 1. Review on basics of heart failure
2. Diagnosing Heart Failure
3. Management of Heart Failure
4. Future Directions: What’s coming down the
pipeline for HF Management
5. Advanced Care Planning, Prognostication
and End-Of-Life
6. Summary of Heart Failure
12.
13. Definition of Heart Failure
Why is it important?
How does it happen?
Types of Heart Failure
Staging and Classes of Heart Failure
14. Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS)
“Complex syndrome in which abnormal heart
function results in, or increases risk of clinical
symptoms and signs of low cardiac output
and/or pulmonary or systemic congestion”
15. In North America, it is the fastest growing
cardiac diagnosis for individuals > 65 years
Average annual mortality rate of 10-35% in
Canada
16. Myocardial injury or stress on heart initiates
the process of ventricular dysfunction
Cardiac remodelling worsens function
Progressive process
Declining function exacerbates remodelling
Neurohormonal activation: hemodynamic
stresses, cardiotoxicity, myocardial fibrosis –
ongoing remodelling and progression
17. Two Categories:
Left ventricular systolic dysfunction with
Reduced Ejection Fraction (HF-REF)
HF with preserved ejection fraction (HF-PEF)
◦ ½ the cases
◦ More often in older, female patients
◦ Often have hypertension, atrial fibrillation
◦ Less coronary artery disease
◦ Mortality less than for HF-REF
◦ Morbidity similar
18. American Heart Association
Treatment linked to objective criteria
Uses risk factor and cardiac structure
New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional
Classification
Based on subjective clinical evaluation
Changes with treatment response and disease
progression
Complementary with AHA
Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) uses NYHA
25. CCS Updated 2012 Guidelines
Constellation of symptoms (eg, orthopnea
and shortness of breath on exertion) and
signs (eg, edema and respiratory crackles)
Physical examination evaluates systemic
perfusion and presence of congestion (cold or
warm, wet or dry)
28. Taken from: The Radiology Assistant
http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p4c132f36513d4
29.
30. Taken from: The Radiology Assistant
http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p4c132f36513d4
PCWP = Pulmonary
Capillary Wedge
Pressure
31. A slight mild elevation of cardiac troponin is
not infrequently observed in acute
decompensation and not necessarily
indicative of myocardial infarction (MI).
The utility of natriuretic peptide (NP) to
exclude (“rule out”) or confirm (“rule in”) the
diagnosis in the appropriate clinical scenario
is well established.
NPs are best used when the diagnosis is
uncertain
32. BNP and prohormone (NT-proBNP) are
synthesized and released from the heart in
response to end-diastolic volume and
pressure
High negative predictive value
BNP <100 pg/mL rules out HF in patients
presenting with dyspnea in the acute care
setting [level I-1 Evidence]
BNP > 500 pg/mL confirms HF in patients
with dyspnea
33. Several clinical scoring systems have been
derived and validated and combine commonly
used clinical features with NP values to
improve diagnosis and decision-making
The most commonly used clinical scoring
system was developed by Baggish et al.
34. Predictor Possible score Your patient's score
Age > 75 y 1
Orthopnea present 2
Lack of cough 1
Current loop diuretic use
(before presentation)
1
Rales on lung exam 1
Lack of fever 2
Elevated NT-proBNP 4
Interstitial edema on
chest x-ray
2
14 Total =
Likelihood of heart failure Low 0-5
Intermediate 6-8
High 9-14
Elevated NT-proBNP was defined as > 450 pg/mL if age < 50 years and >
900 pg/mL if age > 50 years
Source: CCS Guidelines 2012
Table 1. A clinical scoring system for diagnosis of AHF
35. Age
Sex
Weight
Medications
Pulmonary Disease
Renal disease
Routine use of BNP in evaluation, diagnosis
and management of HF in primary care awaits
more research
36.
37. 1) Risk factor management
2) Patient education
3) Treatment: Non-pharmacological
4) Treatment: Pharmacological
5) When to refer?
38. Cardiovascular risk factor targets
National guidelines, lifestyle, pharmacologic
measures for patients with high risk of
developing HF and for those already
diagnosed with HF
[Class I Evidence, Level A Recommendation]
39. Elderly Patients (>80 years) with sitting BP >
160/90 mmHg and standing systolic BP >
140 mmHg lower sitting BP to 150/80 mmHg
[Class I Evidence, Level A Recommendation]
Patient with vascular disease or diabetes with
end-organ damage, prescribe target-dose
ACEi or ARB
[Class IIa Evidence, Level B Recommendation]
40. Critical for successful therapy
Best way to maintain adherence/compliance
Patient information/handouts
-Eg. Canadian Heart Failure Network (CHFN)
http://www.chfn.ca/patient-education-tools
Self-management, meds (when applicable)
Action plan – what to do if symptoms worsen
Multidisciplinary interventions appear
beneficial (studies from academic centres
only)
41. 1) Physical activity and exercise training
2) Salt and fluid restriction & weight management
3) Reducing risk of serious respiratory infections
42. 1) Physical activity and exercise training
- Earlier studies: reduction in mortality
- Cochrane review (2010) >3500 patients:
Risk of death (mild-mod HF) ↔ [Level I-1 Evidence)
Hospital Admissions ↓
- All studies: health-related quality of life ↑
- Exercise programs mainly aerobic
43. [Class IIa Recommendation, Level B Evidence]
1) Regular daily physical activity that does not
induce symptoms, for all patients with stable
HF symptoms and impaired LV systolic
function; to prevent muscle deconditioning
44. [Class IIa Recommendation, Level B Evidence]
2) All patients should have a graded exercise
stress test to assess functional capacity,
identify angina or ischemia, and determine
optimal target HR for exercise training
3) Exercise training should be considered when
symptoms have stabilized and patient is
euvolemic
45. [Class IIa Recommendation, Level B Evidence]
4) Referral to cardiac rehabilitation program
should be considered for all stable NYHA I to II
HF patients
5) Moderate-intensity aerobic (30-45 mins)
and resistance training, 3-5 x/wk for NYHA II
to III, with LVEF < 40% can be considered
46. 2) Salt and fluid restriction & weight management
Symptomatic patients: No-salt-added diet (total
2-3g daily)
Patients with fluid retention: low-salt diet (1-2 g
total daily)
[Class I Recommendation, Level C Evidence]
47. 2) Salt and fluid restriction & weight management
Significant renal dysfunction/fluid retention not
easily controlled with diuretics:
Monitor daily morning weight
Fluid restriction 1.5-2 L per day
[Class I Recommendation, Level C Evidence)
48. 2) Salt and fluid restriction & weight management
Patients with recurrent fluid retention who are
able to follow instructions can be taught to
adjust their diuretic dose based on symptoms
and changes in daily body weight
49. 3) Reducing risk of serious respiratory infections
Pneumococcal vaccination
Annual influenza vaccination
[Class I Recommendation, Level C Evidence]
50. Some differences between how to
(pharmacologically) manage HF with reduced
EF vs. preserved EF
Treat probable HF
◦ Eg. Echocardiography results unavailable
◦ Use diuretic and nitrates for symptoms relief
◦ Consider ACEi and ß-blocker in the long-term
51. 1. Type of heart failure: systolic or diastolic or mixed HF
2. NYHA class of symptoms
3. Renal function
4. Co-morbidities (e.g., COPD, anemia)
5. Life expectancy
6. Time needed to produce an effect
7. Goals of care or target symptom improvement including
patient preferences
8. Goals of pulse and blood pressure reduction with HF
medications
9. Common drug interactions (increase or decrease
concentration) and side effects
Drugs Aging (2013) 30:765–782
52. Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction
(HF-REF)
-Diuretic
-ACEi (or ARB) and ß-blocker
-Aldosterone antagonists
-Digoxin
-Nitrates/Vasodilators
-Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
-Ivabradine
-What about ASA/Antiplatelets?
53. Diuretic
Loop diuretic (eg. Furosemide) for congestive
symptoms
When symptoms clear, use lowest possible
dose [Class I, Level C]
If volume overload persists, despite
optimisation of dose: add a second diuretic
(eg. Metolazone or a Thiazide diuretic)
[Class IIb, Level B]
54. ACEi (or ARB) and ß-blocker
All patients with HF and LVEF < 40% should
receive target-dose combination therapy with
an ACEi and ß-blocker
[Class I, Level A]
Asymptomatic patients with LVEF < 35%
should receive an ACEi
[Class I, Level A]
55. ACEi (or ARB) and ß-blocker
If cannot tolerate ACEi, substitute with ARB
[Class I, Level A]
Monitor serum Creatinine
56. Patients optimally treated with ACEi and ß-
blocker with persistent HF symptoms, ↑
hospitalization
Add ARB consult cardiologist/internist
57. Addition of an ARB to ACE inhibitor and β-
blockade therapy modestly improves clinical
outcome predominantly by reducing HF
hospitalizations
Monitor BP, K+, Renal function: use with
caution!
ONTARGET hypertension trial: 13% increased
risk of renal dysfunction [Level I-1 Evidence]
58. Aldosterone Antagonists/Mineralocorticoid
Receptor Antagonists (MRAs)
Spironolactone for patients with LVEF < 30%
and severe HF symptoms HF symptoms
despite optimal medical therapy
Monitor renal function and electrolyte status
[Class I, Level B]
60. Digoxin
Relieves symptoms
Decreases hospitalizations
In patients in sinus rhythm who have
moderate-severe symptoms despite optimal
medical therapy
[Class I, Level A Evidence]
61. Nitrates/Vasodilators
Isosorbide Dinitrate plus Hydralazine added
to standard therapy for African-American
patients who have HF with reduced EF
A-HeFT (African-American Heart Failure Trial)
[Class IIa, Level A]
Consider this combination for other HF
patients who cannot tolerate recommended
standard therapy [Class IIb, Level B]
63. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Recent study in patients with NYHA class II-IV
symptoms and ejection fraction (EF) ≤ 40%
Use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
(1 g daily)
Modest reduction in cardiovascular mortality
and hospitalization
64. Ivabradine
Inhibits the If channel
Not yet approved
Might be considered in patients who remain
symptomatic with a heart rate > 70 bpm
(despite optimal medical therapy eg.β-
blockers) to reduce hospitalizations and
deaths because of HF
On basis that resting HR independently
predicts CV events, including HF
hospitalization
65. Antiplatelet agents such as aspirin should be
administered ONLY to patients with HF who
have a documented history of coronary artery
disease and stroke or who are deemed high
risk for CV events
66. Treatment trials have been inconclusive,
limited evidence-based recommendations
Best available data is for ACEi and ARB
therapy.
Combo therapy for most patients (add ARB)
[Class IIa, Level B]
If HR is high, ß-blockers may be useful to
prolong diastolic filling time and relieve
pulmonary congestions
67. Diuretics : for symptom control
Once acute congestion cleared, use lowest
dose compatible with stable weight and
symptoms
[Class I, Level C]
68. Emphasis on management of comorbidities
◦ Diabetes
◦ Hypertension : Control diastolic and systolic as per
Hypertension guidelines [Class I, Level A]
◦ Coronary Revascularization: CABG for patients
whose ischemia affects cardiac function
[Class IIa, Level C]
69. Emphasis on management of comorbidities:
◦ Atrial Fibrillation: 50% of patients
-ß-blocker or Digoxin to control ventricular rate
-Restoration of sinus rhythm
71. Common arrhythmia in HF
Associated with higher rates of adverse clinical
events
Increased risk of thromboembolism including
stroke
Manage and classify according to current AF
guidelines
72. General approach : control rate
Limited data to support a specific upper heart
rate target
Current CCS AF guidelines target rate < 100
bpm
β-Blockers are preferred over digoxin for rate
control
Rate-lowering CCBs are acceptable alternatives
in patients with HF-PEF
73. Combination of β-blocker and digoxin is
more effective than β-blocker alone
When rhythm control is required because of
symptoms, Amiodarone is preferred
Unless contraindicated, oral anticoagulants
should be initiated in patients deemed high
risk for stroke as per current AF guidelines
74. Primary Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator
(ICD) therapy improves survival in patients
with NYHA II-III ischemic and non-ischemic
HF with EF ≤ 35% and in patients with a
previous MI with EF ≤ 30%.91
ICD therapy does not provide any survival
benefit early after an MI
75. Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy (CRT)
Devices (aka Biventricular pacing)
In combination with Implantable
Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) in less
symptomatic HF patients [Level I-1 Evidence]
CCS recommends combination for HF patients
on optimal therapy with:
NYHA II symptoms
LVEF < 30%
QRS duration > 150 msec [Level I, Class A]
76. CCS recommendation:
At initial HF diagnosis
After HF hospitalization
HF associated with any of the following:
◦ Ischemia
◦ Hypertension
◦ Valvular disease
◦ Syncope
◦ Renal Dysfunction
◦ Other comorbidities
◦ Unknown etiology
◦ Treatment intolerance
◦ Poor compliance [Class I, Level C]
77.
78. Vasopressin Antagonists: improve volume
overload and hyponatremia
Eg. Tolvapatan is approved by the US FDA
for hospitalized hypervolemic and
euvolemic hyponatremia in HF
Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists: arteriolar
vasodilatation, improved renal function,
natriuresis without activation of
tubuloglomerular feedback Eg. Rolofylline
79. Selective Phosphodiesterase Type 5
Inhibitors: vascular smooth muscle dilatation,
role in the reversal of ventricular hypertrophy
(inhibiting downstream hypertrophy signaling
and improving ventricular function)
Eg. Sildenafil
80. Patients with HF-REF: Ryanodine receptor
stabilizers, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium
ATPase isoform (SERCA) activators, blockers of
the RAAS (direct renin inhibitors, aldosterone
synthase inhibitors)
Patients with HF-PEF: strategies target specific
structural and functional abnormalities that lead
to increased myocardial stiffness.
◦ Eg. Dicarbonyl-breaking compounds reverse advanced
glycation-induced cross-linking of collagen and improve
the compliance of aged and/or diabetic myocardium.
81.
82. Patient-centred decision making
Open communication with patients and their
families: critical concepts in high quality care
83. Description of underlying condition +
prognosis
Exploration patient’s values, needs, goals
+ expectations of treatment.
Discussion must take into account the
psychosocial, cultural and spiritual and/or
informational needs by patient or proxy
Options for treatment and expected
outcome - benefit vs. harm
Explanation of conclusion of holding or
withdrawing treatment
Explain that patient will not be abandoned -
palliative care
84. Likely to Benefit - reasonable likelihood that
life support will restore/maintain organ
function or likelihood of returning to pre-
arrest status is moderate
Unlikely to Benefit - there is almost certainly
no chance that the person will benefit from
CPR either because the underlying illness
makes recovery or improvement
unprecedented. Person unlikely to
experience permanent benefit.
Good End of Life care includes ongoing
communication between the health care
providers and the patient/POA
85. What are we addressing?
Code status
Aggressiveness of management “along the
way”
Admissions to acute care vs. care at home
and end-of-life planning
86. When is the right time to have the discussion?
Exploring end-of-life preferences,
expectations
Quality of life as a valuable goal of therapy
Treatment modality:
Improve symptom + prognosis
vs.
Symptom relief (at expense of survival)
87. Brunner-La Rocca et al (2012) “End-of-Life
preferences of elderly patients with chronic
heart failure”
~75% not willing to trade survival time for
excellent health
25%: equal groups willing to trade up to 6
months, >6 mo-1yr, >1yr
Patients ≥ 75 slightly more willing to trade
than younger patients
During follow-up, patients willing to trade
any survival time decreased
88. Brunner-La Rocca et al (2012) continued:
Who were the patients willing to trade survival
time for symptom-free living?
Older
More females
Lived alone
Not married
More signs and symptoms of CHF and poorer
quality of life
89. The next slides have some tools that may help
with prognostication, and informing your
discussions with patients and families
91. No clear “transition point”
When do you start PC?
Costly and invasive therapies
When do you say “no”?
Sudden death (50%)
Poor patient understanding of illness
92. Reviewed 38,702 consecutive patients with
first time admissions for heart failure
Overall:
30 day fatality rate – 12%
1 year fatality rate – 33%
If >75 y.o. and co-morbidities:
30 day fatality rate – 24%
1 year fatality rate – 60%
Jong et al Arch Int Med (2002)
93. EFFECT Score (http://www.ccort.ca/CHFriskmodel.aspx)
Prediction score to stratify the risk of death in
heart failure patients
Enter age in years, RR and Systolic BP at hospital
presentation, BUN, Sodium and list of co-
morbidities including: CVA, Dementia, COPD,
Cirrhosis, Cancer and Anemia.
Calculate
98. Consensus panels advocate provision of
palliative care concurrent with efforts to
prolong life in heart failure
ACC/AHA Practice Guidelines
99. Sudden death
Arrhythmia
Progressive Heart Failure
Importance of communication with patient
early in the disease: prognosis, advanced
medical directives (living will), resuscitation
wishes, identifying a substitute decision
maker/power of attorney
102. A clinical syndrome: impaired cardiac output
and/or volume overload, concurrent cardiac
dysfunction
Progressive
Associated with poor quality of life – frequent
hospitalizations, poor survival
103. Educate patients: communication,
communication, communication!
Teach patients to:
-weigh themselves daily
-recognize worsening symptoms
-adjust diuretic dose, in appropriate patients
-monitor salt and fluid intake
104. Monitor clinical status of all patients with HF
Monitor renal function, electrolytes
Monitor BP, HR
Perform medication reviews
-q6months (minimum)
-If status change, qfew days-2 weeks
105. Delayed progression/prolong survival
through early diagnosis, optimized
pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacological
treatments
Manage side-effects
Adherence, self-management strategies
Complex cases – manage with support of
cardiology consultation, specialty heart
failure clinics
106. Titrate doses slowly
-ß-blocker increases slowly – double the
dose every 2-4 weeks
-ACEi increases slowly – double the dose
every 1-2 weeks
Optimize ß-blocker and ACEi
-Decrease doses of diuretics, nitrates and
other antihypertensives
107. Refer to an interprofessional HF clinic for
patient education and management
Refer to a cardiac rehab program for
individualized exercise training for all stable
NYHA I to III HF patients
108. Advanced care planning is an important part
of patient care
Disease trajectory difficult to follow
Prognostication tools can be helpful
Quality of life and exploration of patient
preferences and expectations important part
of high quality care
109.
110. Drug Start Dose Target Dose
ACE Inhibitors
Captopril 6.25-12.5 mg TID 25-50 mg TID
Enalapril 1.25-2.5 mg BID 10 mg BID
Lisinopril 2.5-5 mg OD 20-35 mg OD
Perindopril 2-4 mg OD 4-8 mg OD
Ramipril 1.25-2.5 mg BID 5 mg BID
Trandolapril 1-2 mg OD 4 mg OD
Beta-blockers
Bisoprolol 1.25 mg OD 10 mg OD
Carvedilol 3.125 mg BID 25 mg BID*
Metoprolol CR/XL** 12.5-25 mg OD 200 mg OD
* 50 mg BID if weight is >85 kg
** Not available in Canada
111. Drug Start Dose Target Dose
ARBs
Candesartan 4 mg OD 32 mg OD
Valsartan 40 mg BID 160 mg BID
Aldosterone Antagonists
Spironolactone 12.5 mg OD 50 mg OD
Eplerenone 25 mg OD 50 mg OD
Vasodilatators
Hydralazine 37.5 mg TID 75 mg TID
Isorbide dinitrate 20 mg TID 40 mg TID
* 50 mg BID if weight is >85 kg
** Not available in Canada
112. Class and Definition
I Evidence or general agreement that a given
procedure or treatment is beneficial, useful and effective
II Conflicting evidence or a divergence of opinion about the
usefulness or efficacy of the procedure or treatment
IIa Weight of evidence is in favour of usefulness or efficacy
IIb Usefulness or efficacy is less well established by evidence or opinion
III Evidence or general agreement that the procedure or treatment is not
useful or effective and in some cases may be harmful.
113. Level and Definition
A Data derived from multiple randomized
clinical trials or meta-analysis
B Data derived from a single randomized
clinical trial or non-randomized studies
C Consensus of opinion or experts and/or
small studies.